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tElLASD'SI&NFQiIIDOVNUJK'VNlVKK^Tir 


ENLARGED: 

From  September  to  December,  inclufiw^ 

M,DCC,XCVL 

With    an    APPENDIX. 


M  Hi  that ^ukitbrmhpiwtth firth  kigkutMJmfi:* 

ProTtxiL  i7« 

«<  7%9m /btltpnvuU,  §Mi  tf  mH  tiifet^tt  Mt  mm,  fitb  uiftar  Gtd^ 
Mm9/Trmtk.^*  Exod^sviL  21. 


VOLUME     XXI. 


2401 14 


TABLE 

OF    THE 

Titles,  AuTBbRs*  Names,  &c.   of  the  Pub* 
licadons  reviewed  in  this  Volume. 

N.  B.  For  EEMAEKABLB  PASSAGES  in  thc  CrHmfm$  aal 
Extra^Sy  fee  the  INDEX,  at  the  End  of  the  Vdnae. 

K^  For  the  Names,  alfo*  of  thofe  learned  Writers  who  are  th^ 
Anthors  of  new  Di£erudon8>  or  other  corioai  Papers,  pnbliihed  ii| 
the  MsMoias  and  Trahiactioms  of  the  Scientific  Acadsii  its 
at  Home  or  on  the  Continent,  and  alfo  for  the  Titlet  of  tholb 
Di£ertationf ,  te«  which  they  indode,  andof  whkh  Accounts  are 
ffiTen  in  the  Renew,— fte  onr  /infar,  printed  at  the  End  of  eack 
Volume. 


jfBOUTJQN  of  tht  Shft^TiUt,  ftc 

334 
^^4/9  nitrooi.     Sec^M^. 
ji^smt  OD  the  Minifter  1  MeiTurei,  si 7 
Addftfs  to  the  LadiM,  233 

AdmitiftratiotUm     Sec  LtntUfi, 
A^^^tfr,  Account  of,  317 

Agri€uUaru    Sec  Eott,  Uarfk^H^  Rip9rtf 

Dillon, 
jtikim*t  Edit,  of  the  SpVeea,  109 

■  Edit,  of  Somenrille,  465 

jfiTf  atraorpherical*     See  Pri^hy» 
Air*pamp,    See  Cutbhertfe9, 
A'mjmmc  of  Revolutioa  ChanAeri ,   5X3 
Almtyda^  a  Tragedy,  159 

Afu  a  Poem,  467 

America.    See  CalUndtr^  Leek^  Mskuet, 
-  33« 


't 


Ampblttt**  Tttttmpbt  of  War, 

A^mtemf,     See  HMrwoad* 

Aadirjdm  on  Sea-bathing, 

■  ■  on  Sea. water, 

Amecdati^  hiftorical  and  literirjr,        35S 

Aaoibtr  Curnfcation  of  the  Meteor  Burke, 

473 
AfpcratMi  Atidicamiwnmf  577 

Araheffitn.     See  RacknuiCt 
Arcb4i9legis%  Vol,  XI«  151 

^*^»  S4f 


JhMU*i  Creole^  toy 

Atvir0£uif  a  Tragedj,  JI14 

j^ffMrrjr,  Stodj  of,  S9 

Amfnn^t  Traoil.  of  De  Saltt*i  Trifclf,  59 


B 


^jrl,  yellow.    %ttVamiban» 
Barretr*  Tranfl.  of  Hal!er*i  Alpfl,    467 
Bafi'i  Tranfl.  of  Fauft*i  Catechiim  o£ 

Health,  313$ 

B/cl/ori  on  Hunting,  350 

Beddo*%*%  Tranfl,  of  Gimbemat,  95 

Bit  Society*  Hints  fori  %x\ 

Berfuh,  (e\t€t  Piece*  fronif  585 

Betbom't  Genealogical  Tablet.  %%i 

Bewfej,  a  Poem,  2»I, 

Bicgrapbkai  MiriouTf  $f 

Bird*»  new  Pocket  Contreyancer,  46ft 

Blatk/hnt't  Repent^  Vol.  II.  I  r» 

Blaek  Valley,  a  Tale,  4 jS 

i?/<iir£  on  the  State  of  France,  ^%lk 
Blpod'Uttirg,     See  Ftvlir, 
Blumenbacb  on  Human  Varieiieff,      5T| 

Bolton  on  Fire  Arms,  Sft 

Bofany^  Introdudion  to,  348 
^0^//^<r  on  the  State  of  Lettert,  &c.  la 

P/ance,  4ST 

#nbi(r<*«  Two  Letteri^  |3» 

A  %  Btyd'$ 


CONTENTS. 


ir 

Wtjd'*  feemtf  '  '4$ 

Br^nty't  Muff[>folo|ilf  ft09,tlO 

BrMKiH  on  the  Vital  Pf  ifltiplff,  5«6 

BryJfin ' i  V  i« w  of  Her *l d  ry,  4S 

B9rkt\  Twu  Leae^i  to  a  M.  P.  )06.430 

■  Thou|htt  on  a  Regicide  Peace,  ib. 

■  '  Anfwert  to,         4tfS.  47t*  47J 
Bmkt\  (Mrs.)  Sorrowi  of  £4itb»    460 


CfiiMfofQatanipeilff,  -  S6 

C^dofi^nk  Li>f  of  Rcmtloe,  tos 

Ca/Iemiitr\  PplitTCil  Rr|iftff,  34' 

£<iJ14i  I  TtMfi  of  Logirubmi,  570 

CamiU^,  4  Novel,  15^ 

Cm^eOfi  ihi  German  LtfiEUige,        511 
Ca^^f^i  D*  ft  ou  rfei ,  1 36 

Ci<'i/:JK*t  Confptncy,  Hiftorj  ofy       J04 
Cj& J  /« f n  'i  L '  f e  of  R  «  ^d  imtiii  a  6» 

tt^ffjlri  'i  M 1%  I  m  I3  ice.  499 

*        '  ■-  Lrtiicrt  to,  50* 

fiAtffliYfjPfiaie-^^  4<l 

Ckdr^wn  on  French  V«tbi^  346 

CttJ*  in*dc  ciffp  347 

ClMrtigt  Dri  tnftaitft  519 

Ctiaufr/i,  Theory  of,  105 

Ciir^^^  fctona  Advent  ofj  Coa64eratioiM 
00,  330 

Chri/HaM,  Fletcher,  LetUn  fromi       S3  3 
CUrtittiM,  a  Novel,  45* 

CU/Ual  Learniof ,  Remarks  on,         351 
€ktljim.a,  AmufeiMaUoffDialogiief  oo, 

301 
'MM«*f  Iron  Cbeft,  X20 

C9iiJUfrati9n$f  far.ber,  oa  the  fecood  Ad- 

on  Lhe  Atiempt  of  the  Eaft 

India  Comptiiy ,t  ^e.  339 

C«^i/»f  iait  of  the  Freech  Repoblity  540 

C«4f'i  Converritiofij  «  P(rrini  HI 

Ci^^  Serm*o  to  the  Jenr«,  360 

€»^^t  Ru  ini  of  North  Briraioy  33 

Cv^ifi^ndtnct  bet*  iTrireJfFr^  Ace.  4ft  I 

*j|*  C{)IK  OPOMDIRCI  Vf'tlb  tbt   Rt* 

^ewtfMt  1 10, 138 — 140. 360. 479, 4to. 

C§9Taft'§  RtTOlyfioo*!  •  Poeniy        337 
Cowffrd  oa  Deifea,  I04 

Cf^w'i  Sertnoni  »37 

C^y//yV  Hiftory  of  Phntt,  110 

Ctimff^thr  St*ic,  brought  to  the  Bar,  334 
Of^i^'i  Innruaioni  iot  Cbildrco»    45! 

CumiwUiNi^  Hlftoij  of,  30 

iMthbtrtfimm  Aifpiaipf«  456 


'  l>*il^/^,  (Mn.)  Ctntflft  ilTonl,  i|l 
Davidftm  00  the  Polmonary  SyileiD»    9s 
I>#f/ii.     Set  Camsrd. 
Dtnmit  Hiftoiy  of  LanMb^  3  $f 

D»  Par  /Mm  In  Nati»»t^  ft  e«  5 1 1 

DtfioditM.    UtMarfbMU. 
Detenjbirt^  HiAerj  of,  itS 

Didtnt**  Jimei  ihf  FtTillft,  ^yS 

£>ih»*t  Fottign  AfsrirultuTv,  131 

£>iff«0r<  on  the  EngJifli  Jicoblni,        473 

.  Btff^jki*     Sen  Hi/MtltiM^  ffiJihandm 
D^lvtrtnit  on  the  French  f  tnaneiiy  537 
i3  0  ff  J  A^/dfl  *f  Ui  ler  10  Mr  *  P  iit,  1 1 7 

DfsfitvatfJat  Storf  of^  t5i» 

I^nffnifff  *  Cif  tain,  Cilb  of,  457 

i)r#^r'i  £0  Sermoni|,  si  I 

Dr^fjj,  Tcrr^plro'^,  SIX 

Drjf  Hot,  ObfetTiicioiit  oni  116 

04Hf9upffje  on  the  RepiibUc,  476 

Pu^fffofdMnA  BaA— Jlcpoiii,Vol.VI.  44 1  ' 
•Duttok'tAtitUp  349 


EdwsfJf  a  Nsvely  399 

Mdwstdt  on  the  ProcccdtJigt  it  Jtaiak«» 

414 

J^i;nwii/iofMoralit7,  346 

Eniii^  E*ercifcf,  part  JL  345 

EfttJItti  frtum  Gen.  Wiftiift|too,  47r 

Eppthi  of  the  French  Ri voliJtion,  3t« 

Ef»tpi9n  Epiftie  to  iord  jerfejr,  f}! 

*EjfntMjeU  acporit,  463 

E£afh  TiliH  *ftd  Poeani*  17 

M*m  Gnmokit,  AppeadU  t«,  SM 

Ja/fr*«  Letfieie,  163 


lis 
SS« 


Fmrum  M  the  Scock% 
fmlpsfft  orSglnal  Lctten  of» 
F^.     Sec  Bsfft. 

F*ytTte^  CoifT-iffTc  de, — Hcnmtt«t  Prio- 
ctft  Kej^i  o*  Engtand,  a  Hafd»    347 
FrtMT.     See  Far^FM, 
Ftw  Stale  CrimioAlt  brought  to  the  Bai^ 

riwMttu  See  Pltffkirp  Smitb,  D^hmwnu 
Fir*'0fms,    See  Btlt§M, 
Fim-JUm^t  JoaO|  a  Nofel, 

FvriTt  SCf  BOOy 

F9r4fytt\  fecosd  t>ifleft.oii  Fenrt^ 

F»rtM»i*i  F00I9 

FtntUr^t  Idedical  Reportif 
FrsMi,  Stire  of  Lcttci s,  &c«  10 

I  PfoviocttlA'^miniAnt^ef, 

,■  State  of,  for  CentiiriM  pall>  jSg 

■  ^    i»ee  i^KiFMrr/ria]  C(^4/7^»fieff> 

III    II    ReYoitiiiviii  Rcfie^ttoAi  on,  jt4 
/'r«M«» 


46# 

4<I 

j8i 


CO  N  T  E  N  T  Si 


W>wiee,  otlier  Tn&t  rdative  to»      at 8* 
J*|»  326,  47».  476.  481.  51  J.  5$7. 
^  540.  579-  5«»»  5»»-   S^** 
FrM  Tboofthti  00  Retorn,  331 


Buvttr*%  TraoflaticB  of  Cater,  161 

— — .  pt  St.  PierrCy  241 

HmutUf,    See  Btchfvrd, 

Buicbimf—^%  Hift.  of  Cuabcrland,  ]• 


CaEgBsmti  J14  LeAsrM,  87 

CtfflK  Lawty  Coofideratioot  0O9  106 

Gsr^iair  00  the  Eloqaeoce  of  the  Polpit, 

105 
CeKeakgks!  Tthif,  t}^ 

OermmM,  Sec  Cmmpt, 
Gilbert,  Set  ITtf/iMf • 
CilUi^  Pleaf«res  of  ReaioOf  ^309 1 

Clmhernst  on  Hernia*  95 

GlagMemPt  Life  of  Clunfort,  499 

^irrtfOflcr's  Reioiocion-Chuaderty    513 
Gmelim*%  MScttris  Uedka^  577 

GtMiirmuM't  Epochs  of  the  Ffcnch  Rclro- 
bckWf  316 

#r«vci'i  CoBfpedui  of  the  Pbarmaco- 

P«"»  95 

Irnen^  Spleen*  a  PoeBf  109 

^"aevfOMNTi  Addireft  to  joon|  People*  346 
«ri^bA^til<of,  76 

Gmn^^i  Edit,  of  Cfo(kfield*i  Tiuil*  »o6 


I  tad  J 

Jaepihh  Enflift.    See  Dlmuru 

Jf^t*'  ^^  Phofphoniiy  t^ 
jamaiis.    See  Edwtrdt* 
jBmu  the  Fatalif^.    Sec  Dldtrtt* 

J^M*  '•'''^»  Epiftle  to,  |3f 

7«rvfi*i  Sermoo*  ajj 

7ewf,  Sermon  to,  afj^ 

Impeyt  new  tnflfuBw  CUrUalh^  jfit 

Imchfiwg^  RcfleA:ooion»  |j 
/«^«.     Sec  Sc^tt^  CffiUrgtitMt, 

UtK,  a  Tragedy/  131 

jMMiUtiMt  Htftory  of,  4af 
Jnfcnity.    See  CbimrugU 

Joan^  a  Novel,  4C0 

J^oivft^i  Political  Toor,  ^If 
— ,  (Sir  W.)  loftitutet  of  Hlada  Lanw 

54* 

/r«Dfii*i  Triumph  of  Imiocence,  asi 

JtatisMf  Ledurcton,  tf 


H 

jr#rMar*s  Travclct  551 
JVa/ttr.    Sec  Barrett* 
iiamUim'%  (Miff)    Letten  of  a  Hindoo 

Rajah,  176 

■  (Sir  W.)  on  antient  Vafcs, 
Vol.  II.  535 

■  •  ( Dr.)  on  Difealcf ,  70 
Uarley*%  Hoem»,  338 
Bermony^  m u  fica  1 ,  See  KffUman, 
Uarr't;9tt\  Chancer/  Pxadice,  461 
£^urwc0^t  Comparative  Anatomy,  51 
fiafttnity  (Mr.)  Hift.  of  his  Trial,  348 
htaitbi  Citecbifmof,  235 
Henrietta  t  Princefs  lUjal^f  Eng'aod,  347 
Heraldry*     See  Bryj/cit, 

Bermet  unm^/ked,  171 

Herm^9itr,  a  Novel,  ai 
Hcrmia*     S.-e  Gimbtrnat, 

i/iccii//^r,(Bp.)  hisSeroioofi  71 

B'indi,o  Kaj«b,  Letter!  of,  176 

tiiedmlaw,  Inftitutesof,  54a 

Bifl»ry  of  Two  Adt,  loz 

— —-  of  Ned  Evant,  207 

Hcdg/cn^t  Terpie  ot  Apollo,  466 
BmIis,     See  Trebeck^  minims, 

Bdt  on  LancaAire  Agriculture,  180 
Bemer,     ^t^lVd/. 
i/anri,  a  Mifccllaojr.    %t%%ch\tUr. 

huftlamd  on  Difeaiea,  525 
Bnmn  Specirs«     See  Slumtnbacb, 


KUiiU  Veftigei  of  Oiford  Caflle,  U 

«—  on  Stooet  from  the  Cloudt,       4t5 
KMnam  on  Mafical  Harmoop,  sp 


Ladiet»    See  Addrefi^  Letteru 
Lembetb,     See  Dennt* 
Lantafier,     See  Hoiu 
Latidor^t  Poerrs, 
Latin,     See  Salmoiu 
LedwicFt  Account  of  Aghaboe, 
Lee*$  Almeyda,  a  Tragedy, 
Legijlamn,     See  MicbtlU 
LeiceJIer/bire^  Hiltory  of. 
Letter  from  a  Chancellor, 
Lettt't  for  Literary  Ltdies, 

■  to  Archdracon  P«l(*y, 

■  ■  on  thf  Province  of  Ottde, 

— — •  from  Scandinavia, 
— -  thrff,  on  Tiibei, 

two,  to  a  Britifh  (Merchant,  33* 

from  Sir  J  Falflaff,  fro.  356 

Lfffjcm*s  HiiiM  for  a  Bee  Society, 

Lieutaud^t  DifTeAioof,  new  Eait. 

Lioyd't  Poems, 

Lcgaritbmx,     See  CalUt, 

Lcok  before  you  Leap, 

Lfjotfiajt  00  Admminrjtionf, 

Low p^^/s  Com rr On  Place  Book,         117. 

LuanisJf  a  Pvcm,  ^-ri 


S»F 
ai9 

3H 


»3J 
177 
106 


Mi'NeiiTM 


¥i 


CONTENTS. 


M 

MtNiUr%  Waei  of  War,  317 

*f  Scodand*!  Skaib,  466 

Mdlwet  on  the  RcTulc  of  the  Freacb  Re- 
volution to  America^  579 
JlimM  9A  he  if  ner,  ai 
ifarkUm.    S«e  ;^//«. 
JMSrrMMf.     See  EJvMirds, 
M*fp*i  Lecffre  t4i  TriTirp                  170 
Miarfctlft  Tr-nJlition  of  Ekfgodett^    40 
*%  (Wrlliaa  j  RurilQ^oDomyol 
the  Wf  j}  of  Ecrf  Urt^j                       }6l 
Mitrtftts\  M'Ay  oa  PriTaceeri            fl% 
Miidic^t  E  tt  r  16  tf                                Sf  I 

Mtt^n  on  Refpiritiorr*  aoS 

Mbrrft  Paini  of  Memoiy^  149 

JiG(£/rf  Prioeiplct  of  L^flatloOy   fii, 

3ti 
Jfi6t*i  CoritfpondcBCt  with  Le  Bros* 

siS 
Mhrn^i  PoeiBtp  464 

Miraksm'i  trttcTi  toCbtinfbrfy  50 1 
^lirptr*!  Menfi  Reguony  337 

— ^*'tTiJ»i,  350 

Mtiitt n  G  uJ li «f '■  Tkavelf 9  1 1 7 

Afwite/faui[\  Work  I,  581 

Afnttftrf's  Ed  ward y  399 

Mrr^'s  Way  to  get  tMnUi,  468 

BiM^tpJctpite^  209|  a  10 
MiftMfy.    See  Tr «/a». 


N 

Hsplet,  Travels  in,  53 

l>l0fUt9iC%  Advice  to  a  Student,  a  14 

MhmMif  Law  of,  Enquiry  into^  375 

AiiAir«/Hifloty,  Syflem  of,  316 

Nmnre,  Stodieaof,  •41 
Ntmuu    Sfe  ScMtpa. 
Vtweomhe^  (Abp.)   on  oar  Lord'a  Con- 

6^€tf  105 

/{M«/i*t  Hift.  of  Le«cellcrfliire,  13 
MhuU  on  the  Law  of  Willi,      ao6,  ao? 

ihimM**  SylUboa  of  Le£turc»9  461 

JNmgste  a  Eflay  a,  17 

Nktb  Briiair,  Rolaa  of,  33 


ftBryen^-^trvm  HerMm  f  403 

Ohfitvitmn»  oa  the  Theocracy,  331 

0^  Serpentine  Temple  of  the  Druidt,  aat 
Omde^  Letters  relarive  to,  73 

OmkunU  H'iflory  of  the  Theatres,        1 1 9 
Ta  Travc&f  2 


0«MM*i  Sermon, 
Ojr/tr^CafUe,  VeAifci  oT^ 


'II 


?#;«#,  Tbomat,  viodieated,  105 

— »  »  Trada  rdatiee  to,  105, 

9  1^     i^  B     '*^»  «°5»  "^ 

^«Mri  of  Memoryi  a  Poeai|  149 

Fmitniiig.    See  n«ci. 

P«ikjf,  Mr.  Letter!  to^  ef 

P«rirJM*s  Aififtant,  89 

P«ri  00  Inforancci,  |d  Edit*  113 

PsrkerU  Cbaacery  Praaicc,  461 

F^tirfin  on  Scarey,  aoo 

'«^f  t3i 

•^fT'*!  Life  of  Orofieteile,  y$ 

PiWt — itMri  Jg  thima  fiirtt,  90 

P§irfSwrmgB^  Bp  of,  hia  ScrflBOM,     71 
P/fft  TriAilation  nt  Brown*!  Sj/^.  JUM, 

.       .     ^  ^** 

FUrwuictf4nm»    Sec  Gr^m» 

PkU.  Tranf.  of  the  R.  S.  Part0.  1795, 

Ph^jpLrtii,     Sec  5f£frfr, 
Ptjf^/fljy,  ArthiTet  0^  518 

Phkirtgfdti*ff  (Mrs.)  PffClBlf  ttO 

P/rfm  Talc  for  the  New  Pu^lUmcnt,  474 
PUnitf  Hiftory  of,  lig 

Phyfi:r\  Stmiement  of  fhc  Ftnaseei,  97 
PicAdnn  Quide,  1  Poenn,  117 

Fimt,     Sec  B<iyd.  U^^d^  TtiiSf,  Pilihir' 

f^tfthmit    £r#i^»r|    T*S«/eii,  Mirrtw^ 

Cmrtkr^    M*NtUt^    Amfh/Htt  HaHty, 
M^vff^  Mimtt  Sa^f^t 
P^tle  Ttiflcf ,  4C3 

Pi  etk^t  Mnn  i  tc  r,  aam 

P*f§vh€it*s  Hiflory  of  DeTOBf  itt 

P4^,      See  Ra^ilei.  I<N 

/*.;...     ^^^  ir^k^pU.  \^^ 

Pfur%  Von imer,  aai 
Ptauu,    See  itijparr* 

P^ir*!  Ch:rge,  sio 

Prtift^t  Gleanings,  3c} 

Pr'ufiltj  00  Atmofpberical  Atr,  367 
Prwctetru     Sec  MitrtnUm 

Prueeaingt  af  the  H.  of  C.  Oft  the  Slave 
Tradf,  ai8 

PrMhm^Ttsm  it  FAgmt  Ghir^^  ke,  583 
F^ma  atiati.,itj  E  ng  1 1  Oi,     See  TimM, 
Prcvfrl-if   BccltfucT*»j&e.  105 

Pnvifomi,    See  Thniihtt* 
Fuim^nary  Syftem,  O^.  oa,  9s 

PuifU  Bloqoence.    See  Cstiltr. 
pMrJuitt  el  Uleiitiii^  Pirti  II*  and  111. 

334 


CONTENTS. 


S^auHCm^t^  Ctblaet  oT^    1i 


Y6 


MseMm  on  AnMvioa,  S^  ' 

Xiff*  Syft.  of  N«i.  Hm.  316 

tUdiHfihm^  »  PoeUy  fti6 

JUftStum  on  iiidofing  Wtlle  Lindi,  S$ 
~— -  on  UAirf ,  340 

Qpthc  RefguTCfi,  474 

.i_^-^  an  chv  French  RcToluritm,  5S4 
J^f/^i^F:,  fcTi-fal    Thoulhtson,  33I 

iTf : '■  Afcbitei  of  Pbyfiology,  5SS 

Renpmi,  Hill,  of,  36 

Mtmsrks  on  Lord  Malflidbory*!  MiAoDy 

■■  00  ColiDin's  Irofi  Cbeftt       sio 

Jttfert»y^fAit»,  Vol  111,  till 

XiM  of  the  Botrd  of  Asricsltiirc,  oa 
•     Potsfott,  393 

Jt/jM'tffMw*    Sec  MuaUett 

Rt^hikmf  t  Pc»eiil,  3 17 

J{«^«cj^^  Forti]ne''«  F*oU  4^7 

Jto^tt  on  Chriftun  ^faratit7|  fti5 
Jtiotirnr.      S^  CaiBfriN. 

2mai  Rtpablky  G^vernmeaiofy  493 

Jfif ,  I  at  lent  ButM'fifii  At,  40 

M^i$t*M  Uh  9f  L^ftnto  de'  Medidf  193 

JC^t  drft  Oblcrrilioai  iiiia  1 18 

JUsM^i  PoeiKu,  4«4 

Mrnddimtn't  Ltft,  %6% 

Jlm£g/fft  HiH.  f?f  the  Poor,  Vol.  If,  14$ 

JUmfifi*  CouJ3t  of,  bit  Eflajrtf  66 

JtyMi  Hid,  of  R«lj£ioi},  Vol.  IL  36 


5tfn«k*t  LodnU4y  a  Poem,  576 

tKfidH^^^tJ^  345 

^d  latf  PinTc\  Stud  ki  of  Nttore,  141 

Sak^niMU^  Storj  of|  256 

5*i>y   Tn¥cJ»t  53 

J«^ifiji*i  Sttmm*ra  Latiaitans,  140 

^tfvtf^/i  Scrmc'n!^!  and  Life,  150 

BzAmJim^vig,  Lcittrt  frODl,  S4t 

Sc^rpA'%  Plitei  fl*  the  Nerve f,  &e.  560 

Sii*ftr  &  J^grr  On  Phofphorof,  J  30 

Sttiittr*  fiourfr  574 

SMgi*Pt  Edicioo  of  Lieotaud*i  Diflec- 

tioot,  5T7 

SMriSnui*!  Skait^,  4(6 

&)irf*t  ObL  on  lodb  Arrangemcntif  339 

^<«ifrf  oa  the  Small  Poz,  5x3 
^emmfj.    See  PMirJpUt 


tu 


51^4  Bttbbg*    See  Aninftn^ 
Sr/Ws  Pr^flice  of  K.B.  Vol.  n.      itf 
S^i  Ri«jf r ,  co;  I  e^  i  V  e  *    !^ee  Fawcett,  Himchi 
fr^Pf  €ap^^  Dr&pery  Savagt* 

,  Si4ia;lc,       136,  »37»  359»  S^ 

Sifti&fM  in  Vcfis,  loS 

^/dvf  Trade,    ^tc  FncteMi^u   SttA^ 

^•M/Apox.    See5rt(^r.  See  ffFMcrtl(r« 
Smith* t  ( Jofepb)  laamin^uon  of  Paiae^ 

*tfJaiT>ei)  CoiU|e,  337 

V(Mri.)  Rambta farther,  45S 

Smftb  HA  the  Nitrout  Add,  90 

ScAurt  Co>tr£liont  Traftifrooi^  354 

5i»nur<»iAr*»  Ctiier, 

Stntrtr^  &  TalCi 

^frrowf  of  EdJttf, 

SpfttHt  a  Poem,  |Of 

2ra/£  P.pert,  VaT.  tIL  Part  IX.  ji 

ofthePMI,  a^ 

S^a^ajt'i  Studf  of  Al^rx}iu>itir»  8f 

Sttvtnjgw  on  C 1  a  ffici  I  Lc  »rnlo|i  }ff 
StHh.     Sfe  Farrmanw 

Sto^i  (warn  ikt  Chi/di,  Ren.  00,  41^ 
Sume^n  Traofl.  of  Meoaiea  m  IUI|^ii«^ 

Sydney**  Traofl.  of  the  Hift«  of  CaliJiae** 
Confpiracy,  304 


7a/hr*9  Arviragat,  M4 

T«^^  Paradifc  off  a  Poeai»  374 

Tiiycr't  Memoira  of  Thompfon,  117 
— 's  (Thomas)  Traofl.  of  Paufafliai^ 

Iti 
Tenures,     See  IVatkitu 
Tixier  00  the  GoverDmcQtof  the  Roman 
Republic,  49) 

Tbeatret,  Hifl.  of,  1 19 

7^r/wa//*8  A  |»  pe  a  I «  s  34 

■■*§  ft  ighis  af  Katyre,  468 

Theocracy,  Obf«rvj?mni  on^  331 

Thomas  oa  ErigltOi  PfQaticidCion,  5!^ 
Tbompfon,  Rev.  W.  Memoirs  of,  II7 
Tbcmfon'h  Piradife  of  Tafte,  274 

Tboughtt  00  the  high  Price  of  Provifioni, 

9t 

— »—  on  the  Defence  of  thefe  King* 
doms,  331 

I  on  the  Lawfulnefs  of  War,   359 

—  «— -  on  a  Peace  with  France,       47ft 
Three  Dialoguea  on  the  ABiufementa  of 
Clergymen,  301 

Tiedemann  on  Specalative  Philofophy, 

Tithes*    See  Lettersl 

Tomkins^tToMt  to  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  351 

Teu/miti*t  Life  of  Dr.  Savage,  acQ 

TrsOi, 


▼HI 


Vrsflt^  from  tlie  f  omen  ColleAiony  3^4 
7r4Mfafli9Ms  of  the  Sociciy  for  Arti,  &c. 

119 


CONTENTS. 


Vol.  XIII 
7rswli  before  tbc  F)n#d, 

■■»    See  Omrv,  Ss/itt  Hst^met, 
^r0vb,  Mr.  Letietito,  17* 

^ffkcl't  Letter  to  Ho'  1 1 1 ,  sis 

Tremlett^t  Letter  to  the  Reviewers,    100 
VrtffiM  on  Mytbolygy^  531 

Tmt^  La^9  her  Pocmi,  1 20 


▼  tfid  U 

f^sftgf  tntknt.    Sre  Hamilton,  Sir  W» 

9Wi«ir  oa  the  Yeiluw  Bark,  94 

jraCf r  VirtQCf,  376 

,t^netmi  on  the  Creek  Verb,  166 

J'lMrf  Trcatife  on  Painting,  ^46 

J^W  ^rindpfe,  EHayaon,  526 

k^«fvM/(fStuoeot,  Advice  to«  a  14 

n^*a  Lew  of  Natute,  351 

JVrffawr.  a  Tragedy,  321 

Vh»y,  AefleAiofli  on,  340 

f^rtmMonmt  403 


JPMAiffeo*!  Remitki  on  Borkf  |  47 1 

JP^M  of  War,  337 

dtmmbouft\  Poetical  BflTati,  ^25 

Wikafield*t  Obfervations  00  Pope,  4s 


>*•  Letter  to  Piiflc^ 


A16 


fFaktJUld'%  (Mifa)  lotroduaiOB  to  Bo« 

tany,  348 

Wsr^  locoMrcoieiicief  of,  AortViewoiL 

.    SttM*NiiU,AmpbUtt,riM^btt, 

Stdte-Paperu 
Wari  00  the  Law  of  Natiooi ,  375 

WaTmir*%  Hift.  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  115 
— •— i»*s  S«rmoo,  ^30 

H^ajbingtom^  Gen.  E  pi  ft  lea  froiTy       475 
IK>r|iiii*a  Edition  Of  Gilbert*!  Tenorea, 

"4 

— •»  Peeper,  s-fft 

Wtfjr  to  get  Married,  4(8 

mtUuSt  Workf,  Volfl.  XI— XV.  49« 
Wifht^  Ifle  of.     See  /Ftfrjwr,  TaaiAtex. 
H^U.-ism  and  Ellen,  467 

9yiWat*t  TranO.  of  Sakoontala,        ft56 
JFilUam*t  (Tliomei)  Reafoni  for  Ftith, 

»      ■  "'a  (Wm.)  Right!  of  the  People, 

•«7 

■         *i  — — »  Redemptioii,'  t  Poem, 

ftt6 

*t         ,  R^ly  to  Burke,      471 
— • — ^5  (Mifi)   Leiteis  from   France, 

Vol.  IV.  315 

fnili.  See  LaWtf/i.  aod  JVira/?. 
JFi/j9ii*t  Srrid^«rea'on  MarkheDt 
^•/r#  Homer, 

X^W«i.7(e*i  Hill,  of  InocoIatioB, 
W0it!ey*%  Prifon  Meditationi, 
MVtfjrtfiTsTranfl.  of  the  Conefponde'iice 

ofaTrav<llrr,  4c.  421 


.330 


THE 

MONTHUY    REVIEW, 

For  SEPTEMBER,    1796. 


AltT.  I.  Travels  into  different  Parts  of  Europe^  fn.fte 'Tears  1791  ani 
1792:  with  ftmtlUr  Remarks  on  Places — Meh^and'  Manners. 
By  Jolm  Owen,  A.  M.  lite  Fellow  of  Corpus  CbciiU.-Cgllegc* 
Svo.  2  Vols.  pp.  978*  149.  Boards.  Cadell  jun:'apnd'Oav)es, 
1796.  '/:•' 

THE  method  of  writing  books  of  voyages  and  travels  haS)  ef 
late  years,  received  confiderableimprovement,  Formerlj^^ 
moft  publications  of  this  kind  were  mere  journals  of  occur« 
rences,  loaded  with  tedious  minutenefs  of  detail,  and  feldom 
enUvened  by  ingenious  remarks,  or  embelliflied  with  the  graces 
of  ftyle  a — but,  finct  Brydone  wrote  his  elegant  travels  in  Si* 
cily*,  a  degree  of  emulation  has  been  excited  among  this.claft 
of  writers,  which  has  given  birth  to  many  productions  that^ 
on  account  of  the  manner  in  which  they  are  written,  inde- 
pendently of  the  information  which  they  contain,  may  be  pe- 
rufed  with  pleafure  by  the  fcholar  and  the  man  of  tafte. 

Under  this  defcripdon,  we  have  no  difficulty  in  introduoing 
to  the  attention  of  oar  readers  the  volumes  of  Travels  now  lyirtg 
before  us«  Mr.  Owen,  whofe  literary  tafte  has  been  formed 
in  one  of  our  beft  fchools,  has  provided  for  the  public  a  courfe 
of  elegant  entertainment,  in  which  curious  articles  of  informa* 
tton,  and  fenfible  and  liberal  refle£lions,  are  prefented  to  the 
reader  in  a  neat  and  clafiical  ftyle.  The  route  which  he  has 
taken  obliges  him  to  defcribe  many  things  that  have  been 
noted  by  former  travellers,  but  the  narrative  is  by  no  means 
deftitute  of  new  food  for  curioilty  ;  and  though  the  writer  has 
both  in  fentiment  and  language  uniformly  preferved  the  deco* 
rum  of  the  clerical  chara^er,  his  work  contains  fo  much  in- 
tereSing  matter,  that  there  is  xio  danger  of  its  incurring  cenfure 
for  infipidity  or  dulnefs.  Of  the  merit  of  his  publication  we 
Iball  enable  our  readers  to  form  a  judgment,  by  prefenting  them 
with  a  few  extrads.  We  begin  with  his  account  of  the  cele- 
bration of  a  Good- Friday  in  BrufleLs : 

*^'— "■— ^"     ■       !■     ■         I  ■  I  II  I  ,1.1 

*  Befides  what  has  been  achieved  by  fome  ingenious  foreigners. 
Vol.  XXI*  S  <  A  card^ 


%  Owen'f  Trovers. 

*  A  ctrir-party  wis  formed  on  Friday  evening,  being  the  Vendre dl 
Sainc,  the  Angular  objedt  of  which  induces  ine  to  mention  it.  It  was- 
lield  at  the  apartments  of  the  ComtefTe  de  ChoifeuU  and  attended  by 
mod  of  the  fafhionable  people.  Agir^^bly  to  the  law  of  the  afTembly , 
the  gains  of  the  evening  were  to  |?i  diTpofed  of,  at  the  difcretion  of 
the  lady  of  the  houfe,  m  purpofes'*o/  charity.  This  u  a  cuflom  of 
ancient  eflabliHiment.  ;.   •/.*• 

*  An  afTembly  of  this  ja|iWVe»  "where  pleafure  and  religion  are  com- 
bined, mad  give  birth.  jto«^«liy  iingular  impreilions.  No  day  in  the 
calendar  can  wearA  ipojce  gloomy  face,  or  excite  more  devotional 
^ntiments  in  th^Jb'r^ft'ot  a  catholic,  than  the  day  of  the  crucifixion. 
Every  me^ns  af e^  enf ployed  to  excite  fuperfHtious  horror,  and  recal  ta 
the  mind  t&s  memory  of  that  darknefs  which  enveloped  the  face  of 
the  eaxtfir.^  ^H  that  breathes  the  air  of  diflipatioii  mud  be  entirely 
baorihctf^'und  amufement  fo  qualified  by  motive,  and  fo  chaftifed  by 
auRoiX}',  as  to  receive  the  ferious  caft  of  religious  exercife.     To- 

•.  tofc>rrow  is,  I  underdand,  the  concluding  day  of  this  fevere  penance  r 
•/  confolation  will  then  be  adminidered  to  the  confciences  of  the  devo- 
•  tees,  who  will  emerge,  fuHy  acquitted  of  all  pad  guilt,  and  at  liberty 
to  commence  a  fredi  account.  I'he  drcets,  parade,  and  promenades 
will  refume  their  brilliancy :  at  prefent,  they  exhibit  a  driking  pidore" 
of  fpiritual  indolence.  Superdition  has  long  fince  confecrated  this 
week  to  purpofes  which  are  deemed  incompatible  with  fecnfar  occa* 
pation.  The  days  being  too  facred  for  labour,  and  too  long  for  de- 
votion, a  great  part  of  time  is  yawned  away  in  lidlefs  emtui, 

*  The  confecration  of  days  *  is  a  cudom  of  barbarous  origin  ;■  and 
the  pious  enthufiafm  of  the  firft  Chridiansgave  it  the  fandlion  of  their 
own  obfervance.  The  church  of  England,  which  has  had  die  merit 
ofredoring  to  fockty^  the  days  and  weeks  hallowed  by  bigotry,  dill 
retains  fome  few,  which  die  refnfes  to  feculanze,  and  which  ferve^ 
like  the  ancient  hangings  in  a  modernized  man  lion,  to  mark  the  date 
of  the  edifice,  and  perpetuate  the  tade  of  thofe  who  undertook  Its 
reform,  h  is  plain,  the  contra6^  between  pried  and  people  m  thofb 
regions  of  fuperdition,  is  very  much  in  favour  of  the  former,  thoug)^ 
equally  to  the  fatisfaAion  of  each.  The  latter  furrender  without  re- 
ladance  the  fruits  of  their  labour  to  the  ufe  of  the  former,  who  only 
engage  for  an  undefined  retribution— a  bright  reverfion  ia  the  iky-— 
at  fome  future  and  didant  period.* 

The  impreffion  which  the  French  revolMtion  made  on  tbt 
ftiind  of  our  traveller,  at  the  early  period  of  which  he  writes, 
may  be  feen  ip  the  following  account  of  the  altcratioa  that  it 
had  produced  at  Stra(burgh : 

*  The  general  complaint  at  Strad)Ourg  was  want  of  money.  No- 
thing is  to  be  found  in  circulation  bu<  paper  and  ^pper.  *'  Tottt 
iroit  bien,^*  faid  an  p)d  man,  **  fi  on  avoitde  Targcnt."  At  all  the 
(hops,  the  greated  apprebendons  are  entertained  of  being  paid  for 

/  *  This  is  only  to  bc  nnderftood  in  reference  to  day 9  confccUtcd 
to  ^articvlar  ferfius.* 

•  •  Ihaiir 


Owen'x  Travels*  g 

lii^tr  merchandize  in'  paper.  This,  amongft  each  other>  they  are 
obliged  to  admit ;  but  in  their  intercourfe  with  ilrangers>  they  Urug- 
glc  stry  hard  for  fpecie.  ^ 

'  I  turned  into  the  ^op  of  a  "MarcharJc  di  modes  to  purchafe  (bme 
articles.  Thebirgain  was  frruck,  the  fevcral  particulars  wrapped  ap> 
and  I  was  fearching  in  my  pocket  for  the  money  ;  when  obfe rving'mt 
draw  out  feme  paper  by  accident,  (he  laid  immediate  hold  upon  the 
packet  I  had  porchafed,  and  demanded  with  hafle,  **  Allez-vous  me 
payer  en  papier,  Mokifieur?"  *'  Si  fait,"  faid  I.  "  Eh  bieii 
done,"  replied  (he,  «'  jc  garderai  ma  marchandifc."  I  foon  relieved 
her  of  the  anxiety  (he  felt,  and' brought  a  glow  upon  her  cheek,  by 
cooDtiog  joat  upon  the  uble  the  fum  agreed.  This  is  indeed  the 
greateft^I  had  almoft  faid  the  only— grievance  that  1  have  difcovered 
amone  them ;  and  they  fcruple  not  to  predifl,  that  the  very  favour- 
able iaie  of  the  national  domains  will  raife  the  credit  of  their  paper, 
and  give  them  as  much  money  as  they  have  liberty. 

'  I  mud  aflure  you,  that  I  found  the  flate  of  the  people  in  this  part 
of  France  very-  different .  from  what  it  had  been  reprefented.  At 
Manheim  and  Worms,  reports  prevailed  of  the  moll  ferious  tumults 
DOW  reigning  in  France;  and  we  were  more  than  once  caudoned 
againfl  truiling  ourfelves  amongfl  a  canaille,  who  would  hang  us  up  at 
the  famp-poft  for  a  word  or  a  look.  This  (latement  has  fo  little  con- 
oeAion  with  truth,  that  every  thing  pafTes  with  the  utmoll  order ; 
and,  fo  far  as  I  can  judge  from  obfervation  and  report,  freedom  ^ 
remark  encounters  lefs  danger  here  than  at  the  court  of  Manheim. 
Nothing  could  furpafs  the  ftridlnefs  'which  prevailed  in  every  quarter 
where  the  fugitive  nobility  are  received ;  and  if  I  might  draw  con- 
dufioos  refpeding  the  country  at  large  from  what  I  fee  around  me, 
refiraint  of  opinion  is  exiled  with  thofc  who  owed  to  its  exigence  their 
guilty  pre-eminence.  . 

'  The  day  after  our  arrival  was  rendered  fcHive  by  a  new  enrol- 
ment of  National  guards.  This  was  formed  out  of  the  citizens  over 
the  age  of  eighteen  years,  and  was  efl'edled  without  the  lead  fymptom 
of  difordcr.  Befide  the  guard  thus  regularly  embodifd,  the  citizens 
are  feen  every  evening  in  different  pans  of  the  town,  learning,  againft 
an  emergency,  the  ufe  of  arms.  It  certainly  is  animating  to  read,  in 
a  thoofand  confpicuous  place*;,  proclamations  fetting  forth  the  right 
of  private  judgment ;  allowing  to  every  man  the  free  exercife  of  hia 
opinion  in  mauers  of  religion ;  and  eftabliihing  to  each  individual  the 
liberty  of  adopting  that  mode  of  worfhip  he  bed  approves. 

•  This  would,  however,  be  nugatory  and  ridiculous,  were  the 
flighteft  encouragement  given  to  contumacy  and  difordcr.  This  has 
been  faid  cut  of  the  country  ;  but  the  contrary  has  appeared  wherever 
1  have  enquired.  J  read  upon  the  door  of  the  cathedral  at  Strafbourg 
an  advertlfement,  which  Hated,  "  That  a  young  man  having  be- 
haved improperly  in  the  cathedral  during  the  performance  of  divine 
ftrvicc ;  aid,  after  ailmoniiion  from  the  ccntinel,  perfi(-ed  in  a  con- 
duft  vniiczmlng  the  Jolfmnity  of  the  placs  and  occafiony  was,  by  the 
cfficer>  o\  the  polictr,  fentcnced  to  imprifonment  for  this  in/ult  cffered 
t:  riltgicas  'lAjtrJJjip,^^     This  accords  but  ill  with  a  toleration  of  dif- 


crdcr.' 


B  2  Aa 


4  Owen'i  Traveb* 

'  An  amufing  dercription  if  given  of  this  traveller's  vifit  t9 
Fefney  *  during  a  feftival  in  honour  of  the  revolution :  but  it  is 
too  lone  for  us  to  copy. — Mr.  Gibbon  refided  at  Lauranne^ 
when  Mr.  O.  vifited  that  place.  He  thus  remarks  on  that  cele* 
irated  man: 

*  Gibbon  is  the  grand  monarque  of  liter ttnre  at  Laufanne:  I  have 
feen,  converfed,  and  dined  «vich  him.  Thefeare^  I  think,  the  three 
reqoifitesy  in  order  to  know  fomething  of  a  man.  Hit  converfation 
is  corred  and  eioqaent ;  his  periods  are  meafured,  and  his  manner  of 
delivering  them  folemn.  He  appears  rather  iaditing  to  an  amanuen- 
lis,  than  holding  converfation  with  a  ftranger.  But  though  he  talks 
too  oracu]arIy»-^he  is  at  his  table  cheerful,  frank,  and  convivial. 
His  hofpitalicies  are  however  not  ^x\Q\y  patriotic:  his  predilection  for 
the  Swifs  is  notorious ;  and,  as  a  love  of  pre-eminence  may  not  be 
claiTcd  amongft  the  lead  of  his  failings,  he  feems  to  have  decided  well 
in  .the  choice  of  his  fociety.' 

A  piAurefque  defcription  is  given  of  the  Glacien,  and  of  the 
adjoining  mountains  and  valleys.  The  convent  of  St.  Bernard, 
frequently  mentioned  by  former  travellers,  and  often  in  our 
Review,  affords  the  author  many  enteruining  particulars. 

In  Italy,  the  celebrated  prod udions^  antient  and  modern,  of 
the  fine  arts,  occupy  a  confiderable  portion  of  our  traveller's 
attention  :  but  we  pafs  over  this  part  of  the  work,  which  has 
lefs  originality  than  the  reft,  to  leave  room  for  two  or  three 
poflages  defcriptive  of  manners. 

Mr.  Owen  hnppened  to  be  in  Rome  during  the  bufy  time  of 
Cbriftmas,  and  faw  high  mafs  performed  at  St.  Peter's:  be 
gives  a  lively  defcription  of  the  ceremony : 

*  High  mafs  was,  on  the  day  of  the  Nativity,  performed  by  the 
Pope  at  St.  Peter's,  where,  on  this  occafion,  there  is  no  admittance 
but  in  full  drefs'for  his  Holinefs,  though  lliling  himfeif  the  '<  Ser- 
vant  of  Servants,"  will  not  play  off  his  holiday  farces  to  any  thing 
but  bags  and  Avords.  In  the  different  flages  of  this  ceremonial,  the 
attitudes  of  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  were  as  ridiculous  and  varied  as  thofe 
of  a  poliure  mafter.  They  placed  him  in  a  low  chair — gripped  him 
to  his  flmnel  waidcoat,  and  fcemed  difpofed  to  0iew  him  tvtry  indig- 
nity. This,  as  I  imagined,  for  it  was  pantomime  throughout,— was 
to  pidure  to  us  the  humility  of  the  Saviour.  They  did  not,  however* 
fuffer  him  to  continue  long  in  this  ftate  of  degradation.  He  was  foon 
.  redored  to  his  former  fplendor ;  and  paraded  before  us,  as  we  knelt, 
difplaying  his  handfomc  leg  and  flipper,  with  much  apparent  fatif- 
fadion.  I  happened  to  be  pofled  in  aa  avenue  which  led  to  the  grand 
altar,  and  therefore  had  an  opportunity  of  obferving  clofely  every 
thing  which  was  conveyed  backwards  and  forwards  by  the  numexoot 
.  prieils  who  attended.  It  was  truly  ludicrous  to  fee  five  or  fix  men  in 
lurplices,  carrying  with  great  folemnity  as  many  difhes  of  dreffed  op 

f  Celebrated  as  the  refidence  ofFcfJtairc. 

napkini* 


Owttfs  Travdsi  J 

napkins,  and  .meeting  -an  equal  number,  who  were,  i^ith  the  fame 
rengious  grimace,  carrying  ofFthofe  that  had  been  ufed. 

*  I  will  not  diflfemble  the  wearinefs  I  felt  at  the  lengthof  thrie  ce- 
remonies. His  Holinefs  was,  it  mud  be  acknowledged^  an  admir- 
able 2A0T ;  but  the  Cardinals  did  not  fupport  their  parts  with  fo 
good  a  grace ;  and  a  degree  of  cdldnefs  and  indilFerency  pervaded 
the  generality  of  ihe  fpe^ton— evidently  portending  fome  great 
approaching  change.  Devotion  is  certainly  much  on  the  decline* 
Subje6ts  are  handled  in  general  converfation,  which  have  little  alli- 
ance with  credulity  and  fubmifiion.  In  (hort,  the  pillars  of  papal 
tyranny  feem  loofening  apace ;  and  its  oltirtlate  fubverfion  is  an  evenc 
which  cannot  long  be  delayed.  In  the  prefent  fttuation  of  things,  the 
tnergy  operating  from  within  mil  be  affifted  by  a  powerful  impetus 
from  without ;  the  majefty  of  Papal  Rome  is  unqueflionably  and  irre> 
vocably  doomed  to  fall,  and  great  will  be  the  fall  of  it.' 

Of  Romifii  iapcrftition,  other  curio«s  example!  are  related : 
<  It  is'farprifing  to  fee  by  how  many  arts  the  Romifh  prieflhood  fludf 
to  amafe,  and  to  profit  by  the  credulity  of  their  followers.  The  feflival 
•f  St.  Antonb,  not  the  Paduan  Antony,  the  patron  of  fifties,  but 
Antony  the  protedor  of  horfes,  mules,  and  afles,  afforded  me  a  (Irong 
proof  of  the  artifices  of  cathoHc  impoihire.  This  ceremony  was  per- 
formed in  a  public  fqeare.  A  prieft  in  furpfice  (lood  at  the  door  of 
the  chorch,  and  with  a  icmg  brolh,  dipped,  as  oflen  as  occafion  re« 
quired,  into  a  pail  full  of  holy  water,  fcattered  this  undion  three  timet 
apon  the  horfes,  as  they  entered  into  the  court.  Here  all  the  equi- 
pages of  the  nobility,  no  lefs  than  the  horfes  of  hire,  are  driven,  de- 
corated with  ribands.  The  prieil  received  from  the  votaries  of  the 
Saint,  large  wax  candles,  money,  &c.  according  to  their  choice  or 
means ;  while  hie  gave  them  in  return,  a  fmall  pnnt  of  the  Saint,  and 
a  flight  fprinkle  or  holy  water.  I  treated  the  ceremony  with  fome 
degree  of  levity,  and  received  a  rebuke  from  a  true  fon  of  the  church  ; 
who  told  me  of  many  fatal  accidents  which  had  befallen  thofe  who  re- 
fnfed  to  have  their  horfes  carried  to  the  benedi<ftion  of  St.  Antony. 

*  The  church  of  the  Jefuiis  alfo  offers  a  fcene  of  barbarous  and 
abford  faperftition.  Within  this  chtirch,  the  (courge  is  nightly  ufed; 
and  I  have  it  from  a  catholic,  who,  [dare  venture  to  affirm,  has  been 
of  the  number,  that  multitudes  reforc  to  the  penance  which  is  here  ad- 
miniftered.  The  lights  are  extinguifiied,  and  the  penitents  of  both 
fexes  offer  their  bare  (boulders  to  whatever  number  of  ftripes  their  fins 
may  appear  to  dcferve.  I  have  more  than  once  refolved  to  acquaint 
mffelf  of  the  fad ;  but,  underftanding  that  the  Ailletto  would  certainly 
difpatch  me,  were  I  (bund  thus  obtruding  upon  their  folemn  my(leries» 
I  luive  concluded  to  admit  the  hiilory  upon  the  credit  of  my  re^ 
porter.* 

The  ufe  of  theftUletto,  thougfh  lefs  frequent  than  formerly,  if 
by  no  means  at  an  end.  The  author  gives  the  following  anec- 
dote, on  his  own  knowlege : 

*  I  have  myfelf  {etn  a  Vagrant  inflarvce  of  this  nature  upon  a  late 
occafion,  in  one  of  the  moll  public  quarters  of  the  city.  A  man,  who 
ieemed  to  be  tranfported  with  rage,  was  ftruggling  with  two  or  three^ 
who  found  great  difficulty  in  holding  him.     His  nife  glittered  in  his 

B  3  band^ 


C  Owcn*j  Travits.  ' 

hand,  and  he  ufed  every  effort  and  expreflion  of  violence.  I  had 
fcarcely  turned  into  the  Piazza  del  Popolo,  when  I  faw  a  number  of 
people  hurrying  away  another,  armed  alfo  wich  a  ftilletto,  who  ap- 
peared the  antagonift  of  the  former.  This  lad  quickly  forced  his 
way  from  his  friends,  and  ruihed  into  the  houfe  occupied  by  theoiher« 
wherein  all  probability  the  mifchiefwas  completed.  What  rMrprifjcd 
itie  moft  in  viewing  this  circumflance  was,  that  though  happening  in 
the  face  of  day,  it  fcemed  fcarcely  to  engage  at  a!l  the  attention  of 
the  people  ;  who,  while  1  took  refuge  in  my  apartments,  chilled  with 
horror,  paffed  to  their  devotions^  or  their  bulinefs,  with  apparent  un- 
concern.* 

Striking  proofs  of  the  low  (late  of  education  and  morals  ia 
Kooie  will  be  found  in  the  following  pafTage : 

•  The  dcfeft  of  education  is  ftrongly  vifible  in  the  Roman  ladies. 
Their  cooverfation  is  confined  to  the  moil  ordinary  topics.  Few  c( 
the  firft  condition  can  wriie  their  names ;  at  lead  fuch  is  the  report 
which  1  have  frequently  heard :  and  for  Ko  much  I  can  anfwer,  that 
AD  £ngU(h  Lady  has  written  to  a  Princcfs  of  great  beauty  at  Naples, 
who  has  caufed  her  to  be  informed,  that  fhe  is  learning  to  write ;  and 
hopes,  in  courfe  of  time,  to  acquire  the  ait  fufhciently  for  the  purpcfe 
of  correfpondence.  Her  filler  is  manied  to  a  Roman  Duke  > and  the 
Neapolitan  Princefs  is  fsid  to  be  the  bell  educated  of  the  two.  I  re* 
inarked  to  a  native,  how  extraordinary  it  was,  that  the  education  of 
the  females  fiiould  be  fo  grofsly  negledtd.  He  rcpli.»d,  "  By  no 
ipeans-- it  was  totally  unncccflary  ;  for  that  a  woman  before  (he  is 
inarried,  is  clofcly  confined,  fees  little  fociety,  and  rouil  have  no 
communications ;  and  that  when  (he  is  married,  il  Cavalierf  fervente 
§1  tulto  per  lei, — licr  Cicifbeo  underukei  every  thing  for  her.** 

'  Morals  are  fu.cly  at  a  low  ebb  in  this  city.  All  circumflance « 
concur  to  favor  their  corruption  ;  and  although  it  would  be  juil  to 
ufe  caution  in  pronouncing  upon  ecclcfiaftical  morality,  yet  a  life  of 
fplendor  and  faihioh  under  the  law  of  celibacy,  is  not  the  belt  fc- 
curity  for  private  virtue.  The  darknefs  of  the  ftreets  has  been  in  it- 
ielf  alledged,  as  having  an  objcdl  not  llridly  fpiritual ;  and  the  re- 
proof which  I  received  from  an  Abbe  at  a  converfazione,  for  carrying 
a  torch,  on  my  return  late  in  the  evening  from  a  Caflfe,  led  me  to 
IQfer^that  the  churchmen  may  have  reafons  for  prohibiting  lights, 
which  it  would  be  little  to  their  credit  publicly  to  avow.' 

-  After  the  example  of  former  travellers,  Mr.  Owen  vifits 
inount  Vefuvius,  the  ruins  of  Pompeia,  &c.  and  defcribes  them. 
The  account  cf  thefc  forms  a  very  entertaining  part  of  the  fc- 
cond  volume.     We  fhall  copy  a  paragraph  or  two. 

«  From  the  Lava  of  Vefuvius,  I  have  been  to  vifit  the  ruins  of 
Pompeia  ;  and,  having  taken  a  peep  into  the  Gulph  itfclf,  was  dcfir- 
oos  of  feeing  its  deftrudlive  cfTedts  upon  thofe  who  are  fo  cnfortunate 
as  to  (land  in  its  neighbourhood.  Difcovered  by  accident,  and  laid 
o^en  by  induftryi  part  ot  the  antient  town  of  Pompeia,  deilroycd  by 
a  fhower  of  burning  a(hes,  now  (lands  expofed  to  the  fpedator*8  eye. 
A  fquare  of  fome  extent*  a  perfed  llreet,  a  fmall  burying- place,  and 
a  temple  of  liiij  are  all  ^hat  have  yet  been  uaced  out  beneath  the  in- 
cumbent ibil. 

♦  Froa^ 


Owcn'j  Travels.  y 

"  Prom  ^  chat  appears  in  the  military  prifons,  the  fkulls^  Src.  the 

^te  of  this  town  mull  have  been  (o  fudden,  as  to  admit  of  little  efcape; 

and  it  is  /bmewhat  extraordinary^  that  a  period  of  one  thoufand  {even 

hundred  years  (hould  have  elapfed  without  any  difcoireries  made  of' 

an  entire  town  funk  amidft  the  foil— particularly  when  it  is  confidered^ 

that  the  earth  is  not,  in  the  deepeft  parts  yet  explored,  more  than 

twelve  feet  raifed  above  the  buildings.     The  ftrcct  is  the  moft  perfedfc 

curiofity  that  Europe  has  to  fhew  ;  and  may  indifputably  be  placed  at 

the  heaid  of  thofe  montiments  which  prefcrvc  the  traces  of  antient 

tizces.     The  opening  to  this  ftreet  is  ornamented  with  a  fountain,  and 

it  terminates  in  a  burying- place,  decorated  with  fepulchral  lamps* 

The  flreet  is  narrow,  paved  with  lava,  and  worn  into  ruts  by  the 

wheels  of  the  antient  carriages.     There  is  on  each  fide  a  footway» 

cooiiderably  raifed  above  the  carriage  track ;    and  (hops  of  various 

«hafa£ler,  in  uninterrupted  fucceiEon.     Many  of  thefe  are  traced  with 

tolerable  accuracy  to  the  particular  profeflion,  or  merchandize,  undei^ 

which  they  were  anticntly  daffed;    fuch  as  furgery,  wine-vacdts; 

coffee- houfes,  &c. 

*  The  houfes  are,  with  very  little  variation,  conftrufled  upon  atf 
ooiform  plan ;  and  coolnefs  feems  in  all  to  have  been  particularly  at^ 
tended  to.  They  are  fo  perfedly  cleared  of  all  thofe  alhes  unde^ 
which  they  once  lay,  that  the  traveller  can  now  enter  every  apart* 
ineDt,  and  examine  them  with  the  mod  perfed  convenience.  The 
(hops  are  ornamented  with  paintings  in  ftucco,  emblematical  of  their 
charader  ;  and  the  chambers  covered  with  groupes  of  a  wanton  and 
amorous  defcription.  To  each  is,  for  the  moll  part,  annexed  a  fmall 
court- yard,  having  a  r  efervoir  of  water  in  the  center.  All  the  parts  of 
this  llreet  are  fo  accurately  preferved,  that  it  refembles  more  a  model 
of  what  may  Jfa*ue  beeuy  than  a  monument  of  what  really  exided  :  and 
I  have  yet  vifited  no  ruins  of  pad  times,  in  which  the  images  weri 
prefentcd  to  the  mind  more  entire  and  confident.* 

Of  Vienna  a  full  and  entertaining  defcription  is  given.  Wc 
may  extrad  the  author's  auHifing  account  of  the  public  eating* 
boufcs: 

«  In  all  thefe  houfes  the  cudom  is,  to  give  every  man  his  portion 
feparate ;  infomuch  that  though  numbers  dine  at  the  fan)e  table,  they 
feldom  dine  in  common.  In  aimod  all  the  dining- houfes  here,  a  bill 
of  fare,  containing  a  vad  collcdion  of  dirties,  is  written  out,  and  the 
prices  affixed  to  each  article.  As  the  people  of  Vienna  eat  of  variety, 
the  calculanon  at  the  conclufion  of  the  repad  would  appear  fomewhat 
embarraiEng;  this,  however,  is  done  by  mechanical  habit  with  great 
fpecd.  The  cuftom  is  for  the  party  who  has  dined,  to  name  the 
diihes,  his  quantity  of  bread  and  wine.  The  kcUer,  who  attends  on 
this  occa^on,  follows  every  article  you  name,  with  the  fum  which 
this  adds  to  the  calculation;  and  ;he  whole  is  performed,  to  whatever 
amount,  without  mk  or  paper.  Jt  is  curious  to  hear  this  cereiT,ony, 
which  is  muttered  with  great  gravity,  yet  performed  with  accuracy 
and  difpatch.  It  is  inconceivable  how  numerous  thele  hou(cs  are  in 
Vienna,  to  which  wc  have  in  England  nothing  that  correfponds  ex- 
adly.   There  is  femething  remarkably  plcafant  in  tiiis  mode  of  living. 

B  4  ^ 


8  OwcnV  Travtb. 

An  evening  feldom  paiTes  in  thefe  hoafes  without  mufict  and  the  Geiw 
nan  dances  have  an  air  of  vivacity  and  cheerfulnefs  faperior  to  aU 
others. 

<  I  have  bfen  often  regaled  by  a  (Irolling  band  at  one  of  thefe 
houfcs;  where,  deeming  myfelf  totally  unknown*  I  was  accuAomed 
to  pa(s  an  eve  ing  hour.  I  ufually  entered  this,  wrapped  in  my 
cloak*  and  to^  k  my  feat  in  a  comer  of  the  room,  where  I  might  re< 
giiler  what  pa/Ted  without  attraAing  notice.  A  principal  part  of  my 
amufement  aroie  from  the  warm  debates  of  fome  worthy  citizeoSji 
who,  having  difpatched  the  bufinefs  of  the  day,  were  relaxing  their 
minds  with  a  little  p«Iitici.  I  was  diverted  to  hear  thefe  great  per* 
fonages  regulating  the  affairs  of  empires-pleading  the  combined  armiea 
into  the  heart  of  France,  by  a  Ihorter  cut  than  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick 
bad  taken-- making  the  rebels  own  their  lawful  kinr,  and  receive 
their  expatriated  princes.  1  had  remarked  tvtty  night  that  I  fre- 
auented  this  houfe,  a  little  man  of  uncouth  figure,  and  unpropitious 
phyfiognomy  ;  and  had  obferved  him  conftantTy  twirling  a  large  key 
over  his  finger,  whenever  he  entered  into  eonverfation,  and  ftrikin^ 
this  forcibly  againft  the  table,  when  he  wifiied  to  eflabli/h  his  argu- 
ment or  filence  his  adverfary.  I  was  aftoni(hed  to  find  fo  mnch  wit 
and  pleafantry  in  his  difcourfe.  He  rallied  with  much  vivacity  all  na- 
tions, and  all  fi;ovemments — but  his  own.  He  thought  that  France 
and  Switzerland,  which  boalled  of  the  pureft  conftitutions,  had  lefs 
liberty  than  the  Auftrians,  wbofeconftitution  of  government  he  owned 
was  the  worft.  ^«  In  Switzerland,"  faid  he,  **  a  man  cannot  fpeak 
bis  fentiments  without  hazard  of  ixpprifonment,  nor  in  France  without 
the  danger  of  decapitation ;  while  in  Vienna  a  man  may  indulge  him- 
felf  ia  all  freedom  of  remark,  and  runs  no  riik,  till  he  lends  his  aid 
to  plots,  cabals,  and  confpiracies." 

*  There  are,  however,  difcontents  at  Vienna ;  and,  were  there  all 
that  freedom  of  fpeech  on  which  the  orator  infilled,  the  cofl^ee-houfei 
would  refound  with  the  complaints  and  remonftrances  of  the  people. 
On  the  various  topics  he  ran  over,  he  exprefifed  htmielf  with  ereat 
▼ehemence,  took  much  fnufF,  and  fmote  frequently  with  his  Key. 
Some  intelligence  which  I  picked  up  from  the  houfe  has  acquainted 
me,  that  he  has  lately  married  a  \try  pretty  woman ;  and  that  every 
evening  when  he  leaves  her,  he  locks  the  door,  and  pockets  the  key. 
I  will  make  no  apoloe^  for  thefe  colorings  after  nature—  however 
remote  from  the  fplendid  fcenes  of  life  :  my  fortune  has  at  prefent 
thrown  me  into  thoie  walks  of  fociety,  where  higher  incidents 
cannot  occur/ 

This  article  might  eafily  be  extended  by  other  entertaining 
rxtrafis :  but  we  defift,  becaufe  we  have  little  doubt  that  th^ 
preceding  fpecimens  will  be  fufficient  to  excite  in  our  readers  a 
defire  of  perufing  the  whole  worki  which  we  think  ourfelr^ 
warranted  in  recpmmending  to  rjk^ix  auention% 


A»T* 


(    9    ) 

^RT.  II,  Sermons  Jelivlred  at  the  SunJaj'ti*vemng  Lt&wn^  fir  th 
WiMter  Seafijt,  at  th  Oldjt^ry.  By  Jofeph  Fawcctt.  z  Vob* 
8ro.    pp.  366.     12s.  Boards.     Johnfon.     1795* 

A  ITHOUGH  the  art  of  prtaching  has  been  prafiiTed  nearif 
^  two  thourand  years,  it  ftill  remains  in  a  ftate  fir  ibort  of 
that  perfeAion  to  which  oratory  of  other  kinds  was  carried 
9inong  tbe  antient  Q  reeks  and  Romans.  One  principal  reafoa 
for  this  appears  to  be,  that  few  preachers  have  taken  due  paint 
toimiCe  found  fenfe,  and  folid  argument,  with  the  powerful  cbara 
of  eloquence.  If,  on  the  one  fide,  they  have  been  ambitious  df 
acquiring  the  reputation  of  rational  preaching,  they  have  been 
cofiteoted  with  the  iimple  exhibition  of  plain  truth,  in  the  clear 
difcuffion  of  fbme  theological  point,  in  corred  explanations  of 
fcripture,  or  in  cool  eilays  on  fome  topic  of  pradical  moraKt]r« 
If,  on  the  other  fide,  they  have  afpired  at  the  honours  of  elo* 
qu^ce,  or  been  defirous  of  gaining  popularity,  they  have,  too 
commonly*  either  dazzled  the  imaginations  of  their  bearen 
witbAibltme  cDyfteries,-^gitated  their  paiGons  with  exagge« 
rated  defer iptions,  or  fanatical  rhapfodies,— or  amufed  them 
with  9afhy  harangues  on  general  topics,^  The  union  of  reafon^ 
f^ncjr,  apd  paflion,  in  pulpit  oratory,  has  been  a  rare  attain- 
ment, of  whi^h  fermons  iflued  from  the  prefs  have  afforded 
few  examples.  We  are  happy,  however,  in, being  able  to  re* 
commend  the  difcourfes  now  before  us,  as  pofleiSng  thefi;  unttii 
excellencies  in  an  uncommon  degree. 

Mr.  Fawcett*s  firft  qualification  for  pulpit  oratory  is  % 
fancy  uncooiinonly  vigorous  and  inventive :— but  he  difplays^ 
at  the  fame  time,  great  ftrength  of  intelled^,  and  a  mind  inured 
to  obfervation  and  reflexion.  The  thoughts  and  fentimentt 
which  form  the  bafis  of  his  difcourfes  are  folid  and  judicious  i 
and  they  are  exhibited  with  a  compafs  and  variety  of  language^ 
which  will  not  be  eafily  paralelled.  Sometimes  the  ftyle  is 
plain  and  neat,  without  any  greater  diverfity,  or  higher  orna» 
raent,  than  is  fuitable  to  dida^ic  difcourfe  ;  fometimes,  parti* 
cularly  where  the  preacher  has  to  encounter  what  he  deems  po» 
pular  error,  it  is  logical  and  argumentative :  but  it  more  U^* 
quently  flows  with  abundant  amplification,  is  enlivened  by  in- 
genious illuftration,  is  enriched  with  fplendid  imagery,  apd  is 
animated  by  bold  perfonificatiah,  and  all  the  figures  of  ftrong 
and  impaiEoned  eloquence.  A  lively  pi^ure  of  this  kind  is  ex« 
hibited  in  the  following  pafiage  from  a  fermon  on  death  : 

«  Figure  to  yourfclvcs  the  death-bed  of  a  domeftic  tyrant,  and  fay, 
if  in  all  the  round  of  nature,  there  is  another  fcene  fo  full  offadnefs  t 
Behold  him  forlorn,  and  friendlefs,  in  the  very  centre  of  his  con* 
ncxiona  I  ao  exHe  from  home>  in  the  bof^o^  of  bis  family  !  His  cham* 

ber. 


to  Fawcett'j  Sermons. 

hcTf  whatever  the  Qumbcr  of  attendants  .upon  hh  body  that  iQay  be 
In  it,  is  all  a  dreary  folitude  to  his  heart !  Menial  fervice  executes  his 
will;— ^medical  iciencc  fells  him  aflillance;  — Avarice  of  his  property 
obfcrves  the  forms  of  JiiFedion; — Duty  difcharges,  perhaps,  each  de- 
cent office; —Pity  regards  a  wretch>  with  a  relenting  eye  ; — Mercy 
lorgeu  the  offence  of  hloi,  who  can  no  longer  offend,  and  requites 
inhuman  cruelty  with  human  kindnefs  :-T-but  Love  is  not  in  the  room; 
— Gratitude,  fondly  officious,  and  afFcftionately  bufy,  is  not  among 
the  minifters  to  his  laft  neceflitles ;— Solicitude  is  not  to  be  fccn,  fit- 
ring  tenderly  by  his  fide,  exploring  his  latent  wifh,  fopplying  his  rifing 
want,  fupporting  his  linking  fortitude,  providing  a  pillow  for  his  iin- 
^iki'y  mind,  laying  an  arm  underneath  his  anxious  heart,  or  pouring 
a  paifionate  prayer  for  the  prolongation  of  his  life,  or  for  peace  in 
his  death.  His  heart  is  Ibbbcd,  while  his  weaknefs  is  iuHained* 
while  his  pains  are  mitigated,  by  attentions  which  he  knows  to  pro- 
ceed»  not  from  a{Fe£lion,  but  from  forgivcnefs.  Thofe,  of  whofe  blood 
hf  is  the  fountain,  behold  his  vital  current  flop  for  ever,  without 
forrow ;  and  they  who  follow  him  to  his  grave,  are  mourners  only 
in  their  garb.  Jf  any  thing  can  give  additional  gloom  to  the  lad  mo- 
ments of  a  guilty  man,  furely  it  ib  this  circum dance.' 

An  allegorical  reprefentation  of  vicious  plcafure  is  well  fup* 
|>or(ed,  in  a  fermon  ^  on  the  wifdooi  of  devoting  the  whole  life 
to  duty.' 

J  •  1  have  affcrted,  that  the  region  of  fenfual  excefs,  all  ely^an  as  it 
looks  to  the  eye  of  Inexperience,  wears,  only  through  a  fmall  part  of 
it,  tiiat  beautiful  appearance,  which  entices  the  foot  of  man  to  tra- 
verfe  it.  I  have  told  the  incredulous  fancy  of  Youth,  hard  to  be  per- 
suaded that  the  difcouragiog  account  is  true,  while  captivated  by  the 
dooming  afpctt  of  that  part  of  the  enchanting  ground  which -can  be 
leen  by  an  eye  without  it ;  while  ravifhed  by  the  odoors  that  arc 
Vafted  from  it  by  every  paiiing  wind  ;  and  the  gladfome  founds  of 
the  viol  and  the  lute  that  iffuc  from  its  (hades ;  I  have  told  tbecharm«> 
rd  fpedator  of  the  feducing  fpot,  that  it  is  only  in  profpe^  that  the  • 

{ealm  of  Pleafure  prefents  chi:;  inviting  and  plcafant  face ;  that  it  is 
kut  the  outfidu  fmile  of  a  land  which  is  full  of  frowns  within  ;  that  it 
is  only  a  little  Way  that  the  road  of  him,  who  refolves  to  dired  his 
journey  ovr r  it,  is  found  to  lie  through  fuch  a  lovely  fcene  as  that  on 
which  he  is  looking ;  that  the  flowers  and  fragrance  and  luxuriant 
Vichnefs  of  fituation,  which  fo  ftrongly  attradl  his  footfleps  that  way, 
iare  ccn fined  to  the  fkirts  of  the  country  before  him  :  I  have  told  him, 
that  he  who  penetrates  into  the  heart  of  it,  finds,  for  thofe  bowers  of 
<)elight  that  met  him  at  his  entrance,  the  dreary  caverns  of  Melan- 
choly ;  that  inflead  of  the  fmooth  and  beautiful  lawns,  all  verdure  to 
iiis  eye,  and  all  velvet  to  his  foot,  that  firft  received  his  fleps,  long 
tracts  of  defert,  awd  tangled  paths,  and  rough  places,  and  thorns  ana 
briars  fuccccd  ;  and  in  tne  room  of  the  fongs  of  gaiety,  that  faluted 
hi^  ca: ,  and  foliciicd  his  accompaniment,  at  his  joyous  outfet,  the 
CT'Iy  iuundb  he  has  to  hear,  or  to  join,  are  the  fighsof  depreflion,  and 
the  groans  of  fitkncf's.  Such,  1  have  faid,  again  and  again,  to  the 
^cu.jg  ddmircr  of  ihc  grounds  of  Plcafure,  fcch  are  the  gloomy  forms, 

whatever 


«4at€i^r  be  the  florid  face  that  inay  meet  the  profpeflive  ef  e,  witi| 
which  the  bofom  of  that  deceitful  land  abounds.' 

It  would  be  eafy  to  cxtraft  many  other  fpeci mens,' equallj^ 
ftriking,  of  this  preacher's  oratorical  po<»rers. 

In  many  of  thefe  Sermons,  obvious  truths  and  familiar 
dodrines  are  prefented  to  the  mind  with  a  variety  of  iliuftra- 
tion,  and  with  a  degree  of  vivacity  and  force,  which  fupply 
the  place  of  novelty.  Of  this  Icind,  bcfides  the  difcourfes  aU 
ready  mentioned,  are  the  fermons  on  the  following  fubjedlsi 
the  omniprefence  of  God  ;  God  our  creator;  virtue  recom- 
mended from  the  evanefcent  nature  of  man  ;  poverty  with 
virtue  preferable  to  wealth  without ;  the  purfuit  of  happinefs; 
the  infccurity  of  virtue  ;  the  prolific  nature  of  vice  ;  the  lapfe 
of  time  an  argument  fur  moral  difpatch.  In  other  difcourfes^ 
Mr.  F.  difplays  a  confiderable  degree  of  originality  of  though( 
;ind  argument.  Treating  on  the  comparative  fum  of  happineft 
and  mifery  in  human  life,  he  very  fuccefsfully  brightens  xhm 
pi(3ure  by  contrafting  its  f<:licities  with  its  miferies,  and  hf 
ihewing  that  human  fufferings  are  alleviated  by  increafing  in- 
feniibility,  employment,  focial  connexions,  natural  conilitu* 
tion,  and  hope.  We  muft  detain  our  readers  on  this  fermon, 
while  we  quote  a  beautiful  paflage : 

<  Various  are  the  iituations  in  human  life  which,  to  you  who  are 
furrour.ded  with  brighter  circumllances,  and  which  to  them  whoentefr 
into  them  for  the  6rft  time,  wear  even  a  midnight  gloom  ;  but  wh'cb, 
|o  thofe  who  have  coniinufd  in  them  for  feme  tioie,  have  afiunoed  a 
more  liqhtfome  afped  ;  end  are  become  the  feats  of  fober,  thougk 
r.oc  of  animated  happinefs.  To  him,  who,  from  a  fiyiny  fituation, 
fends  bis  eye  through  the  openings  into  a  thick  svocd,  the  fylvan  ca- 
vities feem  of  a  raven  dye,  and  appear  totally  to  cxcliule  the  d^ij ; 
amidft  the  meridian  blaze,  ihey  rclemble  fo  mai.ycavui)  ofdarknefs: 
and  he  that,  fuddcnly,  from  the  glnrc  of  noon,  paiTes  into  deep  um- 
brage, feels  a  perfcd  night  fall  upon  his  path  :  but,  in  a  few  momentj, 
the  kene  clears  pp ;  his  eye  recovers  from  the  Ihock  of  the  change; 
he  finds  he  has  not  entirely  loft  the  day  ;  that  he  hns  only  exchanged 
its  gayer,  and  gaudier  appearance?,  fur  a  more  folemn  light,  and  a 
graver  verdare.  In  the  fame  manner,  the  heart,  that  is  fuddenly  re- 
moved from  the  luminous,  to  th?  gloomy  Iituations  in  human  life,  is 
at  firil  oppreffed  by  the  gloom,  .inJ  perceives  nothing  but  darknefs; 
hue  after  a  time,  the  gloom  gioivs  Ua  ;  the  pLice  Icoks  I'ghter ;  and 
the  night  has  brightened  by  degrees  nuo  modcraicd  and  dufky  day.* 

In  a  difcourfe  chiefly  argumentative,  Mr,  ¥,  maintains  an 
opinion  which  has  its  foundation  in  the  dodhiiic  of  neceffity, 
that  **  right  and  wrong  judgment  is  the  origin  of  viriue  and 
vice,"  aiid  that  men  never  act  wrongly  except  in  conffquencc 
of  etroneous  opinions.  To  the  fame  fource  we  trace  the  fenti- 
p;cjiis  of  a  fermon,  in  which  the  auihor  maintains  that  the 
1 5  proper 


tt  TxwctiCs  Smtmini 

proper  feeling  to  be  exercifed  towards  bad  mift  is  pity^  act  in* 
dignation  nor  averHon ;  a  fentitfient  which  will  be  thought,  b/ 
nany,  who  have  not  thoroughly  digefted  and  adopted  the  ne« 
Ceflarian  dodrinej  to  be  a  dangerous  extreme.  In  fome  other 
dirtourfes,  particularly  that  in  which  ju/lue  is  confidered  as  an 
adequate  expreffion  of  a  virtuous  chara^er,  and  that  in  which 
Chriftianity  is  vindicated  in  not  diredily  inculcating  friendship 
and  patriotifm,  Mr.  F.  approaches  nearly  to  the  theory  of  Mr. 
Godwin,  Ujt  docs  not  embrace  it  in  its  full  extent. — The  liberal 
ftntiment,  that  moral  fervices  are  required  from  men  only  in  pro- 
portion to  their  natural  capacities  and  opportunities,  is  illuftrated 
tnd  applied  in  a  manner  which  may  contribute  toextend  the  exer- 
cifeof  candour conGderablybeyond  its  ufual  limit. — On  the  fub* 
jed  of*  pure  and  fpiritual  worlhip,'  fuperAition  is  combated  with 
great  ftrength  of  argument,  as  well  as  force  of  eloquence;  and 
U  is  ftrenuoufly  maintained  that  morality  is  the  whole  of  reli. 
gton,  and  that  all  worfliip,  confidered  independently  of  its  moral 
cffedl  on  the  mind  of  the  worfhipper,  and  as  terminating  in 
jifeif,  is  in  no  degree  a  recommendation  to  the  divine  Being. 
A  confiderable  degree  of  novelty  of  argument  will  alfo  be  found 
in  a  difcourfe  *  on  the  refped  due  to  all  men,*  which  admirably 
Chaftifes  the  pride  of  rank,  wealth,  and  fciencc;  and  in  an* 
Other  on  *  difinterefted  goodnefs,'  in  which  even  a  regard  to 
.approbation,  and  the  expectation  of  gratitade,  arc  reprefente4 
as  beneath  the  attention  of  a  generous  mind. 

Befides  the  fermons  already  particularized,  the  volumes  contain 
difcourfes  on  felf-deception  ;  fpiritual  pride ;  opportunities  of 
beneficence  jnot  confined  to  the  rioh  ;  fortitude  ;  the  power  of 
evil  habit ;  reflexions  on  the  natural  notifications  of  time. 
The  whole  number  is  twenty- fix. 

The  principal  defeats,  which  we  have  rem'arked  in  thefe 
difcourfes,  arc,  too  great  fondnefs  for  amplification,  which 
fometimes  draws  out  the  fermon  to  an  unneceflary  and  immo« 
derate  length  ;  a  propenfity  Co  egotifm  ;  and,  occafionally,  an 
Attempt  to  catch  applaufe  by  pretty  conceits,  fuch  as  the  fol- 
Idwing :  ^  thefe  hands  have  minifier'ed  to  my  ncceffities  without 
contrading  any  fpot ;'— *  men  is  the  motto  of  the  human 
mind  / — *  while  you  fold  your  hands,  time  folds  not  up  his 
wings  ;*— *  it  is  enough  to  agitate  a  ftatue ;'— -<  him  who  bear* 
kens  to  the  filver  chimes  of  the  fpheres/ — Thefe  are  bl«mi(bet 
which  a  chaftifed  tafie  would  have  avoided :  but  they  are  trifles^ 
barely  worth  notice  amid  the  various  and  uncommon  merit  of 
thefe  fermons;— compared  with  which  it  may  not  be  eafy  ta 
find  many  volumes,  that  can  boaft  fo  happy  an  union  of  found 
fenfe  and  ufeftil  inftruAion  with  all  the  graces  and  energies  of 
•ratory. 

Art. 


C    13    ) 

A»T.  111.  Tbi  Hiftorf  and  Jntiquities  of  the  County  of  LtUeJltri 
Compiled  from  the  bcft  and  moil  antienc  Hiftorians,  &c.  &c.  Iq« 
eluding  alfo,  Mr.  Burton's  Defcription  of  the  County,  pyblKhed  fo 
162Z  ;  and  the  later  Colledliont  of  Mr.  Staveley,  Mr.  Carte,  Mr* 
Peck,  and  Sir  Thoraai  Cave.  By  John  Nichole^  F.  S*  A.  £din« 
bargh  and  Perth.     Jn  4,  vols,  folio. 

Vol.  1.  Part  I.  Containing  Introductory  Records,  IKuHrationsA  4e« 
&c.  aad  the  Early  Kiftory  of  the  Town  of  Lciceftcr. 

Vol.  2.    Part   1.    Containmg  Framland  Hundred, 

Comonon  paper,  5I.  5s.  Royal  paper,  7 1.  7s.  boards.   Nichols.  I79{t 

AT  the  view  of  two  large  and  well  filled  folios,  the  eoii>. 
mencement  only  of  a  more  extenfive  defign,  the  firft  ide» 
that  occurs  to  the  mind  is  that  of  prodigious  and  alaioft  incon» 
ceivable  labour.  On  a  more  particular  confider^tion^  how- 
ever, of  the  matter  compofing  thefe  volumes,  it  will  appear 
that  the  labour  is  (b  much  more  that  of  the  col]e£lor»  compiler^ 
printer,  and  corrector,  than  of  the  author,,  as  to  reduce  within 
a  reafonable  compafs  that  idea  which  would  otherwife  fcarcely 
obtain  credibility:  for  the  worthy  and  refp&3ab!e  perfoo,  whoTf 
name  is  prefixed  to  this  work,  is  known  to  be  engaged  in  fo 
many  other  literary  concerns  of  magnitude,  that,  were  he  con* 
ceived  to  wriu  folios,  his  induftry  and  powers  muft  be  thoughi 
to  furpafs  thofe  of  the.  mod  laborious  of  mankind.  Nor  do  we. 
by  this  explanation,  mean  to  detrad  from  the  praife  of  uncom«r 
mon  and  almoft  unequalled  aiSduity,  which,  as  a  compiler  and 
printer,  he  certainly  deferves.  The  work  before  us  is  among 
the  moft  complete  d/'i/i  i/W,  and  could  not  be  compofed  with* 
out  vaS  pains  beftowed  in  the  fearch  after  materials  and  in  their 
proper  arrangemenr,  exclufively  of  the  mechanical  labour  of 
revifion  and  corre£lion.  l^he  value  of  the  labour  thus  applic4 
will  be  very  differently  cftimatcd  by  readers  of  different  tal^es 
and  purfuits.  Without,  however,  attempting  to  fuggeft  any  rae*- 
dium  of  opinions  between  the  lovers  and  defpifers  of  antiquariari 
fludies,  which  would  probably  be  a  f;  uidefb  attempt,  and  would 
obtain  the  concurrence  of  neither  party,  wc  j(hall  proceed  to 
give  a  brief  account  of  the  principal  contents  oi  theie  volumes, 
and  of  the  manner  in  which  the  propofed  defign  is  executed. 

The  introductory  volume  begins  with  an  account  of  Leicef- 
terfliire  extracted  from  Domefday  book,  with  a  tranilation* 
It  is  fucceeded  by  a  curious  and  valuable  difTertationon  Domef* 
day  book,  dofed  by  a  tabulary  defcription  of  Leicefterihire  as  it 
was  in  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror.  Then  follows  an 
eflfay  on  the  Mint  at  Leicefter,  with  views  of  coins,  Th;j 
names  and  arms  of  knights  of  the  county  of  Leicefter  who 
ferved  under  Edward  I.  are  next  given,  with  other  lifts  of 
perfons  who  bore  honours,  &c.    ^  copy  of  the  Teft4  df  N9« 

19  vilify 


14  Nichols*/  HiJ!ory  dfletceflerjbire. 

Yille,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  this  county,  a  matriculus  of  thd 
churches  of  the  archdeaconry  of  Leicefter  in  1220,  a  rottila 
of  the  churches  of  Leiceflerfhirc  in  1344,  and  other  tables  re- 
lating toecctefiaAical  matters,  come  next.  Thefe  are  followed 
by  a  variety  of  papers,  containing  taxations,  liAs  of  freeholders, 
knight*s  fees,  tenants  in  captte^  &c.  &c.  Mr.  Leman's  treatife 
CR  the  Roman  roads  and  Nations  in  Leicefterihire,  with  ad- 
ditional obfenrations  by  the  bifhop  of  Cork,  and  remarks  on 
Rqqnan  roads  by  other  writers,  together  with  a  learned  efTay  on 
a  Roman  mlUiary  found  near  Leicefler,  by  the  Rev.  George 
Afliby,  form  the  fucceeding  fet  of  papers.  The  rivers  and  navi- 
gations of  Leicefterfbire  arc  the  fubjeft  of  the  next  article,  chiefly 
confiding  of  copies  of  the  ad^s  obtained  for  the  purpofes  oif 
navigation,  moftly  of  very  late  date.  Dr.  Pulteney  then  con* 
iHbutes  a  catalogue  of  rarer  plants  found  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  I  eicefter,  Loughborough,  and  in  Charley  forefl,  drawn  up 
with  the  judgment  and  accuracy  that  might  be  expefied  from 
foable  a  botanift.  The  returns  made  to  Parliament  of  cha* 
Titable  donations  within  the  county  fill  a  large  number  of  fuc- 
iceeding  pages.  All  the  remainder  of  the  volume  is  compofed 
of  the  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  the  town  of  Leiceftcr,  with  a 
leiies  of  Its  bifliops,  of  the  kings,  dukes,  and  earls  of  Mereia, 
and  their  fucceflTors,  earls  of  Leicefler.  A  great  portion  of  this 
trenches  deeply  on  the  general  hi  (lory  of  England,  in  which 
the  Montfort  family,  with  others  who  bore  the  Leicefler  title, 
made  fo  confpicuous  a  figure.  The  writer  (an  anonymous 
■friend  of  Mr.  N.)  has  alfo  contrived  to  bring  in  the  whole 
ftory  of  Thomas  a  Becket,  though  by  no  other  connexion  than 
fuch  as  w%>uld  have  fcrvcd  for  any  other  perfonage  in  Englifli 
hiftory:— but  Becket  fecms  to  be  a  favourite  chara£^er  with 
this  memorialifl,  who  certainly  difplays  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  many  nice  hiftorical  points  ;  though  few,  we  ima- 
'gine,  will  follow  him  through  all  his  narrations  and  difquifi- 
tions,  which  are  drawn  out  to  a  tedious  length,  and  are  little 
enlivened  by  the  beauties  of  compofition.  An  appendix  of  char- 
ters, deeds,  and  other  legal  papers,  concludes  this  firfl  part  of 
theintrodudory  volume. 

The  firfl  part  of  the  fecond  volume,  containing  an  account 
of  Framland  Hundred,  is  a  fpecimen  of  what  is  to  conilitute  the 
proper  matter  of  the  work.  Every  townfhip  in  the  hundred  is 
feparafely  treated  in  alphabetical  order.  The  author's  general 
method  is  to  give  the  name,  fituation,  and  contents  of  the 
-diHriA ;  then  to  trace  all  the  owners  of  the  manor  and  the 
bnded  property  of  the  place,  from  the  earlieft  record?,  down 
fo  the  prefcnt  time :  with  this  are  introduced  genealogies  of  all 
*tii«  principal  families,  at  well  as  anccdotes^i  biographical  and 

literary. 


Nichols'i  Hi/lor  J  df  Leicefterftnn.  tg 

literary,  of  all  extraordinary  perfons  conneftcd,  by  birth  or 
otherwife,  with  the  townfhip.  Ecclefiaflical  matter  comes 
next,  fuch  as  notices  of  all  religious  and  charitable  foundations, 
account  of  the  church- living,  its  nature  and  value,  patrons,; 
and  iocu(nbents ;  monumental  infcription?,  extra<Sts  from  the 
parifh  remitter,  population,  and  bills  of  mortality  at  diHerent 
periods,  &c.  It  will  be  eafiiy  conceived  that  the  greater  par( 
of  this  information  can  only  intereft  profefied  antiquaries,  or 
thofe  who  have  a  local  connexion  with  the  place : — but  thus  are 
our  parochial  and  county  hiftories  formed.  Very  few  details 
of  natural  hiftory  or  economical  matter  are  to  be  found  ;  and, 
indeed,  little  occurs  for  the  amufement  of  a  common  reader, 
fxcept  the  biographical  relations,  fome  of  which  arc  curious* 
The  prefent  volume,  comprifing.  Bclvoir  caflle  and  Stapleford, 
has  a  minute  account  of  the  noble  families  of  Rutland  and  Har- 
borough,  the  latter  of  which  is  peculiarly  rich  in  genealogical 
iHuftrations,  decorated  with  many  fine  engravings.  Other 
diftinguilhed  families,  and  not  a  few  men  of  letters  and  divines 
of  note,  are  recorded  in  the  courfe  of  the  work.  There  is,  for 
the  moft  part,  a  dry  prolixity  in  the  manner,  which  prevents  us 
from  making  extracts  for  the  inUriainmeut  of  our  readers.  We 
(hail,  however,  prefent  them  with  the  tranfcript  of  one  aj-tJcIp, 
not  indeed  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  ufual  execution  of  the  work, 
but  rather  as  a  neat  model  of  topographical  defcription,  unat- 
tended with  antiquities.  It  is  an  account  of  the  natural  hiftory 
of  the  parifh  of  Little  Dalby,  communicated  by  Profefibr  Martvn. 

*  This  lordlhip  is  remarkably  hilly,  being  thrown  about  in  fmall 
fsvcliings  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  in  the  f;jreater  part  of  it,  it  is  diiii- 
cult  to  find  a  piece  of  flat  ground.  'I'he  largell  portion  of  it  is  an 
ancient  endcfurc  ;  and  none  of  tlie  inhabitants  know  when  it  rook 
place.  I  thought  at  firfl:  to  hr.vc  di.'covered  the  dace  of  it  \rom  rhe 
age  of  the  trees  in  the  hedge  rows  ;  but  none  of  t]:em  which  1  have 
had  an  opportunity  of  examining  are  mc^re  than  abo'.r  1 20  years  old  ; 
but  if  the  enclofure  went  no  further  back  than  this  we  fuould  have 
karnt  the  date  of  it  from  tradition.  I  then  fearched  the  parifh  re- 
gifter,  to  find  whether  any  depopulation  had  tak'jn  place  ilrce  the 
time  of  Elizabeth  ;  but  could  find  none,  and  therefore  conclu^ded  that 
the  eoclofure  was  at  leaft  as  early  as  her  rcivn.  Tiuit  there  has  been 
adepcpiilation  I  conclude,  not  or,}y  ficm  tne  natural  confequcncc  of 
enclofing,  but  from  the  foundations  of  building;  w-^ich  arc  uifcovered 
in  the  clofes  near  the  church. 

*  The  whole  lordfliip  is  in  paflure,  except  here  and  there  a  fmall 
"piece  which  the  landlords  permit  the  icr.anis  to  hrja'c  up  ccc^.fionaliv, 
.when  it  becomes  very  molfy  ;  but  ih'^n  this  i«!  bid  diw,:i  a^a-n  nfually 

at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years.  I'hcrc  arc  no  woods ;  but  there 
are  fome  fmall  plantations  of  oalc,  J^Tn,  and  elm  of  no  very  lonrr  d*te. 
There  is  abundance  erf  afh  in  the  l:?J^c  row?,  and  icr.rcc'.y  any  other 
tree.     The  foil  is  a  (Iron g  cUy;  liiuie  i-:  no   waRe  ^ro'^r-d  in  the 

iordihip; 


>6  Nichols  V  Hlflory  9f  LAciflirJhWti 

iMUhip ;  bat  it  it  not  cultivated^  in  my  opinion^  to  the  bed  advantlg6» 
They  depend  chiefly  on  their  dairies ;  they  breed,  hoivever«  very 
ine  flieepi  famous  for  the  whiteneft  of  their  fleecet»  which  weigh 
from  feven  to  nine  pounds :  they  breed  alfo  fine  horned  cattle ;  but 
the  lordihipy  in  general,  is  not  good  feeding  ground. 

<  This  lord(hip  is  remarkable  for  having  nrft  made  the  bed  cheefn 
fierhaps  in  the  world,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Stilton  cheeie^ 
lirom  its  having  been  originally  bought  up,  and  made  known,  by 
Cooper  Thornhill,  the  landlord  of  the  Bell  inn  at  Stilioa.  It  began 
io  be  made  here  by  Mrs.  Orton,  about  the  year  1730,  in  fmall  quan^ 
tides ;  for  at  firft  it  was  fuppofed  that  it  could  only  be  made  from 
the  milk  of  the  cows  which  fed  in  one  clofe,  now  called  Orton's 
diofe ;  but  this  was  afterwards  found  to  be  an  error.  In  1756  it  wU 
Aide  only  by  three  perfons,  and  that  in  fmall  quantities ;  but  it  is  noi^ 
made,  not  only  from  one,  but  from  almoft  every  clofe  in  this  parifli# 
ittd  in  many  of  the  neighbouring'ones.  It  is  well  known  that  this  Ant 
•f  cheefe  is  made  in  the  (hape,  and  of  the  fize,  of  a  collar  of  brawn. 
It  is  extremely  rich,  becaufe  they  mix  among  the  new  milk  as  much 
cream  as  it  wUl  bear.  It  requires  much  care  and  attendance  ;  and# 
bemg  in  great  requeft,  it  fetches  lod.  a  pound  on  the  fpot,  and  is.  in 
the  London  market. 

*  There  is  no  ftone,  gravel,  or  fand,  in  this  lordfliip,  except  a  little 
fand  flone  on  the  fide  of  Burrow-hills  :  it  ismoftly  a  flrong  blue  clay  | 
and  in  fome  parts  of  it  is  a  good  brick  earth.  1  here  is  only  ono 
fpring,  and  that  a  chalybeate  ;  it  lies  high,  in  a  clofe  belonging  to 
the  vicar,  known  by  the  name  of  the  fpring  clofe ;  it  runs  over  a 
ftreat  part  of  the  year,  and  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  valley,  where 
3ie  village  lies.  Nobody  ever  attempted  to  fink  for  a  well  in  this 
ftarifh,  till,  in  the  winter  of  1777  and  1778,  Edward  Wigley  Hartop, 
£(q.  dug  and  fuccecded.  He  penetrated  through  a  bed  of  %S  blue 
day;  and  at  the  depth  of  66  feet  the  water  gufiied  in,  when,!  appre- 
hend, the  workmen  were  coining  to  the  limeflone  rock,  by  their  hav- 
ing thrown  out  fome  fragments  of  blue  f!one.  To  the  depth  o{  10 
feet  were  frequent  nodules  of  chalk ;  at  that  depth  the  clay  was  full 
of  fmall  felenites.  At  30  feet  deep  the  clay  was  found  to  be  full  of 
pe£tensi  and  other  (helis  very  perfedt,  but  extremely  tender.  No- 
dules of  ludui  helmoniii  were  ir.terfperfed ;  ammonites  of  difFerent 
fpecies  in  great  quantities,  gryphites,  and  other  (hells ;  and  plates  of 
a  clear  foliaceous  mica,  refembling  Mufcovy  glafs.  I  am  informed 
that  the  water  did  not  prove  good,  and  that  little  or  no  ufe  is  made  of 
thtiweli. 

*  1  have  not  found  any  natural  productions,  either  animal,  ve- 
getable, or  foflili  but  what  are  c^^mmon  in  other  places.  There  is 
neither  wood  nor  wade  ground  in  the  parifa  ;  and  we  know,  that 
Jirhere  man  has  completely  fubdued  the  foil  to  his  own  ufe,  he 
])ermits  nothing  to  feed  or  profper,  but  what  is  ferviceable  to  his  pri- 
vate intereft. 

*  The  air  here  is  dry  and  healthy  ;  fogs  are  not  frequent,  and  dear 
off  early  when  they  happen.  The  iahabitants  are  happy,  and  many 
of  them  live  to  a  good  old  age, 

f  Thcic 


Nargate*!  Bjayh  TaUt^  and  Potmsi  I7 . 

*  Thar  fiiel  here  is  pit  coal,  which  they  have  chiefly  brought . 
from  Derbyihire  and  fomc  from  Lord  Middleton's  coal-pits  near 
Nottingham.  The  carriage  being  heavy,  and  the  roads  bad,  it  ufed 
to  coft  thefti  ijd.  or  i6d.  per  hundred  weight :  but,  fince  the  navi- 
gation has  been  completed  to  Loughborough,  they  get  it  for  lod.  or 
J  id.  ptr  hundred. 

'  No  great  road  leads  through  the  parifljl^  bbt  the  turnpike  road 
from  Oakham  to  K^elton  paifes  within  a  mile  by  Leeflhorp,  and  they 
come  upon  it  in  going  to  Melton,  at  about  th«  fame  diflance  before 
they  come  to  Burton. 

*  There  is  not  any  river  that  runs  through  the  pariih,  or  comes  neaf 
it ;  and  only  one  inconfiderable  brook,  which  is  fometimes  dry.    This 
joins  another,  more  confiderable,  that  comes  from  Somtrby  by  Leef* . 
thorp,  and  both,  proceeding  jointly  by  Burton  Lazars,  fall  into  the 
river  Eye,  between  Brentingby  and  Melton. 

*  There  is  no  papiH  in  this  parifli,  nor  one  dilTenter  of  any  deno« 
aination. 

*  The  parochial  feaft  follows  St.  James ;  to  whom  the  church  i$ 
dedicated. 

'  There  have  been  no  perambulations  time  immemorial* 
'  The  rent  of  the  whole  pariih  is  1422I.  5  s. 

*  The  number  of  houfes  is  21 ;  families  22 ;  and  inhabitants  123  ; 
three  teams  kept* 

*  The  land  taxat4s.  raifes  164I.  148.  2d. 

'  Labourers  have  is.  2d.  per  day  in  fummer,  and  u.  Sn  the  winter f 
in  harveH  is.  6d.  and  their  viduals.     Land  lets  at  15s.  an  acre^ 

'  Tlienett  expenceof  the  poor  in  1776  was  27I.  los. 

»  Medium  of  three  years,  l783-*-i785,  45I.  8s.  4d.* 

Thcfe  volumes  arc  illuftrated  by  a  very  liberal  providott  df  en* 
gravlngs,  in  which  a  view  is  given  of  every  individual  parifli- 
ciiurcb,  as  well  as  of  feats,  monuments,  antiquities,  and  other  re- 
markable objedls.  An  appendix  tothefecond  volume  contains  a 
number  of  deeds,  charters^  and  other  papers  relative  to  each  hun- 
dred ;  which  addition  will  doubtlcfs  be  repeated  in  the  future  vo- 
lumes. On  the  whole,  it  is  a  very  hontfi  piece  of  literary  manufac- 
ture, and  the  purchafers  will  have  no  reafon  to  complain  of  their 
bargain  as  to  quantity.  'I'hat  the  quality  will  likewile  fully  come 
up  to  the  general  expe<Slation,  we  lee  no  reafon  to  que(lion.  May 
the  fpirit  and  indullry  of  the  compiler  be  duly  rewarded  ! 

Art.   IV.     Effays,  Tales,  ant!  Poems.     By  T.  S.  Norgate.     8vo. 

pp.  247.     4^.     Boards.     Rivingtons.     1795- 
'TTHERE   are  few  parts  of  our  critical  office  more  difficult 

^  than,  when  we  meet  with  a  juvenile  efFort  of  fome  pro- 
mife,  yet  ftill  marked  with  the  charader  of  juvenility,  to  give 
due  encouragement  to  the  laudable  defire  of  attaining  literary 
fame  in  the  writer,  and  at  the  fame  time  not  to  miflead  the  publid 
as  to  the  intrinfic  merits  of  the  work.     Many  of  thefc  efforts 

there  are,  which  we.doUbt  not  the  authors  themfelves  will  here- 
Rfev.  Sept.  1796.  C  after 


1^  KorgatcV  Ejfitjs^  TaliSy  ani'Pomt. 

after  wi(h  they  had  rather  circulated  privately  among  ttiefir 
friends,  than  been  perfiSadcd  by  the  premature  fondnefs  for 
autborOiip  to  commit  to  the  prefs:  but,  in  the  mean  time,  their 
feelings  are  liable  to  be  hurt  by  praife  too  fcanty,  or  by  cenfure 
too  fevere,  for  their  prefent  expedations.  If  we  were  to  fay, 
in  general  terms,  tba^^bc  volume  before  us  gives  manifeft 
tokens  of  a  fprightly  fancy,  and'  of  a  mind  habituated  to  re-^ 
fie(9ion,  yet  that  it  alfo  betrays  immaturity  of  judgment  and 
infufEciency  of  information  in  fome  points,  the  author  wouM 
perhaps  call  on  us  for  proofs  of  our  aflertion,  and  cxpcA  that 
vc  (bould  enter  into  a  particular  difcuffion  of  the  contents  of 
Bis^book:  but  the  degree  in  which  it  is  our  duty  to  do  iVi% 
depends,  in  our  opinion,  rather  on  the  utility  which  it  will  afford 
to  our  readers,  than  on  the  fuppofed  rights  of  authors.  We  do 
not,  however,  mean  to  pafs  over  this  publication  with  fo  flight 
a  notice,  fince  we  think  it  in  reality  deferving  of  more  room  in 
our  pages. 

After  a  kind  of  apologetical  introdu£lion,>  the  writer  com- 
mences with  an  efTay  on  emigrition,  in  which  he  curforily  treats 
on  the  probable  effcds  of  dcrelidion  of  country,  on  the  hnd 
whence  and  on  the  land  to  which  the  emigrator  goes^  and  on  the 
World  at  large.  His  fentiments  on  thefe  beads  are  libera?,  but  we 
meet  with  nothing  fufliciently  flriking  to  tempt  us  to  a  quota- 
tion. The  opinion  that  love  of  country  is  a  paflion  which  re- 
quires rather  to  be  reprefTcd  than  encouraged  may  feem  a  bold 
one,  but  it  is  familiar  enough  to  the  fchoc^  of  general  pbiian- 
fhropifts. 

The  next  effay  (the  longeft  in  the  volume)  is  entitled 
Thoughts  on  the  Probability  of  a  future  State  of  Ex-iflence  of 
Animals  and  Vegetables.  The  ground  taken  by  the  writer  is, 
firfl,  to  fhew  that  the  do£krine  of  perfed  benevolence  in  the 
Jjcity  requires  that  the  exigence  of  all  fenfitive  beings  fhouldy^ 
on  the  whole,  be  rather  a  good  than  an  evil  to  them.  Then« 
that  obfejvation  feems  to  pro\'e  that  in  this  world  the  balance 
of  enjoyment,  in  many  inftanccs,  is  not  in  favour  of  animals, 
and  confequently  that  a  future  compenfation  is  due  to  them  ^ 
and  laftly,  that  the  gradation  of  beings  will  not  admit  of  draw- 
ing any  line  which  (hall  exclude  vegetables  from  the  clafs  of 
fentient  and  animated  creatures  ;  whence  the  fame  general  I^w 
will  apply  to  them  alfo.  This  train  of  reafoning  is  not  defti- 
tute  of  ingenuity,  though  it  is  too  hypothetical  to  allow  us  to 
build  any  thing  like  certainty  on  it.  In  particular,  the  proof 
that  vegetables  poflcfs  fenfation,— a  topic  principally  laboured  ift 
this  effay, — can  never  pafs  the  limits  of  a  very  doubtful  and  de- 
fective analogy.  IVIr.  N.  docs  not  pretend  to  have  added  any 
thing  to  the  ftock  of  argumcaU  already  employed  on  ibis  occa- 

*9n> 


Norgate*!  Ejfap^  Taleiy  and  Poitns.  I'l^ 

fion,  from  new  experiments  or  obfervations :— H«  merely  fpc- 
Cttlates  on  the  fafls  adduced  by  others,  and  anfwers,  not  without 
feme  acutcnefs,  the  objedions  that  have  been  made  to  the 
fyftem  which  he  efpoufes. 

A  tale  called  Le  Solitaire  fuccceds.  Of  this,  as  well  as  of 
another  entitled  Eugenius^  we  muft  fay  that,  in  our  opinion, 
they  abound  much  more  in  extravagance  than  ingenuity.  They 
might  ferve,  as  extemporaneous  cffufions,  to  divert  a  family 
circle  round  a  winter* evening's  fire-fide,  but  are  too  wild  and 
incoherent  to  prefent  before  readers  for  whofe  judgment  the 
writer  entertained  any  refpca.  With  the  firft  is  blended  fome 
defcription  of  the  northern  lakes. 

The  next  cffay  is  an  hiftorical  one,  on  the  reign  and  cha- 
rafter  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Its  chief  purpofe  is  to  refute  fome 
remarks  in  Mr.  Belfham's  eflays,  which  Mr.  N.  thinks  too 
favourable  to  that  celebrated  princefs.  The  obfervations  are 
for  the  mod  part  fenfible,  but  fuch  as  any  reader  of  rcfleftion, 
with  Hume  in  his  hand,  might  eafily  make.  In  the  vindication 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  indeed,  Mr.  Norgate  goes  much  far- 
ther than  that  hiftorian,  and  fides  with  thofe  who  have  (moft 
improbably,  as  we  conceive)  maintained  her  innocence  with 
rcfpeft  to  Darnley,  We  arc  forry  to  find  him  charging  Eli- 
zabetb,  in  mod  unqualified  terms,  with  incontinence,  on  the 
ground  of  a  mere  exprei&on  in  an  ad  of  Parliament,  fettling 
the  fuccefiion  of  the  crown  on  her  natural  iflue  ;  which  could 
not  have  the  modern  meaning  that  he  attributes  to  it.  Perhaps 
of  all  branches  of  literary  difcuffion,  hiftorical  inquiry  is  the 
leafl  fitted  for  the  light  eflforts  of  a  young  and  curfory  writer  ; 
whofe  information  is  generally  vc^-y  imperfeS,  and  whofe  af- 
fections are  too  ftrong  for  his  judgment. 

Mr.  Norgate  fccms  more  at  home  in  a  paper  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  wade  lands,  reprinted,  with  additions,  from  a  periodical 
work  entitled  the  Cabinet.  To  this  meafure  he  is  a  friend  ;  and, 
after  having  repelled  feveral  of  the  popular  objections  againft 
cnclofure,  he  adduces  various  arguments  to  prove  that  the  cul- 
tivation of  commons  would  diminifti  the  rent  of  land,  raife  the 
price  of  labour,  and  augment  population.  Though  in  fome 
parts  of  his  eflay  he  treads  clofely  in  the  footfleps  of  Dr.  Adam 
Smith,  yet  he  has  brought  feveral  confiderations  of  his  own  to 
the  fubjed,  and  has  treated  it  in  a  methodical,  though  fummary^ 
manner. 

The  remainder  of  the  volume  confifts  of  (hort  pieces  of 
poetry— a  fpecies  of  compofition  which  appears  vi^cll  fuited  to 
the  author's  talents.  Feeling,  fancy,  and  tafte,  contribute  to 
weave  a  pretty  garland  of  various  flowers  j  which,  though 
iomtwhat  wild    and  untrained,  are  a  favourable  fpecimen  of 

C  %  wiiu 


So  Norgite'/  Efajs^  Tala^  md  Ppem: 

what  the  foil  would  produce  by  more  accurate  culture.     The 
fender  fimplicity  of  the  following  little  piece  will  plcafe  all  readers^ 
who  arrof  congenial  difpofitions  : 
•  ToSusA.f. 
1. 
'  Ah,  Safan !  guard  thy  tender  heart 

From  flatt'ry's  fofi  delufive  fong. 
Nor  let  the  voice  of  truth  depart 
Unheeded  from  an  artlefs  tongue. 
II. 

•  No  tale  have  I  to  charm  thine  ear. 
No  eloquence,  alas  !  have  I ; 

My  tale  is  but  a  iimple  tear. 

And  all  my  eloquence — a  figh ! 
III. 
«  But  I'lr^  a  cottage  in  the  vale. 

With  quiet  and  with  plenty  bleft. 
Where  oft  I  hear  the  Granger's  tale. 

And  welcome  tv*ry  wand'rbg  gueft. 

IV. 

'  There  would  I  nurfe  thine  aching  head. 

When  old  and  feeble  thou  art  grown  ; 
And  when  thy  beauty  fhall  have  fled. 

Would  love  thee  for  thy  worth  alone. 

V. 

'  Then  Su fan,  calm  this  brow  of  care. 

Nor  let  me  thus  in  fbrrow  pine  ; 
Believe  me,  thou  wilt  never  ihare 

A  fool  fo  full  of  love  as  mine.' 

Several  of  the  bajia  of  Bonefonius  are  tranflated  with  micb 
iJelicacy.    We  copy  one  of  them  : 
«  Kiss  V.    To  his  Heart. 

•  Whither,  thou  little  vagrant  fprxte, 
Would'ft  thou  wing  thy  thoughtlefs  flight  > 
To  Pancharillis  woukift  thou  flee  ?— 

If  fo,  a  long  farewell  to  thee  \ 

•  Ah  fliun  thofe  lockt  of  golden  hair 
That  float  (o  lighty  in  the  air, 
Whifpering  to  each  wanton  wind 
With  fyrea  fmile  and  kifles  kind  ; 
Or  on  her  fnowy  bofom  fleep^ 

Or  flyly  down  in  ringlets  creep ; 
.  Ah,  (hun  them— for  each  lock  of  ha!r 
Conceals  fomc  dark  and  deadly  fnare. 
Some  fetter,  or  fome  fatal  chain. 
Whence  thou  wilt  ne'er  return  again ! 

'  Around  her  thou  may 'ft  freely  fly; 
£*en  on  her  bofbm  thou  may'ft  lie* 

Reft 


Herm/proHg:  ^,  Manas  bi is  not ^  a  NtviL^  9| 

Reft  apon  her  ra!)y  lip,        " 
And  the  nedareoas  jaices  fip ; 
Bat,  little  wanton  rozue,  beware 
The  caily  mazes  of  hef  hair  ! 
Thither  if  thoa  once  (houldfl  fly. 
Believe  me  thoa  wilt  furely  die. 
And  leave  thy  mafier  to  deplore 
That  he  fhall  never  fee  thee  more  !' 


Art.  V.  Herm/frong;  or,  Man  as  he  is  not.  A  Novel.  By  tht 
Aathorof '*  Man  as  heis.''  larao.  3  Vols.  9s.  fewed.  Lane. 
1796. 

Tk/f^^  OS  he  isj  a  former  publication  of  this  uncommon 
'^^  writer^  was  reviewed  in  our  xth  vol.  N.  S.  p^aQj.  Wt 
jthen  thought  fit  to  mingle,  with  our  general  and  warm  appro* 
bation  of  that  novel,  the  remark  that  fufficient  attention  had 
not  been  paid  to  unity  of  defign  in  the  plan  of  the  compofition. 
'I'he  fame  opinion  might  be  advanced,  without*  injuftice,  te« 
fpe<^ing  the  production  before  us.  The  eptfode  of  Mifs  Su« 
melin  is  too  long,  and  has  too  little  influence  on  the  proj^r 
ftory : — Gregory  Glen  appears  at  the  beginning  intended  for  the 
hero,  but  the  level  of  his  importance  fubfidcs  with  the  conti« 
nuation  of  (he  narrative,  and  at  laft  evaporates  into  air— into 
"  thin  air." 

We  feel,  however,  difpofed  to  afcribe  a  higher  rank  of  ex- 
cellence to  thi«  than  to  the  former  novel :  it  wanders  lefs  from 
its  main  purpofe ;  there  are  equal  beauties  of  detail  ;  and  the 
elevated  foul  of  Hermfprong  is  a  prominent  and  fine  delineation 
of  the  accomplifhed,  firm,  frank,  and  generous  man,  worthy 
to  be  imprefTed  as  a  model  for  imitation.  This  noble  charac- 
ter has  much  originality:  but  its  features  may  be  traced  back 
partly  to  the  native  opennefs  and  refources  of  the  ingenuous 
Huron  of  Voltaire,  and  partly  to  the  fyfiemacic  fincerity  and 
pbilofophic  courage  of  Frank  HenUy  in  Holcroft's  Anna  St,  Ives. 

The  (lory  is  that  of  an  American  Incognitt),  who  fettles  \a 
Cornwall,  difcovers  eftimable  qualities  in  a  Peer's  only  daugh- 
ter, whom  he  convinces  of  the  wifdom  of  putting  herfelf  under 
his  protedion  in  fpite  of  every  prejudice  of  wealth  and  family; 
and  to  whom,  at  the  approach  of  their  marriage,  he  reveals  a 
lelationfhip  which  renders  the  union  acceptable  on  all  fides. 

Of  the  author's  f^yle,  which  has  great  excellencies,  but 
which  fometimes  wants  accuracy,  a  fpecimen  or  two  may  be 
given ; 

Vol.  II.  p.  19.  "  Grant,"  faid  Glen,  **  that  we  have  been  in  a  pro- 
greffive  Aate  of  improvement  for  Tome  centuries;  and  that  the  abori« 
gincs  of  America  have  not." 

C  3  "I  allow 


i?         Hirmfprong:  or^  Man  as  he  is  not  5  a  Novell 

**  I  allow  your  progreffive  ftate,"  Mr.  Herinfprong  anfwered  ; 
*'  and  if  you  will  have  it,  that  all  is  improvementi  be  it  To.  You 
have  built  cities^  no  doubt,  and  filled  them  full  of  improvement,  if 
magnificence  be  improvement ;  and  of  poverty  alfo,  if  poverty  be 
improvement.  But  our  queftion,  my  friend,  is  happioefs,  compara- 
tive happinefs,  and  until  you  can  trace  its  depeodeiice  upon  wealthy  it 
will  be  in  vain  for  you  to  boaft  your  riches.*' 

•*  It  appears  to  me,"  faid  the  Reverend  Mr.  Woodcock,  **  that 
wc  have  all  the  rcquifites  for  happinefs  which  the  untaught  races  of 
mankind  hare,  with  the  addition  of  a!l  that  can  be  extradted  from  art 
and  fcience." 

.    "  This,"  faid  Glen^  •'  appears  to  me  an  uncontrovertible  argu- 
ment.'* 

"  And  perhaps  is  fo,"  Mr.  Hermfprong  replied';  *<  but  of  this 
iddition  your  common  people  cannot  avail  themfcives.  Generally 
fJD^king,  if  unopprefTcd  by  labour  or  poverty,  have  you  obferved  in 
tkisrank  a  deficiency  of  thofe  pleafurablc  fenfatioQE,  which,  we  agree, 
fconflitute  happinefs  V* 

«•  No,"  (aid  Glen;  "  no,"  faid  the  parfon,  *'  I  think  not." 
.  "  It  (hould  fecm,"  Mr.  Hermfprong  faid,  **  that  nature  in  her 
jDore-fimple  mxxies,  is  unable  to  furniih  a  rich  European  with  a  due 
portion  of  pleafurable  fenfations.  He  is  obliged  to  have  recourfe  to 
ipafles  of  inert  matter,  which  he  cnufes  to  be  converted  into  a  million 
of  forms,  far  the  greateft  part  foicly  to  ht^  that  incurable  craving 
(nown  by  the  nime  of  vanity.  All  the  arts  are  employed  to  xmufc 
him,  and  expel  the  teifium  'vit/e^  acquired  by  the  fliniulus  of  pleafure 
being  ufed  till  it  will  ftimulate  no  more ;  and  all  the  arts  are  infpfH- 
cxttii.  Of  this  difeafe,  with  which  you  are  here  (o  terribly  afHieied, 
the  native  Americans  know  nothing.  When  war  and  hunting  no 
Biore  require  their  exertions,  they  can  reft  in  peace.  After  fatl&fy« 
ingthe  more  immediate  wants  of  nature,  they  dance,  they  play;--« 
weary  of  this,  they  baik  in  the  fun>  and  fing.  Jf  enjoyment  of  ex* 
iftencc  be  happinefs,  they  fcem  to  pcfTefs  it ;  nbt  indeed  fo  high  raifed 
as  yours  fometimes»  but  more  continued,  and  more  uninterrupted." 

**  In  this  confiparifon.  Sir,"  faid  Mr.  Woodcock,  *'  you  fe^m  to 
have  forgot  our  greateft  plcafures,  thofe  drawn  from  intelleft." 

**  They  alfo  have  exertion  of  intellcfl,"  Mr.  Hermfprong  replied. 
*'  Their  two  grand  occupations  require  much  of  it,  in  their  way  i 
tnd  who,  think  you,  make  their  fongs  ?  They  have  indeed  a  differ- 
ent mode  of  ufmg  their  underilandings,  and  a  lefs  variety  of  fubjedis  i 
lyut  our  point  is  happinefs.  I  know  not  that  they  deiivc  lefs  from  in* 
tellea  than  you." 

"  bo  they  read  ?"  Mr.  Glenaikcd. 

•*  They  do  not,"  replied  Hermfprong. 

«'  You  do,"  faid  Glen.  ••  Would  you  give  up  the  pleafure  yod 
derive  from  this,  for  any  pleafure  thefe  people  have  ?" 

*'  No,"  Mr.  Hermfprong  anfwcred,  "  I  would  not.  Reading  is, 
as  it  were,  a  part  of  my  exiftence.  But,  when  with  thofe  people,  my 
hours  of  reading  were  theirs  of  evening  fport.  My  pleafure  was  per- 
haps more  exqaifite  ;  theirs  more  lively.  They  ended  with  a  falutary 
weaiinefs^  \)'hich  difpofcd  them  to  found  repofes   I  with  head-ach 

pfrbaps» 


fJirmJ^roHgt  otj  Atan  at  h  is  n9ti  a  NcwL  %% 

f»erbapt»  and  with  a  yawning  laffitude  that  difpofed  me  to  (leep»  inr 
deed,  and  alio  to  dream.  But  in  reality,  is  reading  all  pleafure  ?  or 
is  it  pleafure  to  all  ?  Are  there  not  amongfl  yod,  who  read  becaufp 
they  have  nothing  elfe  to  do?  to  pafs,  without  abfolute  inadioo,  thofb 
hours  which  muft  be  endured,  before  the  wonted  hours  of  pleafure 
arrive?  Ou  is  reading  all  profit?  Is  knowledge  the  fure  refult? 
your  contradidious  difputations,  eternal  as  it  fhould  Teem,  in  politics^ 
in  religion,  nay  even  in  philofophy,  are  they  not  calculated  rather  ta 
confound  than  enlighten  the  underflanding  ?  Your  infinite  variety^ 
does  it  not  tend  to  render  you  fuperHcial  ?  And  was  ic  not  juftly  faid 
by  your  late  gpeat  moralift,  every  m;in~now  has  a  mouthful  of  learn- 
ing, but  nobody  a  bellyful  ?  In  variety  of  knowledge,  the  aborigines 
of  America  are  much  your  inferiors.  What  they  do  know,  perhaps 
they  know  better.  But  we  are  wandering  from  our  original  quellion, 
from  happinefs,  to  xhtcui  bono,** 

**  And  is  there,"  faid  Glen,  ''  no  pleafure  without  a  drawbaclq^ 
which  you  can  allow  us  to  enjoy  in  a  fuperior  manner  ?  N[ot  love,  for 
ejcample?" 

"  Of  this,"  faid  Mr.  Hcrmfprong,  fmiling,  **  I  am  little  qualified 
to  fpeak.  I  \tk  America  before  1  could  well  fall  in  love  according  to 
nature  ;  and  have  not  yet  learned  all  the  refinements  which  conflitate 
its  value  in  Europe.  All  I  have  obferved  is,  that  you  are  not  fauf- 
.fied  with  it  in  the  fimple  way  in  which  our  American  Indians  pofTefi 
it.  With  you  the  imagination  muft  be  raifed  to  an  extraordinary 
height;  I  might  almoftiay,  fet  on  fire.  And  this  you  perform  by 
-drefs,  by  concealments,  and  by  fentimcnt,  like  fugar,  treble  refined*' ~ 


1^ 


Vol.  iii.  p.  122.  *  The  time  of  dinner  was  not  very  lively,  bttt 
might  have  been  inftruAive ;  for  Lord  GronJalc  called  forth  the  whohs 
abilities  of  Sir  Philip  Chellrum;  and  all  the  Raioules,  with  their  fields 
J'or  et  d* argent i  their  feats  of  chivalry,  their  intermarriages,  with  all 
that  the  gentlemen  of  the  herald's  office  think  of  the  firft  importance^ 
came  forth  in  due  proccilion,  and  flood  before  the  wondering  eyes  o£ 
Mlfs  Campinet.  To  this  were  added,  and  here  Sir  Philip  was  pecu- 
liarly eloquent,  all  the  ^xt^t%  of. all  the  CountelTes  at  the  grand  court 
days.  Sir  Philip  had  never  before  been  fo  brilliant.  Almoft  he  had 
forgot  the  misfortunes  of  the  preceding  evening,  when  the  indiicreet 
Mil's  Fluart,  taking  the  opportunity  of  apaufe,  faid,  *'  Oh  dear  !  I  did 
not  think  there  had  been  fuch  famous  folk  any  where,  except  the 
Amadifes  of  Gau),  and  the  Don  BellianufTes  of  Greece.  Pray,  Sir 
Philip,  were  none  of  the  Raioules  hanged  ?" 

**  Hanged,  madam  I"  faid  Sir  Philip,  his  lips  quivering  with  ragc» 
«'  hanged!" 

•  His  lordfhip  was  fhocked  alfo ;  fo  much  that  he  burft  into  an  in* 
voluntary  laugh,  which  all  his  power  was  unable  to  reftrain.  When 
this  little  convulfion  was  checked,  he  faid  gravely,  «*  Young  ladies 
are  privileged.  We  allow  them.  Sir  Philip,  to  fay  what  thcy.pleafe. 
The  pretty  things  have  feldomany  meaning." 

"  I  fubfcribe  to  the  wit  and  truth  of  this,  as  I  do  of  moft  of  your 
lordftiip's  general  remarks,"  Mifs  Fluart  replied,  *'  but  really  I  had 
fome  meaning  in  the  queftion  ;  for  furely  if  the  exploits  of  many  of 
Sir  Philip's  noble  anccfiors,  as  related  by  himfdf^  were  to  be  now 

C  4  performed. 


i^  Littifs  for  Lhtriry  LaiUiS* 

}>errorined>  tven  their  being  lords  wodd  (carce  Screen  them  from  tkt 
gallows." 

**  They  lived  in  times  of  violence/'  his  lordfhip  faid ;  and  what 
more  he  would  have  faid,  rouft  be  for  ever  unknown,  for  Mr.  Cor* 
row  was  annoanced;  Mr.  Corrow,  from  whom  his  lordfhip  expeded 
intelligence  of  the  gratification  of  that  little  matter  of  revenge  with 
which  he  had  indulged  himfelf  againft  Mr.  Wigley.  But  Mr.  Corrow 
had  been  under  the  neceflity  of  accepting  bail;  and  his  iordfbtp 
found  himfelf  under  frelh  obligations  to  that  bird  of  ill  omen»  Hem* 
fprong. 

'  It  was  fome  time  before  Lord  Grondale's  anger  would  permit  his 
ears  to  open  to  the  confolations  of  his  lawyer;  who  at  length  informed 
him,  that  he  had  proof  that  Hermfprong  had  endeavoured  to  entice 
Wigley  to  America;  which,  though  not  direflly  penalj  migKt^  ia 
the  prefent  temper  of  the  times,  be  made  fomething  of. 

**  And,"  faid  the  lawyer,  *•  I  have  hints  oi  other  little  circam-* 
fiances.  He  has  read  the  Rights  of  Man ;  this  I  can  almoft  prove ; 
and  alfo  that  he  has  lent  it  to  one  friend,  if  not  more;  which  you 
know,  my  lord,  is  circulation,  though  to  no  great  extent.  I  know 
■alfo  where  he  faid,  that  the  French  conflltution,  though  not  perfed, 
had  good  things  in  it,  and  that  ours  was  not  fo  good  but  it  might  be 
mended.  Now,  you  know,  my  lord,  the  bench  of  jufKccs  will  not 
bear  fuch  things  now  ;  and  if  your  lordQiip  will  exert  your  influence, 
I  dare  fay  they  will  make  the  country  too  hot  to  hold  him." 

'  This  complacent  idea  reilored  his  lordfhip  to  tolerable  temper; 
fo  that  he  returned  to  the  defert  with  Mr.  Corrow ;  who,  by  the  way, 
he  defired  to  make  Hermfprong  the  fubjedt  of  his  difcourfe.  The 
-obliging  attorney  knew  it  was  not  panegyric  his  lordfhip  wanted  ;  fo 
he  turned  his  talents  to  obloquy  ;  and  Hermfprong  became,  under  hit 
ikilful  hands,  a  tolerable  munfler  of  deformity.  Unfortunately,  the 
ladies,  for  whofe  good  it  was  intended >  were  taken  all  at  once  with 
hardnefs  of  heart,  and  all  manner  of  unbelief.  Nay,  it  was  faid,  but 
it  was  too  incredible  to  be  believed,  that  twice  the  lively  Mifs  FluarC 
made  the  lawyer  blufh.' 

Wc  hope  for  frequent  entertainment  from  the  pen  of  this 
amufing,  inilrudlive,  and  fingular  genius. 

Art.  Vr,  Letters  for  Literary  Ladies,  To  which  is  added,  an  BlTay. 
on  the  noble  Science  of  Self-Juilificatioo.  8vo.  pp.  202.  4s. 
Boards.     Johnfon.     1795. 

'The  good  old  rule  of  avoiding  extremes  could  never,  perhaps, 
-*  be  more  properly  applied,  than  to  the  difFcrcnt  opinions 
which  have  been  entertained  co;icerning  the  female  character. 
Formerly,  the  intelledual  education  of  women  was  almoft  as 
entirely  neglected  as  if  the  notion  that  females  had  no  fouls, 
afcribcd  by  a  vulgar  error  to  the  Mohammedans,  (\ad*  been 
prevalent  in  this  Chriftian  country  ;  or  as  if  women  had  been 
thought  to  have  been  created  for  no  other  purpofe  than  to  con- 
tinue the  fpccicf*     Thp  degradation  implied  in  this  negle^ 

\i  has» 


Litiirsfar  Literary  Laetiss.  15 

\a%^  of  late,  been  ftrongly  felt  by  fome  high«-fpirited  fetnalei  | 
and  has  been  attacked  with  a  firm  tone  of  philofophical  pride^ 
which  has  almoft  perfuaded  the  world  that  women  are  not  only 
capable  of  being  made  rational  companions,  but  ought  to  be 
educated  for  an  equal  (bare  with  the  men  in  all  the  labours  and 
honours  of  literary  and  political  life.  This  extreme  we  confider 
as  likely  to  be  as  injurious  to  fociety,  and  inimical  to  female  bap- 
pinefs,  as  the  former  ;  for  we  can  never  be  perfuaded  that  the 
ftate  of  the  world  would  be  improved  by  converting  all  our 
aflfedionate  wives,  kind  motheis,  and  lovely  daughters,  into 
ftudious  philofophers,  or  bufy  politicians.  We  have,  therefore^ 
been  highly  gratified  with  the  perufaj  of  the  fenfible  and  elegaxxt 
performance  at  prefent  before  us,  in  which  the  due  medium  is 
happily  preferved  between  the  oppofite  extremes  ;  and  the  true 
line  of  female  excellence  is  fketched  by  a  judicious  and  accurax 
band. 

In  a  *  Letter  from  a  Gentleman  to  his  Friend,  on  the  Birth 
of  a  Daughter,  with  the  Anfwer/  the  queftion  concerning  the 
literary  education  of  women  is  very  fairly  argued  ;  and  it  is  ia 
the  reJult  concluded  that  fuch  a  degree  of  intelledual  cultiva* 
tion  is  defirable  for  women,  as  (ball  enable  them  to  conver(e 
with  their  hufbands  as  equals,  and  to  live  with  them  as  friends^ 
and  (hall  qualify  them  to  take  a  principal  (bare  in  the  import* 
ant  duties  of  education  ;  that  the  general  powers  of  their 
minds  (bould  be  cultivated  rather  than  any  particular  faculty ; 
and  that  it  is  of  more  importance  to  give  a  young  woman  a 
habit  of  indufiry  and  attention,  and  to  form  her  mind  to  the 
judicious  and  elegant  exercife  of  judgment  and  tafte,  than  to 
make  her  an  eminent  miflrefsof  any  fingle  fcience  or  art. 

Next  follow  '  Letters  of  Julia  and  Caroline,'  in  which  is  very 
intcrcftingly  reprcfented  the  folly  of  facrilicing  intcllcdual  and 
moral  merit  to  the  vanity  of  admiration,  7  he  Itory  of  Julia 
is  highly  pathetic,  and  may  afford  a  mod  inlhu^ive  and  kn- 
prtfiive  Icilon  to  young  women. 

7  he  remainder  of  the  volume  contains  *  an  Efiiy  on  the 
Noble  Science  of  Self- Juftificaiion.*  This  is  a  very  fuccefsful 
attempt  in  that  difficult  fpecies  of  writing  in  which  Swift  was 
fo  eminent  a  matter,  ironical  fatire.  From  this  fprightly  and 
elegant  production,  our  readers  will  pot  be  difplcakd  that  we 
malce  a  n)ort  extract : 

•  Left  amongil  inlii.ite  variety,  the  difiiculty  of  immediate  ffIc«5lion 
fnould  at  firll  perplex  you,  let  me  point  ouc  that  matters  mi  tajh  will 
aftord  you,  of  all  others,  the  moll  ample  and  inceHant  faojeii^s  of  de- 
bate; ll^c  you  have  ro  criterion  to  appeal  to.  Upoii  the  fame 
principle,  next  to  matters  of  talle,  points  of  opinion  will  afford  the 
JD'ji  conllant  exercife  to  your  taknis.     Here  you  wiJl  have  un  oppur- 

tuiiicy 


^  ts^itnfir  LHirarf  LrnSiSf 


J  of  dtiDg  the  opinions  of  all  the  living  and  dead  you  have  ev0r 
known,  be&dea  the  dear  privilege  of  repeating  continually  :  '<  Nay, 
JOB  nerer  mofl  allow  that."  Or,  «*  You  can't  deny  this,  for  it's  thp 
finiverfat  opinion— everybody  fays  fo !  every  body  thinks  fo  !  I  won- 
der to  hear  you  exprcfs  fuch  an  opinion  !  Nobody  but  youfclf  is  of 
that  way  of  thinking."  With  innumerable  other  phrafes  with  which 
a  flight  attention  to  polite  converfation  will  furniih  ycu.  This  mode 
ef  oppoftng  authority  to  argument,  and  aifertion  to  proof,  is  of  fuCh 
fUtiverfal  utility,  that  I  pray  you  to  pradife  it. 

•  If  the  point  in  difputc  cfpecially  be  fome  opinion  relative  to  ycur 
chaja£ter  or  difpofition^  allow  in  general  that  **  You  are  furc  ypu  have 
a  great  many  faults,"  but  to  every  fpecific  charge,  reply,  **  Well,  I 
mm  fore  I  don't  kr»ow,  but  I  did  not  think  that  was  one  of  my  faults) 
Wl^iody  ever  accufed  me  of  that  before  I  Nay,  I  was  always  remark- 
Mt  for  rfie  contrary ;  at  leaft  before  1  was  acquainted  with  you— 
Sir;  in  my  own  family — alk  any  of  my  own  friends i  a(k  any  of 
theiD ;  they  «iuft  know  me  befl.^ 

«  Bat  if  ioflead  of  attacking  the  material  parts  of  your  chara^les 
-your  huAand  (liould  merely  pre  fume  to  advert  to  your  manners,  to 
ibme  flight  perfonal  habit  which  might  be  made  more  agreeable  to 
Jiim;  prove  in  the  firil  place^  that  it  is  his  fault  that  it  is  not  ^gree* 
able  to  him. — His  eyes  are  changed,  or  opened  ;  but  it  may  perhap« 
liaTcbecn  a  matter  almod  of  indifference  to  him,  till  you  undertook 
its  defence — then  make  it  of  confeqoence  by  Tinng  in  cagernef*,  in 
■pfopordon  to  the  infignificance  of  your  obje£l ;  if  he  can  draw  confe- 
'qne^icea,  this  wiR  be  an  excellent  lefTon  —  if  you  are  fo  tender  of  blame 
in  the  ^rerieft  trifle,  how  onimpeachable  mull  you  be  in  matters  of  im- 
fxntaDce.  As  to  perfooal  habits,  begin  by  denying  that  you  have 
^ny ;  as  all  peribnal  habits,  if  they  have  been  of  any  long  ilanding* 
aii»ft  have  become  involuntary^  the  unconfcious  culprit  may  aiTert  her 
innocence  without  hazarding  her  veracity. 

•  However,  if  you  happen  to  be  deteilcd  in  the  vtry  faft,  and  A 
perfon  cries,  "  Now,  now,  you  are  doing  it  I"  fubmit,  but  declare  at 
the  fame  moment  **  That  it  is  the  wcry  £r(l  time  in  your  whole  life« 
3roa  were  ever  known  to  be  guilty  of  it;  that  therefore  it  can  be  no 
licbtt,  and  of  courfc  no  ways  reprehenfible." 

•  Extend  alio  the  r?igt  for  vindication  to  all  the  objeds  which  the 
jBoil  remotely  concern  you  ;  take  even  inanimate  objecls  under  yo»r 
iproteAion.  Your  drcfs,  your  furniture,  your  property,  every  thing 
livbtch  is  or  has  been  yours,  defend,  and  this  upon  the  principles  of 
<he  foondeft  philofophy  ;  thcfe  things  all  compofe  a  part  of  your  per- 
ibnal merit  ^;  all  that,  connected  the  moll  diflantly  with  your  idea* 
-girtz  pleafure  of  pain  to  others,  becomes  an  objcfl  of  blame  or  praife* 
and  conieqnently  claims  your  fupport  or  vindication. 

'  ]n  the  coarfe  of  the  roanagemnt  of  your  houfe,  children,  family* 
and  iSaifs,  probably  fome  few  errors  of  omiiGon  or  commiflion  may 
Ibike  your  hulband's  pervading  eye;  but  thele  errors,  admitting  them 
to  be  errors,  yoo  will  never  if  you  pleafe  allow  to  be  charged  to  any 
•deficiency  in  memory,  judgment,  or  adlivity,  on  your  p:yt. 

f     '  I'  ■  ■• 

*  •  Vide  Hume.' 

9  «  There 


Kollfliann'i  EJfkj  on  Mufical  Harmonp  sy 

•  There  are  furcly  people  enoagh  around  you  to  divide  and  (hare 
{he  blame ^fend  it  from  one  to  another,  till  at  lad,  by  univerTal  re* 
jc6Uon,  it  h  proved  to  belong  to  nobody.  You  will  fay  however  thaC 
fiafls  remain  unalterable ;  and  that  in  fome  unlucky  tnftance,  in  the 
changes  and  chances  of  human  afFaiVs,  you  may  be  proved  to  havd 
been  to  blame.  Some  ftnbbom  evidence  may  appear  againft  yon  ;  tH 
eye-fvitnefs  perhaps  ;  (till  yoU  may  prove  an  alibi,  or  balance  the  evU 
dence.  There  is  nothing  equal  to  balancing  evidence  ;  doubt  is  yon 
J^now  the  moft  philofophic  (late  of  the  human  mind,  and  it  will  fane 
kind  of  yoQ  to  preferve  it  in  the  bread  of  your  hufband. 

'  Indeed  the  fliort  method  of  denying  abfolutely  all  blameable  fa^, 
I  fliould  recommend  to  pupils  as  the  bed ;  and  if  in  the  beginning  of 
their  career  of  j unification,  they  may  (lartle  at  this  mode,  let  them 
depend  upon  it  that  in  their  future  pradlicc  it  muft  become  perfedUy 
familiar.  The  nice  diftindion  of  fimulation  and  diflimulation  depend 
but  on  the  trick  of  a  fy liable — palliation  and  extenuation  are  univer- 
fally  allowable  in  felf-defence ;  prevarication  inevitably  follows^  and 
wifehood  <*  is  but  in  the  next  degree.'' 

We  recomniend  this  pleafing  Volume  to  the  particular  atten- 
tion of  our  female  readers,  as  well  adapted  to  recompence 
them,  both  in  entertainment  and  inflrudion,  for  the  timeTpent 
in  the  penifal. 

-  —     ■  I  ■   ^ 

Aar.  VI J.  Am  EJay  on  Mufical  Harmony t  according  to  the  Nature 
of  that  Science  and  the  Principles  of  the  greateft  Mufical  Authora. 
By  Augaftus  Frederic  Chridopher  Kollmann,  Organid  of  his  Ma- 
jedy's  German  Chapel  at  St. James's.   Folio,   il.  is.   Dale.   1796* 

D  EviEWS  of  mufical  compofitionsy  we  believe,  have  been 
-•^  more  than  once  unfuccefs fully  attempted  in  our  country^ 
though  fcveral  have  been  long  carried  on  in  Germany :  for, 
though  pradical  mufic  was  never  more  cultivated,  nor  more 
compofitions  by  natives  and  foreigners  publifhed,  than  of  late 
years  in  London,  yet  it  feems  as  if  accuracy  and  genius  in 
counterpoint  were  left  to  the  decifion  of  that  fenfe  alone  which 
mufic  is  intended  to  delight.  We  therefore  enter  on  an  cxa* 
mlnation  of  the  work  before  us  as  a  literary^  not  as  a  mufical^ 
prodiidion.  Treatifes  on  all  the  fine  arts  have  occafionally 
come  under  our  infpeflion  ;  though  productions  of  artifis  who 
have  followed,  negle£led,  or  miftaken,  the  rules  laid  down  in 
thefe  treatifes,  have  not  come  within  our  jurifdicSiion. 

The  work  before  us,  indeed,  being  purely  elementary  and 
of  the  grammatical  kind,  furnifhing  rules  and  inftru£lions  for 
fludents  in  harmony,  but  no  mufical  compofitions  for  public 
performance  or  private  practice,  (except  fragments  or  iingle 
pa/Tages  oi  harmony  and  melody  from  clailical  authors,  merely 
to  illuftrate  the  rules  recommended,}  feems  a  fair  obje£l  9f 
critical  cxaminationt 

The 


IS  KoIImannV  Effay  in  MuJUal  Harmony. 

'  The  materials  of  this  eflay  are  fkilfully  arranged,  and  di?iJe<{ 
fnto  1 8  chapters  on  the  moil  important  points  of  iht  mafgria 
mufica*  The  Firft,  as  may  be  expeded,  concerns  tht  fcali^  or 
mufical  alphabet ;  including  the  Greek  genera^  Diatonic,  Cbro- 
maticy  and  Enharmonic,  with  different  methods  of  tuning  and 
tempering  the  fcale.  The  II.  treats  of  Intervalsy  Canfontmces^ 
und,Diffinances^  with  their  reprefentations  by  figures  in  accom- 
paniment. Hi.  General  rules  concerning  the  ufe  of  intervals 
in  harmony  and  melody.  In  this  chapter,  the  fuh]eEt  of  conmc* 
five  ^ths  and  iths  is  amply  difcufTed.  IV.  Of  Chords  in  gene* 
raT.  V.  Of  the  Triads  or,  as  the  Englifh  call  it,  the  Common 
Cbordy  and  its  inverfions.  VI.  Of  the  Chord  of  the  7th,  and 
its  inverfions.  VIL  Of  accidental  Chords  :  including  fuf* 
fenfiom  and  antnipations,  VIII.  Of  the  Signatures  or  £z« 
preffion  of  Chords  in  thorough- bafs,  by  figures*  IX.  Of 
Cadences^  X.  Of  Modulation,  This  important  fubjed  is 
ably  and  fcientifically  treated.  XI.  Of  7//n/,  or  Meafure. 
XII.  Of  Phythm-  XII I.  Of  fimp\c  Counterpoint^  or  Mtific  Jq 
parts.  XIV.  Of  double  Counterpoint,  This  is  a  very  elabo^ 
Irate  chapter,  and  well  illuftrated  in  the  plates.  XV.  Of  Imi^ 
lotion.  This  chapter  includes  regular  Fugues  and  Canons  :  but 
on  chefe  we  could  have  wiihed  the  author  had  been  a  little 
mere  diffufe.  He  refers  the  reader,  indeed,  to  an  excellent 
book  on  the  fubjed^,  publifticd  both  in  German  and  French,  by 
Marpurg,  at  Berlin,  1753  :  ^rt  de  la  Fugue :  but,  as  tbjs 
work  is  not  eafily  procured  in  England,  if  Mr.  Kullmann  had 
recommonded  fludents  in  Fugue  and  Canon  to  the  works  of 
Handel,  which  are  more  acceifible,  he  would  have  done  them 
a  greater  kindnefs  ;  as  the  art  of  Fugue^  on  the  moft  natura! 
and  pleafing  fubjeds,  was  never  carried  to  fo  great  a  perfec- 
tion as  by  this  immortal  mufician.  XVI.  Of  Variation  \ — an 
ufeful  chapter,  and  ingeniouily  illuftrateJ.  XVII.  Of  Fanoy^ 
or  Voluntary  playing.  XVIII.  Of  the  antient  Ecciefiaftical 
Modes. 

As  a  table  of  Errata  to  the  text  of  this  ufeful  work  is  much 
wanting,  we  ihall  pome  out  a  few  verbal  mi  (takes  ;  for  fome  of 
which  the  printer  is  refponfible,  and  for  others  the  author  hiai« 
felf,  from  writing  in  a  dialed  not  his  own. 

Fref.  line  4,  for  tban^  read  (but).  Jntrod.  p.  xvi.  1.  lo. 
for  meafuration^  read  (menfuration).  lb.  p.  xviii.  I.  4.  lur 
flnnesy  read  (ihine). 

Text,  p.  I.  ^2.  1.  4.  dc\c  foundf  or  fupply  its  place  with 
the  word  (mulicJ).  lb.  1.  7.  tor  as  follows^  read  (following). 
lb.  1.  I2<  for  and^  read  (of  the).  lb.  1.  16.  after  the  word 
mUSi  add  (on  fixed  inHruments).     Ib»  K  21.  after  nothings  add 

^more). 


KoHmflnn'i  EJfaj  on  Mujicdl  Hafmonj.  19 

(more).  P.  12.  tt  inaliisy  the  author  ufcs  the  word  tranjitlon  in  a 
different  manner  from  Knglifli  mufical  writers  :  who  generally 
nakc  it  rynonymous  with  modulation^  or  paffing  from  one  key 
to  another* 

The  term  Triads  (o  frequently  ufed  in  the  4th  and  5th  chap- 
ters, implying  any  given  bafe  note,  with  its  3d  and  5th,  or 
the  3d,  5tb,  and  8th,  to  a  bafe,  ia  what  Englifb  mufical  writers 
mean  by  common  chord.  In  the  beginning  of  the  4th  chapter^ 
the  author  tells  us  that  '  two  or  more  intervals,  conftruded 
one  oyer  the  other,  are  called  a  chord -J  but  nothing  lefs  than 
3  founds  conftitute  a  chord  according  to  Englifli  theories. 
Combinations,  or  paflages  confiding  of  only  two  founds  played 
together,  are  called  double  notes.  P.  43.  laft  lint  but  four,  the* 
word  (it]  after  that  feems  wanting.  P.  45.  ift  line  of  the  5tli 
period,  dele  one.  PI.  VII.  N^  21*  when  two  notes  of  a  pre- 
ceding chord  are  fufpended,  Englifh  writers  on  mufic  call  them 
doubli  di/cords'^zndy  if  the  whole  chord  be  fufpended,  triple  dif^ 
cords^  which  are  in  fafl  only  appoggiaturas.  P.  47.  § 7.  period  6. 
for  A/r,  read  (elfe).  P.  48.  1.  15.  for  counted  to ^  read  (included 
in).  The  laft  line  of  PI.  X.  exhibits  new  expedients  to  £ng* 
lifh  compofers  in  figuring  the  accompaniment  to  fongs,  which 
ought  to  be  generally  adopted  :  but  few  bafies  are  now  figured  ; 
and  accompaniments  in  notes  are  ufually  printed  with  fongs, 
which  feem  to  have  fuperceded  thorough*bafs.  Without* 
knowing  its  principles,  however,  how  is  the  performer,  who 
has  only  a  bafs  part  at  which  he  can  look,  to  difcover  the  har* 
mony  with  which  it  ought  to  be  accompanied  ?  P.  54.  1.  laft, 
after  tOy  read  (be).  PI.  13.  N*'  4  and  5,  contain  what  the 
French  call  la  regie  de  VoSlave^  or  accompaniment  to  the  fcalc, 
afcending  and  dcicending  ^  and  this  expedient  feems  to  have 
been  firft  ufcd  for  accompanying  modern  mufxQ^  without  figures. 
The  word  accidental^  ufed  throughout  the  work  as  a  fubflantivct 
is  inaccurate  :  hnglifh  mufical  writers  ufe  it  adjeftively  :  as 
an  accidental  flat,  or  fharp. 

Several  divifions  of  time,  or  fignatures  of  meafure,  uncom- 
mon in  England,  are  given  by  our  author,  chap.  xi.  which 
fcem  wanted  to  inform  the  performer,  who  fees  not  the  fcorc, 
what  are  the  kind  of  notes  in  which  the  melody  chiefly  moves. 
P.  80.  §  la.  what  is  here  faid  of  *  a  verfe  confifting  of  at  lead 
two  linesy  which  make  a  rhyme^^  is  inaccurate.  This  is  rather 
the  dclcription  of  a  diftich  or  coupler.  A  verfe  with  or  with- 
out rhyme  implies  a  line  confiding  of  a  certain  fucce/fion  of 
founds,  and  number  of  fyllable?.  The  antients  ufed  no  rhyme, 
nor  do  the  moderns  in  blank  vtrfe.  P.  85.  §  23.  for  ix:hat^ 
read  (that).     In  the  pf.  tune,  pi.  20,  a  note  is  wanting  at  the 

fccond 


30^      Hutchiafon^  Elpry  ofthi  Couniy  ofCumhtrhni. 

jecood  repetition  of  the  word  Hallelujah.  P.  92.  §  12.  I.  5* 
for  9f^  read  (on).  lb.  I.  6.  read  (  I  need  faj  no  more),  lb.  hfl 
1.  but  4.  for  which  I  pity  vtry  mucby  read  (for  which  1  am  i^trf 
forry).  P.  93-  I*  4*  read  (manner);  2Lnd  ior  figuratsd  (not  an 
Englifli  word)  read  (expreiled,  or  executed).  1  he  precepts  con- 
tained in  this  and  the  next  page  are  good,  but  not  expreffed  in 
dear  and  correS  language.  The  examples  and  illuftrations  in 
t)ie  plates,  however,  will  remove  all  doubt  from  the  minds  of 
every  reader  who  is  acquainted  with  mufical  notation,  the  ttni^ 
Virfid  language  of  muficians,  throughout  Europe.  P.  101  •  I.  }• 
for  tharty  read  (but). 

More  inaccuracies  of  this  kind  might  be  pointed  out :  but  it 
would  give  us  greater  pleafure,  if  we  could  fpare  room  for  theiB^ 
to  exhibit  to  the  reader's  notice  the  particular  excellent  dodrines 
in  the  text,  and  the  admirable  examples  of  compofition  in  the 
flates,  of  this  efTay ;  which  appears  to  us  a  work  of  uncommon 
merit,  and  much  more  complete  than  any  treatife  on  harmony 
io  our  language.  The  author  is  well  read  in  the  beft  mufictt 
tiads  publifbed  in  Germany  during  the  prefent  century,  wjitch 
are  very  numerous,  and  many  of  them  excetlenty  particularljr 
tbofe  of  Emanuel  Bach,  Marpurg,  and  Kirnbergis;  and,  on 
the  whole,  his  book  is  full  of  found  mufical  learning,  and  cu- 
rious fpecimens  of  compofition,  which  our  mufical  Tyros 
would  do  well  to  ftudy,  in  order  to  avoid  the  difgrace  often 
aTcribed  to  our  countrymen,  of  being  ignorant  in  counter- 
point, and  better  performers  than  compofers. 


Art.  VIII.  The  Ui/Icry  of  thi  County  of  Cumberland ^  and  fome  Places 
.  adjacent,  from  the  earlicll  Accounts  to  the  prefent  Time :  com* 
prehending  the  local  Hiftviry  of  the  County;  its  Antiquities,  the 
Origin,  Genealogy,  and  prefent  State  of  the  principal  Famiiies^ 
with  Biographical  Notes ;  its  Mines,  Minerals,  and  Plant?,  wish 
Other  Curiofities,  either  of  Nature  or  of  Art.  Particular  Attentioa 
is  paid  to,  and  a  juil  Account  given  of  every  Improvement  in  Agri- 
culture, Manufactures,  and  the  other  Arts.  In  2  Vols.  1^^  Wil- 
liam Hutchinfon,  V,  A.  S.  Author  of  the  Hiftory  of  Durham,  &c. 
Vol.1,  in  2  Parts.  410.  pp.600.  Common  Paper,  los.  each. 
Printed  at  Carlifle,  fold  in  London  by  Law. 

'Epiw,  if  any,  are  the  productions  of  human  (kill  and  labour, 
^  which  can  be  pronounced  in  their  kind  complete.  This  re- 
mark is,  perhaps,  dill  more  applicable  to  topographical  difcuT- 
£ons  than  to  mod  others  \  and,  if  it  appears  that  an  exa<St  and 
diligent  attention  has  been  exerted,  by  thofe  who  have  fuitable 
ability  and  qualifications,  the  work  may  have  a  reafonable  claim 
to  candid  reception.  As  to  the  volume  before  us,  there  would 
6e  DO   great  difficulty  in  pointing  out  inaccuracies,   defici- 

cncieSj 


Rutchinfon^  Hiprj  $fihi  County  t^f  Cmniirkni.       Jtf 

enci^,  marks  of  negligence,  &c.  but  thefe  are  counterbalanced 
by  the  affiduity  which  is  in  other  refpe£ls  difcoverabte.  In 
feme  partSy  as  p.  5.  &c.  we  may  perceive  indications  of  defec- 
tive or  partial  reafoning  and  prejudice :  but  to  thefe  we  mxf 
oppofe  the  evidences  which  elfewbere  occur^  in  the  author's . 
own  words  or  thofe  of  his  contributors,  of  a  more  liberal  and . 
generous  fpirit.  We  may  obferve  alfo  an  inequality  in  the  per* 
formance ;  pariihcs  and  particular  objeAs  are  occafionaliy  ex- 
amined with  care  by  the  author  himfelf  and  his  coadjutor;  in 
other  inftances,  we  derive  information  from  former  writers  or 
from  modern  contributors  :  fome  parifhes,  &c.  are  furveyed 
with  great  attention,  and  of  others  little  is  communicated  : — it 
is  true  indeed  that  one  fpot  is  much  more  prpdudiveof  inform- 
ation  than  another ;  yet  we  incline  to  fuppofe  that  there  arc 
mftances,  in  which  greater  accuracy  of  inquiry  might  have  fup- 
plied  us  with  farther  intelligence.— There  are  alfo  parts  of  a  to« 
pographical  work  that,  to  readers  in  general,  will  be  dry,  unia- 
trrefting,  and  tedious,  which  yet  cannot  be  omitted,  and  to  » 
few  arc  very  important.  Yet,  whatever  objedions  we  might 
find,  we  mud  acknowlege  that  we  have  perufed  the  volume 
with  confiderable  fatisfaflion,  and  regard  it  as  both  entertain* 
ing  and  inftrudlve.  In  its  various  progrefs,  proper  remarks 
prefent  themfelves,  and  hints  are  interfpcrfed  which  may  con- 
tribute to  public  and  private  utility. 

The  plan  and  immediate  fubjcdts  of  the  book  are  amply  ex- 
bibited  in  the  title,  to  which,  on  the  whole,  the  execution  ap- 
pears to  correfpond  :  though  it  is  queftionable  whether  ade- 
quate notice  be  taken  of  every  improvement  in  agricubure^  ma" 
nufaSfures,  and  the  other  arts,  A  confiderable  part  of  the  ob- 
fervations  is  thrown  into  the  notes.  Whether  this  be  more 
agreeable  and  convenient  than  interweaving  them  with  the 
text,  is  at  leaft  doubtful.  Some  of  them  appear  under  the  name 
of  Houfeman  -,  as  a  fpccimen  of  which,  being  (hort,  we  give  the 
following  lines,  refpefling  the  parifh  of  Irton  : 

'  Extent]  From  call  to  well,  four  miles;  from  north  to  (buth,  one 
mile  and  au  half:  the  wellern  extremity  runs  near  to  the  fea-coalt, 
and  borders  on  a  narrow  ftripe  of  land  which  belongs  to  Drig. — Soil 
and  Produce]  The  foil  is  of  various  qualities,  fome  parts  light,  with 
gravel,  others  clay',  and  a  third,  mofs  earth  ;  and  is  far  from  fertile 
in  tillage  or  grazing.  Little  wheat  is  grown  ;  barley,  oats,  potatoes, 
ind  turnips,  the  chief  produce,  and  none  of  them  produce  good  crops. 
—Sheep  and  cattle]  About  2000  (beep,  fmall,  eight  fleeces  to  a  ftone, 
worth  8s.— Horfes  of  fourteen  hands;  black  cattle,  fome  arc  larger 
than  in  the  adjoining  pari (hes.—* Game]  Hares,  partridge,  groufe, 
&c.--Quarries]  No  frecftone,  limeftone,  or  coals.  The  buildings 
arc  conftruded  of  a  hard  blue  ilone,  gotten  from  the  edges  of  the  fells. 
Great  variety  of  granite  near  Irtonhall,— Road]  From  Ravenglafs  to 

Whitehaven.-— 


yi       IfutehiDfon^  Mijl^  df  ttn  CwHty  dfCunthirtani. 

MrhiteIi&veo^->-River8]  Irt  and  Mite;  in  thelrCs  fome  falmon ;  tfi 
botft»  trout  and  fmall  fry.-— School]  A  fmall  one,  bat  not  endowed.— 
Tithes]  Corn>  woo]»  and  Iamb,  taken  in  kmdi — Afped^  and  general 
appearance}  The-land  is  uneven,  but  not  mountainons,  and  lies  opea 
towards  the  Tea.  There  is  little  wood  or  bmlhwood  in  this  diftrlA  ; 
alod  on  the  whole,  it  is  neither  fomantic,  nor  ^tty  attra6live  to  the 
eye  of  the  tl-avelier.  Ifton-hall  is  (beltefed  with  fine  trees,  bnt  the 
adjacent  lands  are  not  in  the  moil  advantageous  forms  and  manage- 
ment. Holme  Rook,  the  feat  of  Henry  Lutwidge,  £fq.  flands  oo  the 
north  banks  of  the  river  Irt ;  much  modern  improvement  is  ieeii 
about  it,  good  gardens  and  pleafant  walks.  The  buildings  in  general 
through  this  parifli  sltc good.— £xt roar Jinary/emale  cbara3ir\  Jane;. 
Koger,  a  native  of  Cumberland,  came  about  twenty  years  ago  to  tt" 
£de  here,  and  took  pofRfricn  of  a  fmait  cottaee  npar  Holme  Rook. 
She  fubfifled  on  the  bounty  of  the  neighbours,  out  neVer  would  takd 
money  :  her  whole  apparel  (hats  and  (hoes  excepted)  (he  knitted,  oa 
wooden  pins,  of  the  wool  (he  gathered  on  the  <iommons,  and  fpaa 
herfeJf.  Her  temper  and  behaviour  were  liiild  \  (he  was,  all  hef 
tkne,  confcicntiouflv  careful  to  hijrt  no  living  Creature,  and  (he  talked 
little.  She  travelled  with  a  tobacco-pipe  cenflantly  in  her  mouth,  a- 
I^rge  knotty  Aick  in  her  hand,  and  a  bag  on  her  back  $  to  which  load 
ihe  was  fo  inured,  that  when  (he  had  no  burthen  to  carry,  of  value  to 
her,  (he  EUed  her  bag  with  land.  1  he  making  of  her  clothes  (hewed 
great  natural  ingenuity.  After  thus  fojourning  in  life  for  eighty 
years,  (he  died  at  the  houfe  of  a  relation  in  Whitehaven,  whither  (ha 

was  compelled  to  go,  though  labouring  under  intirmitieSk Houfe-' 

man's  noics.* 

Cumberland  nfFord^  a  great  variety  of  afpe^  ;  and  many 
opportunities  (or  confidcrable  improvements,  which  have  not 
been  wholly  neg;le5cd.  Perhaps  it  would  hardly  be  expected 
that  any  part  oF  this  northern  diftridt  fhoulJ  remind  the  reader 
of  defitrts  in  Africa  :  yet  we  read  concerning  the  parifii  of 
Milium,  *  that  great  part  of  it  lies  on  a  flat,  and  is  expofed  to  a 
torrentof  air  which  rufhe?  up  the  gulph  from  the  Irifh  channel^ 
io  that  the  lands  are  dillrefTed,  in  dry  weather,  with  driving  and 
overwhelming  (ands,  carried  by  the  winds  to  an  amazing  dif*' 
tance.' 

A  furvey  of  Ullfwater,  which  lies  on  the  borders  of  tha 
county,  introduces  a  fhort  account  of  the  inhabitants  of  Pat- 
tcrdale,  (Wcftmoreland,)  whofe  native  innocence  and  rural  fim« 
pi  icily  are  mentioned  with  great  fatisfadlion.  We  the  rather 
take  notice  of  this,  bccaufe  ot  that  corruption  of  manners,  with 
its  baneful  efFe£ls,  which  Mr.  James  Clarke,  in  his  Survey  rfthi 
Lakes  *,  informs  us  was  introduced  about  thirty  or  forty  yearn 
ago  by  fome  villainous  miners  who  were  fent  to  work  in  the 
Dale.     We  are  willing  to  hope  that  an  advantageous  alteratioa 

•  See  M.  Rev.  for  Dec,  1789,   vol.  btxai.  p.  45^, 

ha« 


CordiuerV  RuinSi  t^c*  eftforth  Britain*  33 

has  taken  place  fince  that  relation  was  written  :  the  author 
of  the  prefent  work  obfcrvcs  in  a  note,  *  Mr.  Clarke  gives  a 
very  diiFerent  account  of  the  inhabitants,  which  we  are  happy 
tiot  to  have  difcovered.' 

Among  other  fubjeds,  biography,  as  it  ought  in  fome  degree, 
is  here  occafionally  regarded :  one  rule  is  laid  down,  and,  ic 
kcms^  with  propriety,  on  this  article;  which  is,  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  thofe  perfons  only  who  had  diftinguifhed  theoifelves, 
cither  in  fome  uncommon  and  extraordinary  way,  or  by  fome 
literary  produtSlion  ;  a  rule,  however,  which,  while  it  appears 
juft,  may  occafion  the  paffing  by  without  notice  many  per- 
fons of  worth  and  rcfpedt ability.  The  family  of  the  Howards 
furnifhes  confiderably  for  this  line.  Among  other  characters, 
which  are  not  numerous,  we  obferve  that  of  G.  Whitehead, 
eminent  atnong  the  Quakers,  which  was  drawn  up  and  commu- 
nicated by  one  of  ihcir  own  body :  he  was  born  in  Wcftmore- 
land,  in  the  year  1736,  but  educajed  at  the  free  fchool  of  Blen- 
cowe,  in  Cumberland.  Another  charadier  is  that  of  Dr.  George 
behfon,  diflenting  minifter,  who  died  in  London  in  the  year 
1762.  He  was  born  in  the  pari(h  of  Salkeld.  A  juft  and  very 
refpe£lable  account  is  here  given  of  him  and  of  bis  writings, 
which,  it  is  to  be  feared,  are  in  the  prefent  day  too  much  ne- 
gleded.  Thefe  inftances  difcover  a  candour  and  liberality 
which  do  honour  to  the  publication. 

We  now  take  our  leave  of  this  work  for  the  prefent,  only 
farther  adding  that  feveral  copper-plates  accompany  and  illuf- 
tratethe  volume. 

^  Since  we  wrote  the  above,  the  third  part  of  this  work  is 
come  to  our  hands,  and  will  be  hereafter  duly  noted. 

Art.  IX.  Remarkable  Ruins,  and  Romantic  Pro/pe^s,  of  North  Bri- 
tain, With  antient  Monuments,  and  fingular  Subjects  of  Nacural 
Hillory.  By  the  Rev.  Charles  Cordiner  of  Banff.  The  Engrav- 
ings by  Peter  Mazell.  2  Vols.  4to.  5I.  5s.  Boards.  Taylor, 
Holbcrn.     179s*  ' 

THE  beft  method,  we  apprehend,  by  which  we  can  prefent 
our  readers  with  an  accurate  idea  of  the  various  contents 
of  this  coftly  work,  will  be  to  give  a  brief  yet  comprehenfive 
analyfis  of  (he  different  heads  under  which  it  naturally  arranges 
itfclf ;  following,  therefore,  the  order  obferved  in  the  title-page, 
WeQiall  begin  with 

1.    Remarkable  Ruins  and  antient  Buildings, 

The  Gothic   church,    and   King's  College,  at  Aberdeen  j 

the  abbics  of  St.  Thomas  at  Arbroath,  of  Kinloff,  Plufcardm, 

and  Beaulieu  ;    the  cathedrals  of  St.  Andrew's  and  Dornock  ^ 

Rev.  Sept.  1796.  D  and 


34  Cordincr-i  Ruins^  UlCt  of  North  Britatffi 

and  the  chapter-houfe  df  Elgin  cathedral ;  are  the  ecdenafiical 
remains  that  are  figured  and  defcribed  in  this  work.  The  other 
buildings  confift  of  the  palace  of  Holy  rood- hnufe,  the  caftles  of 
Boddonr),  Bracmar,  Corgatf,  C^oggan,  Kildrumy*  Slains, 
Auchindorm,  Bayn,  Balvcny,  Defkford,  Findlater,  Kinedyne, 
Lord  Oliphant's,  Berridale,  Ruthven,  Urquhart,  Boharoiy 
Dungardel,   Spinie,.  Dun-Robin,  Dun-Dornadilla,  Fort-Au- 

fuflus,  and  the  hunting  feat  of  the  Duke  of  Gordon  in  Glen* 
odich. 

The  defcriptrons  which  accompany  the  views  of  thefe  edifices, 
confiding  for  the  moil  part  of  records  of  their  foundation  and 
Jocal  hiilory,  however  intcrcfting  ihcy  may  be  to  the  poflefTors  of 
thefe  manfions,  furnifh  but  liule  matter  for  ^m^ri^/amufemenf. 
Wc  fhall,  however,  prefent  our  readers  with  part  of  the  de- 
fcript4on  o^  Bayne  cajlle^  as  exemplifying  the  author's  manner, 
and  as  containmg  fome  curious  i information  : 

'  This  ancient  refidence  of  the  family  of  Findlater  is  beautifully 
fituated  on  the  margin  of  a  rocky  mount,  proje£ting  into  a  deep  glen 
protedled  on  the  N.  W.  by  a  lofty  well- wooded  hill  ;  the  glen  winds 
down  for  about  a  mile  to  the  firth,  where  it  opens  among  the  cliffs  to 
the  fta ;  and  there  are  found  the  ruins  of  more  ancient  towers  ivhicb- 
had  been  occupied  in  former  ages  by  the  poflfcfibrs  of  this  demefne. 
The  rivulet  which  runs  through,  and  by  its  torrents  has  worn  the  glen, 
nearly  encircles  the  mount  on  which  the  ca(lle  is  placed  ;  a  ditch  and 
rampart,  as  ufual  in  thefe  fortrcHes,  defended  the  acceffible  fide  % 
where  a  bridge  leading  from  the  gateway  is  the  narrow,  and  only 
pafs,  but  eafily  protected  path  ot  communication  with  the  rifing 
grounds  which  fpread  into  the  rich  and  fertile  country  that  conftituted 
the  ancient  fbrell  of  Bayne. 

'  Such  infulated  fituations,  wherever  found  amid  luxuriant  lands, 
where  by  the  occafional  arrangement  of  rocks  and  rivulets  a  natural 
fortrefs  was  in  a  manner  formed,  became  the  necefl*ary  choice  of  the 
nobles  in  thofe  early  ages  of  civilization,  when  the  turbulent  condition 
of  fociety,  and  frequent  diffentions  of  the  Aate,  made  it  often  requi- 
fite  to  the  peace  of  individual  families  to  defend  the  caufe  of  right  by 
force  of  arms.  Thev  who  maintained  the  chief  authority  in  the  ad- 
ininiftration  of  this  kind  of  military  law,  found  it  of  the  firft  import- 
ance to  fccure  their  parental  r.fidcnces,  which  viere  the  courts  of 
juilice,  from  aHault ;  fo  that  every  feat  of  the  nobility  in  thofe  aget; 
according  to  the  extent  of  their  fway,  became  a  fortified  palace  or 
cailellated  houfe. 

*  The  foreft  of  Bayne  had  been  enclofed  by  a  wall,  part  of  whicK 
remains,  that  feparatcd  the  Tnancdom  from  the  otht-r  cfiaics.  This 
hi  the  end  of  the  14th  century  was  configned  to  Sir  Walter  Ogilvie,  a 
fecond  fon  of  the  Findlater  family,  and  continued  in  ihc  pofTeilion  cf 
bis  defcendants  until  the  beginning  of  this  century,  when  it  was  again 
annexed  to  the  Eari*s  eflatc. 

*  In  Sir  Walter's  time  a  quarry  of  marble  wa*  opened  among  the 
adjacent  recks;  U  is  rather  dark  and  bard>  but  receives  a  biigke 

poliih 


Cordlner*!  HuifiSy  bV.  ffNsrth  Britmn.  35 

yoliih  and  b  ffiU  nrroQght  with  Tome  Ibccefa ;  it  was  however  in  high 
eftimaDon  io  the  age  of  Louis  XIV.  for  that  celebrated  monarch  had 
large  qnancities  of  it  fent  over  to  him,  which  were  cut  into  various  cm« 
belhihaieQts  for  the  paJace  at  Verfailles  and  that  of  Trianon. 

«  The  orchards  on  either  hand,  that  (till  abound  with  various  fruffi 
aid  rows  of  ajg^ed  trees,  which  (hade  the  avenues  leadine  to  the  caftle, 
and  in  decaying  grandeur  open  the  profpedt  of  the  mling  towers, 
lapreG  one  with  a  feafe  of  the  early  tafle  and  opulence  engaged  in 
adorning  the  environs  of  thefe  deferted  walls.  Within  they  exhibit 
che  mouldering  memorials  of  many  hiftorical  paintings.  In  the  ]arge(l 
tower,  where  the  apartments  frem  to  have  been  affigned  to  devotion 
and  philofophy*  the  paintings  have  been  preferved  by  a  fingular  for* 
tuoe.  It  appear)  from  fome  dates  that  about  a  hundred  years  affp  a 
new  coat  of  plailler  had  been  laid  over  the  whole,  probably  when  the 
ceal  of  reformation  led  them  to  obliterate  every  relic  of  the  catholic 
inftitutxon5  ;  but  now  that  coat  of  plaifler  is  dropping  off,  and  difclofet 
faints  and  prelates  pourtrayed  on  the  walls,  and  in  departments  between 
them,  many  parts  ofthehittory  of  theNcwTeftamcntde(igned.* 

The  lid  grand  divifion  of  this  work,  containing  the  J?#« 
mmoic  Profpt^Sy  confifts  chiefly  of  views  on  the  fea-coaft,  on 
the  lochs,  and  reprefentations  of  fome  of  the  principal  water- 
.  h\\%.  There  arc  two  objcfts  of  attcfiiion  in  copying  profpcfls 
from  Nature ;  iir((,  that  the  fcenes  chofen  fhould  be  beautiful 
in  their  kind,  and,  fecondly,  charaftcriflic  of  the  country  :  the 
beauty  of  Mr.  Cordiner*s  views  will  be  qucftioned  by  no  one 
who  has  fcen  them  ;  and  in  general  they  appear  chara^leriftic^ 
w^  (ij  in  general y  bccaufe,  in  fome  inftanccs,  the  trei  feem 
too  numerous  and  luxuriant.  We  are  well  aware  that  many 
idle  and  falfe  accounts  are  current  of  the  complete  nakednefs 
of  the  Scottifh  profpc«3s  2  yet,  though  we  are  f Ar  from  giving 
them  implicit  credit,  we  muft  be  a-lowed  to  ftate  our  fufpicions 
that  a  few  liberties  have  been  taken,  in  order  to  render  the 
fceneS  here  reprefented  mure  pidlurcTque  than  they  are  in 
reality. 

Jntient  Monuments  form  the  ITId  primary  Divifion. 

As  the  author's  ideas  concerning  the  meaning  of  the  rude 
fculptures  on  the  Caledonian  obelifks  are  for  the  mod  part  very 
peculiar^  we  (ball  endeavour  to  lay  before  our  readers  a  general 
view  of  his  fjt&em  ; — to  attempt  to  detail  his  arguments  would 
carry  us  beyond  our  afligned  limits. 

On  Ibme  of  the  Scoitifh  monuments,  are  found  charaders 
bearing  a  clofe  affinity  with  thofe  which  have  been  obferved  oa 
the  obeli(ks  of  Kgypt.  On  others  are  pourtrayed,  in  barbarous 
fculpturr,  reprefentations  of  the  elepbaojU  .Thefe,  together 
with  many  fymbol^  relating  to  the  Ch^ftian  myfterics,  Mr* 
Cordiner  fuppofes  (and,  we  think,  with  great  probability,)  to 
Jkavc  been  copied  from  the  illuminated  MiiTals  which  were  in 

Da  tbf 


jft  tCjzn't  Uiflcry  of  Rilighn,  FoL  TR 

the  poileflion  of  the  monks,  who  firft  introduced  into  ScotrandB 
the  Chriitian  religion.  The  date  of  thcfe  monuments  Mr.  C. 
fuppofes  to  be  fubfequent  to  the  Tumuli  and  prior  to  the  erec* 
tipn  of  any  chapel  or  monafterj  in  Scotland,  and  even  before 
the  introdudion.  of  Saxon  charaders. 

The  celebrated  pillar  of  Fores  is  the  ftibjeS  of  a  feparate  dif- 
quifuion;  and  it  is  fuppofed  to  have  been* erected' in  commemora« ' 
tion  of  an  important  vi£iory  obtained  over  the  Norwegian  in- 
vaders, and  of  the  capture  of  their  ftrong  fortrefs  of  Eccialfbacca^ 
on  the  Burgh-head  o£  Moray^  about  the  year  looo. 

The  IVth  great  divifion  is  dedicated  to  Natural  Hiftory ;. 
corMf^ining  engravings  and  defcriptions  of  many  rare,  and  fe- 
veral'  hitherto  non^defcript,  fubmarine  worms  and  polypes. 
This  appears  to  us  the  really  inCerefting  and  valuable  part  of 
the  work.  Mr.  C.  was  evidently  a  minute  and  accurate  ob- 
ferver  of  every  thing  to  which  he  turned  his  attention;  and  hi» 
(kill  in  dete^ing  the  ceconomy  of  thefe  delicate  and  fingular 
animal  fubftances  entitles  him  to  a  reputable  place  in  the  lift  o£ 
natural  hiftorians.  We  wifb  that  he  had  employed'  in  thefe  in* 
vcftigations  a  larger  portion  of  his  book,  even  at  the  hazard  of 
having  been  more  concife  on  the  fubje£l  of  myfterious  fymbols,. 
barbaric  fculptures,  ruined  caflles,  and  dilapidated  cathedrals. 


Ar  T.  X.  The  Hiftory  of  the  EfeSis  of  Religion  on  Mankind.  Vol.  IJk 
Containing,  a  Supplement  to  the  Firft  Volume.  Sedt.  V.  The 
erroneous  Dodrines  and  fuperftitious  Pra^ices  of  Chriftians  not  to 
be  imputed  to  ChriiUanity.  Scdt.  VI.  The  Enihufiafm  of  the 
Heathens;  the  Origin,  Progrefs>  and  influence  of  Fanaticifm  in 
the  Time  of  the  Crulades,  and  in  the  Sixteenth  Century  :  with 
the  EfFefls  of  it  in  England,  in  the  Seventeenth.  On  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Kingdom,  on  the  Manners  of  the  Fanatics,  on 
Xiterature,  and  on  the  Religion  and  Morals  of  the  Englifli  Nation; 
Scdt.  VII.  The  real  Caufes  of  fevcral  Perfecotions,  Herefies,  Con-  • 
troverfies,  V/ars,  and  Maffacres  imputed  toChriftianity  by  Shaftf- 
bury,  Voltaire,  RoufTeau,  Hum«,  Gibbon,  and  others.  Sed.VJri. 
A  Refutation  of  Objedions  which  have  been  urged  againft  the 
Utility  of  Religion.  By  the  Rev.  Edward  Ryan,  ]^,V>,  Prtben- 
dary  of  St.  Patricia,  and  Minifler  of  the  Parifh  of  6t.  Luke,  I)ub«> 
hn.     8vo.    pp.  283.    5s.  Boards.     Rivingtons.     1793* 

^F  the  general  objcd  of  this  hiftory  we  have  already  ex- 
prefled  our  approbation,  in  a  Review  of  the  firft  volume. 
[See'  New  Serk?,.  vol.  i.  p.  205, ]•  It  muft  certainly  fervc 
very  much*  to  confirm'  the  authority  of  Cbriftianity,  and'  to 
eftablt(b  a  full'  convi£Hon  of  it9  value,  if  it  can  be  clearly 
proved,  not  only  from  general  reafoning  on  the  nature  of  its 
doflrine,  that  its  tendency  is  ufeful,— but  alfo,  from  ad  i  red 
appeal  to  tnftorical  fads-,  that  its  adual  operation  on  madcind^* 

*   -*  has 


C 


Ryan**  /B>f7  (f/Rilighn,  F9I.  IT.  §2 

%tt  been  highly  beneficial.  This  is  the  laudable  undertaking 
in  which  Dr.  Ryan  has  engaged ;  and  he  has  in  theprefent  vo- 
lume laboured  with  much  increafed  induftry,  \n  fearching  for 
materials  to  eftabliOi  his  point  in  civil  and  ecclefiaftical  hiiiory, 
and  in  the  writings  of  celebrated  philofophers  and  divines.  We 
are  glad  to  be  informed,  in  the  preface,  that  fuch  praife  worthf 
exertions  in  fupport  of  religion  have  been  already  rewarded 
by  academical  honours,  and  by  confiderable  church  prefer- 
ment ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  that  Dr.  Ryan  will  have  the  fa* 
tisfadion  of  receiving  the  farther  recompence  of  the  general 
-approbation  of  the  friends  of  religion. 

The  firft  part  of  this  2d  volume  is  a  fupplement  to  the  for- 
mer, in   which  farther  hiftorical  fa£ls  are  adduced,  and  now 
well  fupported  with  authorities,  to  prove  the  fuperier  excel- 
lence of  Judaifm  and  Chriftianity  over  Paganifm,  in   the  ef- 
fe£ls  of  the  former  on  the  moral  ftate  of  the  world.     It  is  parti- 
cularly (hewn,  from  a  very  extenfive  detail  of  fads,  that  the 
early  effcd  of  Chriftianity  was  to  corred  impurity,  to  reftraia 
cruelty,  to  check  feudalyppreffion,  to  promote  humanity,  and 
<o  improve  the  laws  of  many  rude  nations.     The  virtues  and 
the  vices  of  the  heathens,  and  of  Chriftians,  are  compared  ; 
and  the  cdmparifon  terminates  greatly  in  favour  of  the  Chriftian 
world.     Perhaps,  in  this  part  of  the  work,  the  author's  seal  to 
fupport  his  argument  has  led  ^tm  to  view  the  charaSers  of  the 
antients  in  too  unfavourable  a  light,  and  in  fome  initances  to 
put  an  erroneous  conftrudion  on  their  adioiys.     It  certainly 
ought  not  to  have  been  mentioned  to  the  difcredit  of  the  heathen 
lawgivers,  that  they  laboured  to  dired  the  pafltons  of  men  to 
thofe  virtues,  which  had  a  tendency  to  advance  their  happinefs; 
nor  that,  by  providing  public  honours  for  meritorious  adions, 
they  guided  man's  •natural  love  of  fame  into  an  ufeful  channel. 
Nor  is  it  doing  .juftice  to  the  noble  and  univerfaliy  admired  dif- 
intereftedncfs  of  many  Roman  patriots,  particularly  Dentatus 
and  Fabriciui,  to  inGnuate  that  there  was  more  prudence  than 
gencrofity  in  their  condud ;    fince  the  former  only  rejected 
what  woyld  have  evccluded  him  from   honours  or  emoluments 
in  the   ftate,  and  the  latter  was  entitled  by  his  poverty  to  the 
bighef}  offices. 

Dr.  R.  next  proceeds  to  inquire  why,  even  in  the  early  ages 
of  Chriftianity,  its  influence  was  not  more  beneficial;  and  why, 
K\  fucceeding  times,  it  has  not  operated  fo  powerfully  as  when 
it  was  firft  promulgated.  The  erroneous  dodtrines,  and  fuperfti- 
tious  pra<f)ices,  which  have  been  from  early  times  ceceived  in 
the  church  of  Rome,  are  (hewn  not  to  have  originated  in  the 
Chriftian  inftitution,  but  to  have  been  derived  from  other 
iources.     The  early  Chiiftians,    for  examplC|   retained  many 

D  3  Jewifb 


3f  Rjran*!  Hifl^ry  ofRdi^^  V9I  Tf. 

Jewifh  and  Psrgan  tenets  and  praAkes.  Some  piou^  anfl 
learned  fathers  blended  the  do£lrine^;cf  the  Gof^iel  with  the 
dogmata  of  Pythagoras,  Plato,  and  Ariftotle,  The  fuperfti- 
tious  pradices  of  exorcifms,  fpeHs,  magic,  and  aflrology ;  the 
vrorihip  of  faints,  images,  and  relics  ;  purgatory,  holy  water, 
ctlibacy,  and  monaftic  inilitutions  ;  were  all  derived  from  Pa<> 
pinifm,  falfe  philofophy,  and  ignorance  of  the  GofpcK  Ochcf 
errors  and  corruptions  of  Popery  have  arifen  from  caufe5,  with 
which  Chrifiianity  has  no  concern  ;  and  notwithftanding  this, 
it  mi|(l  be  admitted  that  ChriAtanity,  even  as  taught  by  the 
Romanics,  had  produced  n^any  happy  eiFeds,  We  are  fur^ 
prifed  to  find  that  the  author,  in  treating  on  the  fuhje£^  of  the 
Roman  fuperftitions,  refpedis  auricular  confeffion, — one  of  the 
chief  engines  of  prieftly  domination,— as  an  ufeful  inftitution. 

In  profecution  of  his  plans,  the  author  treats  at  large  on  en- 
tbufialm,  and  on  fanaticifm  \  fbewing  that  various  kinds  of 
cnthufiafm  exifled  among  the  heathens,  and  that  feveral  primi- 
tive Chriflians  were  infeded  with  it^  by  the  contemplative  phi«r 
lofophy  of  the  Pagans,  by  perfecutidn,  or  by  ignorance  of  the 
fpirit  of  the  Chrifitan  religion.  7  he  mifchiefs  produced  by  fa^ 
jiaticifm  in  later  ages,  particularly  in  the  iixteenth  century  in 
Germany,  and  in  the  feventeenth  in  England  and  Scotland,  are 
detailed  ac  length,  and  afcribed  to  ignorance  and  weaknefs  of 
underAanding.  Dr.  Ryan  treats  with  unreafonahle  feverity 
end  contempt  the  Puritans  who  arofe  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
and  to  whom  the  nation  was  in  a  great  meafure  indebted  for 
thofe  flruggies  againft  defpotifm,  which,  however  irregular 
and  violent,  prepared  the  way  for  the  fubfrquent  eftablifiiment 
of  conftitutional  freedom.  Of  the  perfecuting  violence  exer- 
cifed  towards  the  Puritans,  he  fpeaks  in  the  following  gmiU 
terms :  *  The  Queen  employed  her  influena  in  retraining  the 
Puritans  who  divided  her  Proteflant  fubjcds,  and  who  held 
ideas  of  civil  liberty  which  clafbed  with  her  prerogative/  As 
a  proof  of  iht  fanaticifm  of  the  parliamentary  army,  it  is  men- 
tioned that  the  officers  were  employed  duiing  the  intervals  of 
war  in  prayers  and  meditations  ;  and  that  even  private  foldiers 
fpent  their  vacant  hours  in  perufing  and  perverting  the  fcrip- 
tures.  The  long  lift  of  fanatical  extravagances,  which  the 
author  has  in  this  feIe£)ion  collected  from  ^^  The  Scourge,"  and 
other  violent  party  publications,— whatever  other  end  they  may 
anfwer, — feem  to  have  but  a  remote  connexion  with  the  fub« 
jed  of  this  work. 

Having  proved  that  the  bad  eflfe£is  of  fuperftition  and  entbo^ 
fiafm  are  not  to  be  imputed  to  Chrtftianity,  Dr,  R.  proceeds 
to  (hew  that  tieither  are  the  perfecutions,  wars,  maflacret,  &c« 
which  have  difgraced  the  Cbriftiao  church,  to  be  imputed  to 

Chriflianity, 


Ryan*/  tRft^  of  Riligi$n^  Vol  IL  39 

Chriftianity,  but  that  they  originated  from  a  violation  of  its  |>re- 
ceptj^,  from  pride*  avarice,  revenge,  ambition, or  miftaicen  policy^ 
Many  fads  are  adduced,  to  (hew  that  intolerance  was  not  pe* 
culiar  to  the  Jews  and  Chriftians;  and  that,  among  both,  per* 
fecution  arofe  from  morlves  of  policy,  and  is  by  no  means 
chargeable  on  their  refpeciiv^  religions*  With  regard  to  he- 
refies,  it  is  Ifaewn  that  they  originated  from  the  opinions  and 
prejudices  which  the  Jews  and  Heathens  whoembraced  Chrift- 
janity  brought  along  with  them  into  the  church  ;  and  that  the 
difturbances  occafioned  by  them  are  to  be  imputed  to  ignorance 
of  Chriftianity,  or  to  a  waqt  of  its  fpirit.  In  this  part  of  the 
work,  the  author  has  taken  great  pains,  hut  often,  we  think^ 
with  little  fuccefs,  to  prove  that  perfecutions  are  to  be  traced 
lip  to  civU  caufes,  and  not  to  be  afcribed  to  religious  higotry» 
The  aflertion,  for  example,  that  the  Bartholomew  mafiacre  of 
Paris  is  not  to  be  imputed  to  the  national  religion,  is  furely 
dtre£))y  contradicted  by  the  hiftory  of  chat  dreadl^ul  tranfadion* 
Though  political  confiderations  might  unite  with  religious  mo- 
tives in  the  mind  of  Catharine  de  Medicis  and  of  the  other  con<* 
trivers  of  the  mafTacre,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  were 
bigots  in  religion,  and  that  the  Hugonots  were  maflacred  fbt 
their  hercfics. 

In  the  laft  feSion,  the  author  refutes  the  objediions  againft 
Chriftianity  which  are  drawn  from  its  fuppofed  tendency  to  de* 
tach  the  affc£lions  of  men  from  the  world,  to  difpofe  tbem  to ' 
fubmit  to  fervitude,  to  render  them  pufillanimous,  and  to  dif* 
courage  the  attachments  of  friendfliip  and  patriotifm  ;  and  be 
maintains  the  efficacy  of  religious  motives,  on  the  charadera 
of  men,  to  be  far  fuperior  to  that  of  any  motives  purely  moral* 
His  remarks  on  this  head  are,  in  the  main,  very  fatisfa^ory. 

With  refped  to  the  general  merit  o\  the  work^-— though  we 
cannot  think  the  author's  reprefen ration  always  accurate,  nor 
pcrfeSly  impartial ;  though  we  apprehend  much  greater  un- 
certainty,  than  he  feemsto  perceive,  in  any  conclusions  which 
depend  on  a  feries  of  fads  ieiedtcd  at  pleafure  irom  the  general 
mafs  of  hiAory  ;  and  though  we  imagine  that  it  may  not  al- 
ways be  eafy  to  make  out  the  connection  of  caufe  and  effed^ 
between  Chriftianity  and  the  improvements  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  moral  Aate  of  the  world  ;  we  repeat  that  we  are 
neverthelefs  of  opinion  that  Dr.  Ryan  is  entitled  to  commenda- 
tion, for  the  pains  which  he  has  taken  to  prove,— >what  on  the 
whole  appears  fairly  admidible, — that  the  adual  operation  ofreli- 
gion  in  general,  and  of  Chriftianity  in  particular,  in  the  midft  of 
all  the  perverfions  and  corruptions  which  they  have  fuffered, 
has  been  beneficial  to  mankind. 

D  4  Art* 


(    40    ) 

Art.  XI.     ^I^e  Ancient  Buildings  of  Rome  :  accurately  tneafurecl  and 
delineated  by  Anthony  Defgodetz,  Architefl.     Illuilrated  with  one 
hundred  and  thirty-ffvcn  Plates;  and  Explanations  in  French  and 
Englifh.     The  Plates  engraved  and  the  Text  tranflated  by  the  late 
Mr.  G.  MarfhalU  Archice^.  z  Vols.  Imperial  Folio.     4I.  14s.  6d. 
fcwed.     Taylor.     1795. 
^TpHF.  fupcriority  of  Grecian  architcflure  has  been  eminently 
^    evinced  by  its  having  regularly  fupcrccded  every  other 
fpecies,  wherever  it  has  become  known,  as  it  was  found  to  con- 
centrate all  the  advantages  which  appertain  refped^ively  to  each ; 
^or,   while  they  produce  a  chara£brr  appropriate  only  to  fome 
particular  objeif^,  this  admits  of  an  univerfal  application,  and 
yields  to  none  in  beauty. 

Various  parts  of  Greece  produced  the  germs  which  after- 
ward grew  to  the  perfection  that  gained  the  admiration  of  every 
beholder,  and  obtained  for  its  architecture  a  celebrity  that  has 
never  been  difputed. 

Rome,  however,  being  midrefs  of  the  world,  and  pofleffing 
thofe  who  well  knew  how  to  appreciate  merit  wherever  it  was 
to  be  found,  collected  withip  its  bofom  both  the  architeAure 
and  the  artiAs  that  were  before  difperfed   in  different  parts  of 
Greece ;  combining  their  feveral  excellencies,  and  uniting  with 
them  the  fubftantial   manner  ^f  building  which  was   in  ufe 
among  the  Tufcans.      'I'hus  concentrated,  artifts   found  an 
ample  field  for  difplaying  their  talents,  encouraged  by  the  power 
and  the  (plendour  of  their  protestors.     Grecian  architecture, 
before  that  time,  fcarcely  was  hazarded  bryond  a  tem{>le,  or  a 
theatre,  but  then  began  to  be  difplayed  on  all  occafions  of  public 
or  private  utility.  Though  Greece  was  the  parent  of  this  fpecies 
of  building,  and  on  that  foil  it  grew  and  improved,  yet  its  fina| 
perfection  was  wrought  at  Rome,  where  it  was  adopted  and  pub- 
liAied  to  the  world.    From  her  (tores,  the  prefent  age  is  furniQied 
with  ample  refources,  and  is  thence  enabled  to  form  a  compirete 
fyilem  of  this  fcicnce.     Fragments  may  be  found  clfcwheH^ 
chiefly  of  an  inferior  kind,  or  the  production  of  the  infantine 
ftate  of  the  art :  but  Rome  is  the  only  place  at  this  time,  which 
conti«ins  a  complete  and  copious  fund  of  antient  architecture. 

The  labourious  tafk  of  meafuring  and  giving  drafts  of  thefe 
remains  to  the  public  was  undertaken  by  the  author  of  the  ori- 
ginal cf  the  work  under  confideration  ;  and  the  ei^ecution  of 
his  defign  excited  the  admiration  of  cotemporary  and  fucceed- 
ing  artifts  ♦  : — indeed  a  work  of  greater  magnitude  in  this  art, 
or  of  more  confequence  to  it,  has  never  yet  appeared. 

•  See  our  account  of  Mr.  Marihall's  edition  of  the  iirlt  volume, 
M.  Rev.  vol.  xlvi.  p.  140.  We  then  obfervcd  that  the  original  iirlt 
a|>pearcd  under  tne  patronage  of  Louis  XIV. 

Mooff 


Marlhairi  Tranf.  ^Dcfgodclz  on  the  Arte.  Buildings  of  Rome.  41 

Monf.  Defgodetz  will  ever  be  regarded  with  the  higheft 
efteem  among  the  lovers  of  antiencarchitedure,  as  the  firft  who 
fct  the  example  of  taking  accurate  drafts  and  dimensions  of  re- 
mains of  antient  magnificence,  and  giving  them  with  fidelity 
to  the  public  :  the  delineations  publiQied  before  his  time  being 
executed  in  fo  flight  a  manner,  that  they  may  be  conddered 
merely  as  fketcbes.  His  example  has  been  produ£live  of  the 
happieft  efFeds  in  exhibiting  the  beft  mode  of  treating  thofp 
fubjeds,  and  has  prompted  fucceeding  authors  to  imitate  him 
in  an  accurate  attention  to  the  originals  ;  fo  that  we  are  now 
furnifhed  with  faithful  drawings  of  almoft  every  remnant  of 
antiquity,  that  is  worthy  of  prefervation,  or  attainable  by  the 
explorer. 

The  firft  edition  appeared  in  1682  ;  and,  although  coveted 
and  fought  by  artids  of  all  countries,  fucb  was  the  magnitude 
of  the  work,  that  no  one  feems  to  have  had  courage  enough  to 
venture  a  republication,  until  the  produ£lionof  the  fecond  Paris 
edition,  in  which  the  old  plates  were  ufed  in  a  bad  (late ;  and 
even  this  edition  had  feveral  years  fince  become  extremely  rare. 
Indeed,  as  is  obferved  by  Mr.  Mar(hall,  in  the  preface  to  the 
prcfent  impreffion, 

*  The  vaft  cxpencc  of  renewing  by  various  hands,  and  the  danger 
of  thus  tranfmicting  inaccurately,  fo  great  and  fo  delicate  a  work;  or 
the  Herculean  labour  fuch  renewal  propofcd  to  any  fingle  undertaker, 
who,  if  equal  to  the  lafk,  could  generally  employ  himfelf  with  much 
eafe  to  more  immediate  advantage  ;  either  fufiiccs  to  account  for  the 
fcarciiy  of  this  bcok  fo  many  years  paft,  much  more  for  its  never 
appearing  in  our  language  ;  though  conftanily  in  rcqucll  as  the  fland- 
ard  of  anticnt  and  modern  art. 

'  The  dcfcriptions,  explanations,  kc,  are  given  as  well  in  the  aii- 
ihor's  own  words,  as  in  an  Engli(h  tranflation,  on  oppofite  pages,  for 
the  better  comparifon.and  to  accommodate  readers  of  every  country; 
to  none  of  whom  it  can  be  the  Ids  pleafing  that,  while  the  original 
tfxt  has  been  facredly  preferved,  the  antient  is  changed  into  modem 
ortnogf'iphy.' 

From  the  confirmed  accuracy  of  the  original  publication,  and 
its  importance  having  been  fo  long  eftablifhcd,  w^  were  de- 
firous  of  being  able  to  fpeak  ciecidedly  of  the  merits  of  the  £ng- 
li(h  edition,  and  have  accordingly  given  it  a  diligent  compari- 
fon  with  the  original,  both  with  refpecS  to  the  drafts  and  the 
nieafurements.  It  is  obvious  that,  in  a  performance  of  this 
nature,  the  elFential  pare  chitfly  confifts  of  plates;  which  we 
have  the  fatisfadiion  of  reporting  to  be  correftly  executed,  and 
to  rcfle(^  the  highell  credit  on  the  induftry  and  ability  of  the 
deccafed  ariift,  who  has  rendered  them  not  lei's  elegant  than  the 
pngm^is.  The  fame  minute  attention  to  the  text  has  made  the 
traiinaticn  fomewhat  unplcafant ;  a  ciicumdance  on  which  we 

15  lay 


44  WakeficldV  Ohfervatimt  on  Pope. 

lay  no  great  flrefs,  as  the  writing  is  merely  defcriptive  of  the 
plates* 

Rerpe£ting  a  wq^:  fo  highly  efteeoifd,  it  is  needlefs  to  add 
more  than  that  thofe  who  wi(b  to  poflefs  a  complete  feries  of 
the  architectural  antiquities  of  Rome  have  now  an  opportunity 
of  gratifying  themfelves  with  an  elegant  fpecimen  in  an  Englift 
form  ; — with  a  performance  that  will  perpetuate  thofe  elegant 
examples,  when  time  (hall  have  erafed  the  originals. 


Art.  Xir.     Ob/eroations  on  Pope.      By   Gilbert  Wakefield,    B,  A. 
8vo.     pp.  350.     7s.  Boards.     Payne.      1796. 

npHE  pleafure  which  we  received  from  the  firft  vol.  of  Mr, 
•*  W.'s  intended  editidu  of  Pope^s  works  ♦has  occafioned  ur 
fome  regret  in  perufing  the  prefeat  yo\\ivc\t  oi  Obftrvationson 
that  poet,  fince  its  publication. is  the  confequcnce  of  his  final 
fefignation  to  Dr.  Waiton  of  the  office  of  editor.  We  do  not 
mean  to  imply  a  general  preference  of  one  candidate  to  the 
other  :  but  the  tafte  and  learning  difplayed  by  Mr.  W,,  in  the 
part  which  he  has  executed,  could  not  but  infpire  us  with  a 
wi(h  of  feeing  the  whole  of  our  admirable  poet*s  works  illuf* 
trated  by  the  fame  hand.  Since,  however,  the  chara6)er  of 
Mr.  W.'s  criticifms  chiefly  confided  in  parallelifms  and  invef* 
ligations  of  particular  pafiages, — with  copious  references  to 
other  writers,  antient  and  modern,  in  whom  a  fimilarity  of 
thought  or  exprefHon  was  to  be  found, — perhaps  the  public  are 
tolerably  indemnified  for  the  lofs,  by  the  prmting  of  thefe  Ob* 
fervations;  which  appear  to  be  the  materials  colleded  for  fup* 
plying  notes  to  the  intended  edition. 

In  the  preface  to  this  work,  Mr.  W.  enters  fomewhat  into 
genera]  criticifm,  or  rather  general  panegyric,  on  the  poetical 
merits  of  his  author;  which  be  meafures  by  the  true  clafScal 
fcales  of  Horace  and  Longinus,  and  finds  perfedl  and  complete 
in  every  point.  Though,  for  our  part,  we  are'  fully  convinced 
that  the  fcience  of  criticifm,  like  mod  others,  has  received 
great  improvement  fince  the  ages  of  thofe  writers ;  and  that  a 
much  more  accurate  teft  of  poetical  excellence  might  be  ap- 
plied, than  the  loofe  and  dubious  fentences  of  the  above  poet- 
critic  and. critic* poet;  yet  Mr. W.'s  paraphraftical  application, 
Eirticularly  of  the  five  chara(Slers  of  the  fublime  propofed  by 
onginus,  will  be  read  with  pleafure. 

With  refped  to  the  Obfervations  themfelves,.  Mr.  W.  can- 
clidly  cautions  his  readers  againft  expecting  too  much  from 
them  ;  and  we  think  we  have  given  a  juft  idea  of  them,  by  fay- 

*  See  M.  Rev.  New  Series^  vol.  xvii.  p.  422* 

ing 


Wilcefield*!  QbfervattMS  m  Ptpi.  m 

iog  that  thejr  are  the  matmals  of  fuch  notes  as  adorn  atid  illaf^ 
trate  the  text  of  the  volume  before  publtflicd.  The  following 
fpecimen  will  afford  an  adequate  idea  of  them:  it  belongs  tothf 
fourth  epiftle  of  the  EiTay  on  Man : 

«  Ver.  II.  TorinM  with  the  wreaths  Parnaflian  laafels  yield. 
Or  reaped  in  iron  htrvcib  of  the  field. 
The  dtdi#n  of  the  former  vcrfe  is  finaularlv  elegant  and  happy  j  and 
the  latter  feens  formed  on  an  allufion  to  t..e  armed  men  of  Cadmus^  > 
or  was  transferred  from  y'trgtl,  JEn.  ill.  4$. 

_— Hie  confucumym-^ffteidt 

Telorum  /eges,  et  jacuHs  increvit  acutis. 

Me»  (laughterM  here«  this  crop  of  javelins  hidest 

And  pointed  lances,  fproucing  from  my  fides ; 
which  is  a  flighc  change  of  Ogiiby's  verfion^  4pd  excellently  reprck 
fents  the  paflage.— Or  our  poet  might  derive  the  £gure  immediatd/ 
from  his  matter,  at  JEn,  xii.  963. 

The  more  the/  kill,  the  greater  numbers  grow  : 

An  iron  harvefl  mounts ,  and  (liU  remains  to  mow. 
And  in  his  All  for  Love,  end  of  a£t  i.  there  is  a  fimilar  verfe: 

Andy  entering  where  the  foremoft  fquadrons  yields 

Begin  ihi  noble  hart/ifi  oftbeJieU. 
But  the  firft  fufpicion  is  rendered  probable  by  the  beginning  of  i# 
own  tranflation  of  Sutius : 

How  with  the  ferpent's  teeth  he  fowM  the  foil. 

And  nmp*d  an  ir9H  harveft  of  his  toil. 
'  Ver.  16.  'T^s  no  where  to  be  found,  or  ev*ry  where* 
So  lloractB  Epil^-  t.  Ii.  fin. 

p — —quod  pciis,  hie  efl; 

Eft  Ulubris. 

•  Ver.  39.  There's  not  a  bleffing  individuals  fiad. 

But  fome  way  leans  and  hearkens  to  the  kind. 
An  image  perfedly  original  and  happy!  Man  waits,  as  it  were,  all 
ear  !  for  the  approbation  of  another's  feelings,  before  he  can  decide 
upon  the  reality  of  his  own  happinefs  from  a  prefent  enjoyment.  A 
pafTage  in  the  £pillle  to  the  Hebrews,  xi.  15.  is  not  much  inferior  to 
mis  in  a  beauty  oi  the  fame  kind :  fee  my  Silva  Critica,  v.  p.  i^g. 

'  Ver.  75.  Heav'n  ftill  with  laughter  the  vain  toil  furveys. 
An  allufion  to  Plalm  ii.  1.4.    **  Why  do  the  heathen  rage,  and  the 
people  imagine  a  <uain  thing?— He,  that  fitteth  in  the  heavens^  (hall 
Ui^gh ;  the  Lord  (hall  have  them  ia  derifion.^^ 

*  Ver.  102.  Was  this  their  Virtue,  or  contempt  of  life  ? 

The  general  conception  of  this  whole  paflage  feems  derived  fro^l 
l^anfdvwMi'%  verfes  written  in  the  yeaV  1690,  and  of  great  merit. 
The  honelt  man,  who  Aarves  and  is  undone*. 
Not  Fortune,  but  his  Virtue  keeps  him  down. 
Had  Cato  bent  beneath  the  conquering  caufe. 
He  might  have  liv'd  to  give  new  fenates  laws ; 
Bot  on  vile  terms  difdaining  to  be  great, 
H<  periih'd  by  his  choice^  and  not  his  fate. 

Honour* 


44  Wakefield'/  OhfervaUom  on  Popt. 

Honours  and  lifr,  th'  udirper  bids,  and  all 
That  vain  miltaken  men  good  fortune  call ; 
Virtue  forbids,  and  fets  before  his  eyes 
An  honelt  death  ;  which  he  accepts,  and  diei. 

*  Vcr.  107.  Why  drew  Marfeill^s*  good  bifhop  purer  breath* 

When  Nature  fickcn'd,  and  each  gale  was  death  ? 
Or  why  fo  long  (in  life  if  long  can  be) 
Lent  Heav'n  a  parent  to  the  poor  and  me? 
Archblfhop  SbeUon,  and  others,  mad  (hare  in  this  praife  of  the  good 
bi(hop  ofMarfeilles;    fee   Pennant's  London,  p.  328.  and  the  tw^ 
ftiinillers  of  Tidef^ell  in  Derbyihire ;    lee  Dr.  Aikin's  Eovirooi  of 
Manchefter,  p.  41^5.      And  in  the  former  couplet  our  poet  might 
proHt  from  fome  anonymous  verfes  in   Dryden'i    Mifcellanies,    vi. 

When  Nature Jichcnst  and  with  fainting  breath 
Struggles  beneath  the  bitter  pangs  of  death : 
as  the  third  verfe  is  a  palpable  imitation  o^ Virgil,  iEn.  x»  861. 
Rho^be,  diu  res  Ji  qua  diu  merlalihus  ulla  efi^ 
Viximus. 

O  Rccbus,  we  have  liv'd  too  long  for  me. 
If  life  and  long  were  terms  that  could  agree;         Drjdeu. 

'.  *  Ver,  123.  Shall  burning  i£tna,  if  a  fage  requires, 

Forget  to  thunder — ? 
This  is  the  (Irong  word  of  Virgil  on  the  fame  fubjefl,  JEw,  iii.  571, 

■         horrificfs  juxta  tcnat  A^tna  ruinis  : 

thundering  ^^tna,  x^Drydai^s  cxpreflion  there  irom  Lauderdale. 

•  Vcr.  I  z'j.  When  the  loofe  mountain  trembles  from  on  high* 

Siiall  gravitation  ceafe,  if  you  go  by  ? 
'*  Quid  mirum  igirur,  ex  fpelunca  faxum  in  crura  Icadii  tncidiiTe  ? 
Puto  enim,  ctiam  (i  Icadius  in  fpelunca  non  fuiHent,  faxum  tamen 
illud  cafurum  fuilTe.*'  Cuero  de  Kato,  cap.  iii.  What  wonder  then* 
that  the  ilone  (hould  fall  from  the  cave  on  the  legs  of  Icadius  i  Tlie 
ftone,  I  prefume,  would  have  fallen,  had  he  not  been  there.* 

There  are,  doubtlcfs,  many  finglc  obfcrvations^  in  which  a 
critical  reader  would  differ  from  Mr.  W.  :  but,  on  Che  whole, 
they  exhibit  all  the<ielicacy  of  tafte  and  fagacity  of  invefiiga- 
tion  which  diflinguifli  the  other  works  of  this  elegant  and  induf- 
frious  feholar.— We /hall  beg  leave,  however,  to  hint  that,  if  he 
bad  Icfs  indulged  that  propenfity  tod  r/ell  on  "phyfical  impurities** 
which  Johnfon  cenfuies  in  Swift,  and  that  fondnefs  for  ftory« 
telling  which  probably  in  fome  inftances  makes  him  the  re* 
peater  of  idle  fcandal,  this  book  would  not  have  been  the  lefii 
acceptable  to  reauer£  of  tafie. 


AltT« 


(    45     ) 

Akt.  XIII*  Forms,  chiefy  Dramatic  and  Lyrh,  fey  tBc  Rer.  K^ 
Boyd,  A.M.  Tranflator  of  Dante's  Inferno:  containing' the  foJ- 
lowing  Dramatic  Poems  ;  the  Helots,  a  Tragedy  ;  the  Icmple  o^'' 
Vefta  ;  the  Rivals  ;  the  Royal  Meflage ;  Prize  Poems»  &c.  &c* 
8vo.    pp>  643.     6s.  6d«    Boards.     Printed  at  Dublin. 

'T'HE  author  of  this  volume  difcovers  confidcrablc  powers  of 
^  invention  in  the  plots  of  his  dramatic  pieces,  and  a  r^ady 
command  of  that  elevated  didion»  and  that  harmonious  flo\iir 
ef  words,  which,  on  the  Englifb  ftage,  have  been  appropriated 
to  tragedy  ;  and,  in  hisfmaller  poems,  the  flowers  of  fancy  and 
the  graces  of  melody  are  not  wanting.  Notwithilanding  all 
this,  however,  we  muft  acknowlege  that  we  have  not  been 
able  to  make  our  way  through  the  niftnerous  pages  of.  this  vo- 
lume without  refifations  of  languor,  and  fomething  like  fa-^ 
tigue,  which  have  fcarcely  been  repaid  by  any  emotions  of  de- 
light excited  by  the  more  brilliant  paflagcs  of  the  poems.  Thi» 
difappointroent  we  impute,  in  part,  to  the  author^s  dioice  oF 
his  fubjeds,  fome  of  which  we  cannot  think  very  happily 
adapted  taintereft  the  reader's  feelings. 

The  ftory  of  the  deftrudion  of  the  Meflenian  and  Spartan 
Helots,  after  an  unfuccefsful  ftruggle  for  liberty,  though  weU 
fnited  to  excite  indignation  againft  the  practice  of  purchafing: 
and  keeping  flaves,  furnifhes  few  incidents  for  the  difplay  of 
dramatic  talents.  The  Hebrew  ftory  of  Rahab  the  harlot,  or  as 
this  author  underAands  the  original  term,  the  keeper  of  a  car2^ 
vanfary,  expofed  to  the  machinations  of  demons,  is  ftill  jefs 
interefting..  The  fubje£l  of  the  third  tragedy,  the  fcripiural 
ftory  of  David's  paflion  for  Bathfbeba,  and  his  plot  againfl  the 
ii'fe  of  Uriah,  is  better  chofen  :  but  in  this  piece,  and  indeed 
through  the  reft,  the  writer  has  indulged  himfelf  in  a  difFule- 
Bcfs  of  amplification  which  dilutes  the  cxpreflion  of  the  pjf- 
fions,  till  the  efFed  on  the  reader's  feelings,  if  not  wholly 
loft,  is  very  much  weakened.  As  an  example  of  his  anrjplify- 
nig  powers,  and  a  fair  fpeciraen  of  the  whole  work,  we  fhail 
copy  his  exhibition  of  Nathan's  parable  : 

«  When  from  the  bounds  of  Salem  late  I  pad 

Self-exil'd,  to  avoid  domellic  woe» 

I  thought  in  feme  fcqueflerM  vale  to  find 

That  peace  and  innocence  devoid  of  guile 

Whick  (iho'  thy  bright  example  beams  around) 

Even  in  thofe  facred  bounds  are  fought  in  vain,. 

A  peafant's  lodge  I  fought,  whom  long  I  knew 

Of  Heaven  fo  ta^vour'd  in  his  mean  retreat 

So  fao^Ufy'd,  that  his  xthercal  guard 

Kept  from  his  lonely  cot,  at  diilance  du^ 

Ail  the  vaiii  Images,,  the  gaudy  tr<uu 

Of 


46  fioydV  PUM. 

Of  Syren  forms  (this  wqfld's  peculiar  boafi) 
That  lures  the  heedlefs  votary  from  Heaven. 

*  David,  Could  they  not  guard  him  from  oppreffive  wrong  f 

*  ifath.     They  faw  him  wrong 'd,  and  yet  th'  opprcfTor  live^ 

This  hermit  for  my  hoft  1  rather  chofe 
Than  the  proud  owner  of  a  neighbVine  pile 
Who  kept  his  hofpitalA^  gate  luiclofed 
With  oftentatious  welcome  to  allure 
The  way-worn  pilgrim's  foot.— But  here  inllcad 
Of  the  long  retinue,  that  fills  the  haunts 
Of  luxury>and  the  unmeaning  phrase 
Of  hollow  friendihip,  warm  in  words  alonf, 
-One  gentle  lamb,  his  fingle  inmate,  play'd 
i^bdut  his  joyous  heanhi  and  told  a  tnle 
Of  warm  atuchm^n:  in  its  honed  looks 
And  gentle  bleatings,  far  beyond  the  phrafe 
Of  courtly  adulation.     This  remaitt'd 
The  folitary  orphan  of  a  flock 
Which  fell  contagion,  or  the  feller  gripe  -y 

Of  lawlcfs  ufury  had  reft  away  \  ^■'^ ' 

The  reft,  or  fiUM  the  concert  of  the  vales 
Which  own*  his  wealthier  neighbour  for  their  \ot6g 
Or  bled,  by  turns,  the  vi£iims  of  his  board. 

«  DtBvii*^  That  wealthy  neighbour  (hall  refond  hi&  ftore 
If  aught  of  inhumanity  appears 
.  Before  the  Judges  tribunal — for  foon 
It  (hall  be  clofcly  fifeed,— but  proceed  !— 

<*  ^ath.     A  (Irangcr,  to  the  camp  of  iirael  bound. 

Of  feeming  rank,  tho'  hid  in  clofe  difguife, 

The  proud  man's  hofpitality  had  claim'd. 

He  fparM  his  numerous  flocks,  and  fcnt  his  hinds 

To  rob  the  hermit  of  his  bleating  friend 

The  foic  aflbciate  of  his  lonely  hours. — 

1  faw  it  borne  away — I  mark'd  the  tcar$ 

Of  its  fad  owner,  all  in  vain  they  fell ; 

In  vain  with  fupplications  he  purfued 

Even  to  the  proud  man's  door  his  innocent  charge  J 

His  whole  redrefs  was  infult,  fcorn,  and  blows. —  \ 

'  Davui.  Now  Heaven  fo  deal  with  me,  as  he  (hall  reap 
The  bitter  fruit  of  an  unfeeling  heart. 
And  with  his  forfeit  life  redeem  the  land 
From  fuch  a  foul  contagion  !  foon  the  world 
Shall  know,  I  do  not  bear  the  fword  in  vain  ! 

f  N&tb»     In  thee,  my  lord,  whofe  pure,  unfullied  life 

Reflcifls  a  glowing  tranfcript  of  Heavcu's  laws. 

Such  rigour  is  becoming,  but  to  us 

Whofe  feeble  optics  boaft  no  angel's  ken 

The  fword  of  juftice  dazzles  as  it  (Irikes— 

There  needs  not  fuch  gigantic  force  to  vcngc 

Such  petty  wrongs. 

You  know>  my  Lord !  bow  long  the  peaal  fwortl 


Hat 


^  Has  flumber'cl  in  the  iheath,  and  it  migfat  (ecfUk 

The  rigour  of  fcvcrity,  at  once 
To  wake  its  tcrroM  now,  for  fame  would  tell 
That  for  a  petty  wrong,  which  might  be  paid 
Fear  fold,  a  f^ul  was  forfeit  \ 
*  David*  Strange  to  me 

It  feems,  that  thou,  whofe  eagle  fight  could  prjr 

Beyond  the  journies  of  the  fun,  to  view 

The  late  efFed  th^t  (lumber  M  in  itt  caufe. 

Should  be  dim-fighted  here  \  but  time  and  grief 

Have  (hed  a  froft  upon  your  faculties ; 

Elfe  you  would  fee,  that  famine,  fword  and  fire 

With  all  the  woes  that  on  thofe  furies  wait» 

Are  not  fo  peftilcnt  as  that  Hill  plague 

That  cold,  narcotic  vapour,  worll  of  ills 

With  which  hdl  teems^  that  iaft  refult  of  vice. 

When  all  the  virtues,  poifon'd  in  their  fource* 

Stagnate  at  once,  and  petrify  the  heart.*- 

Heavens  !  wh-ut  a  journey  with  his  fellow  fiendt 

Thro*  every  devious  tra£l  of  every  crime  "^ 

This  man  muft  fird  have  run,  who  thus  could  tear 

The  fellow-feelings  from  his  favage  heart! 

His  foul  is  ffangren'd,  and  the  fword  alone 

Can  ward  the  vengeance  ftorM  above  the  fky 

Which  elfe,  perhaps,  would  buril  upon  our  heads 

Jn  Aaming  ruin ;  or  the  plague  might  catch 

From  bofom  on  to  bofom«— He,  who  dar'd 

To  feize  the  lamb,  would  he  have  fpar'd  the  child 

To  join  his  fervile  train,  or  change  for  gold, 

As  pride  or  caprice,  or  the  tbirHof  gain 

Had  chanc'd  to  domineer  ? 

*  '^ath.  Yes— or  his  fpoufe  ! 

'  David.  Ha ! 

'  tiosh.    Thou  art  the  ma^  !  why  docs  thy  cheek  turn  pale 
At  thy  own  femblance  ?  was  the  ma(k  fo  foul 
As  even  to  wake  thy  rage  :  and  art  thou  durob 
When  thou  behold 'ft  the  phantom's  genuine  face  ? 
Thine  own  moft  righteous  doom  has  pad  thy  lips 
Without  recall,  and  Heaven  has  fealM  the  word  !' 

T*he  reader  will  perceive  in  this  paraphrafe  a  kind  of  fwrell- 
ing  declamation,  which  ill  fuits  the  fimple  tale  cA  the  prophet. 

The  fmalfer  pieces  in  this  volume  are,  a  Hymn  to  Silence  j 
tbe  Genius  of  the  White  Rofe  ;  Woodftock ;  three  Prize 
Poems  :  of  which  the  firft,  written  in  blank  verfe,  is  the  moft 
poetical : — the  Wanderer,  a  lyric  poem,  in  four  irregular  odes^ 
difplaying,  in  a  pleaiing  and  well-fupported  allegory,  the  pro- 
grcfs  of  liberty  :-*eIegant  complimentary  verfes  written  on  three 
fucceffive  birth'days  to  the  Countefs  of  Moira; — and  feveral 
elegiac  picoes,  tributary  to  merit  or  fricndihip,  ^  Among  the 
10  crnamenta 


48  BrydfonV  View  of  Hefatdryy  (fc. 

prnarrents  of  thefe  lighter  pieces,  the  author  has  fometimes  acf- 
mitced  puerile  conceits  :  of  which  a  funeral  elegy,  where  fuch 
coiTceits  are  peculiarly  improper,  affords  a  curious  example* 
Celebrating  a  young  lady  removed  to  Heaven,  and  clad  in  cc-* 
kflial  robes,  the  poet  fays, 

*  Yon  gems,  that  fparkle  o'er  her  flowring  veft, 
>\re  grateful  tears,  in  heavenly  mines  congeal'd  ; 
White  in  the  ftveiling  anthems  of  the  bleft, 
Woqd'ring,  (he  hears  her  modell  worth  revealM. 

«  Wond'ring,  (he  fees,  in  that  rcfplcndcnt  robe« 
Erablazon'd  by  the  pencil  of  the  flcics. 
Her  deeds,  while  yet  (he  walked  this  nether  globe. 
Tended  by  fervent  prayers,  and  g]ift*ning  eyes.* 

At  the  clofe  of  this  large  volume,  fome  Hanzas  are  given  of 
a  Romance  in  verfe,  ready  for  the  prtffi,  under  the  title  of  the 
Captives,  of  which  we  can  take  no  farther  notice  till  the  work 
iball  come  before  us  in  its  entire  form. — The  manner  in  which 
this  volume  is  corrected  will  not  redeem  the  credit  of  the 
Dublin  prefs.  Had  we  not  in  fome  degree  amended  the  punc-^ 
tuation,in  the  extrads  which  we  have  made,  they  would  fcarcely 
have  been  intelligible  to  the  reader. 


Art.  XIV.  Afumtnary  V ie^w  of  Heraldry ,  in  Reference  to  the  Vfagei  of 
Chivalry »  and  the  general  Economy  cf  the  Feudal  Syftem,  By  'i'homat 
Brydfon,  F.A.  S.  £din.  8vo.  pp.  319.  6s,  Boards.  Nicol« 
&c.     1795. 

TO  the  generality  of  readers,  this  title  v/xW  not  be  veryattraflive. , 
None  but  thoTe  who  have  a  peculiar  attachment  to  the  very 
peculiar  fubje<Et  will  expert  to  derive  much  inftrudiion  or  amufe- 
ment  from  *'  a  dry  Treatife  on  Heraldry!''  We  may  venture, 
however,  to  fay  that  thofe  who  wUl  take  the  trouble  of  per* 
ufing  the  prcfent  volume  will  find  in  it  more  than  it  promifes, 
and  will  be  fufHciently  repaid  for  their  pains.— The  author  has 
fludied  the  fubjeA  with  attention,  and  has  condepfed  his  matter 
with  care  and  taHe ;  fo  that  his  details  are  never  tedious,  but 
are  for  the  moft  part  entertaining*  The  language  is  clear  and 
appropriate  ;  and,  if  it  be  not  always  purely  clafficai,  it  is  never 
vulgar  nor  turgid. 

The  work  is  divided  into  fix  chapters.  In  the  firft,  we  have 
a  brief  account  of  the  ftrudture  cf  the  feudal  fyRem — foon  blend- 
cd  with  ecclcfiaftical  polity — and  of  the  origin,  fpirit,  maxims, 
flifcipline,  and  different  orders  of  f^/Wry. 

In  chap.  II.  we  find  a  concife  hiftory  of  Tournaments^  and 
armorial  Enfigns — their  obie<S,  regulations,  materials,  &c.  &c. 

The  contents  of  chap.  111.  are, 

•  Of 


Brydibn'i  Ftnv  ofHerakhj^  (fc.  49 

•  Of  Romance.— Dcfcriptivc  of  the  Manners  of  Chivaliy.^ — Its 
Heroes  diilinguiihed  by  Armorial  Enfigns,  and  by  the  Denomination 
of  Knight's-Errant. — Exhibits  Inftances  of  a  Pra&ce  whereby  Arms 
have  given  Rife  to  various  Sortumes.-^Incrodaced  GrifHns,  Dragons* 
mnd  other  fabulods  Animals,  into  Heraldry.— Symbolical  Meaning  of 
ihofc  Figuies. — Remarks  on  the  hiftorical  Origin  of  the  Arms  of 
parcicaJar  Families  and  States.' 

Chap.  IV.  •  The  Form,  and  Various  Modes  in  which  Arms  arc 
exhibited. — Several  Coats  of  Arms  may  be  born  in  the  fame  Shield.—- 
The  exterior,  or  concomitant  Ornaments  attached  to  Armorial  En- 
iigns.-^As,  the  Helmet— Crcft— Supporters.— A  particular  Clafs 
of  exterior  Ornaments  employed  to  denote  fpecific  Orders  and  De- 
grees of  Dignity,— As,  Collars  of  Knighthood— Mitres— Coronets 
— Diadems.  — Recapitulation  and  general  Obfervations  refpeding  the 
Organic,  or  Symbolical  Part  of  Heraldry.* 

Chap.  V.  «  Political  Department  of  Heraldry.— Comprehends  all 
Che  DirtinAions  of  Rank  belonging  to  the  Feudal  Sydem. — Orders  and 
Gradations  of  Chivalry  in  conneAion  with  Feudal  Tenures. — The 
Hierarchy,  analagous  to  the  different  Gradations  of  Secular  Dignity 
and  Power. — Ecclefiaftical  Orders  of  Chivalry. ^Academical  Ho- 
soors. — Enumeration  of  the  DiftinAions  of  Chivalry.— -Gentlemen— 
Efquirc- Knight.— General  Order  of  Princes. — Diftinftions  of  Rank 
Charaflerifed,  as  Civil — Military  -Ecclefiaftical.— Prefent  State  and 
Accepucion  of  fome  of  the  inferior  Diftindlions  and  Titles  derived 
from  Chivalry.' 

The  Vlth  chapter  is  better  written,  and  has  more  originality 
in  it  than  the  preceding  although  not  neceflarily  connedcd 
with  Heraldry.  It  is  a  diflertation  on  Dijiinifions  in  Rank ;  and 
from  it  we  give  our  fpecimens  of  the  author's  ftyle,  and  manner 
of  treating  his  fubjedt : 

•  In  fpecalation,  it  has  fometimes  been  queftioncd,  whether  it 
would  not  be  conducive  to  the  happinefs  of  fociety  to  exclude  diftinc- 
tions  of  rank.  Yet  nothing  can  be  more  certain,  than  that  fuch  dif- 
liodions  are  unavoidable. 

•  Were  it  poflible  to  place  men  on  an  equal  footing,  and  to  enfure 
their  continuance  in  fuch  a  date,  it  would  reprefs  every  important  ex- 
ertion, where  there  vicre  neither  motive  nor  hope  of  rifing  above  the 
common  level  |  nor  any  fear,  becaufe  no  pofllbility  of  finking  below 
it.  Wherever  property  is  eftablillied,  all  men  endeavour  to  obt^n 
it;  bot  as  they  are  not  all  equally  Itrong,  healthy,  nor  endowed  widi 
the  fame  capacity,  they  cannot  all  be  equally  fuccefsful.' — • 

•  An  important  efFcft  of  the  cftablifhment  of  property,  refults  from 
the  rigbc  whereby  it  is  tranfmitted  and  fecured  in  perpetuity  to  the 
heirs  of  the  poflcflbr.  This  introduces,  not  temporary  or  ptfrfonal 
dittin^ions,  as  thofc  of  magiftracy,  of  mafter  and  fervant,  rich  and 
poor,  which  are  alfo  infeparable  from  the  eflabliihment  of  property  ; 
but  hereditary  di(Un£lions,  connected  with  hereditary  influence. 

'  Affluence  and  fplendour  come  to  be  confidered  as  the  birth-right 
of  fuch  families  as  have  long  pofrcfTcd  an  hereditary  fortune.  This  is  a 
natural  confequence  of  the  elUblifbment  of  property  ;  hence  men 

Riv.  SipT.  1796.  £  born 


jp  Brydfon*!  yUw  of  Heraldrji  lic^ 

born.to  thofe  advantages,  are  m  effed,  and  in  common  eltimttion'/ sr 
really  dldiDguilhed  by  them  as  though  they  were  inherentt  and  not 
merely  adventitious  endowments.  Perhaps  the  younger  branches  of 
Aich  families  are  not  all  poiTeiTed  of  property*  yet  they  (hare  in  the 
refpef^ability  of  their  connections,  and  generally  poiFefs  thft  meana 
of  heightening  ordinary  talents,  by  accomplifh men ts  which  refemble 
the  more  immediate  gifts  of  ratare. 

.  «  Were  the  language  of  cijivalry  to  be  here  employed,  thofe  fami- 
lies would  be  (lyled  noble.  But  whether  titles,  or  names  of  dignit/^ 
be,  or  be  not  fuperadded,  the  di(lin£tion  itfelf  continues,  and  cannot 
be  fet  afide,  fo  long  as  property  Aiall  continue  to  befo  powerful  an 
incentive  to  univerfal  iaduAry  and  exertion. 

*  This  ihows,  that  nobility  of  blood,  or  hereditarydiftindions  of 
ta^k«  are  by  no  means  peculiar  to  chivalry  ;  but  would  alfb  be  found 
in  the  moll  pcrfedl  democracy.* — 

*  While  dillinCUons  of  rank  are  infeparable  from  fociety,  there  is  an 
Ciqoallty  alfo  with  which  its  happir^fs  and  perfedUon  are  injeparablf* 
conne^ed.  This  equality  coQrin&  in  the  common  right  by  which  each 
uuUv id ual  is  equally  entitled  to  acquire,  poiTcfs,  and  enjoy*  in  the- 
tt^ner  iTiofl  agreeable  to  himfelf,  whatever  he  can  obtain  without 
vipjlating  the  very  fame  rights,  in  other5,  which  he  himfelf  poiTeiTes* 
This,  maxim  is  illuftrated  by  the  laws-of  free  and  well  regulated  ftates* 
1i(^cre  the  life,  reputation,  liberty,  and  property  of  the  loweft  fcrvan^ 
9ft  equally  facred  with  thofe  of  his  nafler  :  where  all  obAacles  of  a- 
political  nature  are  removed,  and  tvtry  barrier  open  that  may  lead 
to^pi^erable  fituation* — 

*  The  abufcs  which  may  be  afcribed  to  adventitious  honour,  are, 
^haps,  mod  effedlualiy  obviated  or  checked,  where  the  diflindions- 
of  fociety  arc  placed  on  a  liberal  fcalc,  con»efponding  to  that  variety  of 
tfiuaenee  which  flourifbes  under  the  mod  improved  political  economy^ 
AM  have  the  rank  of  freemen,  without  being  precluded  from  any^ 
otkfr  to  which  either  their  exertions  or  talents  may  entitle  them.  T<he 
Jaws  interpofe  no  barrier  between  the  people  at  large,  and  that  daffr 
which  chwalry  flyled  noble ;  nor  do  they  aff^ord  any  advanuge  to  the 
latter,  who  are  necsflarily  diflinguiflied  by  thofe  circumilances  only*^ 
or  chiefly,  that  are  infeparable  from  the  pofleflion  of  property,  or  by- 
a  certain  cultivation,  equally  unconneded  with  legal  privilege. 

'  In  a  comparative  view  of  political  inditutions,  that  has  a  claim  lo 
be  preferred,  where  the  power  and  honours  which  diftbguith  the 
higher  ranks  are  a  defence  and  ornament  to  the  community,  wichouci 
either  opprefling,  degrading,  or  being  unattunable  by  fuch  as  brloog' 
to  the  inferior  orders ;  where  idlenefs  is  difcountenanced,  violence  re^ 
drained,  and  encouragement  extended  to  every  individual,  to  exert*, 
for  his  own  and  the  general  good*  whatever  uleats  or  capacity  he  may- 
poffirfi.' 

lo  an  Atpindix  of  88  pages,  Mr.  B.  gives  a  neat  fummary/ 
account  of  the  Dtftin^igns  of'Ranky  included  in  theBritiJhC^n* 
Jfitution;  with  their  different  privileges  and  precedency. — This- 
is  a  weil  digefted  abridgment  of  our  bed  writers  on  tbe  fubjed; 
Wc  would  iTBkc  fomc  quotations  from  it,  if  wc  had  rooaw^— 


Vi2Lxvit^s$]flemtfAnSimy  and  Phfjhld^.  ji 

On  the  tvhoit,  as  We  have  read  the  voJuriW  with  ^JrSfilfe,  w* 
cannot  help  reeorrtmcndinf  it  toaf!  ^ho  #ifh  to  hav^,  at  fmill 
cofl^,  a  proper  idea  of  Heraldry^  ratiksy  and  fritritegts  :  cf'pceiail^ 
of  thofe  which  are  peeuliafl^  our  own. 

Art.  XV.  A  Sfflem  of  Ccmparati^ve  Anatcmy^i^nd  Pbyjiolo^w  VoL-J{> 
3y  Balick  Harwood,  M.D.  F.R.S.  6i  F.S.A.  ProfefTor  of  Aiu^ 
lomy  in  tBc  (jnivcrfity  of  Cambridge.     416,     White,  &c.     179S 

'HP HIS  publication  is  only  one  part  or  fafciculu^  of  whioh 
^  there  will  be  five  in  each  volume.  The  preCsnt  fclatcf 
to  the  olfa<£tory  organs  of  animals. 

After  an  introduction,  in  which  the  learned  and  ingcnioiy 
author  propofes,  as  the  principal  fubje^  of  his  work,  an  exz- 
mination  of  the  fcveral  fenfis ;  he  proceeds,  in  the  fecon4 
Se£iion,  to  give  a  (hort  account  of  the  brain  and  organs  bC 
fenfc  in  the  various  clafles  of  animals  :  this  is  merely  prelimi* 
nary.  In  SeAion  3,  he  treats  of  the  olfadory  or  fir  ft  pair  of 
nerves.  The  leading  circumftances  refpeciing  them  which  h« 
notices  are,  that  in  man,  and  in  quadrupeds,  they  begin  to  ramiiy 
within  the  fkull,  and  to  fend  their  numerous  branches  througli 
the  cribriform  proems  of  the  ethmoid  bone  ;  whereas,  in  birds.and 
fiflies,  they  pafs  undivided  through  this  bone  ;<— >and  that  tMc 
relative  magnitude  is  much  greater  in  the  carnivorous  finif)fiais 
than  in  thofe  which  feed  on  vegetables.  Se£lion  4.  deforibeft 
the  human  nofe,  but  without  any  peculiar  illuftratiokis*  Thtf 
only  opinion  in  which  the  writer  differs  from  the  generality  of 
anatomifts  is,  that  he  conceives  the  ramifications  of  the  olfac- 
tory nerves  to  bediftrlbuted  on  that  part  only  of  the  membrane 
of  the  nofe,  which  lines  the  internal  nares  properly  fo  called. 
Forihis  condufion  he  gives  his  reafons. 

Se£tion  5.  defcribes  the  nofe  and  olfa3ory  bones  of  the  her-* 
bivorous  quadrupeds.  One  general  model  of  thefe  bodes  i» 
fjid  to  be  obfervable  throughout  all  this  clafs,  which  is  the 
turbinated  form*  In  addition  to  this,  in  all  thefe  animals,  the 
ethmoidal  procefTes  are  found  to  afford  a  confiderable  furface 
for  the  extenfion  of  the  olfadory  membrane.  With  this  ge- 
neral refemblance,  many  diverfities  of  the  organs  are  obferved 
in  different  fpecies,  which  are  noted  by  the  writer. 

The  fame  parts  in  the  carnivorous  quadrupeds  are  defcribed 
in  Se£kion  6th.  In  thefe,  a  very  different  form  of  the  oIfa£lory 
^nes  from  the  turbinated  is  faid  to  prevail,  and  one  which 
affords  a  much  larger  furface  for  the  expanfion  of  the  olfa^or/ 
nerve.  This  he  terms  the  ramifitdy  and  traces  in  various  ani^ 
mals  from  its  more  to  its  lefs  perfect  Aate.  Though  in  the 
former  fe^ion  Dr.  H.  confidered  the  turbinated  form  as  cha* 

E  2  raiJeriftic 


5  2  Harwt>otf*i  Sj/im  rf  Jfiatomf  mid  Pbjfi$kgj^ 

raderiftic  of  the  herbivorous  quadrupeds,  yet  in  this  he  (bemv 
to  acknowlege  a  confiderable  approach  to  turbinati§H  id  the 
felin<  and  canine  otfiers. 

Section  7.  relates  to  the  olfiiAory  organs  in  bird*.  Thefe, 
whether  carnivorous,  graniyorous,  or  omnivorous,  have  fome- 
thing  analogous  to  the  turbinated  bones  oF  herbivorous  qua* 
drupeds;  whence  no  diftindron  can  be  formed  from  that  part 
of  the  organ : — bur  a  pair  of  nerves,  analogous  to  the  naf^l 
branch  of  the  fifth  pair  in  the  human  fubje£t,  is  fuppofed  to  zSt 
an  important  part  m  the  carnivorous  birds  as  auxiliaries  to  the 
proper  olfadory*;  and,  farther,  the  cellular  ftrudhire  of  the 
bones  in  the  nafal  organs  of  this  tribe  is  thought  to  allow  of  a 
greater  expanfion  of  the  fenfitlve  membrane. 

SeAion  8.  treats  of  the  olfadory  organs  in-  fiflies.  Thefe 
animals  are  firftdiftinguilKcdby  the  abfenceof  all  cavities,  or 
finuflef,  communicating  with  the  noftrifs.  Their  olfa£tory 
nerves  are  of  great  relative  magnitude,  and,  after  having  pafled 
frohr)  the  brain,  are  ramified  on  a  membrane  which  is  expanded 
on  tendiilous  Hgaments  or  cartilaginous  fepta  ;  nothing  like 
the  6\h{\ory  bones  of  q;uadrupeds  and  birds  being  to  be  found 
m  them. 

}n  Sedion  9'h  a  fhort  account  is  g^'ven  of  what  the  author 
dbferved  in  the  nzM  organs  of  a  turtle.  Thefe  appeared  to 
confift  of  various  irregular  tranfverfe  procefles  arifing  from  the 
feptum  narlum,  and  from  other  parts  of  the  cavity,  and  lined 
by  a  cartilage  covered  with  a  black  membrane. 

Remarks  on  the  olfiflory  organs  of  all  thefe  clafies  of  ani- 
mals occupy  the  remaining  five  Se£^ions.  In  thefe  a  con- 
fiderable degree  of  ingenuity  is  difplavcd,  and  many  of  the  re-« 
marks  appear  equally  jod  and  curious.  Yet  we  cannot  be 
perfcclly  convinced  that  ihe differences  of  ftrudure,  between  the 
carnivorous  and  herbivorous  tribes,  are  fo  clear  and  pofitive,  as 
to  juftify  all  ihe  phyfiological  conclufions  which  Dr.  H;  would* 
deduce  from  them.  In  particular,  we  find  it  difficult  to  con- 
ceive how  thatexquifitenefs  of  fenfe,  which  he  fuppofes  to  exift 
in  fome  <  f  the  hecbivor'»us  quadrupeds,  (the  deer,  for  in- 
ftance,}  fhould  give  a  deteltation  of  all  animal  odours,  and  make 
them  moft  unalterably  vegetable  eaters ;  while  the  much  greater 
nicety  of  difcriminacion,  which  he  conceives  the  carnivorous 
to  poiPefs,  has  quite  oppofite  efFe£ls.  We  fliould  rather  ioia* 
gine  that  each  animal  has  the  acutenefs  of  fmell  neceilan^  for 
bis  mode  of  life  bellowed  on  him,  but  that  the  nature  of  the 
raiprefSons  which  he  receives  from  this  organ  is  a  confe« 
qaence  of  afTociations  formed  by  infiindt  or  experience,  and  not 
primarily  owing  to  any  diverfity  of  mecbanifm  ia  the  orga»k* 
feif.  . 

-   •  The 


Airfirtre*/  Tranf.  of  D©  SalisV  Travits*  5 j 

The  remainder  of  this  publication  •  confifts  of  plates  and 
their  explanation.  The  engravings  are  15  in  number,  exhi* 
biting  diflferent  parts  in  the  olfaSory  organs  of  various  animals^ 
particularly  illuftrative  of  the  preceding  defcriptions.  Thejr 
are  beautiful  pieces  of  anatomical  drawing  and  engraving :  -^ 
the  latter  by  Heath,  who  has.  executed  his  talk  with  his  well* 
known  elegance  and  delicacy;  though,  in  a  fev^  of  them, 
femewhat  more  of  firength  and  diftlnflnefs  might  be  de- 
fireable. 

By  a  loofe  aJvertifement  accompanying  this  work,  we  are  in- 
formed that  (he  Syndics  of  the  Q^^ford  pr^fs  have  thought 
proper  to  fix  the  price  of  five  (hllngs  for  the  Jetiir^prefe  of 
each  fafciculus.  We  fuppofe  that  the  prefent  is  intended  for  one 
Cafciciilus  i  if  fo,  we  cannot  but  thinic  the  price  extremely  high, 
as  there  are  only  7  a  pages  moderately  filled,  and  not  remark- 
able for  paper  and  print.  Little  obligation  feems  due  to  a  pub* 
licfTifs^  if  fych  be  its  teFms.  The  whole  woik,  comprif'ed  in 
two  volumes,  will  amount  to  50  ihillings,  exclufively  of  the 
places  ;  the  price  of  which,  to  fubfcribere,  will  be  three  guineas. 
The  latter^  from  the  prefent  fpecimens,  feeon  by  no  means 
too  dear.  The  lovers  of  anatomy  will  doubtlefs  exped  their 
completion  with  impatience. 


Art.  XVI.  Travels  ihrougb  'various  Provinces  of  the  Kingdom  of 
NafJest'in  17B9.  By  Charles  Uiyfies,  of  Salis  Marfcblins.  Tran<«. 
lated  from  the  Germaa»  by  Anthony  Aufrere,  Efq.  llluftrated 
with  Engravings.  Vvo.  PP*5a7«  8s.  Boards.  Cadelljun.  and 
Da  vies.     1795* 

1T7HEN  an  intelligent  travdler  deviates  from  the  more  com- 
^^  mon  tradis,  his  remarks  can  feldom  fail  of  containing 
fomethipg  interefting  to  the  public^  and,  amid  the  multiplicity 
(rf  books  of  travels,  there  is  no  realon  for  apprehending  thac 
thofe  which  rank  ^nder  this  head  fhould  become  -too  numerous. 
The  work  before  us  is  offered  by  the  tranflator  as  an  ufeful 
fupplement  to  Mr.  Swinburne's  travels  in  the  Two  Sicilies ; 
but,  without  any  reference  to  that  writer's  valuable  produc- 
tions, it  has  original  and  diftin£l  merit  enough  to  enable  it  to 
ftand'on  its  own  ground. 

The  tours,  of  which  an  account  is  here  given,  arc,  ift,  from 
Naples  acrofs  to  the  Adriatic  fea  in  the  Terra  di  Bari^  thence 
by  Taranto  to  the  promontory  of  Leuca^  and  back  throuj^ 
Taranto^  Altamura^  Canofa^  the  Tavigliere  di  Puglia^  and  Troja^ 
to  Naples : — idly,  from  the  fame  city  through  Salerno  to  the 
rvins  of  Pctjium^  and  back : — 3dly,  from  the  (ame,  through 
CafMa^  ArpinQy  and  Ave%zan9^  to  the  Lake  tf  Celano  ^  thence  to 

t  3  Sulmona, 


5f  Avffcf c'i  Trwif*  rf  De  SalU'/  Traimls. 

iulmonai  sind  through  the  country  of  Af$lifey  to  Vtnafr9y  and 
back  to  Napks.  Bcfides  thefe  tours  made  by  M.  de  balls  him- 
UM^  one  is  defcribed  as  made  by  the  Abbe  Fortis  from  Mol* 
fttta  to  Matera.  In  thefe  feveral  journies,  the  objeAs  princi  • 
pally  noted  .are  thofe  relating  to  agriculture,  with  other 
branches  of  economics,  and  to  natural  hiflory,  efpecially  mi-- 
urralegy. 

Oneof  the  moft  (Iriking  defcriptions  in  the  early  part  of  tb« 
volume  is  that  of  the  Pulo  di  Molfetta,  a  crater- like  cavity 
in  a  timeftone  mountain,  full  of  caverns  which  abound  in  cryf- 
tal$  of  native  faltpetre ;  with  which  f;ilt,  alfo,  the  limeftonc 
itfelf  is  Arongly  impregnated.  Ihe  different  ftates  in  which 
the  faltpetre  is  found  are  accurately  defcribed  :  but  we  arc 
tatl^er  furprifed,  as  the  exiftence  of  rcci!  nitre  in  a  native  ftate  it 
ftiH  denied  at  Naples,  that  no  chemical  experiments  were  made 
by  the  author  to  identify  ibe  fait. 

'  The  defcription  of  the  country  houfe  of  the  Duke  of  Martina, 
and  of  his  rural  riches,  particularly  his  (lieep,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  them,  forms  fo  pleafinj;  and  intereiling  an  article,  that 
vre  ffaall  extra<£t  a  page  or  two  from  it : 

<  The  beaaty  of  the  xrornin^  gave  double  charms  to  the  rural 
environs  of  the  houfe,  furrounded  by  extenfivc  padure  grounds* 
bounded  on  one  {'A^  by  dKlai^t  bills,  and  iui  the  other  by  the  wood  of 
Gioia»  towards  \^'hich  w:  proceeded  to  the  (heepfold.  The  agreeable 
coolnefs  of  the  morning,  the  pearls  of  dew  trtmbiirg  upon  a  uioufand 
iloM'ers,  and  the  melodio<js  notes  of  the  feathered  throng,  had  lulled 
me  into  the  fwectefl  reverie,  when  I  was  fuddenly  roufed  by  the  found 
Offhoro*  hautboys,,  a  bagpipe,  and  a  provincial  fort  of  drum.  le 
was  a  band  of  (hepherds,  who  advancing  towards  us  with  their  mufic, 
and  a  flag,  cordially  faluted  uf,  and  then  preccJed  with  their  Arca- 
dian n^iiifc.  Not  far  from  the  (heepfold,  we  were  vati  by  the  chief 
of  the  fhephcrJs,  a  venerable  c!d  man,  who  welcomed  us  with  a  hearty 
ihake  of  the  hand.  He  fir!l  coi;du£led  us  to  the  dairy,  where  are 
made  the  fnfsall  cheefes  of  (heep's  and  goat's  milk,  and  then  to  the 
hpufes  or  fialis,  which  are  all  built  of  fr eedone,  in  rows,  with  a  va- 
r^ty  of  divifions.  Before  them  is  a  large  fquare  inclofure,  divided 
into  five  equal  parts ;  in  the  firll  diviiion,  and  in  the  Iltlls  thereto 
beloDginjj,  were  the  ewes  big  with  young  ;  in  the  fccond^  were  the 
fucJcing  lambs  ;  io  the  third  and  fourth  were  the  two  years  old  ewes, 
ahd  In  the  f^fth  were  the  Iambs  that  had  done  fucking.  All  the  flieep, 
in  thefe  five  compartn^ents,  paffed  in  review  before  us.  They  were 
entirely  of  the  white  breed,  called  Pecore  Gentili,  or  fine  wooUed  ; 
and  the  chief  ftiepherd  afTureu  us  that  they  amounted  to  3000.  The 
Dnke  rrjedU  the  black  fort,  en  account  of  the  bad  quality  of  tlie 
wool.  Several  fhepherd's  dcgs,  of  the  true  breed,  with  long  white 
hair»  accompanied  and  watched  the  fiocks ;  and  1  heard  much  in 
Pfaife  of  their  intrepidity,  and  other  good  qualities.  We  next  vifited 
tljc  milking. houfe^  which  is  very  cpmtnodioufly  arranged^  and  con- 


Adfttrc'/  Trarif.  of  De  Salis V  Trtmh.  S{ 

-iifls  of  in  oblong,  arched  room,  in  each  of  whofe  two  fides  are  (bar 
apertures  like  door-ways,  hading  on  either  fide  into^an  inclofed  coan^ 
At  milking  time  the  (heep  are  driren  into  one  of  thefe  courts,  aa4 
facceffively  paiTed  through  one  of  the  apertures,  where  a  man  waits 
•CO  milk  them  ;  which  being  done,  they  are  let  through  the  oppofit0 
opening  into  the  other  court,  and  are  thus  fpeedily  milked.  There 
is  alfo  a  convenient  houfe  for  (hearing  the  (heep.  All  thefe  baildings 
have  been  ereded  by  the  Duke,  contrary  to  the  ufual  cuHom  of  the 
country,  where  the  flocks  remain  in  the  open  air  during  the  whole 
year  ;  and  except  a  few  miferable  huts  by  way  of  dairies,  all  the  Otlltf 
bufinefs  is  performed  in  the  open  air.  This  cuftom  proved  very  fatit! 
to  the  proprietors  of  (heep  during  the  lafl  fevere  winter  ;  for  m6rt 
than  40/>oo  (heep  perifhed  in  the  ^eadem  provinces  of  the  kingdom^ 
whilfl  the  Duke,  in  confequence  of  his  judicious  management,  loft 
not  a  fingle  one.  But  I  now  hear  that  his  example  has  been  fince 
'followed  by  feveral  fheep-owners.  f lis  flocks  would  indeed  have 
been  prote^ed  againd  cold  and  tempeduous  weather,  in  woodeif 
houfcs,  at  well  as  in  thefe  arched  freedone  baildings ;  but  the  ric)^ 
man  who  takes  a  pleafure  in  fuch  an  ufeful  occupation  as  hufbandr^, 
'may  well  be  allowed  a  certain  degree  of  magnificence,  in  a  ca^ 
where  too  much  ccconomy  would  be  even  more  prejudicial.  I  x^o^ 
learned  that  the  (Iieep  are  managed  in  the  following  manner :  toeveiy 
ten  ewes  is  allowed  one  ram  ;  but  they  are  only  put  together  at  the 
age  of  three  years.  The  fupermimerary  rams  are  not  cut,  but  fold.; 
it  being  tholight  more  advantageous  to  fell  them  young,  than  to  keep 
them  three  years  without  pro6t»  and  atfome  hazard.  This  may  an- 
•fwer  ina  country  where  fat  mutton  is  of  little  value;  but  the  (hep- 
herds  of  the  Alps  would  be  of  a  very  different  opinion.  All  the 
Duke's  flocks  are  of  the  fpecies  called  -Pecore  GentiJ^  whole  wool  is 
^try  fine  and  white,  and  was  much  efleemed  by  the  ancients.  This 
b  trte  great  fource  of  his  profits ;  for  they  are  Ihorn  twice  in  the  year; 
once  entirely  in  fpring,  but  only  half  in  fummer ;  and  the  wool  is 
fold  raw.  Some  profit  alfo  arifes  from  the  chcefes,  which  are  exceU 
lent ;  but  probably  would  neither  be  fo  good,  or  keep  fo  long,  if 
goat's  milk  were  not  employed  in  preparing  them.  Salt  is  never 
given  to  the  Duke's  (heep,  aild  great  care  is  taken  not  to  drive  thenl 
upon  the  paftures  in  the  morning  until  the  dew  be  off  the  grafs.' 

The  ciHttvation  of  the  olive-tree,  with  the  cxtra£lion  of  the 
oil,  and  various  commercial  matters  relative  to  it,  afford  a  va- 
luable article  of  information  when  the  writer  comes  to  Galli- 
poli,  the  great  mart  of  that  commodity,  it  appears,  howevec, 
that  various  errors  and  abufes,  here  as  well  as  elfewhere,  pre* 
vent  the  inhabitants  from  enjoying  the  full  benefit  of  the  bounty 
of  nature*  The  unpleafing  topic  of  the  oppref&ons  and  abfur- 
dities  of  the  feudal  fyftem  is  brought  fully  in  view,  under  the 
head  of  the  baronial  rights  exercifcd  in  the  Terra  di  Lica ;  fome 
of  which  feem  exprefsly  calculated  to  drive  the  poor  people  Ca  , 
that  ftate  of  furious  defpair,  whkh  may  be  reckoned  the  true 
•C2u(e  of  cbofe  enormities  that  have,  in  fo  many  periods,  dif* 

£  4  tlnguiihcd 


56  AufrereV  Tranf.  of  Oe  SalU^i  Travib» 

tinguifbed  the  infurrediotis  of  |>?arants  againft  their  lords.  It 
appears,  however,  that  the  condition  of  the  royal  lordihips  is 
generally  flill  worfe  than  that  of  the  baronial ;  the  management 
of  them  being  committed  to  overfeers,  who  have  no  common 
intereft  with  the  cultivators  of  the  fuil.  l^he  religious  focieties, 
on  the  other  hand,  are  generally  good  landlords,  refiding  ort  tke 
fpot,  and  partaking  of  the  fortune  of  their  tenants  ;  and  the 
author  laments  the  deftrudion  of  fomeof  the  convents,  (parti* 
cularly  thofe  of  the  Jefuit«,)  as  a  real  and  fenfiblc  evil  to  the 
country.  The  account  of  the  Tavogliere  di  PygUay  or  low 
country  in  Apulia,  to  which  the  (hepherds  of  Abmzzo  drive 
their  flocks  on  the  approach  of  winter,  is  a  curious  piece  of 
rural  economics. 

Of  the  difcuilions  relative  to  theantient  ftate  of  the  country, 
in  cbmparifon  with  the  modern,  fome  of  the  moft  intereftlng 
relate  to  Taranto,  to  Brindifi,  and  to  the  lake  of  Celano,  an* 
tiently  the  Fucine  lake.  Ot  this  latter,  a  minute  account  is 
given,  illudrated  with  a  chart ;  and  the  courfe  of  its  emiflario 
or  outlet  into  the  river  Liris,  executed  by  the  emperor  Clau- 
dius, and  fince  attempted  at  various  periods  to  be  reflored,  is 
traced  with  a  circumflantial  accuracy  which  moft  readers,  we 
prefume,  will  think  rather  tedious* 

An  entertaining  article  of  natural  hiftory  is  given  in  an  ac* 
count  of  the  lynx  of  Abruzzo,  which  we  (hall  copy  : 

•  Although  BuflFon  and  Schrcber  have  given  us  very  pood  accounts 
of  the  lynx,  the  naturalill  will  probably  noc  be  difpleafed  at  recriviog 
fome  infcrmati(fn  about  the  fpccies  o^  lynx  peculiar  to  the  provinces 
of  Abruzzo.  It  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  woods  of  Abruizo  Ul- 
tra, where  it  is  called  II  Gatto  Pardo,  and  is  fmaller  than  a  fort  that  is 
not  infrequent  amongfl  the  Grlfon  mountains,  and  which  precifely  re* 
fembles  the  fpecies  given  in  BufFon's  Natural  Hiftory— part  xix— 
plate  21  French  octavo,  and  in  Schreber*s  Sucking  Animals^—- 
partiii— pi.  109— page  40S.  But  the  lynx  of  Ahruazo  is  of  a  darker 
colour,  is  from  eighteen  to  twenty  inches  high,  and  from  tweoty-foor 
to  twer.ty-fcven  inches  in  length,  to  the  root  of  the  tail,  which  is  four 
inches  long.  The  male  is  larger  than  the  female.  Ij'he  colour  is 
whitifh,  with  fpots  like  ilars,  ot  a  reddiih  yellow,  inclining  to  a  yellow 
gold  colour.  The  h.iir  is  fliort  and  foft*  the  head  large,  and  like  a 
fyger's,  with  longifh  upright  ear5,  terminated  by  a  tuft  o\  coarfe,  hard^ 
and  upright  bridles.  Tne  eyes  are  large,  and  the  teeth,  claws,  and 
whifkers  are  long  and  (harp.  Had  I  been  fortunate  enough  to  pro- 
cure a  dead  one,  J  cculd  give  a  much  more  complete  defcription  ;  bur, 
1  could  not  fucceed  in  my  endeavours.  The  anions  of  this  animal 
exadly  refemble  thofe  of  a  cat,  like  which  it  fits,  roDS,fpriDgs,  eats^ 
purrs,  and  deeps ;  although  all  thefe  actions  are  in  proportion  tJ  it^ 
Ibperior  iize.  it  is  eaiiiy  tamed  ;  and  the  Barons  Tomafetti  aifurcd 
•rot  that  it  ran  about  the  houfe  like  a  cat,  was  much  attached  to  them, 
aad  ^as  in  00  wife  inconvenient,  except  f^cm  its  extraordinary  curio- 

fity. 


Aofrew'x  7r^/.  cfDt  Salts'/  Travels.  s; 

ficy.     Kot  a  corner  ia  tbe  houfe,  nor  a  moveable  therein,  f-ematned 
onvifited  ;  and  a  female  lod  its  life  by  jumping  Jown  the  hole  in  the 
privy.     1  liras  furprized  to  find  that  the  doaieliic  cat  had  an  infuper. 
able  averfion  to  this  animal ;  and  I  was  alTured  that  the  moment  a 
lynx  was  brought  into  the  houfe,  all  the  cats  difappearedy  and  wore 
kco  ao  more  during  that  animal's  abode  there.     The  lynx  bears  the 
privacioD  of  its  freedocn  only  fo  long  as  it  is  allowed  to  wander  aboac 
the  hoafe  ;  all  thofe  which  the  Baron  Tent  to  the  royal  menagerie  hav. 
ing  fooD  died  of  excefs  of  fat,  which  waf  the  cafe  with  that  I  (aw  there« 
and  which  alfo  appeared  extremely  melancholy.   Thp  lynx  of  Abruzzo 
is  nnqnefiionably  the  moft  fwift,  fubile,  and  audacious  bead  of  prey  in 
Italy.     It  only  wanders  about  in  the  night,  and  never  is  feen  in  the 
day»  onlefs  when  in  heat,  or  in  fearch  of  provifton  for  its  young.     Ic 
ftcdf  opon  all  kinds  of  mice,  moles,  martins,  ferrets,  hares,  badger;, 
otiers,  and  even  Oieep  and  goats  ;  neither  are  tame  and  wild  fowl  fafe 
from  iu  atucks.     It  watches  for  its  prey,  either  upon  the  groond^ 
or  between  the  branches  of  a  tree,  and  ulually  leizes  it  at  the  very  fir& 
fpring,  even  though  it  be  on  full  fpeed ;  and  from  its  ambufcade 
amocigft  the  branches  it  fuccefsfully  darts  upon  birds  that  are  upon  the 
wing.    When  it  has  kiiled  fuch  a  large  animal  as  a  wild  boar,  or  a  roe- 
buck*  it  firft  fucks  the  blood  out  of  the  arteries,  which  fecms  to  be  its 
favourite  food  ;  after  which  it  devours  the  foft  parts  of  the  head,  neck, 
ihoolders,  and  legs,  together  with  the  entrails,  and  leaves  the  remain- 
der.    Wnen  it  fails  in  procuring  a  live  animal,  it  contents  itfelf  with 
vegetables,  or  gratifies  itfelf  with  all  kinds  of  fruir.     Its  favourite 
place  of  abode  is  amongll  thick  and  extenfjve  forells,  and  in  folitary 
diftridSy  where  it  makes  its  retreat  in  hollo .v  trees,  or  in  holes  and 
diflM  in  tbe  rocks,     it  pairs  only  once  a  year,  at  the  beginning  of 
fpring ;  and  contrary  to  the  cullom  of  cats,  which  celebrate  their 
nopdals  with  hideous  cries,  it  remains  perfedly  filcnt.     The  female 
goes  two  months,  and  then  brings  forth  two  young  ones,  which  are 
generally  of  ditfcrent  {exe$.     She  fuckles  them  during  two  months; 
and  the  young  ones  require  two  years  to  gro»v  and  be  fit  for  pairing. 
It  has  been  obfcrved  here  that  the  lynx  generally  attains  the  a^e  oi 
twenty  years.     Sociability  appertains  not  lo  its  qualities,  and  more 
than  one  couple  are  rarely  found  in  a  diftrid.      Like  all  creature* 
Qpon  earth,  this  alfo  has  its  enemies,  and  is  purf'jed  by  men,  dogs, 
wolves,  and  large  fnakcs.     Flight  is  its  firfl  objefl ;  but  when  it  is  de- 
prived of  the  means  of  efcape,  and  is  attacked  and  wounded,  it  de- 
fends Itfelf  again  (I  every  defcription  of  enemy,  with  fuch  fury  and 
dexterity,  that  it  is  feldom  overcome  but  by  numbers  of  bcifts,  or  the 
fuperiority  of  human  fagacity.     The  lynx  not  only  feeds  occafionally 
opon  the  bodies  of  dead  men,  but  even  attacks  children  and  devour;> 
thtfro.  This  animal  is  leldom  to  be  taken  alive,cxcept  whilll  very  young» 
when  it  is  frequently  found  playing  upon  the  grafs  near  the  trees,  or 
ftraying  about  the  country  in  qurft  of  its  mother.      It  is   fometimcj> 
taken  in  trap*,  but  is  generally  (hot.     The  attachment  fublilling  be- 
tween a  couple  is  remarkable  ;  for  when  one  lies  dead  upon  the  ground^ 
and  the  hunters  have  retired  to  a  certain  diftance,  the  other  approaches 
its  comrade,  looks  at  it,  goes  round  it,  lies  down  by  it,  goes  away, 
and  returtis  ieveral  times,  until  it  appears  to  have  loft  all  hopes  of  its 

being 


%eiofr  oRTy  adeep.     The  lynx  furnifhes  man  with  a  vtrf  warm  ind 
vfefiil  Ikin  ;  and  fome  profit  arifes  from  its  fat  and  gall.* 

The  Appendix  to  this  volume  confifts  of  a  catalogue  of  the 
ifbclls  produced  by  the  feas  wafhing  the  kingdom  of  Najdes* 
M  is  illuilrated  with  a  few  coloured  figures,  and  with  aftetch 
of  the  mode  of  ii(bing  up  that  curious  fpecies  of  Pinna  which 
;iflbrds  a  tuft  of  filk.  A  fbort  trcatife  on  the  thread  of  the  Zab- 
bara,  or  Aloe- plant,  is  alfo  annexed. 

Soch,  in  gcn^-ral,  arc  the  contents  rf  this  book  of  Travels, 
Of  the  mode  in  which  the  tiauflator  has  executed  his  ta(k,  the 
preceding  extra ds  will  afW^rd  iui  adequate  fpecimen.  In  fome 
few  places,  perhaps,  the  langiu^e  might  ^Jintt  of  improvement; 
1>ul  on  the  whole  it  is  eafy  aud  correct,  and  Mr.  Aufiere  hat 
tendered  an  acceptable  fervice  to  the  tnglifii  Public. 


Art.  XV IL  Utters  t§  miJiam  P^ley,  M.  J.  ArcUe acorn  rf  Citr^ 
l/Jle,  on  bis  Objedions  ro  a  Reform  in  tl»c  Reprefentation  of  the 
CooitQond,  and  on  his  Apology  for  the  InH.'eiice  of  the  Crown  m 
Parliament;  being  StFiftarcs  on  the  biTay  upon  fche  Brici/h  Con* 
ilitotioa  imrodoced  in  his  "  Principles  of  Moral  and  Political 
Pbilofophy."  With  an  Appendix.  Uvo.  pp.  156.  3$.  John- 
fon.     1796. 

TBE  anonymous  author  of  thefe  letters,  and  the  learned 
Archdeacon  whom  he  attacks,  appear  to  iis  to  argue  on 
.principles  which,  though  oppofite  in  the  extreme,  cannot  be 
faid  to  be  either  univcrfaliy  fdlfe  or  univerfally  true.  Mc. 
Paiey  builds  his  fyflem  on  the  fuppofttion  that  man  is  fo  frail 
and  corrupt,  that  he  will  not^  without  the  inducement  of  per- 
gonal intcr^ift,  difcharge  the  duties  which  he  owes  to  fociety  : 
i»hile  his  advcrfary  contends  that  man  is  fo  upright,  fo  vir- 
tuous, and  (o  difinterefted,  that  the  bare  fenfe  of  duty  is  fuf- 
iicient  to  make  him  faithfully,  at^d  without  any  view  to  bis 
•own  private  intereft  as  diftingurflied  from  that  of  the  publict 
execute  the  truft  repofed  in  him  by  the  conflitution  of  his 
country.  Each  of  thefe  gentlemen  could  doubtlefs  produce^ 
iVom  real  Hie,  many  iniiances  calculated  to  fupport  bis  ref- 
{)e<51ive  hypothefis :  but  it  is  not  on  particular  cafes,  from  the  dif« 
|K>fitionof  fome  irvdividuals,  that  legiflator<^ihould  frame  fytfenrs 
4>f  government:  they  fhould  take  mankind  in  the  mafs  4  and, 
siaturally  confidering  which  was  moil  likely  to  prevail  in  ifae 
^neral  condut^  of  individuals, — their  private  or  their  public  io« 
tereft,  their  virtues  or  their  vices,  their  reafon  or  their  paffions^—* 
4hey  fhould  model  their  political  confhtutions  accordingly.  A 
4nidd)e  fyiit  m  might  be  made  of  the  jarring  principles  of  the  let« 
jCer  wxixex  and  of  Mt.  Paley.    VVithcut  fuppofing,  viiith  the  one^ 

Ihat 


Letars  uVTAVxtm  Palcy,  M*.A.  59 

that  priYate  interefl:  was  nothing  with  man,  or,  with  theother^ 
chat  it  is  every  thing ;  we  mi^ht  expert  to  find  in  fociety  a  mix- 
ture of  publit  and  felfifh  fpirit,  and  frame  ^our  code  fo  as  to 
fortify  and  invigorate  the  former,  and  reftrain  as  much  as 
poffible  the  latter : — but  to  attempt  to  render  the  former  univer- 
faHy  prevalent,  or  to  root  out  the  other  from  the  iR^rld,  would 
be  a  taflc  that  could  be  performed  only  by  Him  who  made  human 
nature,— who  alone  can  alter  it,  and  free  it  from  the  dominion 
of  paffions,  either  by  wholly  eradicating  them,  or  making  them 
completely  fubjed  to  the  empire  of  reafon. 

If  required  to  decide  between  Mr.  Paley  and  his  adverfary,_ 
wefliould  feel  ourfelves  difpofed  to  fay  that  the  former  legiflatet 
for  man  as  he  »,  and  the  latter  far  man  as  he  ought  to  h.     On 
the  other  hand,  we  mudobferve  that  good  laws  may  counteraft 
a  wrong  bias  in  the  human  mind  :  but,  until  it  be  counteraA« 
ed,  it  is  not  to  be  expeded  that  public  fpirit  will  prevail  in  the 
ftate  over  private  interefl:.    The  fault  of  the  Archdeacon  is,  that 
while  be  is  (butting  the  door  ^gainft  parliamentary  reform,  not 
becaufe  he  thinks  it  bad  in  itfeif,  but  becaufe  he  does  not  be« 
lieve  there  is  a  fufficient  degree  of  virtue  in  the  prople  to  induce 
them  10  r^rain  from  making  a  bad  ufe  of  it,  he  does  not  take 
the  nccttbiy  meafuies  for  producing  a  reformation  in  the  mo-» 
rals  of  the  people  ;  which  would  guard  againfl  the  confequences 
that  he  apprehends  f  om  a  parliamentary  reforn»,  under  the  cir* 
cumftance  of  the  prefent  habits  and  difpofitions  of  the  multi- 
tude.     The  error  of  the  letter-writer  is,  that  he  would  imrnc* 
diately  adopt  a  fyftem  of  political  reform^  which  could  not  be 
attended  with  the  bleifings  naturally  to  be  expeded  from  it, 
unlefs  preceded  by  a  reform  in  the  minds  of  his  fellow-citizens. 
A  virtuous  people  cannot  have  too   much  power;  a  vicious 
people  cannot  have  too  little.     Let  it,  then,  be  the  great  obje£): 
cf  thofe  who,  wiih  honeft  views,  aim  at  alterations  in  the  frame 
of  our  government,  to  dired  their  attention  firft  to  the  educa- 
tion of  the  fubje£ls ;  let  them  lay  the  foundation  of  public  as 
well  as  private  virtue  deep  in  their  hearts;  let  them  fow  the 
feeds  of  patriotifm  in  a  foil  previoufly  prepared  to  receive  it : 
they  may  then  hope  to  fee  a  race  of  men  flrongly  imprefTed 
with  the  idea  of  their  being  born  not  for  themfelves  alone,  but 
for  fociety ;  and,  when  fuch  men  appear,  there  can  be  no  de- 
gree of  power  that  may  not  be  trufted  to  them  not  only  with 
fafety,  but  with  advantage  to  the  community.     Till  this  (hall 
have  taken  place,  however,  it  may  be  doubted  whether  much 
real  benefit  could  flow  from  the  extenfion  of  the  eleAive  fran» 
chtfe,  or  the  limitation  of  the  duration  of  parliament.     It  might 
\>''  appealing  only  from  one  fct  of  corrupt  men  to  another  fct  of 

the 


6o  Lttttft  to  William  Palcy,  AL  A. 

the  fame  defcription  i  not  from  Philip  drunk  to  Philip  fobcr, 
bat  from  Philip  Jniiik  to-day,  to  Philip  diunk  to-morrow. 
.    Aftj:r  ihef^  rcrquifite  prefatory  remarks,  wc  will  give  a  (horc 
flcetchof  the  conuncs  of  the  pamphlet  which  produced  them. 

The  author  appears  to  entertain  a  very  contemptible  opinion 
cf  the  taicms  of  his  advcrfary.  *  Were  1  rcquutd  ({a)%  he) 
to  defcribethe  impieffion  this  gentleman's  policical  labouis  leU 
on  the  mind  of  others  from  their  eftcds  on  my  own,  certainly 
I  fliould  apply  the  diftich  of  the  Poet — 

*'  This  is  mere  babble,  and  dire^  , 

Againtl  ibe  Canon  laws  of  our  foundation ;— **' 
Confidering  the  work  therefore  below  his  notice,  he  for  along 
time  thought  a  formal  anfwer  to  it  necdlefs  :  but,  finding  that 
it  had  travelled  through  nint  cdithnsy  that  a  tenth  was  advertifed, 
that  it  was  appointed  a  lianding  bo'jk  for  examination  in  one 
of  the  univertitief,  and  that  it  was  quoted  both  in  parliament 
and  Weiiminiier-hall  as  c  f  high  authority,  he  changed  his  mind^ 
and  began  to  be  of  opinion  that  a  work  fo  countenanced  re* 
quired  a  detailed  invefiigation.  It  is  not  our  iii(|:ntion  to  foIU.w 
kim  through  it,  but  we  will  give  fome  extradts  for  the  purpofe. 
of  exhibiting  fpeciinins  of  his  mode  of  arguing  \  and  we  (hall 
make  obfervations  on  fuch  of  his  arguments  as  may  ftrike  us  at 
calling  for  them. 

The  following  extra^i  from  the  beginning  of  the  firft  letter 
will  Ihew  the  author  in  a  very  favourable  puint  of  view,  both  as 
a  literary  character  and  a  wit : 

•  EiTays  on  *•  Mortil  P6iJo/ofly**  come  jn  a  very  queftionable  (hape«- 
when  fubfervicnt  to  a  dcttnce  or  the  depravities  of  oqr  Conftitution. 
Look  back,  and  you  will  find  chofe  to  have  t^cn  the  brightcil  orna- 
menis  of  the  Chuich  of  England  v^ho  tampered  the  leafl  with  politics, 
tieretofore  the  friends  of  Liberty  had  to  contend  with  formidable 
enemies,  intrenched  in  the  flrong  holds  of  fuperilition,  and  many 
brave  men  fell  before  the  pulplt-battcries  oi  divine  right  and  fajji*ve 
obedience  were  filenced  At  this  day,  wc  fniilc  to  fee  the  fworn  foej* 
10  the  Rights  of  Mankind,  when  driven  from  thofe  iutrenchment*, 
reduced  tafculk  behind  the  llitniey  mi.ntelits  of  Morality  todilcharge 
their  feeble  artillery. 

*  We  have  all  heard  innumerable  encomium?  on  the  excelleacy  of 
tbc  Kpglifh  Conf^itation  of  State.  Yours,  howevtrr,  Mr.  Faley,  far, 
%«y  far,  lurpaflc*  every  other.  It  is  an  hyptrbolc  of  panegyric, 
'ilie  v^hoie  icopc  of  your  rcafoniog  is  to  convince  us  that  our  form  of 
Government  ii  conirived  fo  admirably,  that  incroachinents  and  per- 
vcrfion&,  combiiicd  with  ^* pagrant  incongruities,*^  greatly  contribute 
to  its  prailical  advantages !  So  the  value  of  an  antique  ftatoe  ad- 
^nces  rn  the  eyes  of  iomc  fantaflic  virtuofi  in  proportion  to  the 
iIiuii!ations  it  has  fuffcred  from  the  har.G  of  violcrce,  or  the  injuries 
of  time.' — 

S  «  Sir, 


Zi//^i /^  WiHIam  Paley,  M.A.  6f 

^  Sir,  be  affjrcd  I  bear  due  refpcdl  to  «*  /o/i^  eftahlifhed  ttr  rim/et- 
tlfdrMlay  The  difference  between  us  is  this— 1  declare  for  antienc 
principles— You  are  tenacious  of  old  forms;  becaufe  1  admire  the 
theory  of  the  ConlHcution,  and  you  approve  the  pradlicc. — 1  venerate 
tne  a^e  of  Parliani'^ntt  i^ut  would  iransfufe  into  its  debilitated  frame 
a  frefh  portioin  of  the  bloom  and  vigour  of  youth.  You  dote  on  fu- 
pv*rannaatcd  imb?c5  ity,  and  are  enamoured  with  grey  hairs  and 
wniikiVs  which  you  fondly  fancy  it  wouJd  disfigure  the  beauty  of  the 
Conftitution  to  remove. — I  mean  not  to  deny  that  every  wetUwiflier 
to  Parliamentary  melioration  has  to  regret  the  departure  froia  many 
rood  old  •«  rulis*^  and  the  fubftitution  of  their  reverfe.  For  inftance. 
It  was  the  wholefoir.e  ufage  of  former  times,  to  recur  to  what  I  have 
BifDtioDed  ah-eadv,  for  the  Delegates  to  be  paid  by  thofe  who  fent  them 
a  pecuniary  remuneration  for  their  labours  in  Parliament.  Thtt 
*'  ruli**  has  been  turoed  quite  round.  Without  looking  oui  of  your 
work  we  find  it  has  grown  up  into  an  avowed  pradice  for  numbers 
•'  to  purcbafe  tbcir  Siais,^'  and  Wages,  at  leal!  from  their  ConlH- 
tucnts,  fince  the  daysof  Maiiv£L,  have  been  received  by  none  of  the 
Members  — Of  old  this  was  the  anfwerof  the  Commons  *'  when  any 
new  device  is  moved  on  the  King's  behalf  in  Parliament,  that  thef 
dare  not  agree  without  conference  with  their  Countries."  This 
anfwer  has  funk  into  difufe— fo  long  funk  into  difufc  that  many  Mem- 
bers fpurn  at  the  idea  of  obedience  to  Inllru6lions. — In  derogation  of 
popular  rights,  we  continue  to  fummonyb»7r  BurgefTcs  from  a  decayed 
hamlet,  like  East  Looa  and  West  Loob,  while  wc  fuffer  Towns 
vifen  to  the  repute  ofMANCHKSTER  and  Sheffield  to  be  deilit'ute 
of  a  voice  in  Parliament.' 

Till  of  late,  the  houfe  of  commons  has  been  confidered  as  s 
Ttprefintative  body;  and  fo  ftrongly  hi»d  the  idea  been  imprefJcd 
on  the  public  mind,  that  fomeof  our  ableft  fpcakcrs  and  writers 
on  the  conftitution  have  defcribed  taxation  and  reprcfentation 
as  infeparable  :  fo  thit  the  former  would,  in  their  eyes,  be  a 
robbery,  if  not  coupled  with  the  latter.  During  the  American 
war,  the  principle  was  admitted  even  by  the  moft  determined 
oppofers  of  the  American  claims  ;  and  they  fheliered  themfelvcs 
from  the  imputation  of  inconfiftency,  by  a  nice  diftin6lion  : 
they  admitted  that  the  colonies  were  not  aSfually  rcprefented, 
but  they  infifted  that  they  were  virtually  reprefenred.  In  either 
cafe,  it  was  cvkJent  that  they  flood  up  for  reprcfentation  as  a 
vital  principle  of  the  Englifti  conftitution.  Since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  French  revolution,  however,  this  principle 
Has  not  only  been  doijbted,  but  by  fome  writers  of  great  abi- 
lities abfolutely  and  pofuively  reje6led;  and  they  have  gone  (o  faf 
as  to  declare  that  reprcfentation  is  not,  and  never  was,  the 
principle  of  the  Englifli  govermnent,  Wc  wifti  that  this  au- 
thor had  met  them  fairly  at  the  outfct,  ar.d  not  difdained  to 
^jfcufs  with  them  a  queftion  which  he  and  fo  many  ethers  con- 
4<icr  as  already  too  well  fettled  ever  to  be  brought  into  dkcuf- 

fioo. 


62  Litttrs  ta  William  Ptiej,  M.  A 

fion.  For,  it  being  once  edabliflied  that  reprefentation  if  Ibe 
^nly  foundation  on  which  the  right  of  taxation  ean  be  main^ 
tained  in  this  country,  it  would  be  unneceflary  to  fay  one  word 
about  the  rotten  boroughs ;  their  fate  would  be  decided  by  th^ 
former  determination.  It  is  indeed  the  bafis  of  his  whole 
fyftem  of  reafbning :  but  then  he  ajfumts  inflead  of  proving  the 
principle.  This  mode  of  proceeding  would  have  been  proper 
if  the  principle  had  never  been  denied,  but  the  cafe  is  different 
when  it  is  conteded.  Our  author  indeed  aflerts  the  principle 
incidentally  in  a  note,  and  quotes  the  authority  of  Bi(hop  Hurd 
in  fupport  of  it :  but,  in  our  opinion,  the  authority  makes  againft 
him.  It  appears  from  it  that  none  originally  had  a  right  to  af;« 
iemblein  the  great  council  of  the  nation,  at  leaft  (ince  the  Nor* 
jBaan  conqucft,  but  the  proprietors  of  land  who  held  in  capiti. 

*'  In  procefs  of  time  the  lefTer  military  tenants  /xr  cafife  (fays  the 
Bifhop)  multiplied  exceedingly.  And  as  many  of  them  were  poor, 
and  unequal  to  a  perfonal  attendance  in  the  court  of  their  lord,  or  in 
the  common  council  of  the  kingdom,  where  of  right  and  duty  they 
were  to  pay  their  attendance,  they  were  willing,  and  it  was  found 
convenient,  to  give  them  leave  to  appear  in  the  way  of  rcprefimiaiioa. 
And  this  was  the  origin  of  what  we  now  call  the  Knights  of  the  Shire; 
who,  in  thofe  times,  were  appointed  to  reprefent,  not  all  the  free* 
holders  of  counties,  but  the  lefler  tenanuof  the  crown  on^y," 

The  reprefentation  here  defcrihed  by  the  Bifliop  has  no  one 
feature  of  a  rights  but  of  an  indulgence-,  for  men,  who  were 
ictind  to  perfonal  attendance,  were  indulged  with  leave  to  ap- 
pear by  proxy.  Nothing  in  this  fupports  the  idea  of  a  neccflary 
connection  between  taxation  and  reprefentation ;  on  the  con« 
trary,  the  Bi(bop*s  authority  {hews  that  the  freeholders,  who 
held  not  immediately  of  the  crown,  were  not  at  all  reprefenCed^ 
but  thofe  only  who  by  their  tenures  were  bound  to  attend  per- 
tonally  ^  and  who,  on  account  of  fome  circumftances,  obtaineil 
a  difpenfation  from  the  crown,  and  were  permitted  to  fend 
proxies  to  parliament.  As  for  the  inhabitants  of  cities  and 
boroughs,  they  were  at  that  time  wholly  out  of  the  queftioni 
they  never  thought  of  claiming  a  (hare  in  the  reprefentation 
cither  as  a  right  or  a  favour  :  but  policy  afterward  gave  it  to 
them.  Would  it  not  then  have  been  better  for  our  author  to 
have  combated,  inftead  of  quoted,  the  authority  of  Bifbop  Hurd? 
Was  he  not  required  to  eftablifh  the  principle  of  reprefentation 
as  a  right  inherent  in  the  people,  without  the  recognition  of 
which  It  would  be  tyranny  and  ufurpation  in  any  power  what« 
ever  to  tax  them  ?  On  this  point,  in  fiA,  the  whole  of  the 
difpute  hinges. 

The  letter-writer,  however,  taking  it  for  granted  that  repre* 
fenution  was  the  original  and  fundamental  principle  of  our  con^ 

.  .  ftitudon* 


ftttution,  dates  it  to  be  his  aim  to  remove  the  afmres  that  have 
orept  into  it,  by  bringing  it  back  to  its  primitive  purity*  He 
remarks  that  the  experiment  has  been  already  tried  on  a  fmait 
feale  without  any  danger,  but  with  much  benefit;  and  he- 
maintains,  in  the  following  well  written  pafiagei  the  pradicabi-^ 
Mty  and  neceflity  of  ^fpeedy  reform. 

.  •  To  Tpeak  from  ••  expcrtn^ntt^  the  right  of  voting  in  Crickl  a  dB' 
and  in  Shoheh  A^t  ha:»  been  amended  in  the  prefent  reign,  by  fum- 
monifig  the  Freeholders  of  the  circumjacent  Hundreds  to  their  poll- 
boothft.  Not  a  whifper  of  complaint  has  been  heard  againil  this  pro* 
oediire  ;.  and  it  would  perplex  the  moft  acute  fpeculator  to  make  oac 
thai  the  iU^htcft  appearance  of  "  danger^'  could  po(BbIy  arife  frooi 
any  well  weighed  method  of  diluting  a  poifon  in  the  body- politic — A» 
virulent  pcttfon,  which  already  deeply  corrodes  its  vitals>  and  if  noc 
(bon  corrraed,  will  inevitably  def^roy  the  whole. 

•  Yours  is  the  blindnefs,  not  the  fidelity  of  friendfhip.  In  truths 
tbit  «•  iiamgbr^*'V\t%  on  the  other  fide.  There  is  '*  dangtr^^^  great  and, 
it  may  be,  imminent  '*  dangtr**  in  the  rulers  of  a  Nation  hearing  the 
call  for  Rscforros  with  averted  ears.  That  (lnbborn  felfifhnefs  which 
iclies  OB  the  ilrong  arm  of  power  to  bear  out  its  hateful  ufurpations* 
stay  indeed  endanger  the  peace  a^d  happinefs  of  a  country.  Jf  falu« 
airy  umhs  be  fcorned  oo  the  one  fide,  extravagant  projeAs  will  be  in- 
\^ged  oo  the  other,  Inflances  are  not  wanting  to  (how  to  you,  that 
plaotiog  defpair  or  difguH  in  the  hearts  of  thofe  who  feek  to  ward  oJ& 
aoMional  convulfion  by  feaiunable  and  temperate  Reformation,  im^ 
peb  inconfiderate  and  ardent  tempers  to  follow  their  obje(f(  at  what-- 
ever  rifqoe :  while  milder  difpofitions,  defponding,  or  (hrinking  fronr 
the  threatened  (hock,  leave  indignant  enthufiails  to  urge  on  the  ge- 
neral diflAtisfaftion,  which  condu(5t  fo  infenfate  never  fails  to  provo£:e. 
Bat  the  affe^ions  of  the  human  mind  roufl  he  inverted  before  con « 
ceffion  can  irritate,  or  before  a  redrefs  of  public  grievances  can  excite- 
pablic  difcontent.' 

The  author  dwell?  very  much  on  a  principle  flowing,  as  he- 
thinks,  from  that  of  reprefcntaiiori,  but  which  he  alfo  aflfume* 
without  giving  htmfclf  the  trouble  of  proving  ;  though  it  may 
be  mucb  more  queftionable  in  its  nature  than  the  parent  prin- 
ciple. «  In  the  mercenary  and  ^i7r^^r  borough?,  (fays  he,)  in* 
&rnfiable  or  Mldhur(t,  where  is  the  controul  of  the  conf^itU'- 
ents?  To  whom  the  refponfibility  of  their  members  ?'- We 
know  of  no  refpon(ibi}ity  attaching  on  members  of  par- 
liament for  their  condud  in  the  fenate.  They  are  not^ 
like  trufiee9,  liable  to  be  punifhed  iov  a  breach  of  truft :  they 
are  not,  like  perfons  adling  under  a  power  of  attorney,  re- 
vocable at  the  will  cf  the  party  granting  h  :  the  adls  which* 
they  do  without,  or  again(},  the  confent  of  their  con(litucnt5^. 
are  not  null  like  thofe  of  an  agent  who  has  gone  beyond  hta 
powers.  They  arc  in  truth,  for  the  whole  term  of  the  parliament, 
KrfefUy  independent^  and  copartners  with  the  King  and  th^- 

Hcufc 


64  f^ffTs  u  William  Ptiefr,  M.  A. 

Houfe  of  Lords  in  the  exercife  of  fovereign  power.  They  ire 
not  bound  by  any  inftruSions,  they  are  not  refponfible  to  any 
authority.  Such  of  them,  indeed,  as  may  be  candidates  for 
iirats  in  ruccedive  parliaments  muft,  if  th:y  expert  to  be  re- 
ele&cd,  conform  in  a  great  meafure  to  tfae  wiflies  of  their  con* 
ftituents  :  but  that  is  a  queftion  only  of  policy  and  prudence  : 
all  that  they  are  in  duty  bound  to  confult  is  the  iniirejl  tf  ihg 
nation  at  large^  not  the  local  partialities  of  any  fet  of  eledors. 

in  his  fecond  letter,  the  writer  dwells  much  on  the  neceffity 
of  an  identity  of  intereft  between  the  reprefenutives  and  thus 
reprelcnted.  That  fuch  an  identity  ought  to  exift,  no  man  will 
be  hardy  enough  to  deny :  but  a  qucftion  may  arife  whether 
Ibme  of  the  plans  propofed  by  refprmers  (that,  for  inftance, 
of  univerfal  iufFrage)  for  producing,  might  not  as  completely 
deftroy,this  identity,  as  the  prefent  fyfiem  could.  Were  iViry 
man  lo  have  a  vote,  the  poor  would  form  a  great  majority  of  the 
electors ;  and,  unlefs  they  (hould  be  fo  very  difinterefted  at  td 
cledt  none  but  rich  members  it  mi^ht  happen  that  the  Houfe  of 
Commcns  fiiould  be  compofed  chiefly  of  men  without  property  ^ 
and,  in  that  cafe,  where  couid  be  the  identity  of  interetl  between 
kgifl:tors  who,  by  an  Agrarian  law,  had  nothing  ro  ioTe  bat 
every  thing  to  gain;  and  conftituents  who  had  much  to  lofe 
and  nothing  to  gain  ?  It  is  fair  to  remark,  here,  that  our  author 
does  not  appear  to  be  an  advocate  for  Univerfal  SufFrage*  Hit 
plan  is  not  to  extend  the  eledlive  franchffe  to  every  man  in 
the  nation,  but  to  every  houfeholder  or  mafter  of  a  family  | 
and  to  fuch  a  plan  we  cannot  fee  any  one  reafonable  ob- 
jec  ion.  A  man  who  rents  a  houfe,  and  pays  taxes  dire&ly^ 
muft  furely  be  allowed,  even  by  the  enemies  ot  reform,  to  be  a 
perfon  who  may  be  trulkd  with  greater  fafety  with  the  exercife 
of  fufFrage,  than  a  freeman  of  a  corporation  (of  Briftol,  for  in- 
fiance),  who  may  be  fo  poor  as  to  be  able  to  rent  no  more  than 
the  half  of  a  bed  in  a  garret  or  a  cellar.  If  the  houfihcUirs  of 
Weft  minder  be  proper  pcrfons  to  ele£l  members  of  parliament^ 
why  fliouid  not  the  h^ufeholden  in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  be 
confidered  as  pofleffing  a  like  qualification,  and  be  admitted  to 
erjoy  a  fimilar  right  I 

Letter  3d.  Here  the  writer  attacks,  with  great  abiL'ty  and 
ftjccefs.  Archdeacon  Paley's  opinion  that  influence  in  parliament 
is  neceflary  to  the  exigence  of  the  monarchy,  if  not  of  the  mo- 
narch himfelf.  We  will  give  an  extra£t  from  this  letter^  to 
iliew  how  ably  he  treats  his  fubjed : 

•  h  is  futile  to  prcfs  on  our  reco!le6lion  for  the  purpofe  yen  wotiM 
lerve»  the  unhappy  occurrences  occafioned  by  the  contcft  between 
Char  lis  the  tirtl  and  the  Pailiarocnt.  1  peremptorily  deny  that  hb 
ibufortuDCS  can  be  juflly  referred  to  a  nam  of  thi&  furl  of  infloeoce. 

'  HiAory 


Limrs  U  William  Paley,  M.  A.  6; 

Ktftoff  Touches  to  the  trath  of  my  aflertion.      Perufe  cSe  erentful 
p«hod  from  the  compalfory  abdication  of  Jambs,  to  the  elevation  of 
the  Houfe  of  Brunf«vic-Lonenburgh — when  Parliaments  had  nothing 
CD  dreadt  and  litt!e  to  cxpe6t,  from  the  agents  of  the  executive  Go- 
vernment, and  when  the  efferTefcence  neceifarily  attendant  on  a  Re ^^ 
volution,  nras  far  from  fubiided — when  wichal  numbers  of  the  Com- 
monwealth's men  were  yet  alive  who  muil  have  cheriihed  a  fond  re- 
membrance of  "  the  good  old  caufc.''     Leil  I  (hould  trefpafs  beyond 
the  doe  bounds  ofepldolary  difFuiion,  I  felec\  proofs  only  during  the 
reign  of  William.     He  who,  devoid  of  all  prior  claim,  had  the 
diadem  fixed  on  his  brow,  upon  certain  terms  and  conditions  by  the 
gift  of  the  Ptople— He  who  had  not  Influence  in  Parliament  fuffi- 
cient  to  carry  through  his  private  and  perfonal  meal'ures — He  who' 
wu  Urn  years  in  procuring  a  Civil-Lift  to  be  fettled  on  him  for  life — 
He  who  was  compelled  to  revoke  a  grant  to  his  Dutch  favourite  Bew  • 
TiNCK,  and  to  fend  away  a  Regiment  of  foreign  Life-guards^*'  the 
companions  of  bis  vi£lories,"  whom  he  moie  than  once  importuned 
the  Commons  to  fuffer  him  to  keep  about  his  perfon— He  who  was 
not  always  Toothed  with  AddrefTcs  echoing  back  the  royal  Speech,  but 
who  fometimes  was  mortified  by  fuilen  expoilulaiion,  not  to  fay  rude 
renonffrance^He,  Sir,  even  William,  fate  fccurely.     The  ifte- 
iBory  of  thefe  things  entitles  me  flatly  to  contradidl  your  fv;ipoficion. 
Farther  ;  it  will  be  no  cafy  tafk  for  you  to  rallen  on  a  llragg^ing  inci- 
dent of  national  detriment  during  this  arduous  reign  arifing  either  from 
Triemiial  Parliaments,  or  the  ncn-exillence  of  influence.     The  good 
feale  of  the  Nation,  aifured  that  its  Libenicd,  civil  and  religious,  de-- 
pended  on  his  wearing  the  Crown,  and  were  M^  in  his  hand,  fup- 
ported  him  againft  the  exiled  hereditary  Sovereign,  formidable  both 
by  foreign  alliance  and  by  numerous  adherents  within  this  Jflmd. 

•Since  W I  l  l  i  a  m  ,  a  foreigner,  and  of  cold  and  repulfive  demeanour, 
againfl  whom  the  minds  of  multitudes  were  inflamed  by  religious  per- 
fuafions,  or  exafperatcd  by  political  prejudices,  could  by  an  ele<5live 
title  wield  his  fceptre  fecurely  and  fuccefsfLlly,  before  the  Influence 
of  the  Crown  had  obtained,  and  while  Parliaments  were  no  more  than 
Triennial,  and  that  without  the  (hudow  o\  a  perfonal  claim— furely, 
Mr.  Paley,  you  infult  the  bell  of  Kings  by  fending  abroad  an  idea 
that  Influence  is  norw  neceflary.— For  a  native  prince  adorned  with  at- 
tradions  of  private  charadler  that  might  be  dangerous  to  the  natiCnal 
Freedom,  were  they  not  counter-balanced  by  the  goodnefs  of  his 
heart !  What  has  he  to  fear  ?  He  fills  the  throne  of  his  anceftors,  and 
hasfeen  his  Court  through  a  long  reign  thronged  with  the  hereditary 
enrmies  of  his  Houfe,  of  a  fudden  transformed  into  clofcll  friends  ?  — 
Let  us  be  told  no  more  of  your  hard  option  between  a  '*  Government 
l>yf(,rct**  and  a  '•  Go'uernment  of  Influence-,^*  and  may  we  apply  with 
emuUtion  and  ardour  to  procure  a  Parliament  as  free  from  **  terror^** 
asfaperior  to  venality.' 

We  ihail  take  notice  of  only  one  paflage  in  the  4th  and  lad 
Iccter.     The  author  fays 

'  Every  whifper  of  this  kind  implies,  neceflarily  implies,  one  of 
tbefe  two  things —either  that  Public  Opinion  is  weary  of  kingly 

Riv.SfiPT.  1796.  F  Government, 


66  Ount  RumforifV  EffijSf  Vdl.  L 

Q^vermnen^  or  that  the  Crown  and  the  Coramoos'  Honfe  are  BI* 
cural  antagonift».  ,  Extricate  yonrfelf  out  of  this  unfortimate  dU 
lemma.' 

We  do  not  tbink  that  the  horns  of  this  dilemma  are  'Htrf 
Ibrmidahle  :  were  the  Archdeacon  to  aflfert  that  the  Crown  and 
the  Commons^  Houfe  are  natural  antagonifts,  we  are  not  fure 
that  the  dof^rine  would  be  unconflitutional ;  for  unqueftionably 
the  reprefcntatives  of  the  people  have  other  fundions  befidcf 
^ofe  of  paiEng  brlls  and  voting  fupplies ;  they  are  by  tbdr 
office  Inquifitors,  in  duty  bound  to  watch  the  executive  power, 
to  fee  wheil^er  abufes  have  crept  into  it,  to  correct  them  if  amy 
fucb  be  found,  to  impeach  wicked  minifters,  and^  by  bringing 
them  to  punifhmenr,  to  give  a  leiTon  indiredly  to  the  Sovereign 
bimfelf ;  who  muft  naturally  ftand  in  awe  of  a  body  of  men 
poflefling  cenforial  authority,  and  commiffioned  to  keep  a  jea- 
lous eye  on  aH  bis  public  adions.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Hotifr 
of  Commons  to  concur  with  the  Crown  in  all  afls  for  the  na«« 
tional  good  ;  and  in  that  point  of  view  they  cannot  be  faid  to 
be^natural  antagonifts : — but  it  is  equally  the  duty  of  that 
Roufe  to  be  conflantly  on  its  guard  againu  the  encroachmeots 
of  the  royal  power.  As  abufe^  therefore,  is  naturally  an  at- 
tendant on  authority.  To  the  aflembly,  commiffioned  to  inquire 
ifito  and  remove  abufes,  may  be  truly  faid  to  be  the  antagonift 
of  the  power  in  whofe  train  abufes  are  generally  found  to  at- 
tend. 
-  It  is  only  neceiTiry  to  add  that  this  work  exhibits  ftrong  fea- 
tures of  found  fenfe,  ardent  patriotifm,  and  great  moderation. 


Art.  XVIII.  Sffays,  Political  Economical,  and  Pbilojbfhical,  By 
Benjamin  Count  of  Rum  ford.  Sec  Set*  Vol.  1.  8vo.  Ss^ 
Boards.     Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.     1796. 

npHE  moft  important  of  all  artSy  that  of  living  comfortably 
''  and  happily,  has  been  treated  by  moft  philofophers  and 
writers  in  too  confined  and  abftraded  a  way ;  for,  while  tbey 
have  bent  all  the  force  of  their  minds  to  the  confideratioo  of  the 
effe£l6  of  government,  law,  religion,  morals,  &:c.  they  have 
been  apt  to  overlook  thofe  more  minute  circumftance?,  oa 
irhich  fo  large  a  ftare  of  quotidian  happinefs  depends; — thofe,  we 
mean,  which  belong  to  the  multifarious  and  widely  extended- 
branch  of  knowlege  which  may  be  termed  Hommicu  Henct^ 
the  improvements  of  life  under  this  head  have  been  much  left 
than  might  have  been  expedcd  from  the  long  experience  of 
flsankind  ;,  and  fome  of  the  moft  important  concerns  have  bcea 
left'to  the  empirical  management  of  perfons  who  are  incapable 
^  any  enlarged  and  fyftematic  views*    The  grnteft  acknow- 

legenents^ 


Cffwrt  Rumrord'/  EJ^s,  FJ.  L  C7 

tegements  are^  therefore,  due  to  a  man  of  real  fcience  and  lite- 
rary talents,  who  (hall  have  applied  his  fuperior  powers  and 
advantages  to  the  benefit  of  the  world  in  this  humbler  walk; 
and,  by  an  union  of  accurate  obfervation  and  experiment  with 
found  reafoning,  (hall  have  cleared  away  difficulties  and  fug« 
gefted  improvements,  which  Were  beyond  the  reach  of  either 
of  tbefe  fingly.  Later  times  have  not  been  entirely  deftitate  of 
fuch  perfons ;  and  the  name  of  Franklin  has,  perhaps,  ac- 
quired as  much  honour  from  his  many  ufeful  fuggeftions  in 
common  life,  as  from  his  fubliitie  difcoveries  in  phyfics ;  but 
of  all  who  have  turned  their  fpeculations  to  objeds  of  utility^ 
the  writer  now  before  us  perhaps  merits  the  nioft  confpicuous 
place,  whether  we  eonfider  the  variety  and  the  relative  value  of 
his  inquiries,  or  the  benevolertt  indufti-y  and  the  fcientific  abi- 
litY  With  Which  they  have  been  conduded,  and  the  fuccefs 
which  hat  attended  them.  Already  known  as  an  ingenious 
philoTopher  and  experimenter  under  his  former  defignation  of 
Sir  Benjamin  Thompfon,  he  has  now  undertaken  to  enlighten 
the  pUbfic  with  refpe£l  to  various  matters  of  police,  and  civil 
and  dotiieftic  economy,  in  which  many  years  of  his  life  have 
been  aAively  fpent ;  and  the  prcfent  volume  is  compofed  of 
five  eflaySn  which  have  appealed  feparately.  As  the  attention 
juftly^glVeA  to  them  at  the  time  of  publication  has  probably 
made  moft  of  our  readers  already  acquainted  with  their  prin- 
cipal contents,  and  as  we  hope  that  they  will  daily  gain  more 
and  more  circulacioOj  we  (hall  ftudy  brevity  in  the  (ketch  that 
we  mean  to  give  of  them^  and  in  the  remarks  which  they  will 
afford. 

The  Firft  Efliy  chiefly  relates  to  Eftablifhments  for  the  Poor 
at  Munich^  where  the  Count  (a  native  of  North  America)  re- 
dded in  a  high  military  ftation  in  the  fervicc  of  the  hlecftor  Pa- 
latine, Duke  of  Bavaria,  from  whom  he  has  received  his  titular 
honours.  A  (hort  but  very  pleafing  account  of  the  improve- 
ment of  the  charader  and  condition  of  the  foldiery  in  Bavaria, 
specially  by  the  elHblifhment  of  military  gardens^  is  the  firfjb 
article  ;  which  is  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  thofe  who  fe- 
rioufly  defire  to  Icflcn  the  inconveniences  arifing  from  that  now 
neccfl'ary  public  evil,  a  (landing  army.  The  principal  fubjeft 
of  the  cfTay,  however^  is  the  fuppreffion  of  mendicity  in  Mu- 
nich ;  where  it  had  arifen  to  an  intolerable  height,  equally 
hurtful  to  the  morals  of  the  poor,  and  opprei&ve  to  the  inha- 
bitants at  large.  All  the  numerous  beggars  of  this  city  were 
apprehended  in  one  day,  and  fent  to  a  workhoufe  previoufly 
fitted  for  their  reception  ;  in  which,  different  kinds  of  work, 
according  to  their  conditions  and  ages,  were  provided  for  them 
in  iirparatc  apartments,   and  good  wholefome  food,  but  not 

F  2  lodging. 


68  Count  Rumford'i  Efays^  V9L  t. 

lodging:.  The  detail  of  all  the  circumftances  Ktending  this 
eftabliihment,  the  means  taken  to  encourage  induftry  and  or- 
der, the  particulars  of  food,  employment,  inftru£bion,  &c.  the 
mode  of  defraying  the  neceflary  expences,  and  the  compleco 
fuccefs  consequent  on  thefe  meafures,  by  which  mendicity  waff 
entirely  abolilhed,  and  the  wretched  objeds,  from  being  a 
burden  and  a  nuifance  to  the  public,  were  tendered  comfort- 
able in  tbemfelves  and  valuable  members  of  fociety, — are  all 
highly  deferving  of  attention,  and  afford  a  convincing  proof  o£ 
what  may  beeffeded  by  wifdom  and  benevolence  combined,  to- 
wards remedying  fome  of  the  moft  inveterate  evils  of  civilized 
life.  One  obfervation  of  a  moral  and  philofophical  VXni^  which 
rnay  be  regarded  as  the  foundation  of  all  the  means  emplojedt 
we  (hall  copy,  as  it  has  our  warmeft  concurrence : 

*  To  make  vicious  and  abandoned  people  happy,  it  has  generally 
been  fuppofed  nccciTary,  Jirft,  to  make  thena  ? irtuous.  But  why  noC 
reverfe  this  order  ?  Why  not  make  them  firfl  happy^  and  then  vir- 
tuous  ?  If  happinefs  and  virtue  be  in/eparabUp  the  end  will  be  as 
certainly  obtained  by  the  one  method  as  by  the  other  ;  and  it  is  mod 
undoubtedly  much  cafier  to  contribute  to  the  happinefs  and  comfort 
of  perfons  in  a  date  of  porerty  and  mifery,  than  by  admonidons  and 
punifhments  to  reform  their  morals.  Deeply  ftruck  with  the  import- 
ance of  this  truth »  all  my  meafures  were  taken  accordingly.  Every 
thing  was  done  that  could  be  devifed  to  make  the  poor  people  I  had 
to  deal  with  comfortable  and  happy  in  their  new  (ituation  ;  and  mj 
hopes,  that  a  habit  of  enjoying  the  real  comfort*  and  convenieacet 
which  were  provided  for  them,  would  in  time,  foften  their  hearts, 
open  their  eyes,  and  render  them  grateful  and  docile,  were  not  dif* 
appointed.' 

The  Sc(;ond  EfTay  treats  on  the  fundamental  principles,  on 
which  general  Eitablifliments  for  the  relief  of  the  Poor  may  be 
formed  in  all  countries.  The  leading  ideas  of  this  part  are 
general  conclufions  from  the  fa£^s  in  the  former.  They  begin 
by  obfervations  on  the  infufficiency  of  all  laws  that  can  be 
framed  for  the  efFed^ual  relief  of  thofe  who  are.  reduced  to  po- 
verty^ and  on  the  abfolute  neceiiity  of  the  voluntary  aj&ftance 
of  the  humane  ^  to  whofe  zealous  and  unremitting  attention 
in  the  fuperintendence  oi  all  plans  their  lading  fuccefs  muil 
ever  be  owing.  The  Count  then  proceeds  to  a  variety  of  ge- 
nerol  rules,  concerning  the  manner  of  forming  and  carrying  oa 
public  eilablifhments  fur  the  [xx)r  ;  which  difplay  great  good 
fenfe  and  knowlege  of  mankind,  with  an  amiable  fpirit  of  be- 
nevolence. Some  of  the  ideas,  however,  run  into  repetition 
and  prolixity.  He  defcends  into  particulars  principally  on  the 
capital  point  oi  fttiUng  the  poor,  to  which  purpofe  he  lays  down 
propcfais  for  the  eibuiiiLment  oi  public  kitcbin$y  where  not  only 
the  lowcit  clafs  of  all,   but  others  of  inferior  ranks,  might 

be 


Cotmi  Rumford'i  Effiys^  Vd.  I.  69 

be  Topplied  with  different  kinds  of  wholefome  food  at  Rated 

rates. 

The  Thfrd  Eflfay  treats  exprefsly  on  the  fubjeS  of  Food  and 
feeding  the  Poor,      It  begins  with  Tome  remarks  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  nutrition,  and  the  importance  of  the  art  of  cookery 
in  rendering  fubftances  more  nourifhing.     The  benefit  arif- 
ing  from  the  mixture  of  a  large  proportion  of  water  with  folid 
food,  and  from  long  co£)ion,  is  the  leading  topic  of  this  part. 
The  fecond  chapter  relates  to  the  pleafure  of  eating,  and  the 
means  for  increafing  it ;  and  we  think  that  the  author  deferves 
great  praife  for  thus  openly  fubftttuting  the  trut  philofiphy  of 
augmenting  human  happinefs,  for  the  artificfal  and  hypocritical 
philofophy  of  aflFe£led  contempt  fer  fenfual  enjoyments  ;   efpe- 
cially  when  the  obje£l  is  to  increafe  the  pleafures  of  that  clafs 
which  certainly  has  not  any  to  fpare.     The  means  here  fug- 
gefted  are  very  cheap  and  innocent—- chiefly  confifting  in  the 
addition  of  fome  hard  fubftance,  as  ftale  or  fried  bread,  to  li- 
(|uid  foups,    in  order  to  render  maftication  necefTary ;    thus 
keeping  the  food  longer  in  its  paflage  through  the  palate.  I'he  re- 
mainder of  this  number  is  occupied  by  details  of  the  compofition 
and  preparation  of  different  cheap  and  palatable  difhes,  with 
accurate  calculations  of  price,  &c.  which  cannot  fail  of  being 
extremely  ufeful  in  eftab!i(hing  dietaries  for  public  inflitutions, 
especially  in  times  of  fcarcity.     It  would  be  abfurd  to  find  fault 
with  the  minutenefs  of  defcription  and  attention  to  fmall  cir* 
cumftances,  obferved  in  thefe  details,  fince  on  thefe  their  prac- 
tical merit  chiefly  depends.     The  bills  of  fare  of  the  Bavarian 
foldiery  are  cfpecially  valuable,  and   might  fuggeft  very  ufeful 
improvements  in  the  houfekeeping  of  our  military,  as  well  as 
in  that  of  other  perfons  who  eat  in  mejfes. 

Eflay  IV.  treats  of  Chimney  Fire-places,  particularly  with  a 
view  to  the  faving  of  fuel,  and  the  prevention  of  fmoke.  One 
of  the  philofophical  principles,  on  which  this  difcuflion  is 
founded,  is  a  diitin(9ion  in  iht  form  under  which  heat  generated 
by  combuflion  exifts.  This  the  Count  afTerts  to  have  at  lead 
two  pcrfedily  diflind  modifications  :  viz.  that  of  heat  combined 
with  the  fmoke  and  vapour  flying  off  from  the  fuel ;  and  that 
of  heat  uncombined^  or  at  leafl  combined  only  with  light,  which 
he  calls  radiant  heat.  It  is  on  the  converfion  of  the  greatefl 
part  of  the  former  into  the  latter  that  he  depends  for  the 
improvements  which  he  fuggef^s.  Pradtically,  his  contrivances 
chiefly  confifl  in  narrowing  the  throat  of  the  chimney,  and  in 
confh-uding  the  fides  of  the  fire-place  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to 
throw  forwards,  by  refle£)ion,  as  many  as  poffible  of  the  rays 
of  heat  and  light :— but  the  detail  of  thefe  exped-ients  cannot  be 
uoderflood  without  the  accompanying  plates.     We  (hall  only' 

F  3  add 


70       H«milton  ^n  ike  Sorts  mid  Caufis  of  Difiafis^  Vol  L 

add  that  their  efficacy  has  been  proved  in  the  alterations  that 
have  been  made,  under  the  Count's  diredion,  in  the  fire*placet 
of  many  hourc5  of  perfons  of  di(lin£kion  in  and  near  London. 

The  Fifih  of  tbefc  EITays  confifls  partly  of  accounts  of  differ* 
ent  inftitutjons  and  projefls  of  the  author  at  Munich,  and 
partly  of  an  appendix  of  papers  and  experiments  conneAed 
with  fome  of  the  preceding  topics.  Thefe  it  is  unneceflfary  for 
us  to  particularize.  It  is  enough  that  we  can  recommend  the 
whole  volume  as  one  of  the  moft  truly  ufeful  publicaiiona 
which  we  have  ever  feen,  and  as  replete  with  information,  of 
the  «uihenticity  of  which  we  cannot  doubt,  and  which  it  highly 
important  to  the  Approvement  cf  fome  of  the  moft  material 
concerns  in  common  life.  Tl)£  manner  of  writing  is  uniformly 
that  of  a  man  of  education  and  liberal  fentiments. 

Another  volume  is  promifed,  on  kindred  fubjeds  of  equal 
ipiportance;  which,  we  doubt  not,  will  be  expefied  with  im- 
patience. 

Art.  XIX.  Ofyervatio/u  en  the  Seats  and  Cau/es  of  Difeafes  :  Ulof- 
crated  by  the  DifTedions  of  the  late  ProfciTor  Morgagni  of  Padaa. 
By  James  Hamilton  jun.  M.D.  Fellow  of  the  Royw  College  of 
Phvficiiins,  £dinbur^h.  Vol.  I.  gvo.  pp.  400.  6s.  Boards. 
Robinfons.     1795. 

THE  celebrated  performance  of  the  Italian  Profeflfor,  which  if 
the  ground-work  of  the  prcfent  publication,  following  the 
anatomical  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  head, 
thorax,  abdomen,  &c.  is  certainly  not  well  accommodated  to  a 
general  fyftem  of  difeafes ;  fince  fome  of  the  moft  important, 
the  univcrfal  difeafes,  have  no  appropriate  place :— but  it  is  evi* 
dent  that,  in  propofing  to  himfelf  theilluftratidbof  the  feats  and 
caufcs  of  difeafes  a%  inmjllgated  by  anatomy^  Morgagni  only 
defigned  to  confider  thofe  which  would  probably  leanre  fome  de* 
cifive  marks  of  their  prefence  and  operation  in  certain  parts  of 
the  body.     Being  ncceffitatcd,  then,   to  adopt  fome  arrange- 
ment, he  followed  that  which  heft  fuited  his  particular  views. 
In  order,  however,  to  render  his  woik  as  extenfively  ufeful  as 
poffible,  to  the  praAical  phyfician  as  well  as  to  the  piithologift 
and  anatomift^  he  added  very  copious  indexes  of  all  the  fymp- 
toms  and  circumftanccs  of  dtfeafe  noticed  in  his  cafes  ^   by 
means  of  which,  the  confulting  reader  might  purfue  that  train 
of  inquiry  which  belonged  to  his  prefcnt  occafion  i  and  thus, 
m  ppioion,  he  made  his  work  ptrfeQ  as  far^as  it  went,  and 
WM|*at  of  changes  in  the  I'yftematic  part  of  medicine. 
r«  H.,  however,  thinks  that  the  mafs  of  fad  coUeded  by 
gagni  may  be  prefentcd  in  a  more  ufeful  manner  for  medi- 
4vp»|ea»  by  difiributing  it  under  heads  propeily  nolblogi* 

13  €«Ij 


Bi/b0p  HincbcKfi«*i  Strmns.  -71 

cal ;  and  he  has  accordingly  executed  the  firft  volome  of  his 
flan,  containing  the  two  chapters  of  Fevers  and  Inflammatiom^ 
with  their  feveral  Tedions.  His  method  is,  to  prefix  tor  the 
cafes  arranged  under  each  difeafe  an  account  of  its  general 
fymptoms,  and  to  ful^oin  obfervations  on  the  cafes  theaifelvee^ 
and  on  the  morbid  caufes  to  which  the  difeafe  is  ufually  attri- 
buted. He  has  performed  his  tafic  with  confiderafale  ability^ 
and  has  made  ufeof  the  befl  authorities  in  compiling  his  medi- 
cal hiftories:  but,  in  many  inftances,  the  want  of  coincidence 
of  views  between  the  editor  and  the  original  author  cannot  but 
be  fenfibly  remarked.  Thus,  the  whole  clafs  of  fevers  is  de- 
duced merely  by  a  fort  of  inference  from  the  cafes  of  Mor- 
pgni,  who  often  only  incidenully  mentions  the  exigence 
of  fever,  and  is  evidently  in  fearch  of  local  affedions,  to  ac-- 
count  for  particular  fymptoms,  or  to  enlarge  the  knowlege 
of  morbid  anatomy.  For  example,  the  fourth  cafe  in  this  vo* 
lume,  which  relates  in  two  or  three  lines  the  death  of  an  old 
woman  caufed  by  an  acute  fever,  has  a  long  difleSion  annexed, 
referring  to  appearances  in  the  kidney  and  uterus,  nowifecon- 
sedcd  with  the  fever.  The  10th  cafe  of  inflammatory  fever, 
according  to  Dr.  H.,  is  chiefly  diflinguifhcd  in  the  difledidn 
by  morbid  appearances  in  the  ftomach,  probably  owing  to  fdf- 
mer  circumliances  of  life.  The  6th  cafe,  of  nervous  kvcr^  fa 
adduced  by  Morgagni  as  exhibiting  uncommon  appearance^  rn 
the  lungs,  apparently  conneSed  with  preceding  dyfpnaea. 

We  have  no  doubt  of  the  utility  of  fuch  a  work  as  13r.  H» 
has  prcjeded :  but  we  fee  no  reafon  why,  in  illuftrating  di- 
feafes  by  difledions,  he  fhould  have  confined  himfelf  to  Mor- 
gagni ;  when,  with  refpedt  to  general  difeafes,  he  might  have 
found  numerous  fads  much  more  pointed  to  his  purpofe,  arid 
the  relators  of  which  had  juft  the  fame  views  with  himfelf.  It 
isbut  juflice,  however,  to  add,  that  the  objedions  which  we  have 
made  apply  in  a  much  leis  degree  to  the  remaining  clafTes  df  dif- 
eafe; and,  if  Dr.  H.  proceeds  in  his  plan,  we  have  no  fear  that  he 
will  not  con1f>ore  a  valuable  work,  though  its  utility  will  be 
of  a  diflferent  kind  from  that  of  the  original,  and,  as  we  think, 
not  on  the  whole  fuperior. 

Art.  XX.  Sermons  hy  the  late  Ri^ht  Rev.  John  Hinchcliffe,  D.D. 
Lord  Bijhop  of  Peterborough.  8vo.  pp.  202.  5s.  Boards* 
Faulder.     1796. 

SUCH  publications  as  are  judicioufly  adapted  to  eflablifh  men 
in  the  rational  belief  and  fteady  practice  of  religion  are,  at 
the  prefent  time,  peculiarly  feafonable.  In  this  clafs  of  ufeful 
writings,  we  place  the  volume  of  fermons  no\V  before  us. 
Though  we  do  not  find  in  the  work  any  connedled  feries  of 

F  4  argument. 


jt  Bijbep  HinchcliffeV  Sermins* 

arganien^  which  might  lead  us  to  confider  it  at  a  courfe  of 

,  theological  inftrudion,  we  obferve,  through  the  whole,  that  one 
leading  defign  is  kept  in  view,  viz.  that  of  confirming  the 

.  hearers  in  the  Chriftian  faith,   and  reproving  the  prevalent  in- 

.  difference  to  religious  principles  and  pradice. 

Of  thcfe  fermons,  thirteen  in  number,  feveral  are  immedi- 

.  ately  calculated  to  counteraA  the  imprefTion  which  has,  of  late 
years,  been  made  on  the  minds  of  multitudes  in  favour  of  fcep- 
ticifm  and  infidelity.  Without  advancing  any  arguments 
which  will  be  thought  new  by  thofe  who  are  well  acquainted 
with  the  fubjed,  the  right  reverend  preacher  has  prefented  before 
his  hearers  fuch  views  of  the  leading  heads  of  evidence  in  fup- 
port  of  Chriftianity,  as  were  moft  likely  to  imprefs  a  popular 
audience. 

In  theyf/y^difcourfe,  are  firongly  reprefented  the  prefumption 
and  folly  of  rejed^ing  at  once  the  gofpel  of  Chrifl,  with  impious 
contempt,  or  with  an  afFedation  of  philofophical  indifference, 
becaufe  we  do  not  fee,  or  are  unable  to  account  for,  the  hidden 
purpofcs  of  God;  and  a  brief  fketch  is  given  of  the  plan  of  Di- 
vine Providence,  which  has  been  gr?dually  untoiding  from  the 
Creation  to  tJ\p  prcfent  day. — The  fourth  fcrmon  clearly  fJates 
the  principal  evidence  for  the  divine  authority  of  the  Chriftian 
religion  from  the  refurrccftion  of  Chrift  :  the  reality  of  which  is 
inferred  from  the  argument,  that  theapof^ies  \Aere  neither  pre* 
judiced  by  affe£lion,  nor  hurried  away  by  credulity,  to  haeaid 
their  lives  in  attefling  this  fa£i  to  others,  fince  it  appears  from 
fhe  narrative  that  they  did  not  themfclves  admit  it  without  great 
difficulty  and  relufiance.  In  farther  confirmation  of  the 
Chriflian  faith,  the  connexion  between  the  Mofaic  and 
Chriftian  difpenfations  is,  in  the  /ifih  difcourfe,  diftioAiy 
pointed  out  $  ajid  the  manner  in  which  Chrift  fulfilled  and 
abolifhed  the  ceremonial,  and  in  which  he  carried  to  perfec- 
tion the  moral,  law,  is  explained. — '1  he  nature  of  faith  in 
Chrift  is  the  fubjcft  ofthc  Jtxih  fermon,  in  which  it  is  (hewn  to 
confift  in  fuch  an  acknowkgment  of  Chrift  as  produces  an 
obedience.  The  important  evidence  for  the  truth  of  Chrifti- 
anity  from  miracles  is  well  fupported  in  the  fevtntb  fermon  :  in 
which  it  \%  remarked  that  the  mere  infrequency,  or  improba- 
bility, of  a  fadf,  ought  not  to  preclude  all  inquiry  concerning 
its  truth  ;  nor  to  be  received  as  dccifive  againft  the  evidence  of 
fenfe  or  teftimony:  that  the  Chriflian  miracles  were  di reded 
to  moft  important  ends,  were  an  exprefs  annunciation  of  the 
divine  mifljon  of  Chrift,  and  were  aitefted  by  witnefles,  who 
^Ould  net  be  deceived  themfelves,  and  could  have  no  intereft  in 
impofing  on  others  5  that  the  effed  of  our  Saviour's  miniftry  is 
pot  10  be  explained  bpt  pn  the  fuppofition  of  a  divine  agency  ; 

and 


Lttfers  tin  the  Province  tfOuia  yj 

and  Aat  the  fate  of  the  Jewifli  people  is  a  mirade  fiill  before 
our  eyes. — The  ninth  fermon  exhibits  the  Chriftian  religioa 
under  the  pleating  charader  of  the  gofpel  of  peace,  and  illuf- 
trates  the  tendency  of  its  doArine  to  promote  the  happinefs  of 
fociety. — In  the  twelfth  fermon,  is  refuted  theobje^on  againft 
revelation  from  the  partiality  whic|i  is  in  fcripture  apparently 
ibewn  to  the  Jewiih  nation • 

The  reft  of  thefe  fermons  are  of  a  more  pra£lical  kind  :  the 
fubje&s  are,  the  benefit  of  meditation  ;  the  (hortnefs  and  un- 
certainty of  life;  the  moral  infirmity  of  man  \  fpiritual  pride; 
religious  wifdom;  and  the  unreafonablenefs  of  religions  defpond- 
ency.  The  general  tendency  of  thefe  difcourfes  is  to  excite  an 
attention  to  religious  principled,  as  the  befl  fupport  under  the 
infirmities  of  human  nature,  and  the  only  effefiual  fecurity 
againft  the  infedion  of  vicious  example. 

Ibe  difcourfes  are  throughout  written  with  corref^nefs  and 
fimplicity ;  and  they  are  happily  calculated  to  fupporc  religious 
belief,  and  to  promote  virtuous  manners. 


Aar.  XXI.  Letters ^  Political^  Military 9  and  Commercial ,  on  ibe  fn^ 
Jent  State  and  Go'vernment  of  the  Province  ofOude  and  its  Dependeneieip 
addrefled  co  Sir  John  8hore»  Baroaec^  Governor  General  of  the 
SriiiQi  Pcfleffions  in  India.     410.     as.     Debrett.    1796. 

^HE  political  importance  of  the  fingularly  fituated  province 
'-  of  Oude,  to  the  fecurity  of  the  territorial  pofieflions  of 
Great  Britain  in  Afia,  will  always  difpofe  us  to  receive  with 
gratitude  every  publication,  which  is  calculated  to  convey  ufe- 
fuJ  information  on  the  a^ual  ftate  of  that  country,  or  to  fuggeft 
rational  hints  for  its  improvement.  Were  that  confideration, 
however,  lefs  cogent  than  we  conceive  it  to  be,  it  would  re- 
quire a  greater  degree  cf  apathy  than  we  profefs  to  feel,  to  view 
with  indifference  the  condition  of  a  country  once  rich,  learned, 
and  powerful,  but  now,  according  to  the  author  of  thefe  letters, 
labouring  under  evils  of  the  mod  alarming  magnitude. 

'  Emigrations  are  frequent :  cultivation  has  been  on  the  decline 
for  many  years,  and  at  the  prefent  time,  the  Company's  troops  fta- 
tion^d  in  his  (the  Vizier's)  country,  are  fubiilled  by  the  fapplies 
which  they  draw  from  the  Miryapore  and  Benares  diftridls.  Property 
is  infecure.  Murders  and  robberies  are  daily  committed,  and  pafs 
onpuniHied,  and  even  unnoticed.  Ultimately,  (in  ihort,}  there  is 
neither  police  nor  efficient  government  in  this  country.' 

Thefe  letters  are  the  produdlions  of  a  lieutenant  in  the  Ben* 
gal  cavalry,  and  are  Oated,  in  an  advertifement  prefixed  to  the 
woric,  ^  to  have  commanded  the  applaufe  of  every  man  in  India.' 
We  arc  inclined  to  imagine  that  the  perfons,  by  whofe  advice 

and 


.74  Letan  on  th  Provina  .o/Oudf. 

and  agency  the  commercial  treaty  with  the  Vieicr  was 
eluded,  muft  be  admitted  at  exceptions ;  fince  that  treaty  it 
uniformly  reprcfented  to  be  at  hoftilc  to  the  interefls  of  that 
Ffjnce  in  its  matter,  at  the  manner  of  its  adjuftment  wat 
derogatory  to  hit  dignity. 

Before  we  proceed  to  ftate  the  caufet  afligned  by  this  officer, 
of  the  alarming  evils  now  prevalent  in  that  unhappy  country, 
we  cannot  avoid  remarking  the  fmguiar  aufpices  under  which 
this  publication  is  u(bered  to  the  world,  viz.  ^  the  approbation 
«f  Mr.  Dundas.'  After  the  Houfeof  Commoos  and  the  Court 
of  DireAors  had  fo  repeatedly  and  forcibly  levelled  their  ant« 
tbemas  againft  the  farther  increafe  of  an  already  too  widely  ex- 
tended empire ;  we  little  cxpedcd  to  find  a  work,  which  has  for 
its  avowed  objeA  the  aflumption  of  the  government  of  Oude, 
honoured  with  fuch  patronage.  Still  lefs  are  we  able  to  recon- 
cile it  with  the  invedives  fo  liberally  beflowed  on  the  commer* 
cial  treaty,  which  confiitutes  fo  prominent  a  feature  in  the  go- 
vernment of  the  noble  Marquit  Cornwallis.  The  Company, 
by  their  conduct  to  the  Vizier,  fays  the  prefent  writer,  *  ap- 
pear rather  in  the  light  of  an  infidious  enemy,  fyftematically  de* 
viiing  means  for  his  deftrudion,  than  as  friends  and  proteA- 
ort.'  The  Prefident  of  the  Board  of  Controul  cannot  mif- 
take  the  motives  which  influence  their  policy ;  and,  if  hit  heart 
difavowt  this  Machiavelian  fyftem,  as  we  truft  and  believe, 
whence  originates  his  approbation  of  this  work  i 

This  pamphlet  confifts  of  five  letters  :  in  the  iirft  of  which 
the  writer  delineates  a  moft  diftreiling  portraitof  theftateof  the 
countries  which  arefubjei^  to  the  Vizier.  The  fource  of  their 
misfortunes  he  traces  to  *  the  enormous  fums  in  fpecie  which  the 
Company  have  drawn  from  him  ;  and  to  the  duties  which  they 
levy  on  the  few  articles  which  his  country  produces  for  ex« 
portation,  added  to  the  fund  a  mental  defeats  in  the  government.' 
Thefe  defeds  he  derives  chiefly  from  the  perfonal  chara^r 
of  the  prince,  whofe  weaknefs,  ignorance,  and  voluptuoufnefs 
render  him  inattentive  to  every  thing  but  the  means  of  gratify- 
ing the  moft  odious  vices.  'J  he  confequence.i  are  a  total  ne« 
glefl  of  the  adminiftration  of  juftice,  and  a  tyilem  of  rapine 
pervading  every  department  of  his  feeble  but  oppreflivc  govern* 
ment.  Convinced  as  we  are  that  the  author's  itatement  is 
little  (if  at  all)  exaggerated,  we  (hall  take  leave  of  the  firft 
letter ;  only  remarking  an  incidental  miftake  into  which  he 
hat  fallen,  in  fuppofing  the  Mucurrery  fyftem  to  be  eftabliihed 
'fk  Che  Company's  provinces.  Thar  fyftem,  the  oft'spring  of 
ylr.  Law,  wat  at  his  recommendation  introduced  by  way  of 
xperimcnt,  in  a  few  pergunnahs  of  Bahar  proper :  but  itt 
principle  wat  neither  adopted  nor  approvtd  by  the  Bengal  go* 
J**.  vcinmtnt^ 


Littin  01  ^i  PnvifiCi  rf  Oudi;  jf 

vernmenty   in  the  general   fettlement   foon   afterward  con- 
cluded. 

Would  it  not  be  eafy  and  advifable  Co  fubftitute  Englifli 
words  for  the  original  terms  preferved  in  thefo  letters  ?  If  the 
word  detachments  be  lefs  fonorous  than  Muttayena^  it  furely 
has  the  advantage  of  being  much  more  intelligible* 

The  fecond  letter  points  out  the  mifchiefs  refulting  from  the 
noney  fubtraded  from  the  circulation  of  this  province,  and 
tranfmitted  to  the  Prefidency.  We  readily  admit  the  fatal 
effeiSs  of  this  operation,  in  a  country  deftitute  of  commerce  : 
but  we  have  reafon  to  believe9  notwjthftanding  the  pernicious 
confequences  attributed  Hn  the  3d  letter)  to  the  commercial 
treaty,  that  the  trade  of  Oude  has  obtained  a  vtry  confiderable 
increafe,  fince  the  period  of  its  adjuftment: — an  increafe  which 
we  do  not  indeed  afcribe  to  the  treaty,  but  to  the  rifing  demand 
for  the  productions  of  that  country.  The  fplendor  and  opu- 
lence of  this  province,  previoufly  to  its  connexion  with  the  £ng«r 
li(h,  ^e  frequently  find  contrafted  with  its  prefent  ftate  of  de- 
cline. Thecomparifon  is  at  once  juft,  ftriking,  and  melancholy: 
but  it  will  not  be  difputed  that  the  tribute  annually  remitted  to 
Delhi  and  Agra,  when  Oude  was  fubjcd  to  the  Mogul,  greatly 
exceeded  the  amount  of  fpecie  afiually  remitted  to  Calcutta. 

The  fourth  letter  contains  the  author's  plan  for  remedying 
the  evils  under  which  this  province  labours ;  and  it  amounts 
(as  we  have  already  (lated)  only  to  this,  that  the  Company 
fluU  difpofiefs  their  faithful  ally  of  dominions  which  he  is  un- 
qualified to  govern,  and  (hall  take  the  management  to  themfelves^ 
Were  we  toqueftion  the  juftice  or  the  ncccffity  of  this  flrong 
meafure,  and  to  hint  our  opinion  that  the  abufes  here  enume- 
rated might  be  remedied  without  having  recourfe  to  it,  by  the 
exertion  of  our  influence  for  the  eftablifliment  of  regular  courts 
of  jurifprudence,  and  the  nomination  of  proper  peribns  to  pre- 
fidein  them  5  we  fhould  doubtlefs  be  charged  with  ^a  culpable 
compliance  with  the  prejudices  of  an  interelled  party  in  Eng- 
land :'  yet  we  cannot  entirely  dilTcmble  our  convidion  that  the 
introdudiion  of  Eijropean  judges,  colledors,  and  agents,  will 
not  contribute  to  ameliorate  the  hard  lot  of  the  natives.  Be- 
tween the  prefent  fyilem  of  abftaining  from  all  interference  in 
the  affairs  of  Oude,  and  that  of  our  military  politician  of  feiz- 
ing  on  the  government,  a  medium  might  probably  be  devired,^ 
more  conducive  than  iith^r  to  the  profperity  of  that  country. 
Let  not  the  natives  be  excluded  from  all  ofHces  of  trufl,  power, 
or  profit,  to  the  total  extind^ion  of  genius  and  fcience,  by  anni- 
hilating all  objedls  q^  ambition  :  but  let  his  Highnefs's  choice  be 
direded  to  a  proper  feledlicn  of  officers,  and  to  every  meafure 
of  a  falutary  tendency. 

The 


76  P^gcV  Life  9/  Robert  Groflctcfte. 

The  fifth  letter  exhibits  a  concife  but  judicious  review  of 
the  Vizier's  territories  confidered  in  a  military  point  of  light 
as  the  barrier  to  the  Company's  provinces,  l^be  perils  with 
%irhich  this  writer  faw  them  environed,  by  the  powerful  neigh- 
bourhood  of  Mahagee  Sindia,  have  fince  vaniflied  by  the  death 
of  that  formidable  chief;  whofe  AiccefTor  is  not  faid  to  bbvc  in« 
herited  either  his  talents  or  his  ambition. 

The  obfcrvations  (which  conclude  this  letter)  on  the  policy 
of  eftablifhing' a  ftrong  body  of  cavalry  for  the  prefent,  and 
fecuring  a  fupply  of  horfes  for  the  future,  arc  of  the  laft  im* 
portance,  and  cannot  be  too  ftrongly  inculcated  on  the  minds 
of  thofe  who  dircd  the  operations  of  the  Bengal  govern* 
ment, 

Art.XXII.  The  Life  of  Rohtrt  Grofeu/ie,  the  ceUhrated  Bijbof  9/ 
Ltnctln.  By  Samuel  Pegge,  LL.D,  Prebendary  of  Louth,  ia 
that  Church.  With  an  accoonc  of  the  Bifbop's  Works,  and  an 
Appendix.     410.     pp«  3^$'     '3^*   fewed.     Nichols. 

ALTHOUGH  the  lapfe  of  ages  has  not  dcftroyed  the  celebrity 
of  this  antient  bi(hop,  yet  the  feveral  attempts  which  have 
been  made  to  form  a  hjftory  of  his  life  have  failed  of  fucccfs. 
1  he  fchemes  and  labours  of  learned  n^n  for  this  purpofe, 
though  in  a  great  meafure  fruiilefs,  prove  the  high  opiniun 
which  was  entertained  of  him,  and  iuiprcfs  us,  fays  Dr.  Pegge, 
*  with  diffidence  aiMi  fear,  left  a  fuhjedt  (o  arduous  (bould  fumr 
too  much  under  our  feeble  hands  :  but,  (;he  Dod^or  adds,)  let 
this  be  my  apology :  Cicero  gives  it  as  a  refined  dguhU  thten* 
dn^  that  when  Scipio  Africanus  Major  ac  a  banquet  was  put- 
ting on  his  chaplet,  and  it  broke  feveral  times  in  ftretching,  as 
being  too  little,  P.  Licinius  Varus  obferved  to  him  *  "««//  «!• 
rarifi  non  canvemau  caput  inim  magnum  efl.'* 

"l  he  above  quotation  may  be  regarded  as  happy  in  reference 

10  the  irtf//!^  alhgned  to  the  Bifhop;  of  which  we  find  in  th«  Ap* 

pendix,  p.  2^5«  96,  upwards  of  twenty  vaiieties,  all  fignifytng 

Great'biad^  an  appellation  given  to  him  at  Paris  or  Oxford,  or 

both,  and  intended  to  intimate  at  once  his  natural  ability  and 

his  improvemtnts  :  iox  at  the  time  of  his  birth  family  natoes 

were  not  very  common,  efpecially  among  the  lower  people  ( 

and  it  appears  that  bis  parentage  was  rather  obfcure  and  mean* 

It  is  coojcdurcd  that  he  was  born  at  Stradbrook  (Suffolk )  about 

•li^year  1I75>     Little  can  now  be  coUedled  conccriiing  the 

<r  part  of  his  life ;    but  it  appears  that  he  applied  himfelf 

diligence  to  (ucb  kinds  of  learning  as  were  regarded  in 

lark  and  fupeiflitious  period  \  and  his  proficiency  was  fo 

•  Cicero  de  Orators^  ii.  cap.  61. 

very 


INpg'ge'x  Lifi  of  ifcobcrt  GroBclcttc/  77 

very  coDfid^rabre,  that  he  was  charged  with  magic:  ^fer  in 
thofe  days  of  ignorance,  if  any  one  foarcd  above  the  reft  in  his 
inquiries  and  difcoverics,  the  coriclufion  woold  probably  be 
Chat  he  was  a  necromancer,  or,  in  other  words,  dealt  with  the 
devil.  He  read  features  at  Oxford,  and  occupied  feveral  fta« 
tions  in  the  church  till  the  ye^r  1235,  when  he  fucceeded  his 
patron  and  particular  friend,  Hugh  de  Welles,  in  the  epifco<* 
fal  chair  of  Lincoln.  This  was  a  very  diflinguiflied  poft,  and 
Robert  appears  to  have  condu6ied  himfelf  in  it  with  an  atten- 
tive regard  both  to  the  clergy  and  other  inhabitants  of  that 
large  diocefe,  as  alfo  to  the  general  interefts  of  what  was  then 
confidered  as  learning  and  religion.  Of  his  vifitations,  or  at 
leaft  the  firft  which  he  made,  fome  judgment  is  to  be  formed 
from  the  lift  $f  inquiries^  and  alfo  the  conftitutions  or  Jfatutes^ 
prepared  for  tbe  occafion ;  the  firft  of  which,  as  Dr.  Pegge 
apprehends,  was  intended  for  and  fent  to  tbe  churchwardens 
of  each  parifli,  the  other  for  the  clergy :  but  thefe  Latin  ar-> 
tides  could  furely  prove  of  no  ufe  to  the  churchwardens ;  how- 
ever it  might  be  with  the  clergy,  who  were  themfelves  mifer- 
ably  ignoranl,  as  fome  of  thefe  conftitutions  plainly  imply ;—« 
but  we  conclude  that  they  received  Englifli  tranflations*«-^ 
The  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  which  does  not  feem  to  have  been 
at  chat  time  fully  accomplifhed  in  the  Engliih  church,  is  maift« 
tatned  with  rigour :  this  probably  might  be  one  among  other 
jnftniflions  of  which  they  complained  as  fevere,  and  oti  acr 
count  of  which  they  called  his  vifitation  new  and  unpnce-- 
imted:  but  the  Bilhop's  anfwer  was,—**  Every  new  thing 
which  infirn^s,  improves,  and  perfeds  a  man,  is  a  new 
bJdfing." 

The  view  which  we  can  form,  from  thefe  memorials  of 
GroiTetefte's  condufl  and  chara<5^er,  is  very  incomplete ;  v»e 
infer,  however,  that  he  was  an  acfiive,  diligent,  man,  and  oct 
cupied  at  different  times  by  engagements  and  contefts  which 
might  be  deemed  of  a  rather  fecular  kind,  or  comport  more  di- 
ledbly  with  a  political  tflablifiiment  than  with  the  humility  and 
fimplictty  of  a  Chriftian  bifhop.  If  we  may  judge  from  his 
conftitutions,  he  was  very  attentive  to  the  clergy,  promoting 
and  endowing  vicarages,  urging  refidence  in  their  refpeftive 
parifhes,  recommending  propriety  and  decency  of  behaviour, 
and  (which  may  feem  fomewhat  extraordinary,)  a  diligent  per- 
afal  of  the  Scriptures  ;  an  exhortation  with  which  few  of  the 
clergy  were  qualified  to  comply  ;  and  if  they  did,  it  was  likely 
to  produce  a  difagreement  and  oppofltion  to  practices  and  no<- 
tions  which  were  ac  that  time  prevalent.  His  numerous  works, 
or  writings,  of  which  we  here  find  a  catalogue,  bear  witnefs 
tohisknov?lege  and  induftry.     They  are  arranged  under  ch# 

articles^ 


>8  Pegge'j  Lift  §f  Robert  Grofletefte, 

articles,  Tiseologica,  idiiaetin€diia\  Philofophica,  dittos  Mi(cd« 
bnea,  ditto;  to  which  are  added,  French  and  EngliCbi  together 
with  tranflations  from  the  Greek. —We  can  pronounce  with 
certainty  very  little  ourfelves  concerning  thefe  produdiona  of 
the  Biflbop's  pen,  as  we  are  not  fufficiently  acquainted  with 
them.  That  the  eonciones  ai  clerum  ihould  be  in  the  Latia 
language  we  do  not  much  wonder,  though  we  are  perfuadel 
that  in  fuch  times  they  muft  have  been  almoft  unintelligiUo 
and  ufelels  to  the  greater  part  of  thofe  to  whom  they  were  ad* 
drefled  :  but  we  are  rather  furprifed  that  other  fermonSy  in« 
tended  for  people  in  general,  ihould  not  have  been  writ* 
ten  in  Englifb.  We  do  indeed  find  under  the  article  EmgUfii 
^  Sirmoms  ^  tra£iaius  plures :'  but  we  are  informed  that  *  ic 
inay  be  doubted  whether  the  original  works  be  his,  or  tranfla- 
tions  mi^de  by  other  and  later  hands.*— -His  capital  performance 
is  entitled,  *  De  Cejfatione  Ligaliumy  compofed  (as  Jit.  Pegge 
with  fome  reafon  imagines)  about  the  year  1231,  at  which 
period  attempts  feem  to  have  been  made  for  the  converGon  of 
the  Jews  ;  *  it  is  evidently  written  againft  that  people,  though 
be  names  them  not;  the  arguments  in  favour  of  the  perma* 
nency  of  the  (ceremonial)  Jaw  are  dated  in  the  faireft  and 
mod  candid  manner,  and  the  replies  delivered  with  the  utmoft 
temper  and  moderation  ;'  infomuch  as  to  be,  our  author  thinkSy 
<  a  model  worthy  of  the  imitation  of  modern  difputants.'— The 
moft  memorable  of  thefe  theological  tra£ls  is,  in  our  opinion^ 
^  Strmo  coram  Innoeentio  IF.  Papa^  in  Concilio  Lugitminfi  ImHtut 
anno  1250,  de  Corruptelis  EuUfm*  This  fermon  was  not 
preached  by.  the  Bithop  at  that  time,  but  he  had  three  copies, 
one  of  which  he  is  faid  to  have  given  to  the  Pope,  the  others  to 
two  of  the  Cardinals  ;  and  we  arc  informed  that  by  one  of 
them  it  was  read  in  the  prefcnce  of  his  Holinefs.  It  attributes^ 
in  a  great  meafur?,  the  corruptions  which  prevailed  in  the 
church,  to  the  iniquitous  meafures  and  ufurpaiions  of  the  Ro- 
mifli  See.  He  furvived  this  remarkable  exertion  only  about 
two  or  three  years  ;  and  though  the  Bi (hop's  eyes  began  now 
to  be  a  little  opened,  this  was  "^iity  imperfe^ly  cfFedcd  :  fef 
we  find  him  in  this  interval  (p.  183.)  infifling  that  the  prieft* 
^ood  is  fuperior  to  the  civil  magiihate  \  *  and  in  fine  (fays  our 
author)  he  foars  fo  high  in  his  ideas  concerning  the  privilegesr 
and  prerogativesof  the  clerical  order,  that  he  even  leaves  Arch-* 
bi(bop  Becket  far  behind  him.'— -1  his  increafe,  if  there  were 
suiy,  cf  ecrlcfiaftical  bigotry,  he  is  fuppofed  to  have  imbibed 
from  the  Tejiament  of  the  iwekfi  Patriarchs^  a  Greek  manu- 
fcript,  which  at  fome  confiderable  expence  he  is  faid  to  have 
procured  from  Athens  :  a  grofs  piece  of  forgery,  yet  of  very 
intient  datc^  and  fo  imporunt  in  the  view  of  our  credulous 

Bilhopy 


Pegg^^i  Lifl  rf  Robert  GroflfeteQe.  79 

BifliO{>.^,  that  with  the  alEftance  of  Nicolas  the  Greek,  a 
monk  of  St.  Alban's  abbey,  he  tranflated  it ;  as  they  did  alfo 
t«ro  other  mtnufcripts :  but  our  author  exprefies  bis  furprire, 
iKKwitbftaoding  the  ignorance  of  the  times,  that  Grofletefte 
itiould  be  deceired  as  he  was  in  this  and  other  inftances, 
({ih  350*)  and  indeed  concludes  that  his  acquaintance  with 
the  Greek  authors  (p.  346.)  could  not  be  very  extenfive. 

Archbifhop  Williams  had  Qnce  an  intention  of  printing  the 
works  of.  Grdfbtefte ,  in  three  v^olumea  folio,  and  others  fince 
that  tioie  have  intimated  i\^\x  wi(h  (inconfiderate  furely) 
that  it  had  been  done :  Dr.  Pegge,  with  impartiality  whicb 
conciliates  refpc^,  though  wcll-difpofcd  to  be  favourable,  de- 
dares  himfelf  of  a  confrary  opinion,  and  adds  (p.  264.)-«- 
^  fiiihop  Grofletefte,  to  fjfteak  generally,  was  but  a  bad  divine^ 
invoivei}  in  all  the  grofleft  errors  and  .corruptions  of  popery*^ 
for  which  reafon,  though  candonc  obliges  us  to  impute  his  falfe 
notions  on  theological  points  to.  the  general  blindoefs  of  the 
age  in  ttfyt£k  to  fuch  matters,  yet  the.  greatefl  part  of  his 
labours  on  divine  fubjeds,  fermons,  commentaries,  diflertai« 
UooSy  &c.  would  prove,  in  my  apprehenfion^  of -very  little 
fervice  in  thefe  far  more  enlightjsned  times/ — We  cannot  but 
concur  wifh  the  author,  and  indeed  muft  add  our  perfuaiiotif 
that  they  could  he  of  n^ftrvia. 

The  above  pafiage  agrees  well  with  the  fair  and  honeft 
declaration  which  Dr.  P.  has  made  at  the  beginning  of  hia 
work  (p.  5.): 

'— iThoogh.as  Bifhop  GrofTeteile's  biographer,  Ifhall  rataraliy  be 
dirpofed  to  give  him  all  his  dae  praifes,  yet  I  forefee,  that  f  cannoc,  in 
all  cafct,  arpprove  of  his  conduct  and  tranfadlions  ;  and  that  in  lomc 
particulars  I  may  chance  to  think  lefs  highly  of  him  than  others  have 
done  before  me.  Where  fore,  I  hcpe  1  ihall  be  pardoned  in  not 
ficrificing  my  own  notions  and  fentiments  to  a  blind  indifcriminate 
admiration  of  the  prelate,  efpecially  as  I  (hall  always  endeavour  to 
proceed  with  impartiality,  and  as  I  trud,  with  candour.' 

We  are  forry  to  obferve  that  cur  opinion  of  the  Bifliop  is  not 
heightened,  but  rather  diminiftieJ,  by  the  perufal  of  thefe 
Oileilionsy  as  the  Uodlor  in  one  place  niodeftjy  terms  his  per- 
P[»rmance.  That  he  was  a  fmcere,  and  on  the  whole  a  good 
man,  we  cannot  doubt  ;  his  ability  was  eminent,  his  learning, 
for  the  time,  very  confiderable,  and  his  virtue,  though  mifguid* 
ed  was  confpicuous  :  yet  he  was  bigotted  almoft  in  the  extreme, 
at  lead  for  the  greater  part  of   his  life^  fo  that,  though  he  had 

•  It  ought»  however,  to  be  remarked  that  Mr.  Whifton  pleads  for 
this  book  a6  genuine  :  but  he  could  believe  in  any  thing  excpt  the 
Athanafian  creed. 


So  ?cggeslf/e0/RohtnGro6ctc(le. 

an  inquiring  mind,  with  induffry  and  refolution  fufEcient  ttf 
purfue  his  refearches,  he  would  not  exert  them  on  fubjedt  of 
religion ;  and  though  he  read  and  commented  on  the  Scrip- 
tures, he  appears  to  have  had  a  very  defefiive  notion  indeed 
of  the  real  nature  and  fpirit  of  Chriflianity.  *  1  o  receive,  teach, 
and  obferve,  the  orthodox  tradition  of  the  fathers,  and  tbe  de» 
cretal  conftitution  of  the  holy  fee,'  (p.  50.),  was  with  bim  • 
matter  of  the  fir  ft  confequence;  and  To  far  as  the  oath  (In 
itfelf  indeed  unlawful)  adminifiered  at  that  lime  bound  him  to 
this,  we  might  commend  him  ;  unlefs  a  convi£lion  of  truth 
and  a  fcnfe  of  duty  had  prevailed  with  him  to  break  from  its 
fliackles.  His  contefls  concerning  what  he  regarded  at  tbe 
rights  of  the  church  fcem  to  have  been  miftaken  and  ilUfbundod 
as  to  their  general  principle,  and  fomelimes  in  particular  cafes 
exerted  in  a  manner  rather  arbitrary;  reminding  us  of  what  is 
faid  of  the  late  king  of  Pruffia,  <  that  he  would  fufFer  no  man 
to  tyrannize  but  himfelf.'  Dr.  Pegge  in  fome  inftances  fredjr 
gives  him  up,  and  on  one  occafion  applies  the  words  of  the 
poet, 

<  ■■  ipu^et  bac  opprobria  nohis  .    . 

Et  did  potutj/it  et  non  potuijje  refelii* 

Matthew  Paris  is  known  to  be  very  {^vtrt  in  his  animadver* 
fions  on  GrofTetcfte,  fo  as  to  term  him,  malleus  et  immanis perfe" 
eutor\  and  again,  quiet  is  nefcius^  multis  adverfans^  fuam  plurtmis 
it  adverfantibusj  IJmaeli  confimilis  ;  in  which  ftrong  expreffions 
he  has  a  particular  reference  to  the  Bi/liop's  difputes  with  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Lincoln,  and  alfo  to  that  diflike  which 
he  had  to  the  monks,  of  which  number  Matthew  was  one, 
and  in  whofe  favour  he  was  (Irongly  prejudiced.  Yet  offended 
as  he  is  with  the  prelate,  he  is  ftill  at  times  almoft  laviih  in  his 
praife,  and  even  adds  by  way  of  apology  for  his  errors^-MJr/F- 
denter  tamtn  ajferoy  quod  Deo  p/acuerunt  ipftus  virtutes^  juamOis 
excejfus  difpUcuirunt, 

*  The  king  of  France  (obfer^es  our  author,  p.  i^9«)  was  blefled^ 
if  you  will  believe  it,  with  a  pofleflion  cf  a  moiety  of  Chrift's  crnfs,  in- 
troduced into  his  kingdom  with  all  imaginable  pomp  and  veneration; 
and  that  the  king  of  hnghnd  might  not  be  behind  with  him»  or  poorer 
in  religion  than  his  great  neighbour,  he  acquired  fome  of  uur  Saviour's 
blood.  The  mafler  of  the  temple  and  hofpital  at  Jerufalem  fent  this 
blood  in  a  beautiful  chryltal  phial,  with  an  ampb  attcflation ;  and 
indeed  it  required  that,  under  the  fe^ls  of  the  patriarch,  ihe  arch* 
Ufliopa  and  biQiops»  tbe  prelates  anJ  grandees  of  the  Holy  Land.' 

Xh        Utfuii^  yf^%   received   and   celebrated   with  great  fo* 

«ich  GrofTetelle  was  particularly  diftinguifhed : 

'bo  was  alfo  prefent,  relates  the  fpeech  which 

hop  pronounced  on  the  occailon.  Concerning 

this 


Pegge'i  Lifs  ef  Robert  Grofletefte.  8 1 

tbis  Dc  Ptg^e,  with  much  propriety  and  candour,  refleflt  ^ 
follows :— *  What  pitiable  «reakners  in  a  great  man  I  Onf 
may  pafs  the  monkifh  credulity  of  Matthew  Paris,  but  tbc 
fupinenefs-aod  facility  of  the  ^iz^Jearned  GroiTctefie  is  truly  a 
very  humiliating  circumfiance  unto  all !' 

It  is  indeed  evident  that  this  prelate  was  fometimes  as  abjefl 
aod  fervile,  as  at  others  haughty  and  refolutc.  His  piety,  though 
often  ignorant  and  fuperftitious,  was  fin  cere  ;  not  merely  o£ 
(bat  kind,  as  has  been  too  frequently  the  cafe,  which  feparates 
itfelf  from  virtue,  or  is  confiftent  with  a  vicious  life ;  aod 
fo  far  it  merits  the  encomiums  which  it  has  received.  At« 
tached  as  he  was  to  the  traditions  and  decretals  of  the  church, 
be  beheld  with  grief  and  fometimes  with  indignation  the 
infamous  traffick,  particularly  as  to  benefices,  maintained 
by  the  See  of  Rome  :  but  it  was  not  till  in  his  later  days 
that  he  could  think  of  loofening  his  connexion  with  that  See, 
or  rather  with  Innocent,  who  then  filled  that  chair.  After 
the  free  remonftrance  contained  in  the  fermo:i,  which  has  bees^ 
mentioned  above,  in  the  lafl  year  of  his  life,  he  refiflcd 
fieadily  a  demand  of  the  Pope,  though  moft  peremptory,  and  ac- 
companied with  heavy  threatenings  in  cafeof  non-compliance,*-^ 
almoft  retorting,  it  is  faid,  ixcommumcatiQn  for  ixtjsnununicatnn^ 
This  letter  is  flill  extant ;  and  a  tranflation  of  it  may  be  feea 
in  Fox's  Martyrology,  and  in  Rapin's  Hifiory  of  England  **« 
The  Pope,  incenfed  almoft  to  madnefs,  exclaimed,  ^*  Who  'i0 
this  old  dotard  (furdus  et  abfurdus)  deaf  and  abfurd  V*  his 
cardinals  fomewhat  appeared  his  wrath,  but  he  excommunicated 
the  Bilhop;  who  ncvcrihclefs  continued  his  official  duties,  and, 
appealing  from  the  fentencc  to  the  tribunal  of  Chrift,  troubled 
himfelf  but  little  about  it.  In  the  latter  end  of  this  year^ 
1^5 3f  vvhich  proved  his  laft,  we  find  him  confined  by  illnefs 
to  the  palace  of  Buckden.  Matthew  Paris  has  related  fome 
converfations  which  he  had  in  this  interval  with  his  chaplains. 
They  rcfpeft  chiefly  Pope  Innocent  and  h\s  villainous  proceed^ 
ings.  in  one  of  thcfe  dialogues,  he  aflcs,  *  what  is  herefy  V 
which  he  tmmediatfly  explains  according  to  his  idea  :-— 
*  Hitrefis  eft  fententia  humano  fenfu  electa,  Scriptura  Sacra  con-^ 
tTMriay  palam  ido^a^  pertinaciter  deftnfa  :  harejis  Gracty  elcflio 
tatim*  This  ^iefinition  he  applies  to  innocent,  and  conclude.^ 
him  to  be  a  Heretic ^2  for  thefe  difcouvfcs  are  not  fo  much,  if 
at  all,  direftcd  againft  popery  and  the  prevailing  tenets  of  the 
church  at  that  time,  as  againft  the  pop^s,  whofe  office  and 
authority  he  acknowleged  and  honoured,  though  he  was 
fcaodalized  by  their  pcifonal  behaviour*     Had  he  lived  longer, 

^ L_ : . , m 

'  •  Vol.  iii.  8vo.  p.  sis- 
Rev.  Sept.  1796.  G  '  poffibly 


Si  Monthly  Catalogue,  Medmmcs: 

)ioffibIy  his  reafoning  might  have  acquired  a  much^wider  fcope* 
In  the  midft  of  reflexions  of  this  nature,  he  expired  on  the 
ninth  of  Oflober. 

Our  author  produces  feveral  teftimonies  honourable  to  this 
prelate;  that  of  M.  Paris  carries  weight,  becaufe  be  wts  on 
fome  accounts  unfavourable  to  the  Bifhop,  and  that  of  Roger 
Bacon  much  more,  fince  he  was  without  doubt  fuperior  to 
either  of  the  former.  The  Do6lor  himfelf  draws  from  differ- 
ent memoirs  a  pleafing  charader ;  which,  though  high,  we 
fuppofe  on  the  whole  to  be  juft,  when  allowances  are  made 
for  the  blindnefs  of  the  times,  and  for  his  own  almoft  infuper- 
able  prcpoflcifions.  Whether,  if  Groflctefle  had  lived  to  fee 
thedawnings  of  a  brighter  light,  he  would  have  been  a  reformer 
or  a  perfecutor,  is,  perhaps,  problematical.  Firm,  in  bis  ad* 
vancing  days,  in  oppofition  to  that  which  he  regarded  asiniqui« 
tous  and  opprelfive,  he  was  equally  firm  in  adhering  to  ccclefia- 
fiical  dogmata  and  prcfcriptions  ;  and  it  might  require  fome- 
ifffhat  almoft  miraculous  to  fhake  his  bigotry  and  his  preju* 
dices. 

t)r-  Pcggc  has  exerted  his  ufual  induftry  and  attention  in 
compiling  this  volume.  If  his  ftyle  in  fome  inftances  be  rather 
too  negligent^  his  plan  is  judicious  and  agreeable;  his  reilec- 
tions  are  pertinent,  folid,  and  ufeful :  he  appears  as  the  friend 
of  liberty  and  inquiry ;  and,  though  well  difpofed  to  extol  the 
Ibbjefl  which  employs  his  pen,  he  does  not  tamely  furrender  his 
own  judgment.— We  are  ferry  to  obfcrve,  by  the  newfpapers^ 
that  his  learned  labours  and  his  life  are  at  length  clofed,  at  a  very 
advanced  age, 


MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 
For   SEPTEMBER,    1796. 

MECHANICS. 

Art.  25.     Remarks  an  the  prejent  drfe^i've  State  of  Fire- Arms  ^  Jbrtving 
the  Danger  to  thoft  nuho  carry  thtm :    together  with  an  Explanatioh 
of  a  ncwly-invented  Patent  Gun-Lock,  by  which  all  the  prefent 
.,   Difadvantuges  are  removed,  and  Simplicity,  Security,  and  Dura* 
bility  fubAiiuted.      By   G.  Uohon,  Efq.      8vo.      pp.   88.      is. 
EgertOD.     1795. 
VjR.  Bolton  offers  the  following  apology  for  turning  his  attentloa 
to  the  improvement  of  an  impleroent  of  delirudion :  '  It  is  a 
true,  though  a  melancholy  reflexion,  that  in  all  ages  and  in  all  na- 
tions men  have  never  exerted  their  genius  more,  than  in  contriving 
means  for  the  de(lrii£tton  of  pne  another  :  but  the  fecondary  reflec- 
Ihion  is  equally  true ;  and  of  a  more  pleafing  nature,  viz.  that  in  the 
end,  the  greater  the  deftrudliye  properties,  which  cither  art  or  fcieuce 

gives 


MoNTliLY  Cat Alooue,  Mechanics.  Hg 

E'  'vH  to  uRrqments  of  war,  t£e  lefs  becomes  the  flaoghter. — Thoi 
iprovemciits  in  the  art  of  war,  applied  to  military  or  naval  taAics^ 
dperate  firft  fo^  the  individaal  good  of  a  country,  and  afterwards  for. 
tke  general  benefit  of  mankind.' — Thefe  reflexions  lead  the  author 
l»  the  prefent  war,  which  he  afcribes  entirely  to  the  intrigue  and  reft- 
lift  aabiddn  of  the  French ;  and  he  holds  oat  the  enormities  com- 
aiicred  by  tbem,  as  a  warning  to  the  people  of  England. 

After  hariog  difcufTed  this  matter  in  an  addrefs  to  the  public  of 
tonfiderable  length,  we  come  to  the  Remarks  on  Fire  Arms  ;  and  here 
Mr.  B.  obferves  that  '  the  only  fecarity  that  there  is  in  the  internal 
^rt  of  guo«locks,  now  nfed,  depends  on  the  catches  or  notches  (by 
£an-makers  called  the  hents)  for  the  full  and  half  cock. '^-<  From 
Kogth  of  wear,  thefe  notches  become  fhallow,  and  that  (harp  angular 
cdge»  whichi  when  new,  fcemed  to  hold  fo  firmly,  being  worn,  and 
becoming  much  rounded,  if  the  cock  is  touched  fo  as  to  lift  the  fear 
foddenly  beyond  the  notch,  the  main  fpring  draws  it  down  fo  quickly^ 
that  the  fear  mifles  falling  again  into  the  notch«  (and)  the  piece  im* 
ttediately  firet.' 

To  obviate  this  inconvenience,  a  bolt  was  invented  long  ago.  A 
material  objeftion,  however,  to  this  bolt,  particularly  to  a  perfon  fnd* 
denly  attacked,  ii  the  recollection  neceflary  to  remove  it  before  the 
piece  can  go  off.  After  much  attention  on  this  fubjedt,  Mr.  Bolton 
hat  produced  a  lock  on  a  new  conilru6Hon,  with  a  felf-aaing  bolt  i 
the  defcription  of  which  wc  fliall  give  in  his  own  words : 

'  In  the  firft  place,*  the  whole  work  of  my  improved  lock  is  be- 
tween two  plates,  and  all  the  centers  are  doubly  fupported.  Thd 
main  fjpring,  contrary  to  the  prefent  mode  of  making  it,  is  extremely 
open,  and  has  ftrong  double  centers  going  through  the  two  plates* 
which  much  inercafes  its  ftrength,  and  prevents  its  being  dragged 
from  the  inner  plate ;  the  upper  part  of  this  fpring  aniwcrs  for  the 
kunmer  inftead  of  the  feather  fpring.  In  the  foot  of  the  hammer  is 
a  roller,  which  works  on  the  top  of  the  main  fpring  and  cakes  off  fric-> 
don;  the  back  part  of  the  hammer  is  iinifhed  with  a  curve  and  round- 
ed fo  as  to  work  through  a  hole,  which  lets  it  play  on  the  top  of  the 
nain  fpring,  and  at  the  fame  time  keeps  out  the  weather.  The  bot- 
tom of  the  cock  is  a  folid  piece  of  metal  made  circularly,  and  in  the 
Wk  part  of  it  are  cut  the  notches  (or  bents)  for  the  full  and  half 
lock.  The  cock,  when  difcharged,  (Irikes  on  the  folid  piece  of  metal 
projediog  in.vards,  at  right  angles,  from  the  outfide  plate  $  in  this 
^^  piece  the  pan  is  made,  the  inner  plate  fhuts  cloie  to  this,  and 
(be  whole  is  boxed  up,  and  can  never  move  from  its  work  ;  for  when 
tocked,  the  inner  plate  comes  againfl  the  barrel.  On  the  top,  and 
right  hand  of  the  cock,  a  confiderable  part  of  its  thicknefs  is  cut 
iway ;  into  the  bed  thus  formed  tails  a  very  itrong  flat  bolt  of  nearl/ 
dooble  the  thicknefs  of  the  ftrongeft  part  of  the  mam  fpring.  This 
Mt  drops  on  a  center,  fined  at  a  confiderable  dillance  beyond  the 
hack  of^the  cock,  in  the  outfide  plate  ;  immediately  imderneath  this 
hc4,  in  which  the  bolt  lies,  are  cut  the  notches  for  the  full  and  half 
cock,  in  the  folid  pare  of  the  cock  itfelf.  fielow  the  bolt  center,  and  * 
Harer  to  the  back  of  the  cock,  is  ihe  iear,  which  is  made  in  a  circu- 
lar form>  and  alfo  drops  on  a  center,  there  not  being  a  fingle  fcrevr 

G  2  throughout 


!♦. 


Monthly  CATAL09ue>  MgchdmcL 


throughoor^e  whole  lock.    In  the  froat  part  of  the  cock  ii  -die  fnirrf 
for  lifting  up  the  main  fpring.' 

This  lock,  we  are  told>  has  been  highly  approved  by  the  Priiice  cf 
Wales,  the  Duke  of  York,  the  Duke  of  Richmond^  Marquu  Coi»» 
wallis,  the  Karl  of  Harrington,  Sir  Wiiliaoi  Fawcett^  and  a  futtfft 
many  General  OfHcers.— -'  I'hc  only  doubt  entertained  of  its  nnivcfU 
adoption  was  relative  to  the  gjep^iucJ'  On  this  h^ad,  we  tliink»  chtff 
could  be  no  doubt  whatever,  it  the  diftingu^ihed  perfoaagct  jaft  mm* 
tioned  intended  any  thing  more  than  to  compliment  the  invjentor:  "fer 
what  is  the  expcnce  of  a  few  (hillings  compared  to  the  Ufeof  afcMifr/ 
We  (hall  point  out  an  objection  or  two  which  appear  to  us  lo  be  of 
greater  moment. 

ill.  The  main  and  hammer  fprings  being  in  one  piece,  it  isdifficulc 
to  temper  the  metal  fo  (hat  the  two  fprings  Hiall  a^  in  imiibiu 
Through  an  imperfedlion  in  thi<»  refpci^l.  it  happened  that,  in  one  of 
the  bell  of  thcfe  locks,  which  we  chanced  lo  examine,  the  cock  had 
not  Arcngth  to  throw  back  the  hammer. 

ad.  The  whole  n6lion  of  the  loci:  rcHs  on  the  ftud  of  the  luiii 
fpring  ;  confequcntly,  if  that  breaks,  which  is  not  ^try  Qnlikely  to 
happen,  the  lock  fdls  to  pieces. 

3d,  The  fclf-ading  bolt  is  only  a  roller,  wliich  throws  the  fear  into 
the  bents  of  the  cock,  but  docs  not  ad  properly  to  fecure  the  (ear  in 
its  place  ;  the  piece,  therefore,  is  in  fome  degree  liable  to  go  off  at 
half  cock. 

4th,  It  is  more  expofed  to  the  weather  than  the  locks  worn  in  ufe, 
and  it  is  more  dxfHcult  to  clean,  and  keep  in  order. 
cth.  The  additional  weight  of  the  iiock. 

Though  we  thus  a^  the  part  of  rigid  critics^  in  pomting  out  im- 
perfeftions  which  we  hope  to  fee  obviated,  we  with  gratitude  offer  our 
acknowlegements  to  Mr.  Bolton,  for  fo  happily  dire^ng  the  atcentioa 
of  the  public  to  an  objeil  of  lb  much  imporUnce.  The  patent  locks 
are  made  by  Mr.  Fiiher,  No.  204,  High  Holborn. 

In  the  number  of  mu/kets  which  mifs  fire,  in  ao  adion  of.  9nj 
length,  Mc.  Bolton  very  properly  afcribes  a  confiderable  portion  to 
the  badnefs  of  the  flints  *•  To  fave  the  time  and  trouble  of  hacUng* 
he  has  invented  a  (krew  to  turn  the  flint,  almoft  inftaptaneoufly,  either 
to  the  right  or  left,  and  thus  prcfcnc  a  fxefh  point  to  the  hammer. 
This  is  a  new  and  an  ingenious  idea : — but  we  are  furprifed  that,  after 
having  paid  fo  much  attention  to  the  firelock,  it  did  not  occur  to  Mr. 
fiolton  that  neither  good  fprings,  nor  good  flints,  will  always  infure 
its  going  off.  A  difappointment  in  firing  has  been  often  experienced* 
owing  to  the  hammer  becoming  (b  fofc»  from  frequent  ufe,  or  from  not 
being  properly  fteeled  at  firll,  that  it  will  not  ib-ike  fire  :— a  circum- 
I  ■  ■  .  ■  -  ■■  ^  _^^^ 

^  We  had  occafion  fome  time  ago  to  animadvert  on  the  impolicy* 
we  had  almoft  faid  the  villainy,  of  (upplying  the  army  with  flints  of  an 
inferior  quaHty — See  our  Review  of  CoL  Lindfay^s  book,  M,  Sev* 
Vol.  3CV.  N.  S.  p.  260.  We  can  now  congratulate  ourfelves  on  bav- 
■  ing  (poffibly)  contributed  our  mite  towards  affe£iioff  a  reform  in  thia 
cflTential  article ;  fince,  at  prefent,  all  the  flints  iffoed  from  the  Tover 
arc  previoufly  examin(d«  one  by  .one.  ^ 

ftaaca 


MOWTHLY  C4TAlO!©V8,  JfgriculHiTi:  % 

•tnce  v^liich  ought  to  be  particularly  confidcred  in  finifhing  a  lock. 
The  fcreeos  to  prevent  ihc  powder  flymg  o«  of  the  pan,  or  burnitig 
tbe  next  min's  face,  is  not  a  new  invention. 

We  (ball  clofc  this  pamphlet  with  the  following  extrad,  on  •  the 
itoproiper  method  Tcry  frequently  ufed  in  making  the  main  fpring  ;* 
nrliicli  we  recommend  to  the  attention  not  only  of  every  gunfmith,  but 
iffo  to  that  of  every  manofadurer  in  iron ; 

^  It  is  a  Ticry  common  cireumlUnce  for  the  workmen,  when  ma- 
attfadtriing,  to  give  it  a  nick  with  a  (harp-edged  file,  to-ftew  where 
the  fpring  is  to  be  bent,  after  which  operation,  a  blow  from  the 
Aammer  immediately  hides  this  nick  ;  but  the  workmen  do  not  know 
l^ac  mifcBief  they  have  done,  for  it  is  from  this  circumftance  that 
die  main  fpring  jrequently  breaks.  Jt  is  a  felf-cvident  circumftance, 
Ihat  «  nick  cot  into  any  large  piece  of  metal  will  be  the  means  of  its 
being  more  eafily  broken  by  bending,  or  by  giving  it  a  blow,  as  the 
aikenu  muft  of  coorfe  give  way  in  that  place  where  the  nick  was  made; 
for  it  feparates  the  grain  of  the  metal,  'which  is  compofcd  of  an  in- 
aumerable  number  of  fmall  particles,  firmly  united  by  the  ti![tSt  of 
CohefioD,  and  laying  the  whole  length  of  the  piece  of  metal  in  longi- 
tudinal lines,  like  cne  grain  of  wood,  as  feen  in  a  deal  board ;  there« 
/ore,  as  Ace^  as  the  nick  is  made,  fo  much  of  the  flrength  of  the 
fpring  is  taken  away,  for  the  grain  of  the  metal  to  that  dept)i  is  df  • 
Sroyed/     P.  17. 

AGRICULTURE. 

fitt.  14.  RtJURions  on  the  Cruihj  of  Indofing  Ctmmon^JFieU  Latfds^ 
prticnlarly  as  it  aflfe£ts  the  Church  and  Poor^  in  a  Letter  to  the 
Lord  Bilhop  of  Lincoln.  By  a  Clergyman  of  that  Diocefe.  8vo, 
IS.     Pridden.     1796. 

Thiis  pamphlet  might  with  propriety  have  been  intitled  a  repri* 
mand  of  the  Lord  Biihop  of  Lincoln,  for  warmly  recommending,  in 
his  Charge  to  the  Clergy  of  his  Dioceff ,  *'  the  New  Plan  of  a  Corn 
ftent,''  inftead  of  tithes.  Jt  is  doubtlefs  intended  to  militate  againft 
the  general  Inclofure  Bill,  now  pending  : — but  this  writer  docs  not 
fcem  to  be  aware  that,  taking  the  whole  kingdom  throughout,  where- 
ever  there  are  common  fields,  there  are  alfo  extenGve  trails  of  com- 
mon paftures,  in  the  fame  pariih  or  townfhip  ;  and,  although  ihcloiing 
the  arable  lands  may  reduce  the  produce  of  corn  on  thefe  lands,  for  a 
coorfe  of  years,  the  quantity  in  moil  cafes  will  be  increafed  by  padure 
lands  broken  up;  while  the  fields  laid  down  to  grafs  will  give  an  in- 
creaied  produce  of  cattle  and  fhet* p :  fo  that,  in  many  cafes,  we  may 
venture  to  fay,  the  aggregate  produce  will  be  doubled  by  inclofure ; 
and  the  increafe,  we  believe,  maybi^  fairly  laid,  throughout  the  king- 
dom, at  one-third  of  the  prefent  produce.  This  writer,  however, 
feems  to  think  differently,    He  fays  : 

•  Some  members  of  our  Agricultural  Society'  (fomc  fociety  in 
Lincolnlhire,  we  fuppofe)  <  look  upon  the  converting  arable  land  to 
ptftore,  and  promoting  the  breed  of  cattle,  as  a  great  advantage  from 
niclofing  ;  in  which  they  are  greatly  deceived.  The  breed  of  fheep 
u  indeed  improved  ;  but  the  quantity  diminilhed  ;  and  the  quality  of 
the  woo)  vaftlv  inferior  to  that  produced  from  cxtenfive  commons. 
'  G  3  Thp 


^6       Monthly  Catalooub,  N4iural  ICfi^fy^  ^Cm 

The  qaantity  of  (hcep>  bred  upon  thefe  commoos,  it  abfolatrly  M« 
Ct  flaxy  for  the  fupporc  of  the  fmall  /armsy  and  the  manuring  of  all 
wheat  land.  Thete  objects  indeed,  are  of  little  moment  if  imSi  farm* 
are  to  be  annihilated,  and  the  culture  of  wheat  negledcd.' 

This,  we  muft  fay,  is  talking  like  a  man  who  hat  been  bom  in  « 
common -field  tpwn(hip>  and  was  never  beyond  the  confines  of  hit  ni* 
ttve  parifh.  1  he  author's  alarms,  however,  do  not  ftop  here.  *  Ther^ 
4re  a  ityr  confi derations  more,  which  affed  the  public,  though  yoar 
Lordlhip  may  deem  them  unworthy  your  regard.  The  liberal  ufe  of 
oak,  for  polls  and  rails,  creates  a  fcarcity  of  bark,  which  at  prefient  it 
fenfibly  felt.'  This  is  a  curious  aiTertion ;  cutting  down  oak  fbrpofta 
and  rails,  which  are  peeled  in  courfe,  will  furely  not  increafe  ihc/carcitj^ 
of  bark,  for  the  prefent ;  however  it  may  tend  to  ieilen  the  quantity 
pf  timber  and  bark,  ip  ages  to  come.  LaHly  follows  the  alarm,  fi» 
often  given  of  late,  about  the  poultry  and  pigs.  From  this  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  author  is  a  beneficed  clergyman,  and  has  no  cauu:  of 
idarm  reipeding  the  common  neceflaries  of  life* 

NATURAL      HISTORY. 

^rt.  25.     A  Cabinet  of  ^luadrupeds  \  cocfilling  of  highly  (iniihed  Eo« 

gravingSy    by  James  Tookey  and  Paton  Thorn pfooi  from  elegant 

Drawings,    by  Julias  Ibbetfon,  R.  A.     Many  of  them  iketched 

from  the  Animals  in  their  native  Climes.    With  hiAoric  and  fcieo* 

tific  Defcriptions,  by  John  Church,  Surgeon.    Large  410.    FaltL 

Six  Numbers,     il.  4s.     Darton  and  Harvey. 

[This  is  one  of  the  moderp  works  in  which  the  graphic  arts  ha?^ 

united  with  typography  to  produce  a  literary  luxury^  ^yorthy  pf  the  re* 

£ned  taile  and  fplendcur  of  the  age.     The  defigns  in  this  volam^  are 

ioT  the  moil  part  correal  and  fpirited  ;  and  the  engravings  are  highly 

finilhed,  in  a  flyle  of  foftnefs  perhaps  rather  injurious  to  the  efiPed.  The 

letter.prefs  is  very  elegantly,  but  not  quite  accurately,  printed  ;  and 

the  matter  of  it  is  an  entertaining  compilation  from  the  bell  authorities. 

We  doubt  not  that  this  Cabinet  will  prove  an  accepuble  prefeot  to 

thofe  lovers  of  natural  hi  (lory  in  its  more  popular  form,  who  do  not 

regard  e.\ pence  in  the  indulgence  of  their  tafle. 

The  animals  contained  in  this  volume  arc,  the  flag,  rhinoceroS| 
camel,  fpotted  hyena,  elephant,  crelled  porcupine,  royal  tiger,  wolf| 
afs,  leopard,  bull,  and  brown  bear. 

HISTORY,     A  NT  X  Q^U  I  T  I  E  8. 

Art.  26.  Vepges  of  Ox/or  J  Caftle  ;  or  a  fmall  Fragment  of  a  Work 
intended  to  be  publilhcd.  fpeedily  ;  on  the  Hiilory  of  Antienc 
Caftlcs ;  and  on  the  Progrefs  of  Archiiefiurc.  By  Edward  King, 
Efq.  F.  R.  S.  &  F.A.  S.  Fo:io.  pp.30,  with  Plates,  os, 
Nicol.     1796. 

This  zealous  and  learned  votary  of  reverend  antiquity  has  here  ex- 
hibited his  powers  of  accurate  invcftigation  in  a  manner  v^hich,  we 
jjiieftion  not,  will  do  him  much  credit  with  thofe  who  arc  inteieAed 
|0  ^z/ubjea.  The  difcovery  of  fome  curious  remains  of  the  anticnt 
caftle  of  Oxford,  by  Mr.  Harris,  has  fcrved  to  exercife  his  iagaciij 
fa  uacing  out  a  plan  from  a  few  obfcorc  yelliges  \  a  fagacity  whicfc 

the 


HfONTMY  Cataiocue,  Biography^  (fc^  87 

Ae  liiAonin  of  antient  caftles  moft  freqoentfy  be  required  to  exert. 
"Whether  the  pro}>ored  work,  of  which  this  is  a  fpecinicn,  will  fo 
much  conduce  to  throw  light  on  what  is  important  in  the  manners  of 
mntient  timet  and  the  progrefs  of  civilization,  as  the  author  fuppofes^ 
we  pretead  not  to  decide.  We  wi(h  every  literary  purfuit  to  have 
Iree  fcope*  not  doubdng  that  it  will  in  the  end  meet  with  a  fair  lod 
knpartial  jadgment. 

We  can  make  no  extracts  from  a  piece  of  connected  defcriptiooa 
like  the  prefent,  which  requires  the  aiTiftance  of  places  to  render  it 
kiteUigible ;  and  we  (hall  only  add  that  the  paper  and  printing  give 
promue  of  a  very  fplendid  and  expenfive  work. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

An.  17.     The  Biografbieal  Mirrour,  or  Connoijffeur* s  Reptififory\  com- 
prifing  a  Series  of  antient  and  modern  Englifh  Portraits,  of  emi- 
nent and  diilinguilhed  Perfons,  from  original  Pictures  and  Draw* 
ings.     4to.     3I.  123.    Boards.     Hardings.    1795. 
This  work  ia  intended  rather  as  a  repertory  of  curioiities  for  the 
coUeftor  and  virtuofo,  than  as  an  inftruftive  addition  to  the  library  of 
the  hiftorian  and  biographer.     The  portraits  given  are  either  fuch  at 
Uthrrto  have  not  been  engraved^  or  have  been  fo  imperfe£Uy  copied 
as  to  exhibit  no  corredl  refcmblance  of  the  originals.     The  merit  of 
die  ardft  therefore  is  defigned  to  fbnd  moft  prominent  in  the  under- 
taking ;  and  we  doubt  not  that  on  this  head  it  will  aiFord  fatisfaSion. 
The  brief  memoirs  accompanying  each  portrait  are»  in  courfe,  chiefly 
comfnladon :  but,  on  the  whole,  they  are  refpedlably  drawn  up,  though 
by  no  means  with  the  charaderiftic  (Irokes  and  liberal  refledUons  of 
Granger.     A  few  of  the  anecdotes  are  original. 

The  Qiumber  of  portraits  contained  in  this  volume  is  fifty,  and  it  is 
intended  that  two  more  fuch  volumes  (hall  follow.  No  order  as  to 
dme,  profeflion,  &c.  is  obfcrved^  and  each  article  makes  a  perfedly 
detached  piece. 

EDUCATION,     SCHOOL    BOOKS. 

Art.  28.     T<wenty'four  Le^ures  on  the  Italian  Language,  delivered  at 
the  Lyceum  of  Arts,  Sciences,  and   Languages ;    in  which  the 
Principles,  Harmony,  and  Beauties  of  the  Italian  Language,  arp 
by  an  original  Method,  fimplified  and  adapted  to  the  meaneft  Ca- 
pacity,  and  the  Scholar  enabled  to  attain,  with  EaCc  and  Facility, 
a  competent  Knowledge  of  the  Language,  without  the  Help  of  any 
Grammar  or  Didionary.     By  Mr.  Gaiignani.     8vo.     6s.  Boards. 
Printed   for   the   Author,   No.  3,    Little   Brook-ftrect,    Hanover 
bquare,  and  fold  by  MelTrs.  White,  Edwards,  &c.      1796, 
Though  it  fcems  impoffiblc  for  a  perfon,  who  is  ignorant  of  the 
Italian  language,  to  compr«?hend   and   retain  the  grammatical  rules 
laid  down  by  th^s  author  when  delivered,  -viiid  voce,  inledlures  j  yet, 
ina  careful  perufal,  and  \^ith  meditation,  they  appear  capable  of  ful- 
filling all  the  promifes  of  the  title-page. 

A  few  foreign  idioms  occur  in  the  Englilh,  which,  however,  are  not 
of  fuch  a  kind  as  will  render  the  explanatory  part  of  this  work  unin- 
telligible.    Of  the  precepts,  it  may  juilly  be  faid  ilut  they  are  new, 

G  4.  clear. 


89 


MoNTBtY  Catalogue,  Educ^m^  &>«. 


dear,  and  well-digefted ;  and  though  tfae  ufual  graiumttlGa)  ibnii 
has  been  abandoned,  the  chief  purpores  of  a  grammar  feem  Aipplied* 
in  a  lefs  dry  and  formal  manner  than  baa  hitherto  been  devifed  bj  ao- 
ticnt  writers  on  the  fubjed. 

The  exercifes  which  the  author  has  given  in  radical  words,  for  tk« 
ftudent  to  find  out  the  genders,  numbers,  and  inflexions,  (ttt  the 
manner  of  our  old  fchool-book,  C/flri'/JSlr^rr^/,)  would  perhaps  have 
been  rendered  llili  more  ufefnl,  remote  from  a  mailer^  if  they  bad 
been  inferted  at  the  end  of  the  book,  in  good  Italian,  for  the  ftodenc 
to  confult  for  inftru£lion,  when  he  has  rendered  them  as  perfed  as  he 
IS  able  by  the  f  ules  which  the  author  prefcribes. 

The  praxis,  which  big.  Galignani  has  furnifticd  for  tvtry  part  of 
fpeech,  and  particularly  for  the  articles,  prepofttions,  degrees  of  com- 
pariion,  and  auxiliary  verbs,  are  admirably  calculated  to  ftciUtate  tka 
acquifition  of  correal  fpeaking  and  compofition. 

Many  idioms  peculiar  to  the  Italian  tongue  are  pointed  out  and  ex- 
plained, which  have  not  before  been  remarked  in  any  grammatical 
trad  written  exprefsly  for  our  own  country. 

The  ufe  of  the  auxiliary  verbs  a*vert  (to  have)  and  ijere  (to  be) 
ia  exempliBed  in  fo  new  and  ingenious  a  manner,  that  we  (hall  give  • 
ibortextr^id  from  Le£lure  XVIII.  p.  loa.  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  modd 
in  which  the  author  has  contrived  to  connedl  the  fenfe  through  all 
the  moods  and  lenfes  of  thefe  verbs,  with  the  three  pcrfonal  pronoiMa 
lingular  and  plural. 

*  On  the  Auxiliary  Verbs  avire  (to  have)  ejjire  fto  be) 
*  The  Verb  Avere  exemplified. 
«  Indicative  Mood,  Prcfent  Tenfe,  which  being  joined  to  a  Parti- 
ciple pail,  forms  the  Perfe3  of  the  Indicative  of  that  Verb  to  wbofe 
Participle  paH  it  is  joined. 


Jo  bo* 

Tu  bai 

Egli  ba 

Noi  abliamo 

Foi  a'Uite 

Eglino  banno 


vcJuto  il  picciol 

cavallo  cbey 
mandato  a  mia 

/orclla 
loftejfo  di/etto  di 

q^ello  cble 
fpertnuntaio  nellm, 

cAmalla  cbe 
ultimaminte  *ven' 

ditta  k'  mieifra 

tilli,  di  maniira 

cbe  ^ 
giudicato  a  propo-  they  have 

Jjto  di  riman 

dar*vclo 


I  havelfeen    the   little   horfe 
I     which 


thou  haft 

he  has 

we  have 

you  have 


fent  to  my  fiAer 

the  fame  defed  as  that» 

which 
experienced     in     the 

mare 
lately  fold  to  my  bro« 

thers,  fo  that 


thought  proper  to  fend 
him  you  again. 


'  •   Some  few  write  to  o,  tu  ai,  egli  a,  egliuo  anno,  without  H. 

*  It  is  not  neceffary  in  Italian  to  prefix  always  perfonal  pronouns 
5efbre  the  verbs  ;  therefore  it  may  be  faid,  io  b4»  or  bo,  tu  bai,  or 
Mr»  and  fo  oo.' 

On 


MotfTMLtr  CATALOOXrt,  Eiucdtt$ltj  (fcp  if 

On  tk  whole,  ws  do  tol  recolteA  to  have  feen  fo  much  uftffol  kAov»« 
)ege  OB  thb  ^bjeA>  comprcfled  inco  fo  fmaU  a  cozxlpafs,  in  Any  oth^r 
book. 

Art.  29.  The  Parentis  Afftfiant ;  or  Stones  fof  Children,  Part  I. 
oontaioing,  the  Little  Dog  Trufty,  or  the  Liar  and  the  Boy  of 
Truth  %  (he  Orange  Man,  or  the  Honed  Boy  and  the  Tnief ; 
Lszy  Lawrence  ;  Tarleton;  the  Falfe  Key.  Part  II.  containing^ 
the  Purple  Jar  ;  the  Bracelets  ;  Mademoifelle  Panache  ;  the  Brrih- 
day  Prefent;  Old  Poz;  and  the  Mimic.  By '£.  M.  Small  I2in9. 
J  Vols.    6s.  bound.     Johnfon.     1796^ 

11  is  fortunate  for  fociety,  the  profperity  of  which  principally  de- 
pends on  the  good  education  of  youth,  that  well  written  books  for 
their  ufe  have  lately  rifcn,  in  .public  eflimation,  to  their  proper  place 
of  diftinAion  in  the  fcale  of  literary  merit ;  and  that  it  is  not  novif 
deemed  an  unworthy  employment  for  writers  of  the  moft  diflinguiihed 
abilities,  to  draw  up  inftrudive  and  amnfiag  books  even  for  children. 
When  Dr.  Watts  wrote  catechifms  and  hymns  for  children,  it  was 
thought  a  wonderful  a£l  of  condefcenGon,  not  to  be  performed  but  by 
a  mind  eadned  with  an  extraordinary  portion  o^  humility  and  benevo- 
lenoe.  At  prefent,  writers  of  the  firii  order  do  not  feel  tlicmfetvei 
degraded  by  employing  their  talents  in  this  way  ;  and  the  piib4ic  is 
well  inclined  to  bedow  due  praife  on  fuch  ulcful  exertions. 

In  the  valuable  lift  of  useful  books  for  cnildren,  thefe  little  volumes 
will  be  entitled  to  a  very  diftinguiflied  place  They  contain  a  feries 
of  amufing  and  intereiling  tales,  happily  adapted  to  imprefs  on  young 
minds  principles  of  wifdom  and  fentimeots  of  virtue.  The  moral  and 
prudential  lefibnt  of  thefe  volumes  are  judicioufly  chofen ;  and  the 
ftories  'are  invented  with  great  ingenuity,  and  are  happily  contrived 
to  excite  coriofity  and  awaken  feeling,  without  the  aid  of  improbable 
fiftion  or  extravagant  adventure.  The  language  is  varied  in  its  de- 
gree of  fimplicity,  to  fuit  the  pieces  to  different  ages»  but  is  through- 
out neat  and  corred ;  and,  without  the  le<f  ll  approach  towards  vulga. 
rity  or  meaanefs,  it  is  adapted  with  peculiar  felicity  to  the  under- 
(landings  of  children.  The  author's  tafte,  in  this  clafs  of  writing, 
appears  to  have  been  formed  on  the  belt  models ;  and  the  work  will 
not  difcredit  a  place  on  the  fame  Ihelf  with  Berquin's  Child's 
Friend,  Mrs.  Barbauld's  LefTons  for  Children,  and  Dr.  Aifein's 
Evenings  at  Home.  The  llory  of  Lazy  Laurence  is  one  of  the  bed 
ledures  on  induftry  which  we  have  ever  read. 

Art.  30.      The  StuJy  of  Aftronomy^    adapted   to   the    Capaci:ies  of 

Youth  :  in  Twelv^  Familiar  Dialogues,  between  a  Tuior  and  his 

Pupil ;  explaining  the  general  Phenomena  of  the  Heavenly  Bodies, 

the  Theory  of  the  Tides,  &c.  illullrated  with  Co^p.t  pfates.     By 

John  Stcdman.     i2mo.     pp.  154.     2s.  6d.  fewcd.    Dillv.  1796. 

To  convey  to  young  people  clear  and  corrrd  ide  s  of  Aftronomy, 

without  the  help  of  Mathematics,  is  no  eafy  tafk.     Yet  it  is  very  dc- 

firable  that  the  elements  of  this  fublimc  fcience>  fo  admirably  fuited  to 

expand  the  young  mind,  (hould  form  a  p^rt  of  general  education. 

Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  provide  familiar  introductions  to 

this  fcience  :  but  feme  have  abounded  too  much  with  technical  terms 

to 


f 0  Monthly  Catalogue,  MeikaL  • 

to  be  eafily  onderflood  ;  and  others  have  been  toe  diflfnfe  uA  dedl« 
natory  for  a  fchool-book^  To  fapply  this  defed,  Mr.  Stedmaa  pnftn 
lilhes  thefe  dialogues ;  and,  as  far  as  concerns  the  rudiments  of  A(lro» 
Domy,  they  are  very  well  adapted  to  anfwer  the  purpofe.  The  prior 
cipal  phenomena  are  defcribed  in  as  plain  a  m3nner  as  the  natare  of 
the  fubjed  will  admit ;  the  language  is  eafy  and  corred ;  the  author 
carefully  explains  fcientific  terms  as  he  proceeds ;  his  analogical  iUol^ 
trations  are  happily  chofen  ;  and  diagrams  are  introduced  vi^ere  thejr 
were  neceiTary.  We  are  npt,  indeed,  quite  convinced  that  the  form  of 
dialogue  is  preferable  to  that  of  direct  treatife.  Science  cannot  be  taoght 
too  methodically.  The  procefs  of  inllrudlion  is  not»  however^  in  xSt£c 
dfalognes,  much  interrupted  by  trivial  matter ;  and  theknowlege  which 
the  author  undertakes  to  communicate  is  conveyed  with  perfpicuity. 

Art.  3 1 .    Cours  d^  Themes  Li&res,  ou,  par  Gradation,  ies  Diffemites,  let 

.  TeurnureSf  et  Ies  Idiomes  de  la  CompofitioH,  font  no/es,  explifuett  it 

rai/onneSi/ui*uant  Ies  Principes  de  ia  Grammaire,  et  le  'vrai  Geme  ek 

la  Langue  halienne.     Par  M.  Pereiti,  Profejeur  de  Langue  Italiemu. 

.  lamo.    pp.  196.    2S.  6d.  fewed.  The  Foreign  Bookfdlert.   I796» 

Thefe  exercifes  have  all  the  merit  which  can  rationally  be  claimed 

lirom  a  work  of  this  nature.    They  ftudioufly  exemplify  thofe  idiom* 

adc  phrafes  which  the  learner  of  Italian  is  leall  likely  to  notice.     It 

would,  however,   have   been  more  convenient  to   ftudents  in  thit 

oomitry,  if  the  Englifli  language,  and  not  the  French,  had  been  niadf 

tiie  medium  of  interpretation, 

M  S  D  I  C  A  L. 
Art.  32.  Jn  Account  of  the  Experiment  modi  at  the  Dejtn  of  tin  Lcrdt 
CcmmiJJtGfiers  of  the  Admiralty  on  hoard  the  Union  Hofpital  Ship,  tO 
determine  the  £iFcd  of  the  Nitrous  Acid  in  deftroying  Contagioo^ 
and  the  Safety  with  which  it  may  be  employed.  In  a  Letter  ad- 
.  dre/Tcd  to  the  Right  Hon.  Earl  Spencer.  By  James  Carmichael 
Smyth,  M.  D.  F.R.  S.  &c.  &c.  8vo.  pp.75,  is.  6d.  John« 
fon.     17^6* 

The  fubjedt  of  this  pamphlet  being  fufficiently  declared  io  the  title- 
page,  we  have  little  to  add,  in  order  to  recommend  it  to  the  notice 
of  our  medical  readers,  more  than  that  the  experiment  proved  com* 
pletely  fuccefsful,  without  being  attended  with  any  inconveniences  to 
the  perfons  expofed  to  the  fumes  of  the  acid, — beyond  a  little  tempo? 
rarv  coughing.  The  mede  in  which  the  nitrous  vapour  was  raifed. 
^nd  applied  was  by  putting  fand,  previoafly  he  ited,  into  quart  earthei^ 
pipkins;  immerfing  in  each  a  common  teacu{^ containing  half  an 
ounce  of  concentrated,  vitriolic  acid,  and  as  much  nitre  in  powder. 
The  pipkins  were  carried  through  the  wards  and  about  the  beds  of 
the  fick,  the  bearer  conflantly  llirring  the  mixture  in  the  cups  with 
a  glafs  fpatula.  This  fumigation  was  pradtifed  twice  in  a  day  ;  once 
imly  being  found  infufticient  to  extingui(h  the  contagion.  Befides  the 
Illation  of  its  effeds  on  board  the  Union,  a  report  is  given  of  its  trial 
fb  board  of  fome  of  the  RufTian  men  of  war,  in  which  a  bad  contagious 
JtTCr  prevailed.  The  fuccefs  in  them  was  confiderabie,  though  vari- 
tfoi  drcum (lances  prevented  its  being  fo  complete  as  ia  the  £ngliih 
itofpttti-(bip. 

Ej|^tra4< 


MoKTRiY  Catalogue^  Mf£ail.  §t 

*•  Extrtfts  of  two  letters  from  Mr,  Keir  are  fubjoined,  in  wbkh  that 
aUe  chemift  much  approves  Dr.  Smyth's  method  of  raifing  the  add 
Tapour*  as  remiertng  it  free  from  thofe  noxioas  qaalities  which  attend 
the  ordinary  ditiillattcn  of  aquafortis.  Jn  this  lad  method,  from  me- 
tallic miirtares,  or  the  ufe  of  irpn  pots,  reti  vapoars  are  rpifcd,  which 
are  highly  noxious  and  fulFocating.  In  the  fprmer,  they  are  nt/hite^ 
and  the  acid  is  mixed  with  a  large  proportion  of  pare  or  dephlogidi* 
«ited  air. 

Art,  33.  A  Second  Dijftrtation  on  Fiver,  containing  the  Hiftory  and 
Method  oi  rrcatment  of  a  regular  Tertian  Jntermittent.  liy 
George  Fordyce,  M.D.  F.R.  S.,  &w.  8vo,  pp.156.  33. 
fewed.     Johnfon.     1795. 

Among  the  remarks  at  the  beginning  of  this  differtation,  on  the 
appearances  exhibited  by  tertians,  we  find  fome  re<pe6ting  the  timef 
of  the  recurrence  of  paroxyfms,  fafBciently  curious. 

<  An  anticipating  tertian  (hows  in  one  circumftance  the  flrong  In- 
difpofition  of  a  fcyrtr  to  take  place  between  eight  at  night  and  fix  ia 
the  morning.  If  an  anticipating  trnian  (houldhave  its  (irft  paroxyfa 
«t  two  In  the  afternoon,  its  fecond  at  noon,  its  third  at  ten  in  the 
feormng,  its  fourth  at  eight,  its  fifth  will  fometimes  take  place  at  fix 
ia  the  morning,  fometimes  at  .eight  or  ten  of  the  evening  preceding* 
A  retarding  fever  is  fimilar  in  its  recurrence ;  if  its  firft  paroxyfm 
ihoiild  happen  at  ten  in  the  morning,  the  fucceeding  ones  at  twelve^ 
fwo,  fb|ir,  fix,  eight ;  the  following  one  often  does  not  take  place  in 
(he  night,  but  at  fix  or  eight  the  next  morning.  It  is  not  meant  to 
fay  that  the  paroxyfais  never  return  regularly  in  the  night,  but  that 
they  recur  much  more  rarely  in  the  night  than  in  the  day ;  perhaps 
|B  a  proportion  of  ten  for  one.  It  is  entirely  unknown  what  this  de- 
pends upon,  indeed  the  obfervation  has  been  little  attended  to  by  anjr 
author  who  hai  not  frequently  feen  the  difeafe.' 

After  ibroe  other  obiervations  of  this  nature,  the  aothor  proceeds 
to  the  treatment ;   and  here  he  inquires  at  great  length  what  kind  of 
diet  ought  to   be  obferved,    at  what  feafons   it  ought  to  be  given, 
and  what  other  rules  ought  to  be  followed,  fuppofine  the  pradtitioner 
thinks  that  the  regular  tertian  ought  to  go  through  \ts  natural  courfe. 
The  inquiry  occupies  full  one  half  of  the  book  ;    and  it  is  by  far  the 
graveft  jeu  dUjprit  which  it  has  been  our  lot  to  contemplate.     The 
neafures  advifed  by  the  author  cannot  poffibly  be  founded  on  any 
large  indodion  of  cafes.     We  have  therefore  the  lefs  hefitation  in 
qaeftioning  how  far  they  are  judicious.     We  (hould  fear  left  fo  much 
care  to  prevent  '  the  diilurbances,  ariGng  from  the  procefs  of  chy- 
]i€cation  interfering  with  the  paroxyfm  ot  fever,'  (p.  33,)  (hould  add 
to  the  violence  of  the  difeafe,  by  expofing  the  patient  to  its  onfet  in 
a  fUte  of  weaknels  and  inanition.     Were  it  poiCble  (which,  in  the 
prefent  (late  of  medical  praftice,  it  is  not)   that  Dr.  Y .\  plan  (hould 
he  brought  to  a  fair  impartial    trial,  wc  imagine  that  the  learned 
writer  would  be  certainly  conviAed  of  bordering  too  clofely  on  the 
antient  cure  hy  fajling*     Jn  faying  this,  we  are  only  fetting  conjedure 
againft  conjedture  : — but,  in  queAioning  the  pofitions  that   *  fari* 
fi^ceous  matter  is  the  food  beft  adapted  to  the  organs  of  digedion 
pf  (he  haman  body,'   (p.  26,)  and  that  this  Uiauer,  as  alfo  grapes. 


^%  Monthly  Catalogu£^  AUMcsb* 

lig;5,  peaches,  apricocs  orarges,  hakcd  fruits,  are  more  digeiliUe 
(han  animal  fubilances,  (p  yj.)  wt  have  the  tandtion  of  expericnco 
]n  perfor.s  of  weak  Romach,  irci  of  trials  undertaken  for  the  cjpreft 
porpofc  of  deter  mining  this  i^.f -lion.  Other  ctamples  of  dnwar- 
ranted  afTcnion,  and  of  inccr^xluuve,  ifnotfalfe,  rcafoning,  occur 
under  the  p>rcfep.t  hffad.  ?Vr  the  reader's  fatisfa6kion>  ivo  iball  ad« 
duce  one  of  thcfe  in  the  term>  of  the  trcntife  : 

*  It  happu'ns  a!!c>  frtqueiuly,  that  a  ^ind  o/  flime  form*  in  the 
ftomach  in  intennittcntj.,  which  kci^s  too  tough  to  be  carried  throagh 
the  pilorus,  and  not  capabl-j  of  the  digcltive  proccfs  in  the  flomach  ; 
this  proJ.uccs  tin;  f.irno,  .or  e.cn  worfj  appearances  than  undi gelled 
food,  even  if  in  f:nall  quantity,  ar.J  ij  anotlivr  caufc  of  the  neceflity 
^f  exhibiting  emeucs.' 

It  has  been  not  unufuil  to  impute  dinrcfling  fenfations  and  what 
arc  called  nervous  fyniptO!r:s,  to  a  little  air  pent  up  in  the  inteftines ; 
becaufe,  whon  that  has  hj?en  evacuated,  the  patient  has  felt  great 
relief :-:— but  more  conTidcrare  pithclogills  impute  the  ce/T^tion  of  the 
(yjiptoms  to  an  a)'.erati.'>n  in  tne  iU:e  of  the  inteftines,  of  which  the 
cxpulfion  of  ths  air  is  a  conTeqiiCDce.  In  like  manner,  is  it  not  pro- 
bable that  the  evil  in  Dr.  F.S  ccife  confills  in  the  date  of  the  fiomach, 
during  which  the  flime  is  fecrcted,  and  that  the  flime  itfclf  is  very 
l^mU-fs  ? 

We  do  not  find  fo  much  ground  for  aniTia-Jverfion  in  Dr.  F.*$  mtr 
'dical  as  in  his  diatctlccl  treatment.  His  obfervations  befpeak  ex- 
perience, a:tcntion,  and  refledion.  It  cannot,  however,  be  expe^ed 
that  he  OjouIJ  fumilh  much  pra«3ical 'matter  that  is  at  once  new 
and  important.  lie  hinifelf  fays  that  ♦  the  ground  gone  over  if 
trodden  and  tolerably  plain.'  We  fliould  be  glad  to  rectivc  the  dif- 
fertations  which  he  promik^s  on  regular' continued  fever;  on  irregular 
intermittent^ ;  and  on  the  hiflory  and  manner  of  treatment  of  tl>e 
accidents,  which  happen  in  continued  fevers  and  their  irregularities. 
iThefc  fubjecls  afford  icope  for  abilities  of  any  magnitude. 

Art.  5.}..      Ohjtrvations^    Anatomical,    Pbyfiolo^^ical,  and   Palboicgical^ 

tn  the  Pulmonary  Syjhm :  witn  Remarks  on  lome  of  the  Difeales  of 

the  I.ungs,  viz.    on   Haemorrhage,  W)unds,   AllhnBua»  Catarrh, 

•    Croup,  a!id  Confumption  ;  tending  to  ellablilh  a  new  Pathology  of 

the  Lungs,  founded  on  the  Anatomy  and  PnvfiOiOgy  of  the  Parts. 

Somv  Remarks  are  introduced  on  the  Broken- wind  of  Horfes.    Aik| 

tc  tne  Wnole  is  added  an  Appendix,  containing  Obfervations  on 

'    ibme   of  the  Articles  of  the  Materia  Medica,   viz.   on  the  ^xA% 

Rubra,  Flores  Chamxmeli,  and  Sarfaparilla ;  as  alfo  on  the  Cicuta^ 

Stramonium,  Hyofviamus,  and  Aconitum.     By  William  Davidfon. 

8vo.     pp.226.     4s.     Boards.     Egerton,  &c.     1795- 

We  formerly  commended   this   author   for  his  exertions   towardt 

the   difcovery  of   that  gi'cat   deGderatum,   a  cure    for   pulmonary 

hsismorrhages  and  ulcerations ;  and  we  (hall  always  be  difpoted  to  treat 

e/Fots  of  this  fort  with  kindnefs.     Mr^D.  has  here  republiflied  his 

former  papers  with  a  large  commentary  of  fpecuiation  :— bat  hi| 

reafonings  appear  to  us  in  great  meafure  antiquated,  and  altogether 

precarious.     He  has,  we  obferve»    five  new   cafes.     T#o  are  of 

^hmas ;  they  would  have  appeared  more-in  pointy  if«  wkh  privation 

14  of 


MovtRLT  Cat AL66t7d,  MeHia).  93 

)f1iiq|iiidf»'lic  had  not  ofed  emetics,  cathartic v^  lether,  and  camphor. 
His  two  caies  of  croup  ihew  the  ufe  of  etiiefics  in  that  dangerous 
malady ;  and  his  additional  cafe  of  phthifis  reads  very  favoarabl)»*fbr 
Ilia  fyfteiB<  We  coniider  it  as  of  more  value  than  all  his  reafonings  - 
and  wifli  it  nay  foon  be  confirnsed  by  th?  analfgy  of  20  others.  Jt 
is  IS  ibllows  :  A  female  pntient  (Mrs.  TodU)  came  under  the  author^^ 
care  b  weak  that  ihe  could  not  fciife  nor  turn  herielf  /n  bed;  Oio  bad 
an  iaceflant  cough  and  (hortnefs  of  breatiJng  ;  flie  expectorated  about 
a  pint  of  bloody  matter  in  24  hours,  wicU  a  puli'e  at  130,  and  had 
prof  ufe  colliquative  fwc.ils. 

'  For  the  tiril  three  days,  therefore,  a  due  abflinence  from  liquids 
was  enjoined,  viz.  (he  was  allowed  a  pint  of !'  /^Id  only  in  the  twenty- 
four  hours>  including  tea,  &c.  and  no  medicine  .•.  as  given  during  that 
time  which  could  interfere  with  the  proper  efFe<SVs  of  this  principle. 

«  June  2d.  She  has  adhered  ilridly  to  the  limitation  of  liquids 
prefcribed  :  and  now  looks  cheerful  and  animated,  and  fays  that  ilie 
is  better,  and  that  her  perfpiraiion  i^  very  much  diminillicd.  Her 
pttlfc  is  a  little  ftrongcr,  and  alio  Icfs  frequent.  Although,  from  this 
new  trial,  1  was  more  and  more  convinced  of  the  ewcacy  of  my 
principle,  yet  I  did  not  think  myTclf  wai ranted  in  trufiing  to  it  en- 
tirely ;  r,  therefore,  commenced  the  exhihiiion  of  every  other  medi- 
cine (together  with  a  moderate  ufe  of  liquids),  which  I  thought  w:** 
likely  to  forward  the  recovery  of  my  patient. 

•  And  thus,  by  t.hc  moderate  ufe  of  lin-jids,  did  T  attempt  to  keep 
the  lungs,  as  much  as  poliible,  at  eafe  ;  while,  by  ihe  diligcnt.applica- 
uon  of  other  means,  I  endeavoured  to  Hup  the  exiiiing  morbid  ac- 
tions and  bring  about  heahhy  ones  in  tlieir  placr. 

«  As  it  would  be  ceo  tedious  to  give  th-j  \  articuiars  of  this  cafe, 
and  as  they  would  perhaps,  anfv^er  no  good  pur^iofe,  I  fnall  only 
notice  the  more  material  circumltinccj  which  occurred  during  the 
treatment. 

'  bhe  tonk  the  floras  fulph-.iri?  for  fomc  d.iys,  in  ^o\zi  of  a  drachm 
each,  ever)  fcur  or  fix'  hov.r?,  and  with  cviJent  ;iJvaniAv-'j  :  for,  be- 
fides  retaining  the  body  fufr.:it*nt]y  o;.'cn,  v.-.ihei::  hcM.i;)j>,  or  in- 
creallr^  the  freq'Jtncy  of  the  pjjfe,  it  fccrpcd  to  rclicrvc  the  genera! 
pulmn  jry  alljclioiis. 

*  T.ie  cicuta  was  alio  of  fervicr,  by  alloying  inir.itijn  and  rough. 
Bot,  havinf^  given  the  caix  rr.;im;:>nii  illoti  {^^:  fjvcrH]  diys,  from  an 
idea  that,  by  rcinoving  lume  obltri'-fllons  cf  the  lu--;^:,  cr  Icvcr,  ic 
might  relieve  the  di.'i'.cuky  of  breathipg,  and  thu:.  vv^ritribuie  to  the 
benefit  of  the  patient,  1  ibund  1  was  criltakc:!  ;  for  the  gerier.d 
weaknefs,  as  well  as  the  fjvcr  and  r.igh;  lv.c.i:>  w;;rc  thcicby  m- 
crca!ed . 

'  I  advifed  a  nourilhing  diet,  and  d:J  not  icll:iin  her  from  a  liitic 
animal  food,  when  fhe  w.is  inclined  for  it. 

*  June  14.  Having  become  pro^rt^fTivcly  better,  her  palfe  is  nov 
tolerably  firm  and  equal,  and  about  \o\.  She  has  h^d  no  perfpir- 
ation  for  the  laft  three  nights,  and  is  now  able  to  fit  up  fii  a  chair. 
The  expeftoration  is  much  better,  and  in  a  diminilhed  qjantity,  and 
ihe  his  one  regular  motion  every  day. 

•  June  29.  Her  palfe  is  new  only  92.  She  has  little  cxpedora- 
tioo,  little  cough,  and  fcarcely  any  pcripiration.' 


Tlie  ctfe  indeed  terminated  fatally,  perhaps  in  coDfcqifMcii  ^ 
improdcnt  exertion  after  the  patient  went  down  flairs  ;  yet  h  <hi 
^grecef  recovery  fingular^  andheyond  the  eeneral  po#era'of  oo* 
aiElUd  nature.-^The  pharoaaeeutieal  remarfes  in  the  fppefidor» 
thoagh  not  of  high  importance^  are  pertinent* 

Art.  35.  The  Evidence  of  the  fuperior  Efficacy  of  the  Cinetoiid  FUod, 
§r  YeUaw  Ferwuian  Bark:  An  Eflay,  &c.  &c.  By  Walter 
Vanghan,  M.D.  Phyfician  at  Rochcfter.  To  which  is  ptcfixed"* 
A  Letter  to  the  Aathor  from  Dt.  William  Saunders,  8vo.  |i.Ml 
Johnfbn.     1795*. 

The  introduQory  part  of  this  worl:  contains  a  confiJeraUe  pordoD 
of  general  remarks  on  the  evidence  of  the  materia  medica,  and 
other  ^opics,  in  which  all  that  is  important  is  fufBciently  obfious  and 
Bndifpated.  With  refpedl  to  the  proper  fubjcd  of  the  e(Iay»  the 
hiflory,  qaalitie.^,  and  medical  eiTefis  of  the  yellow  bark,  it  maj  bo 
confidered  as  an  ufefiil  addition  to  Dr.  Relph's  pamphlet  on  the  um^ 
remedy  ;  though,  in  fa6l,  the  circumilance  of  its  adducing  farthef 
tnd  mature  tefhmony,  in  favour  of  its  efHcacy,  is  the  only  thing  of 
much  confequence.  We  (hall  quote  the  moil  material  pra£iical  o6u 
fervation  which  we  have  obfcrvcd. 

'  The  next  preparation  in  (implicity^  but  certainly  the  firtf  id 
elegance,  and  in  efficacy  inferior  to  the  extra^  alone,  is  the  cold  iQ« 
fufipn.  In  this  preparation,  the  active  part  of  the  bark  feems  to  be 
in  a  (late  more  approaching  to  nature  than  in  any  other,  and  in  % 
condition  more  fuitable  to  the  purpofes  of  medicine.  I  have  found 
it  to  agree  with  the  weakeil  llomach  ;  never  exciting  naufea,  thougi| 
it  is  as  bitter  and  charadlerii'ick  of  Peruvian  Bark  as  any  preparation 
of  it.  In  fpcdflck  gravity,  the  cold  infufion  is  equal  to  the  decodion  > 
and  if  evaporated,  it  yields  as  much  extrafl.  Accordio?  to  Do£b>r 
Aikin,  the  infufion  of  the  pale  bark  becomes  turbid  in  a  day  or 
two ;  and,  according  to  Dodtor  Babington,  that  of  the  red  bark  and 
the  yellow  generally  become  fo  in  about  a  wcf^k.  However,  I  have 
kept  the  infufion  a  fortnight,  without  cbfer^ing  any  change  in  it ; 
and  1  am  credibly  informed,  that  others  have  kept  it  longer. 

*  That  which  is  depofiied  from  this  infufion,  is  fuppofcd,  from  its 
iblubility  in  Ipirit  of  wine,  to  be  the  refin  of  tiie  bark  :  and  from  thd 
infufion  lofing  its  allringent  tafie,  and  not  being  turned  black  by 
Yitriolated  iron,  after  the  matter  is  entirely  depoSted  and  feparated 
by  filtration,  to  be  the  part  in  which  the  adringcnt  principle  refides. 

*  It  is  furpnfing,  that  the  infufion  contains  fo  much  of  the  a^vo 
part  of  the  bark  in  a  tranfparent  and  colourlefs  ilatc.  Nor  do  I  know, 
that  any  probable  reafon  hat  ever  been  afii^ned  for  it.  But  I  (haU 
refume  this  fubjed  when  I  treat  of  the  decodion. 

*  This  is  my  formula  for  a  cold  infufion. 

«  R  Cinchonae  flavae  in  Pulverem  redadae,  P.Unciamdimidiamy 
Aquae  difiillaue,  M.  Libram  unam  c&m  tribus  Unciis. 
Cinchonam  tere,  paulatim  addens  Aquam  difiillatam.  Deinde 
',  macera  per  horas  quatuor ;  et  poflremo  liquorem  cola. 

'  This  infufion  is  as  (Irong  as  a  decoflion  in  which  the  proportion 
of  the  bark  and  water  to  each  other  is  the  fame.  It  is  twice  as  flrong 
as  the  cold  infafion  of  pale  bark,  and  as  ilrone  aga'm  as  that  of  tbo 
beibrcd/ 

What 


MowTHLY  Catalogue,  MidUitt:  q^ 

Wbtt  di(Hndioii  the  wsiter  means  to  make  io  this  lad  fentence  be- 
tvveen  '  twice  as  Urong.'  and  \  as  ftrong  agaio>'  we  do  not  know. 

At  the  end  of  his  pamphlet.  Dr.  V.  fabjoins  letters  from  variouf 
odghboaring  praditioners,  in  attcflation  of  the  fuperior  efficacy  of 
t}i€  yeUow  bark  ;  and  a  valuable  communication  from  a  praAitioner  in 
Jamaica,  with  feme  remarks  on  the  yellow  fever,  is  liberally  afforded 
by  Dr.  Relph. 

Art.  36.  JNtw  Mttbod  of  operating  for  the  Femoral  Hernia^  tranflated 
from  the  Spanifh  of  Don  Antonio  de  Gimbematy  Surgeon  to  the 
King  of  Spain.  With  Plates.  To  which  are'added,  by  the  Tranf- 
lator»  Qgeries  refpedt^ng  a  fafer  Method  of  performing  Inocula* 
tionj  nod  the  Treatment  of  certain  Fevers.  8vo.  zs.  6d.  John* 
fon.     179c. 

It  is  well  known  by  furgeons,  that  the  ufual  method  ofoperating  iq 
irredociUe  femoral  hernias  offers  only  a  choice  of  difficulties,  from  the 
danger  of  wounding  the  cpigaAric  artery  on  the  one  fide,  or  the  fper- 
BUQC  Teffeli  on  the  other.  A  very  ingenious  Spanifli  pra^itioner 
here  pTopofei  a  new  method,  as  perfeAly  iafe  and  effcdoal ;  for  the 
lull  comprekenfion  of  which,  as  it  depends  on  accurate  anatomical  in« 
vedigatioo  of  the  parts  concerned,  we  mad  refer  to  the  work  itfelf. 
We  Siall  only  obferve  that  the  part  divided,  as  caufing  the  ftrangula* 
tion  of  tlie  inteftine,  is  not  the  Fallopian  lieament,  as  formerly^  but 
an  aponeurotic  duplicature,  called  the  crurafarch.  This  method  hta 
oot  only  reafoning,  but  the  fuccefs  of  four  cafes,  in  its  favour. 

Tbe  queries  concerning  inoculation,  added  by  the  tranflator,  (whoni 
we  onderftand  to  be  Dr.  fieddoes,)  refer  to  an  opinion  of  Dr.  G, 
Fordyce«  that  the  mildnefs  of  the  difeafe  is  in  proportion  to  the  fmall- 
nefs  of  ooiaAtity  of  the  variolus  matter  introduced  ;  in  purfuance  of 
which  idea.  Dr.  Beddoes  recommends  the  ufe  of  diluted  inflead  of  pure 
matter ;  and  he  gives  two  communications  from  furgeons,  in  which 
this  was  p«t  b  prafUce,  with  the  apparent  effedl  of  rendering  the 
difeafe  milder. 

The  query  refpeding  fever  relates  to  the  benefit  produced  by  the 
exhibition  of  mercury  in  certain  cafes  of  this  difeafe,  as  teflified  by 
fcveral  late  practitioners.  Dr.  B.  fuggeds  feme  (light  hints  on  thi3 
fabjed,  and  wifhes  for  a  farther  trial  of  the  remedy,  which  he  feems 
to  fuppofe  to  be  effedual  only  in  proportion  as  it  afiedts  the  falivary 

f  lands.  We  think,  however,  that  fome  of  the  authorities  to  which 
e  refers  would  rather  lead  to  the  fuppofition  that  the  e*vacuaat  effeds 
of  calomel  were  the  ferviceable  agents.  In  the  Bengal  itwtr,  Dr, 
Wade  feems  clearly  of  this  opinion. 

Art.  37.  A  Pocket  ConfpeSbts  of  the  Ne*w  London  and  Edinhurgk 
Pharmacopaias :  wherein  the  Virtues,  Ufes,  and  Dofes,  of  the 
feveral  Articles  and  Preparations  contained  in  thofe  Works  are 
concifely  dated,  their  Pronunciation  as  to  Quantity  is  didindliy 
marked,  and  a  Variety  of  other  Particulars  rr^ipedting  them  given; 
calculated  more  efpecially  for  the  Ufe  of  Junior  Pra^itioners,  Ey 
Robert  Graves,  M.  D.  &c.  &c.  1 2mo.  33,  Murray  and 
Highley.     1796. 

This  little  compilation  vtrj  fairly  anfwers  the  pretenfions  of  it* 
ttide-page,  and  ia  well  entitled  to  the  notice  of  thofe  for  h  hofe  ufo 
it  is  defigned.    It  is  neitlyprinted^  and  ita  pages  are  well  £]]ed. 


POLITICAL. 

Art.  j8.  Rights  and  Remedies,  Or,  the  Theory  and  Pnfltce  of  true 
Pofitici.  With  a  View  of  the  tremendoos  Evib  probable  to  enfue 
upon  the  Continuance  of  the  prefcnt  unncceflary  and  fruider?  War  5 
and  a  Propofal  of  immediate  Peace.  In  Two  Parts.  Dedicated 
to  Earl  Stanhope  by  One  of  the  New  Seft  of  the  Moralifls*  8vo. 
pp.  264.     6s.  Boards.     Crofby.     179$. 

We  (hould  indeed  have  profiled  little  by  the  lohg  courfe  of  oar 
critical  labours,  which  has  introduced  us  to  an  intimacy  with  opiniocs 
and  prcjcds  of  fuch  various  icinds,  were  we  to  be  flirtled  with  tb& 
name  of  ne^fe3\  or  did  we  feci  a  difpofition  to  treat  with  rigour 
any  feriou-  and  wcll-intcndfd  attempt  for  improving  the  condition  \A 
mankind,  ho^^ever  contr;iry  in  ii^  principles  to  thofe  which  we  have 
been  accullomcd  to  regard  with  preference.  We  fhoulJ  moreover, 
be  wantirg  in  candour,  did  we  impute  to  the  JeSi  itfelf  the  errors 
and  dcfeds  of  its  individual  followers  :  though*  perhaps,  there 
may  be  attached  to  the  very  nature  of  fome  fchools  of  opinion  a 
peculiar  charafler  which  may  operate  on  all  who  imbibe  their 
dodrines.  Thus,  a  lyftifm  which  feis  out  with  a  high  degree  of  con- 
tempt tor  every  thin^;  ihat  hichtrto  in  all  ages  and  countries  hii 
been  reckoned  vencr.ible  and  iicrcJ,  and  which  aims  at  not  lefs  tifa? 
a  total  change  in  human  focicty  and  mannerr,  will  be  very  likely  to 
produce  a  general  Ipiiit  of  arri^^ance  and  dogmatifm  in  its  votaries, 
though  modified  by   ihc  particLiLr  clifpoficion  of  individuals. 

By  tlie  ncvj  JL:  of  moral ;JU  to  uhich  ilie  writer  before  os  pro- 
fefles  to  belong,  we  are  to  underiland  that  clafs  of  philofopbcfB  who. 
looking  on  al;  religion  a^  the  oH'spring  of  fraud  and  error,  entirely 
difcard  it  from  tiuir  plans  of  public  and  private  regulation; — who, 
conceiving  man  to  be  mertly  the  child  of  circumftances,  confide  alto- 
gether in  the  advar.cemcrjt  of  light  and  knowlegc,  and  the  formation 
of  habit.c,  for  I  :  inelior-.tiun  ;  —who  hold  firmly  the  equality  of  hii 
natural  rights,  auu  mal^c  ilic  ccnfcnt  of  the  majority  the  only  bafii of 
I^rgitimatc  government ; — who  deiell  w.ir  and  flavcry  ;  and  who  think 
the  advantage  of  the  great  mafs  of  people  the  genuine  objeft  of  all 
policy  a;id  icgiflation.  In  many  of  ihe  views  of  fuch  a  fe6l  wc 
heartily  concur i  whtrs  wc  difF;T,  wc  rather  lament  than  wonder  at 
tl'.e  diftcTtnce.  Jn  fufl,  relirc'on  has  lo  avowedly  been  made  a  tool 
ar.d  engine  for  certain  pollticril  purpofes,  and  its  ujt  has  been  fo 
detached  from  its  truth ^  that,  were  we  rot  perfuaded  of  its  having  a 
much./t7/<?r  fuppcrt  than  human  eflahliQiments  can  give  it,  we  (hould 
conclude  tiiat  in  many  couriirics  i:s  inevitable  downfall,  along  yvith 
that  of  thofe  eflablilhmcnts,  was  at  hand. 

The  prefcnt  work  cannot,  we  think,  be  regarded  as  a  fair  fpe- 
cimcn  of  the  produ(51ion5  of  the  fed.  Though  the  author  is  by  no 
means  deficit;nt  in  ihrcivdncf  j,  and  though  many  good  obfervatiors 
and  maxima  are  to  be  found  interfpcrfcd  m  his  volume,  yet  he  has, 
furely,  an  over-prcportion  of  that  pofitivenefs  and  felf  conceit  which 
we  fufpeft  in  fome  degree  to  be  charafteriftic  of  his  fchool.  His 
ftyle,  though  energetic,  is  florid,  declamatory,  and  coarfe  ;  liis 
opinions  oittrn  feem  rather  to  flow  from  the  alternate  prevalence  of 
oppofitc  prejudices,  than  to  be  the  cool  dedudions  of  jaft  seafooiog  ; 
hi«  ceofoiea  of  men  and  thingt  are  cftco  taih,  vulgar,  and  ignoraac  \ 

and 


Monthly  Catalogue,  PeUticah  97 

tnd  his  applaufes  are  equally  light  and  exceflive.  To  attempt  any  thing 
like  an  analyfis  of  a  very  prolix  and  defuhory  work,  which,  on  the 
whole,  we  cannot  greatly  recommend,  would  be  a  walle  of  our  own 
and  our  reader's  time.  It  may  be  enough  to  fay,  in  general,  that 
the  firll  part,  chiefly  relfiting  to  the  principles  of  government  and  the 
improvement  of  human  tocieiies,  is  founded  on  the  right  of  univerfal 
fuffirage  and  the  (hort  duration  of  rcprefentative  trufls ;  and  that  it 
profelTes  an  inviolable  regard  to  public  peace,  property,  and  even 
to  old  intiitutions,  as  far  as  may  be  compatible  with  the  above  fun- 
damentals. The  writer  declares  hiniieif  (by  prejudice  of  education) 
a  friend  to  monarchy,  and  even  to  a  titled  and  hereditary  nobility  ; 
yet  be  has  fo  far  overcome  his  preju.!ices  as  to  commend  the  French 
people  for  their  fubverfion  of  tlieie  inflitutions,  and  to  regard  the 
Convention  as  fuch  a  mudei  of  wifJom  and  virtue  as  the  world  had 
never  before  feen.  At  the  fame  time,  he  thinks  the  Americans  had 
not  fufficient  grounds  for  thf'ir  revolt,  which  he  weakly  reprefents  as 
the  mere  confequence  of  a  trifling  tax  on  tea  !  Of  the  author's 
fecond  part«  the  liril  chapter  relates  to  the  war  ;  of  the  injuftice  and 
impolicy  of  which  he  is,  as  may  be  fuppofed,  a  (Irenuous  oppugner. 
His  propoTal  (or  an  immediate  peace  between  France  and  this  country 
has  for  its  bafis  the  mutual  reftoration  of  all  conqaeils  in  all  parts  of 
the  world  ;  with  this  referve,  that  the  conquered  countries  in  Europe 
fhoald  be  permitted  to  choofe  their  own  forms  of  government.  It  is 
pretty  certain  that  France  woald  not  confent  to  this  ilipulation,  with* 
oat  a  private  afibrance  that  the  choice  would  amount  to  an  annexadon 
of  rome  of  the  moil  confiderable  of  thofe  conqueds  to  its  own  terrio 
tories.— The  copious  remainder  of  the  fecond  part  relates  to  the 
Bridfh  confutation,  its  defeds,  ar>d  their  remedies ;  in  treating  of 
which,  many  of  the  ideas  of  the  former  part  are  repeated. 
Art.  39.  A  Real  Staiement  of  the  Finances  and  Refources  of  Great 
Britain \  illuflrated  by  Two  Coppcr«plate  Charts.  liy  William 
Playfair,  Inventor  of  Lineal  Arithmetic.  8ro.  2S.  Stockdale. 
1796. 

If  the  porpofe  of  this  difplay  of  the  profperity  of  Great  Britain f 
which  is  faid  to  be  *  fr  tkt  ufe  of  the  enemies  of  England y^  were  (as 
the  writer  hints)  to  prevent  the  breach  ot  the  armiliice  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine,  it  has  fur^ly  failed  in  its  purpofe.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  (which  is  much  more  probable,)  the  author's  intentions  were 
to  keep  up  the  fpirits  of  people  a:  home,  and  make  them  fliut  their 
«ycs  to  the  dangers  of  the  war,  we  apprehend  that  his  ingenuity 
will  be  fadly  countcradled  by  the  incrcafing  difiiculties  which  prefs 
both  on  Government  and  individuals.  Tne  means  which  he  has 
employed  to  produce  the  deiircd  effe<5l  on  the  minds  of  his  readers 

arc  chiefly  two one,  an  appeal  to   their  eye?,  in  two  coloured 

charts,  ingenioufly  devifed  {\d  as  to  <;ive  at  one  glance  a  llriking  view 
of  the  pregrefs  of  the  public  revenue,  and  of  the  exports  of  the 
coootry-^the  other,  certain  calculations,  liiewing  the  dificrence  be- 
tweca  the  real  and  the  nominal  increafe  of  the  public  burthens,  and 
proving  that  our  ftrength  to  bear  thofe  burthens  has  more  than  kept 
pace  with  their  augmentation.  As  to  the  Aril  of  thefe  expedients, 
we  confider  it  as  merely  an  addrets  to  the  vulgar;  for  none,  furely. 
Rev.  Sb  FT.  1796.  H  who 


9^  Monthly  CatalogiJe,  l^tfi?/iWw 

who  are  capable  of  reafoning  on  fuch  fubjefts,  will  choofe  to  tak^ 
their  ideas  from  the  inaccurate  flow  of  lines,  rather  than  from  the 
precifion  of  arithmetical  tables.  With  refpe6l  to  the  calculationt,  we 
{hill  leave  them  to  the  examination  of  others ;  only  remarking  thit> 
if  the  author's  leading  principle,  of  dedoding,  from  the  amount  of 
bur  debts  all  the  difTercncc  arifing  from  the  diminifhed  value  of 
money,  be  a  jo  ft  one,  it  is  (urprifing  that  he  did  not  fee  that  it  im- 
plies a  proportional  diminution  in  the  amount  of  our  revenue,  ami  in 
tTie  balance  of  oar  trade. 

The  writer  for  the  moft  part  adheres  to  his  proper  fabj^of  ftate* 
m^nts  and  calculations.  When  he  deviates  from  it,  he  becomes  « 
party  Reclaimer. 

Art.  40.  A  ColkSiion  of  State  Papers  relatt<ve  to  the  War  agtun/i 
France,  now  carrying  on  by  Great  Britain,  and  the  fevcral  other 
European  Powers  ;  containing  authentic  Copies  of  the  Conftitution 
of  France,  Treaties,  Conventions,  Arniiflices,  Proclamations^ 
j^anifefloes.  Declarations,  Official  Letters,  Parliamenury  Papers^ 
Gazette  Accounts,  &c.  &c.  Vol.  III.  Part  2d.  8vo.  9s* 
Boards.     Dcbrcu.     1796. 

For  our  account  of  the  former  parts  of  this  valuable  colleEioo*  we 
refer  lo  our  Reviews  for  December  1794*  and  February  1796.— 
The  editor  aifures  the  Public,  in  his  IntroduSUn,  that  he  has  drawn 
his  materials  from  the  beftfourccs  ;  that '  he  has  endeavoured  to  com* 
bine  accuracy  of  detail  with  clearnefs  of  arrangement ;  and  that  he 
has  attempted  to  execute  his  tranilations  with  that  fidelity  which  \m  {/> 
peculiarly  neceflary  in  a  work  that  afpirej  to  the  chara^er  of  offi- 
cial :'— -He  farther  observes  that,  <  the  frequent  references  that  have 
been  made  to  the  prefcnt  conilitution  of  the  French  republic,  have 
induced  him  to  include  it  in  the  prefent  colfedlion. '— -This  laft  article 
will  doubtlefs  be  thought,  by  many  readers,,  to  add  confidierably  to 
tlio  importance  of  the  preient  volume. 
Art.  4  f .  A  Short   FiC-iv  rf  the  Ituonveniences  of  War  '^  with  fomc  0!>» 

fcrvations  on  i\\'-'  Expediency  of  Peace.     In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend. 

S>vo.      IS.     Jordan.      1796. 

1'he  evils  of  war  and  the  cxpcoicncy  of  peace  arc  topics  on  which,, 
in  general  terms,  tiicre  would  probably  be  an  univcrfal  concurrence  at 
the  prefcnt  times,  excepi  from  tliofe  who  are  perfonally  intereiled  in  the 
•continua>Kv;  of  holliliiies.  It  avalla  little,  therefore,  to  declaim  oxt 
tli'::rc  fubjccls,  witlicut  bringing  forwards  fome  fpecific  propofitions 
fur  tlic  uttainmcnt  of  the  dchrcd  end — an  end  which  events  tfaemfelves 
are  bringing  about,  though  with  a  delay,  and  at  the  expence  of  human 
harpineis,  ungrateful  to  the  lover  of  mankine^.  The  only  practical 
fxpcdient  propoiVd  by  the  writer  of  this  pamphlet  is  a  petition  for 
peare  from  ihe  people  :  but,  though  wc  do  not  niean  to  condemn 
fuc!i  a  mrafure,  we  fear  that  it  would  go  but  a  little  way  in  the  prefent 
emergency. 

Art.  42.  Thoiiglts  on  the  Caufe  of  the  High  Price  of  Prcvtfions,  amlbonia 
the  E'vil  may  he  removed,  in  a  Letter  to  Sir  John  Sinclair,  Bart. 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture!  By  a  Farmer's  Sob« 
1 2  mo.     jj.     Dillyj  &:c» 

Afalle 


Motft^LY  Catalogi^e,  PJUicaL  99 

A  Mfe  nime  or  (ignaiure  to  a  title-page  is  a  fpecies  of  fraud. 
Which  oaght  never  to  go  unpunifhed  in  a  court  of  literature.  Thjs 
^armrr*s  Son,  after  having  led  us  half  way  through  his  book,  con- 
fefles  that  he  knows  nothing  of  farming, — in  the  following  paflage,— 
]>age  26-r-*  But  men  converfant  in  hufbandry  would  be  better  able 
to  judge  what  proportion  of  horfcs  may  be  difpe&fed  with,  in  order 
to  m4K£  room  for  oxen.'  His  confeffion,  however,  was  not  ne- 
cefTary,  as  wc  were  fufficiently  convinced  of  his  not  being  '  a  farmcr|s 
fon/  in  the  general  fenfe  of  the  phrafe,  before  we  reached  this 
pallage. 

Neverthelefs,  take  this  writer  oat  of  the  walk  of  hulbandry,  and  he 
is  an  i&tellig/iDt  man :  he  has  been  a  travilUr,  and  is  evidently  ac- 
quainted with  different  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  and  what  h&advances^ 
oa  the  cM^es  of  the  high  price  of  provifions,  is  entitled  to  fome  atten- 
tion ;  though  we  will  not  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  his  flatements. 
The/  will  at  leaft  ferve  to  agitate  a  moA  important  topic  ;  we  there- 
Are  infer t  them. 

*  In  order  to  fupport  my  opinion  of  there  being  an  increafe  of 
]>opulationj  I  would  in  the  firfl  place  obferve,  that  there  is  now  a 
prodigious  number  of  perfons  more  employed  in  every  department 
fCUid  lituation  throughout  the  kingdom  than  there  were  fifcy  yt^ars  fince : 
sow  taking  the  aggregate  of  this  imnnenfc  number  of  perfons  (whicii 
anuft  have  Dcen  drawn  from  huibandry,  fuppoiing  there  had  been  no 
increafe  of  population)  in  one  point  of  view,  independent  of  thofe' 
employed  in  agriculture,  which,  on  account  of  the  great  improve- 
ments-made  in  it  of  late  years,  requires  more  hands  to  carry  it  on 
than  heretofore,  and  coniidering  there  is  now  a  fufHcient  number  to 
do  the  bufinefs,  there  cannl^t  be  a  doubt  but  tUis  country  has  increafcd 
in  populauon  beyond  defcription. 

*  And  it  is  not  only  the  great  increafe  of  population  which  has  been 
the  means  of  enlarging  our  confumption  ;  but  that  a  great  number  of 
people  of  late  years  have  been  called  from  a  low  eftate  where  the  moft 
common  food  was  their  condant  fupport,  to  a  fituation  which  affords 
them  a  full  fupply  of  meat.  The  confumption  of  fuch  perfcns  requires 
more  land  to  fupply  them  with  food  than  when  they  lived  chiefly 
upon  bread,  potatoes,  and  pulfe  ;  and  indeed  whatever  contributes 
to  occupy  a  larger  portion  of  land  to  any  other  purpofe  than  me.-cly 
the  neceilaries  of  life,  fuch  as  corn,  confumcd  by  diiliilers,  for  makirg 
of  ftarch  and  hair-powder,  and  the  increafed  quantity  of  corn  and 
hops  made  ufe  of  by  brewers,  equally  tend  to  leifonxhe  means  offuppiy 
as  an  enlarged  number  of  inhabitants  and  horfcs. 

*  The  other  principal  caufe  of  our  great  confumption,  which  I 
have  before  Aated,  is  the  great  increafe  of  horfcs ;  and  this  will 
plainly  appear,  when  it  is  conHdered  what  great  nu:r.b:rs  arc  kept 
W)w  to  what  there  were  lifty  years  ago ;  for  poft  chaifes  and  ma- 
chines ;  by  perfons  whofe  property  is  in  the  public  funds  ;  by  opulent 
tradefmen  and  manufafturers,  both  for  riding  and  carriages;  to- 
gether with  thofe  necefiary  for  carrying  on  the  increafed  f^ade  and 
nanufadares  of  this  kingdom  ;  thofe  ufed  by  higglers  and  errand 
cartt,  for  fome  miles  round  London  ;  and  others  in  hackney  coaches 
in  Loudop,  BriftoU  BirmiogSam,  and  Plymouth. 

Hi  'To 


100  Monthly-  Catalogue,  PoliticaU 

'  To  this  might  be  added  the  number  exported  (aboat  2000  an« 
naally),  and  the  marcs  and  colts  necefTary  to  be  kept«  in  order  to 
afford  a  conflant  fupply  for  thefe  refpedive  purpofes,  mail  be  im* 
menfe. 

'in  order  to  (hew  the  amazing  confumption  which  is  Caofed  by 
hories,  I  will  only  (late  one  in(lance»  and  that  is  in  refpedl  to  the 
number  of  perfons  who  might  be  fupported  from  what  is  expended 
on  thofe  horfes  working  in  the  mail  coaches. 

*  From  the  bell  information  I  have  been  able  to  obtain,  the  namber 
of  thefe  horfes  mull  be  near  two  thoufand ;  and>  as  they  cannot  be 
kept  for  lefs  than  twelve  fhililngs  per  week  each ».  the  confumption 
of  one  horfe  wou!J  fupport  a  labouring  man,  his  wife,  and  four 
children ;  fo  that  the  ium  expended  on  2CX)0  horfes  would  be  fuf- 
ficient  to  keep  12,000  perfons  :  or  fuppofe  one  horfe  will  confuaie 
the  produce  of  four  acres  of  land,  then  it  would  require  8000  acres 
of  land  to  fupport  the  faid  number  of  horfes.  If  then  the  lo(a  fuf- 
tained  to  the  public  by  only  fo  fmall  a  part  of  the  horfes  thus  kept  is  fo 
great,  what  mull  it  be  wiien  all  the  horfes  above  defcribcd  are  taken 
into  confidcration  1* 

His  propofed  means  of  remedying  the  evil  are  numerous  ; — fuch  as 
inclofing  open  lands — draining  ^ct  lands — embanking  land  from 
the  fea — i:nproving  moory  heaths — and  cultivating  Nova  Scotia  ! 
lefTi'ning  the  ufe  of  horfes,  and  incrcafmg  that  of  black  or  neat 
cattle,  in  huibindry  ;  and,  above  all,  to  m«ikc  ufe  oi Kctuuiiys  Driil 
and  Mcoix^s  PLzv, 

Art.  4;.      Letters  adJveCcd  to  the  Monthly  Rei'iewers  for  April  I796. 
^"^  Thcmas  Trcmlcu.     8vo.      li.     John.'on,  &c. 

The  writer  of  thefe  temperate  letters  thinks  that  we  have  misftated 
the  meaning  of  a  pamphlet  pubiiliR-d  by  him,  entitled,  •*  StriHuns  on 
a  propcjed  Flan  for  adcpt'nig  a  Loan^*  6cc.  in  our  No.  for  April.  After 
fome  remarks  ou  literary  impartialiiy,  wiiich  he  more  particalirjy 
applies  c^  Reviewers  in  their  examinations  of  political  tradis^  he  pro- 
duces his  charge  in  thefe  terms : 

•  1  have  been  led  into  this  train  of  reflexion,  by  perufing,  in  your 
Review  for  April,  the  animadverfions  paffed  on  my  Pamphlet ;  wherein 
you  are  pleafcd  10  fay  as  follows  ♦  :  ««  Thefe  ihi^ures  arc  recom- 
menddiior.s  of  a  plan,  propofed  by  the  Author^  for  enabling  the  Ad- 
niinlllration  o^  the  prefer.t  day  to  raife  money,  without  being  troubled 
with  the  difagrceuble  ncceiiity  of  providing  for  tbeintereU:  Thus, 
for  ever-.  tAtr.cy  millions  which  it  is  propofed  to  borrow^  no  intereft 
whatever  is  to  be  paid  for  the  firll  fourteen  years  ;  for  which  for- 
bearance, the  h.ildcrs  of  this  deferred  Hock  are  thenceforward  to 
receive  a  dividend  of  ten  per  cent,  per  ann.  for  meeting  which  ad- 
ditional iucumbrance  (fays  the  planner)  from  and  after  that  time, 
the  Legidature  would  only  have  to  provide  the  needful." 

<  I  am  rather  at  a  lofs,  I  muft  confefs,  to  difcover  from  what  part 
Ftbe  pamphlet  the  words  in  unifon  with  the  idea  conveyed  by  this 
ragraph  are  10  be  met  with.  The  Tale  of  the  Tub  might,  indeed, 
Ip  you  out,  by  means  of  Brother  Peter ;  for,  fiionld  not  each  word, 

«  •  See  Monthly  Review  Enlarged*  for  A^rilj  179(3.  p.  457.' 

S  At 


Monthly  CAtj^tq/^vE^  PoMcaU  loi 

as  here  fitted,  be  found  to  fucceed  'ogir^e.other,  it  is  very  poflibIe» 
that  EVERY  one  of  them  could  be  cxtrA^iit^rom  the  perfomance ; 
altho'  itib  htppen,  that,  by  that  method  b^t\ftsk^  the  di^erence«  the 
real  meamng  of  the  author  be  misllated.*      **    /**• 

To  this  charge  of  misftatement,  we  can  in'.iro.w^y  fo  properly 
reply  at  by  produdng  evidence  from  the  ivork  in  qQ*(;^icm\    The  plan 
propofed  is  faid,  in  the  title  page,  to  be,  <'  for  adopt«r>g  a  Iqsd  with 
a  view  of  inftitoting  reverfionary  annuities,  or  Government  ^divijendt 
fofohU  at  a  future  period,*^     After  having  exprefl'ed  his  hopcs«*tt}at  it 
woald  be  replete  with  beneficial  confequences,  the  author  defcnbe^^VH 
plan  in  the  following  words  (p.  17*  of  Scridures) :     *'  The  fcheiife 
propofed  is  nearly  as  follows:    To  inftitute  a  loan  equal   to  the  full  •, 
cxpeoditore  of  one  year,  on  terms  calculated  by  arithmetic  comput-    ' 
atioo  of  compound  interefl,   payable  to  the  holders  of  this  tiock  at 
a  reverfionary  fixed  period,  by  annuities  or  dividends,  fandioned  by 
Parliament.'' 
He  afterward  makes  the  following  (latement : 
**  The  fnm  required  for  this  year  being  eighteen  millons,  let  us 
for  the  next,  fuppofe  it  may  be  twenty  millions.     In  lieu  of  additional 
tslxes  to  that  amount,  were  we  to  inllitute  annuities,   to  commence 
immediately,  to  that  amount,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  yearly,  it 
would  require,  to  fulfil  that  engagement,  a  conftant  additional  in- 
cumbrance of  the  yearly  value  of  (fterling)     £.  1,000,000. 

**  It  is  generally  admitted,  that  a  Turn  producing  five  per  cent,  per 
aanam  doubles  itfelf  in  about  14  years  ;  confequently,  annuities  to  the 
above  valoe,  with  the  condition  of  commencing  at  the  expiration  of 
i^  years,  would  then  incur  a  yearly  additional  expenditure  of  (Her- 
ling)  £,  a,ooo,coo.  For  meeting  which  additional  yearly  in- 
cumbrance, from  and  after  that  time,  the  Legiflature  would  only 
have  to  provide  the  needful." 

Here  then  it  appears   that   the  charge  or*  misflafement  is  relied 

folely  on  the  application  of  the  word  every ^  before  •  twenty  millions;* 

and  it  is  true  that  the  author,  in  one  part  of  his  performance,   does 

foppofe  20  millions  to  be  beyond  the  (cope  of  his  propofal  :  but  fuch 

a  fuppofition  we  could  not  reconcile  with  his  fcheme  of  inftituting  a 

loan  equal  to  the  full  expenditure  of  one  year.     Whatever  might  have 

been  imagined  in  the  commencement  of  the  war,  no  one,   who  does 

not  voluntarily   deceive    himlelf,     can,    in  the  year  1796,  believe 

that   20   millions    (or  even    twice  that  fum,    without  the  addition 

of  the  revenue,  which  the  author  has  not  fpecified)    will  be  fufficient 

10  anfwer  the  full  expenditure  of  a  year.     We  muft  likewife  obferve 

that  we  have  not  the  fmalleft  faith  in  the  probability  of  limitation, 

Ihottld  Mr.  Tremleti's  plan  be  once  introduced  into  pra6lice.     \{  Ad- 

miniftrations  can  raife  money  with  fo  little  trouble  to  themfelver,  it  is 

to  be  expeded   that  they  will  regard  the  prefent  convenience  as  an 

adequate  confolation  for  the  profpeft  of  future  difficulties ;  the  weight 

of  v^hich,  it  is  mofl  probable,  will  fall  on  tne  (houlders  of  fome  other 

Adminidration. 

In  our  Review,  we  did  not  think  it  necertary  to  nocice  the  par- 
ticular inconfil!encies  of  a  plan  which  we  fo  flrongly  difapproved 
;« toto :  bat,  being  formally  called  to  anfwer  to  a  charge  of  mif- 
fiatcment,  we  have  dwelt  more  on  the  fubjcd  than  wc  otherwife 

H  3  £ho\^d 


101  Monthly  CAirlfiZahvE,  PdKftdaL 

ftouli  have  done.  Mr.  Tr^tPJ^Jt;  in  his  outfet,  addreflts  to  oi  A5 
old  maxim,  '*  profit  byy<wiVt)fiponents."  Wc  do  not,  by  nny  meaofi 
wifh  to  corfidir  Mr.-T);eritlcit  as  our  opponent ;  and  efpecialty  ii 
we  do  not  p'crtei.-iv--*rn.wb'at  manner  i:  will  afford  os  the  opportnnity 
of  deriving  profit'^/'His  arguments  in  favour  of  his  plan  are  doabtiftfs 
extraordinarjr/'but'hot  convincing.  We  fliall  prcfcnt  to  the  rcader'i 
notice  a*Qicrt  fprcimen  of  his  rcaloning.  As  a  recommendation  for  the 
fpeedy  aJo^tion  of  his  plan,  he  urge:^  that^  "  even  the  poftponingit 
to  a'(lih^n<  period,  when,  from  intervening  cautes  the  fubjtdt  nay 
i;oJi^er  be  well  able  to  bear  the  prefl'ure  of  accumulated  taxes,  it 
.is' perfumed,  would  be  deferring  it  to  a  very  hazardous  time  indeed,'* 
'••(p.  29  of  Striftures).  This  is  ceitainly  not  a  very  hopelol  pro- 
'  fped  :  but  it  offers  a  good  hint  to  Adminillraiion  to  take  the  money 
now  while  it  is  to  be  obtained ;  for  that  hereafter,  the  people,  fo  far 
from  being  able  to  advance  more  capital,  may  not  be  able  to  furniih 
even  the  intereft.  In  fumming  up  the  advantages  that  would  refolc 
from  his  plan,  he  fays,  "  Could  it  with  propriety  be  introdaced,  fo 
as  effedually  to  render  for  the  moment  an  augnnentation  of  talts 
recdlefs,  the  clafs  of  people,  who  too  frequently  judge  by  the  pre- 
fent  feeling,  might  with  eagcrnefs  exprefs  its  gratitude  to  its  rulers," 
(p. 43  of  Stridtures) .  Can  even  fuch  fhort-livcd  gratitude  be  either  me- 
rited or  obtained,  by  putting  off  the  evil  day,  on  fo  hard  a  condition  as 
that  of  the  certainty  of  its  fo  fpeedily  returning  with  twofold  weight  f 

^rt.  44.    The  Hijlory  ofTijao  ASls,  entitled.  An  A61   for  the   Safety 
and  Prcfervation  of  His  Majefty's  Perfon  and  Government  iigainft 
treafonable  and  feditious  Practices  and  Attempts ;  and  An  AA  for 
the  more  effedlually  preventing  Seditious  Meetings  and  Aflfemblies  ; 
Including  the  Proceedings   of  the  Britifh  Parliament,  and  of  the 
various   Popular  Meetings,  Societies,  and  Clubs  throughout  the 
Kingdom.      To  which  are  prefixed.    Remarks   on   the  State  of 
Parties  and  of  public  Opinion,  during  the  Reign  of  his  prefent  Ma« 
jelly.     8vo.     pp.978.     126.   Boards.     Robinfons.     1796. 
In  this  hiflory,  are  coUedled  all  the  documents  ^nd  evidence,  Iroih 
the  papers  on  both  fides,  (whether  in  favour  of  or  agunft   the  twq 
ads,)  which  tend  in  any  material  degree  to  explain  their  meaning  and 
confequence,  or  the  ftate  of  the  public  mind  refpcding  them.     The 
debates  on  the  fubjedl,  in  both  the  Homes  of  Parliament^  arc  given 
at  length  ;    with  the   examinations  on  the  infult  and  aflaulc  on  his 
Majefty's  perfon,  in  his  pafTage  to  and  fiom  the  Houfe  of  Lords  oa 
the    24th  of  O^lober  1795  ;    and    likevvife  an  account   of  the  pro- 
ceedings and  addreffes  of  the  feveral  counties,  towns,  a^ToctatioDS^ 
and  popular  meetings,  throughout  the  kingdom. 

The  remarks  which  are  prefixed  on  the  Hate  of  parties  ^nd  of 
public  opinion,  durinjj  the  pnfent  reign,  form  a  concife  and  intereft- 
ing  hiflory  of  the  different  Adminiilrations,  and  their  views.  The 
uriter  principally  inlilh  that  republican  or  democratic  principles,  in- 
(lead  of  being  caught  by  this  country  from  France,  are  the  natural 
growth  and  produce  of  our  own  country  ;  which  pcfition  be  fupports 
by  a  variety  of  fads  and  extracts,  chiefly  from  parliamentary  debates, 
of  date  long  anterior  to  the  commencement  of  the  French  revolu- 
(ion  i  4Qd  the  contenu  of  tiie  prefent  pttblicatioD,  he  obferves,  faf- 

ficieotly 


MoirT9LT  Catatoqui,  P^Diif^L  193 

^esilf  prove^  '  that  the  moft  obnoxioos  doQrines,  which  hare  bee;^ 
^nUdp  fr^fkffed  by  the  focieties  deemed  feditiouSf  are  not  the  mwth 
gif  the  principles  of  the  French  con(litution»  are  not  new  10  this 
^MeeCr]r»  bisc  have  been  rqpeatedly  aflertcd  in  parliaihent^  argued  ip 
paUicauona  which  it  never  was. deemed  necefLiry  to  profecote,  and 
smtiiiied  with  much  apparent  zeal  by  men  who  now  rank  hi^h  m 
the  conidence  of  parliament  and  the  nation.* 

Ii  fpeakiog  of  the  difaffedion  which  has  prevailed  at  different  times 
dofiDg  the  prcfent  reign«  one  of  the  mol^  remarkable  caufes  aJBignedf 
V  raSier  quoted  from  the  Middlefex  petition*  is,  '*  the  anjull  treat- 
flKBt  of  petitions,  by  feleding  only  fuch  paru  as  might  be  wrefted  to 
criqUBate  the  petitioners,  and  refufing  to  hear  thofe  which  might  pro- 
core  him  redrefs.** 

The  reader  will  be  enabled  to  judge  of  the  (entiments  and  political 
Hpfyyr  of  the  author,  from  the  following  extraft : 

*  When  by  the  confllfk  of  opinions  which  diilurbed  the  pea^e  of  thp 
cqimiunity»  by  the  bold  rcfolucions  and  addrefles  of  the  focieties,  ^nd 
by  their  ^rrefpondence  with  France,  the  miniflry  thought  it  their  duty 
to int^rfNbfe between  the  conftitution  and  iu  opponents;  they  foande4 
^  opjmiooa  of  the  public  at  large,  and  all  bodies  of  men  united  io 
feMfltioiis  and  addreffes  exprc(Rve  of  their  veneration  for  the  confti* 
Cidon  onder  which  they  had  the  happinefs  to  live.  So  general  a  tell; 
9f  byalty,  perhaps,  was  never  fo  eagerly  taken.  All  this  was  fair, 
M  what  appeared  upon  the  fur  face  been  of  the  fame  (l^iff  with  wh^t 
liydecp.  If  adminillration  bad  been  contented  with  this,  the  iofigni* 
fqiBce  of  ahe  republican  party  would  have  been  fo  obvious  as  to  create 
ae  alarm.  But  Angular  as  it  may  feem,  the  cry  of  danger  became 
laadeft  when  adual  danger  had  dtfappeared.  The  necedity  apd  jtif- 
tice  of  a  war  with  France  was  {were]  firlt  infinuated  and  then  openly 
avowed*  Epithets  were  invented  for  every  man  who  thought  that 
var  might  be  avoided,  that  it  was  unjud  in  its  principle,  and  would 
be  onfuccefsful  in  ilTue ;  and  that  there  was  that  wanting,  withoi^t 
which  no  war  can  be  jud,  namely,  a  plain,  unequivocal,  and  fpeciiic 
obfeA.  All  who  ventured  to  exprcfs  fuch  opinions  were  Republicans^ 
ti^ftUert^  ox  Jacch'iKs,  Of  all  libels  nicknames  arc  the  moft  atroci- 
ous. They  exafperate  the  paflions;  they  Aecl  the  hearts  of  men 
igainft  one  another  ;  they  fupport  ignorance  and  bigotry  ;  they  have 
ip  all  ages  been  the  incitement  to  injudice,  rapine,  and  murder.' 

On  £e  documents  and  evidence  coileded  in  this  ufcful  publication, 
it  is  not  neceflary  now  to  comment.  In  an  appendix  cootaining  an 
alphabetical  lift  of  the  addreiTes,  thofe  pafTages  are  feledcd  in  which 
the  addreflTers  deviated  moil  in  their  expreiuons  from  the  accuftomed 
fsrms  ;  and  a  ftate ment  is  given  on  the  whole  of  the  petitions, ^by 
which  it  appears  that  the  number  of  petitions  for  the  bills  amounted  to 
65,  and  the  number  of  iignitures  as  Hated  on  prefenution,  29,922. 
Againft  the  bills,  the  number  of  petitions  94,   and  of  iignatures 

Art.  45 .    An  Examination  of  Mr,  Paiue^s  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Englijh 
Sjiflimrf  Finance,     In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend.     By  Jofepu  Smith, 
BarriAer  at  Law.     8vo.     pp*  45.     is.'  Robinfons. 
I^hough  Mr.  Smith  is  ia  fome  inftaoccs  aa  hypothe(ical  as  Mr. 

H  +  Paine 


104      Monthly  Catalogue,  Religious  and  PclmiaJ. 

Paine  hlmfelf,  and  aiTumes  equal  latitude  in  playing  with  figoret^ 
he  offers  to  the  reader  fcveral  pertinent  remarks,  with  the  honefl  view 
of  rebutting  thofe  which  are  (o  malicioufly  exhibited  in  the  Declitf 
and  Fall  of  the  Englijh  Syflitn  cf  Finance,  There  is,  as  he  very  juflly 
Hates,  a  common  iniercli  in  I'l^pporting  public  credit ;  and,  in  cafe  of 
adlual  danger  or  fcrious  alarm,  there  canrot  be  a  doubt  thai  every 
expedient  would  be  adopted  ior  the  purpofe.  The  a^ual  quantity  of 
coin  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  pro)i(Oriion  that  it  bears  to  the  bank 
-notes  in  circulation,  are  circumftances  not  very  eafy  to  be  afcertained : 
but,  while  no  abfolute  want  of  the  former  is  experienced  in  the  pay- 
ment of  taxef,  and  in  the  tranfaditons  of  bunncfs ;  and  while  the  latter 
are  paid  on  demand  to  their  full  amount ;  we  ought  not  to  allow  the 
aflcrtions  and  vague  calculations  of  a  deiigning  pamphleteer  to  draw 
us  into  that  kind  of  fufpiclon,  the  operation  of  which  can  alone 
verify  his  predidtions.  I'hat  the  fiinding  lyltem  has  tended  to  in* 
creafc  very  much  the  burthens  of  the  ^^eople,  and  that  its  progrefs 
threatens  us  with  great  mirchicf,  are  matters  about  which  there  is  Tittle 
difpute  ;  yet  there  is  no  ncccflity  for  depifting  our  iituation  in  worfe 
colours  than  it  reaUy  bears.  Kxpericnce  has  hitherto  proved  that  wo 
are  not  fo  poor  as  Mr.  Paine  would  pirfuaxle  us.  We  have  not  fcU 
our  want  of  metallic  money  to  the  extent  tl:at  he  infmuatef,  and  yetlxe 
would  convince  us  that  we  havemucH  kfs  than  our  neceflities require; 
and,  to  bring  us  into  the  fituation  which  he  uifhcs,  he  would  deftroy 
that  confdetice  or  fMic  credit  which  is  the  i'ource  of  riches,  by  artfully 
defining  it  «*  fufficion  afleep  :**  but.  as  Mr.  S  remarks,  might  he 
not  as  will  define  lo-ve  to  be  hatred  cjlccp^  an.!  kuo^^lcge  to  be  igno^ 
ranee  a/lcif.  The  fr.ct  is,  Mr.  1*.  lup;^okd  \\\M  niuch  injury  may  be 
done  to  Great  Britain  by  foonding  tl»c  itcfin  of  alarm  on  the  fub- 
jedl  of  fi'.ance,  and  public  credit,  j'.-.llcad  of  injury,  he  will  do  us 
much  gnod,  if  his  remarks  K:id  i-'s  to  a  cc'.ridcraiion  of  our  real  iitua- 
tion, and  to  that  cautiou:>  and  uiie  conJutt  w))ich  it  undoubtedly 
demands. 

RELIGIOUS     and     rOLKMICAL. 

Art.  46.  Dci/m  ircced  to  en:  cf  its  frivctlnl  Sources ;  or  the  Corrup- 
tion of  Chrilliaiiity  The  j»ranu  (  :^i'f*"  (>f  Infii'tlity  :  containing  brief 
Refiecliot  8  on  the  Subject,  in  a  lAiicr  '.o  the  Biftiop  of  Landaffon  his 
late  Work,  eiuitlcd  '*  An  Apolcgy  fur  the  Bible."  In  Anfwer  to 
^1r.  Maine's  Second  Pan  of  the  Age  of  Rtalon.  By  J.  Coward. 
8vo.     pp    51,     6J.     RicharcJon. 

Without  helitation,  ue  admit  the  truth  of  Mr.  Coward's  pofitiona 
but  we  r.reof  opitiion  that  he  has  luaicd  it  in  too  loole  and  defultory 
a  manner  to  produce  the  ir.tenced  efrVct  on  the  fens  cf  reafon.  Hit 
ohjti^l  is  to  exonerate  rcvel.iiion  from  »he  opprobrium  of  inculcating 
irrational  and  unan^iab-c  (iot^trires  ;  10  fliew  that  the  God  of  the  Scrip- 
tures is  a  very  difieicnt  Being  from  the  God  dcpidted  in  many  human 
fyftems,  uhich  prcrcnd  to  deduce  their  vouchers  from  the  Scriptures  ; 
and  that  the  morality  which  the  Old  and  the  New  Telia mentinculca;c 
Is  of  the  purell  and  moft  benevolent  kind.  So  far,  fo  good.  This, 
however,  he  (hould  have  done  in  a  more  argumentative  way  ;  and  he 
Aipwld  have  been  ipore  cautious  in  the  felc^iion  of  his  expreffions ;  for 

Chriflian4 


MoNTRLY  Catalogue,  Rilighus  and  Pdmleal.      105 

Chriffians  who  are  la  the  habits  of  piety,  and  (ermon  reading  and 
hearingy  do  not  in  general  weigh  the  force  and  meaning  of  ccrtaia 
wordtj  which,  though  famirur  to  their  eyes  and  ears,  llop  the  deift  at 
the  very  thre(faold  of  his  inquiries. 
Art,  47.   Prtnjtrhst  Eccltfiafticst  Wifdom  of  Solomon,  Ecdejlafticus  ;  with 

an  introdudory    Preface,      izmo.     pp.  227.     2S.  6d.     Sewed. 

Longman.     1 796. 

The  fiibie  being  a  colledion  of  hidorical,  prophetical,  and  moral 
trads,  very  little  dependent  on  or  conneded  with  each  other,  it  is  evi* 
dent  that  feledions  may  be  made  wiih  the  grcatefl  propriety  ;  and  the 
four  booksj  mentioned  in  the  tide  of  this  publication,  lorm  a  compre- 
benfive  compendium  of  biblical  ethics. 

Art.  48.      Thomas  Paine  njindicaud.     Being  a  (hort  Letter  to  the 

fiilbop  of  Landatf  on  his  Reply  lo  Thomas  Paine's  Age  of  Reaibn. 

By  a  Deift.     Svo.     is.     Croiby. 

This  letter  is  given  as  the  fublhince  of  a  few  marginal  notes  made 
with  a  pencil,  while  reading  the  Hilhop  of  LandafF's  Apology.  The 
remarks  are  cnrfory,  and  abound  more  with  pert  and  fnapplfhwit  than 
^th  argoment.  Chrillianiry  is  depreciated  as  the  caufe  of  poverty,  dif- 
trefs,  and  flavery,  while  Thomas  Paine  is  aflcrted  •  infinitely  to  excd 
all  other  men,  the  author  ever  knew  or  read  of,  for  judgment^  acutentft^ 
Jcitmci^  atucdotet  and  fancy ;  lor  he  is  %f.ni  poet.'  This  dcift  poiiteljr 
cells  the  BiQiop  that  it  is  well  Mr.  Paine  did  inoi  ftudy  the  New  Tefta- 
neot,  for  then  he  would  have  bothered  him  4ill  more ;  and,  as  the  Bi(hop 
concludes  his  Apology  with  wiihing  that  Mr.  Paine  maybecome  aChriu 
fian,  this  vindicator,  that  he  may  not  be  behind -hand  with  him  in  good 
wiflies,  hniihes  his  letter  with  lincercly  hoping  that  Bifliop  Watfon 
*  may  become  a  partaker  of  that  faith  in  Dcifm  which  is  the  founda* 
tion  of  his  happinefs  in  this  world,  and  of  all  his  hopes  in  another/ 
We  leave  the  Biihop  to  thank  him. 
Art.  49.      Ohfcrvatiom  en  cur  Lord''!  ConduSl  as  a  Divine  InftruSior: 

and  on  the  Excellence  of  his  moral  Charadler.     By  William  New« 

come,  D.  D.  Archbilliop  of  Armagh.     The  2d  Edition  correded. 

Svo.     75.     Boards.     Johnfon.     1795. 

In  our  Ixviiiih  vol.  p.  479,  we  gave  an  account  of  this  very  va- 
luable work,  which  then  macie  its  firii  appearance  in  quarto.  In  its 
prefent  reduced  form  and  price,  there  can  be  nodoubt  tliat  itwill  meet 
with  a  welcome  reception  from  every  true  friend  to  rational  and  ge-> 
nuine  Chritlianity. 

Art.  50.     Brief  Rejleffiotts  on  the  Eloquence  of  the  Pulpit,  (occafioned 

by  a  Pamphlet  entitled  *'  Remarks  on  a  Sermon  preached  on  the 

Faft  Day,   1795*  by   the  Rev.  J.  Gardiner,"  in  which,  among 

others,  are  cor.fidcred  the  Sentiments  of  Dr.  Gregory^  Dr.  John* 

Ton,  and  Dr.  Blair.     By  the  Rev,  John  Gardiner,  Redor  of  Brailf* 

ford,  &c.  in  the  County  of  Derby,  and  Curate  of  St.  Mary  Mag* 

dalen,  Taunton.     «vo.     pp.67,     is.  6d.     Rivingtons. 

We  perfedly  agree  with  the  author  of  this  pamphlet  in  thinking  that 

^  the  Rate  of  pulpit  eloquence  in  this  country  has  long  been  defervedly 

the  fabjed  of  complaint.'     We  are  fenfible  that  finglifh  preachers* 

when  they  have  avoided  the  extravagances  of  fanaticifm,  have  com* 

monljr 


Iq6  Monthly  Catalogue,  P^z/ry,  dfc. 

inonly  been  too  cold  and  inanimate^  both  in  their  compofitioil  ^ih! 
/delivery,  to  merit  the  appellation  of  orators.  They  have  relied  more 
en  found  fenfc  and  folid  argument,  than  on  flowers  of  rhetoric  and 
varied  tones  offpcech.  Had  they,  without  negleding  the  forqser, 
paid  more  attention  to  the  latter,  they  would  certainly  have  approach- 
ed nearer  to  the  perfedion  of  manly  and  genuine  eloquence.  We  arc 
by  no  means  certain,  however,  that  their  defeds  would  he  corroded 
by  fending  them  to  the  fchool  of  BolTuct  and  Saurin,  of  Bourdaloue 
and  Mafliilon.  This,  however,  is  Mr.  Gardiner's  opinion.  Jn  con- 
tradidion  to  Dr.  Gregory,  who,  after  having  gone  through  the 
drudgery  of  perufing  all  the  moft  celebrated  of  tne  French  preachers, 
aiferts  that,  except  a  fermon  or  two  by  Mafliilon,  there  arc  fcarcely  any 
of  them  which  deferve  to  be  compared  with  the  Englifh  preachers, 
or  even  to  be  read  at  all,  and  imputes  to  them  great  itcorredoeft  of 
tafle,  and  poverty  of  matter  ;  Mr.  Gardiner  afctibes  to  tkca  fub- 
}fmity,  vigour,  elegance,  animation,  and  pathos,  and  undertakes  to 
fupport  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Blair,  **  that  a  perfed  model  of  pulpic  elo* 
quence  might  be  formed  from  an  union  of  French  earneilnefi  aoil 
warmth  with  Englifli  accuracy  and  rcafon."  The  pamphlet  is  wricten 
with  vivacity,  and  in  a  diffufe  and  declamatory  flyle,  which  ihewt 
finder  what  maders  the  writer  has  fludicd.  We  cannot  think,  how- 
ever, that  the  fubjed  is  difcuiTed  with  philofophical  precition*  nor  that 
(he  publication  is  likely  to  produce  any  material  alteration  in  the  Eng- 
Jiih  mode  of  preaching. 

POETRY,     bfc. 

Art.  $1.     Poims  OH  various  SubieSs.     By   Charles    Lloyd.      Sv«* 
pp.  104.     2s.  6d.   Boards.     Law.     1795. 
Amid  the  number  of  infipid  poems  which  we  are  obliged  to  read, 
wc  feel  no  fmall  degree  of  pleafure  when  we  chance  to  meet  with  one 
which  we  can  judly  pralfe.     In  the  coliedion  before  us,  we  are  happy 
to  difcover  many  marks  of  genius,  a  glow  of  imagination,  and  aa 
originality  of  thought,  which  are  not  very  common  among  the  poets 
of  the  prefent  age.     The  verfification  is  fometimes  harmonious,  fre- 
quently carelefs,  but  aUays  fpirited.     One  of  the  happieft  of  the 
produdlons  is  the  following  Addrefs  to  a  Cuttage : 
'  Hail,  facred  fcene  of  fimple  joy. 
The  little  ruHic  cottage  hail  ! 
Such  as  I  oft  have  chanc'd  to  fpy 
In  far  off  folitary  vale. 

*  I  know  thee  by  thy  whitcn'd  wall. 

Thy  lowly  roof  of  warmed  thatch. 

Thy  (hadowy  arm,  thy  cafcroent  fmall. 

Thy  humble  door  and  fimple  latch, 

*  I  know  thee  by  thy  garden  neat. 

Where  many  a  [an]  ufcful  herb  is  fecn, 
Wh^re  wall- flowers  yield  an  odour  fweet. 
And  woodbines  twine  with  j  as 'mines  green* 

*  Hail  ruftic  cot  1  thy  namclefs  roof 

Each  ibcial  virtue  oft  has  known, 
<«  Of  Faith  and  Love  the  xnatchlefs  proof/' 
Thy  little  teaeiDent  has  ihewn. 

!  A  happy 


MOITTKT  CaTALOOOI,  PdOlJ^  ffg.  tO/ 

*  A  happx  Hoiband's  calm  retreat— 

For  fate  has  given  a  partner  dear; 
A  happy  Father's  tranquil  feati    ■■  ■ 

For  beauteous  babe;  are  fmiling  thero. 
^  There  Peace  affords  a  purer  joy 

Than  Luxury  could  e'er  difpenie; 
There  frourtly  vices  ne'er  annoy 

The  ignorance  of  Innocence. 
^  There,  if  the  fyftematic  fchod 

No  fophift  laws  for  life  enaA 
To  chain  the  free-born  mind  to  rule       m 

The  native  feelings  teacli  to  a6l. 

*  Afedion  fills  the  guiklefs  heart. 

Each  knows  that  happinefs  is  dear, 
Aod  fimple  Nature  tries  t'  inipart 

That  blifs  to  every  ohjcSt  near, 
f  H«l  ruiHc  cot !  tky  frugal  board 

Scill  may  thy  happy  tenants  fpread. 
Ne'er  may  they  court  the  mifer's  hoard 

While  bled  with  peace  and  honeft  bread* 
f  May  Virtue  ever  dwell  with  thee. 

And  Nature's  pure  fenfations  blefsp 
May  pain  ne'er  rife — ■»— to  agony. 

Nor  even  plcafure to  excefs.* 

Mr.  Lloyd  feems  to  be  fond  of  contemplating  the  fublime  and  t«Fw 
fill  fcenet  of  Nature,  and  accordingly  his  Ode  addrelTed  to  Kefwidc 
Lake  10  Cumberland  contains  mucn  bold  imagery :  but,  like  moft 
conpofitions  of  that  fort,  it  is  wild  and  obfcure.  How  far  poetic  eow 
thafiafm  may  jiiilify  a  writer,  when  he  is  fo  fublime  as  to  be  almoft 
uniotelligible,  we  pretend  not  to  determine :  but  nothing  faems  (o 
contrary  to  the  nature  of  poetry,  as  a  familiarity  of  expre$on  bor-> 
dering  on  the  low  and  vulgar,  of  which  the  following  lines  are  aa 
example : 

*  Ah  I  as  thy  varying  fcene  I  mark, 

Wnat  cloud- clad  rocks,  what  mountains  huge  appear; 

Here  Gowdar  frowns,  with  Skiddaw  in  its  rear, 

A  vail  (lupendous  mais !' 
The  author's  tranflations  from  Petrarch  are  by  no  means  a  juft  re- 
prefentation  of  the  original.  Although  we  cannot  charge  hiin  with  a 
vantof  fenfibiiity,  he  feems  to  have  no  conception  of  the  tender  pathos 
and  elegant  dillrefs  which,  in  fo  remarkable  a  manner,  charaderife 
the  writings  of  the  Italian  poet.  Of  his  original  fonnecs,  we  (hall 
(opy  the  third  as  a  favourable  fpecimen. 

*  (Written  at  Exmou/b,  Devon  ) 
•  The  fleecy  clouds  that  veil  the  evening  Iky 
Sail  flowly  o*'er  the  white  refl^dling  main  ; 
On  whofe  cdm  bread  the  breeze  forgets  to  (igh« 
And  yields  to  filence  thto'  the  fobej  ketic. 

•  TL^ 


io8  Monthly  Catalooub»  Poetry^  He* 

•  The  diftant  hills,  where  each  bright  tint  was  feen 

Of  cultivation,  hide  their  downy  heads 
Beneath  the  dewy  cloud  that  floats  ferene. 
And  on  their  forms  a  miily  (hadow  (heds. 

•  Now  on  the  fleeping  wave  a  vermeil  hue 

Is  foft  rcflcfted  from  the  glowing  well. 
Where  with  flow  llcp  meek  eve  retires  from  view. 
And  leaves  the  world  to  melancholy  reft. 

•  In  fuch  a  profpeft  Fancy  can  impart 

The  magic  charm  that  Tooths  an  aching  heart.* 
Of  the  (lory  of  Ofwald  we  fhall  fay  liitle,  as  we  coofefs  ourfelves 
unable  to  comprehend  the  defign  of  the  author  in  introducing  a  cha- 
rafter  which,  we  Ihould  fuppofe,  could  not  exift  in  the  pref'ent  ftatc  of 
Ibcicty  ;  or,  if  it  did  exift,  deferves  little  of  our  compaflion.  This 
author's  fentiments  are,  in  general,  favourable  to  religion  and  mo- 
wlity  ;  and  he  might  well  afpire  to  the  charadcr  of  a  poet,  if,  to  his 
native  warmth  of  imagination,  he  united  a  greater  power  of  difcrimi- 
nation  and  fcledion,  and  a  tafte  more  cultivated  and  corred.  Thefc 
attainments,  if,  as  we  hear,  he  be  a  young  writer,  he  may  in  due 
time  acquire. 

Art,  52.  ,  Sketches  in  Ver/e,  with  Profe  IlIu(!rations.     8vo.    pp.  156. 

4s.  Boards.     Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.     1796. 

Though  thefe  Iketches  are  not  devoid  of  poetical  ideas,  yet  they 

are  not  wrought  either  with  that  felicity  of  genius,  or  that  correftncfs 

of  tade,  which  can  entitle  them  to  dilUndlion  among  the  numerous 

produdtions  of  the  mute.     Amid  the  variety  of  fubjeds  which  they 

comprife,  the  writer  ftems  to  fuccced  beft  in  the  defcriptive  and  pic- 

tureique.     We  fhall  copy  a  piece  of  that  kind  as  a  fpecimen : 

*  Egyptian  Ode. 

•  Where  bofom-thrilling  tranfports  glow. 
We  oft  obfcrve  the  intruder  Woe  1  — 

•  €ee  tufted  Faioum  breathe  delight 
From  rofe-trees  kindling  on  the  fight. 
From  orange- blooms,  or  tamarind- bowers. 
Or  the  pomegranate's  fcarlet  flowers. 
And  loftier  pa!ms,  that  wave  between 
Their  foliage  of  a  dtreper  green. 
Relieving  the  bright  azure  Ccies 

W^herc  fcarce  a  rainy  vapour  flie* ; 
While  thro'  the  fragrance  as  it  blows 
A  llream  of  liquid  amber  flows. 
While  ncAlcs  many  a  gurgling  dove 
Within  the  bolbm  of  the  grove. 
And  from  the  fhade  on  fable  wings 
With  crimfwn  llrip'd  — the  flamen  fprings. 
And  the  plum'd  oftrich  on  the  fands. 
Or  pelican  majeflic  (lands. 

'  To  cool  the  lun*s  meridian  beamf. 
There  fruits  refrelliiDg  kifs  the  llreamr. 

Of 


Monthly  Cataiogub,  Pottry^  l^c*  109 

Or  blulhing  to  eve's  purple  ray 
Amid  the  breezy  verdure  play<*- 
As  its  leaves  fhade  each  filver  (luice 
The  pulpy  water-melon's  juice. 
To  eager  third  delicious  balm ; 
And  fugary  dates  that  crown  the  palm. 

«  Yet  from  the  rocks  that  fkirt  the  wood. 
Fell  tigers  bound,  to  thirll  on  blood  ; 
Yet  the  wide-water'd  lanJfcapes  fmile. 
Where  lurks  the  treacherous  crocodile  ; 
And,  ere  the  melting  fruit  we  graip, 
•     Dcaih-doom'd,  we  i'eel  the  envenom'd  afp. 
«  Then  bail  my  Albion's  hoary  coa{l» 
Where,  tho'  no  fcenes  Elyfium  boall. 
We  court  not  temperate  joys  in  vain, 
-  Nor  thrili'd  by  blifs,  nor  Hung  by  pain.* 
OF  the  illuftrationst  one  of  the  mod  fmgular  is  a  piece  of  argument 
in  favour  of  the  vulgar  notion  of  apparitions,  chiefly  founded  on  the 
fuppori  which  it  feems  to  receive  from  the  Scriptures.     It  is  backed 
by  ay?«rr.     Another  note  illudrates  the  regard  paid  to  family,  and  de- 
fends  ihe  julHce  of  it  on  Horace's  fuppofition  of  '*  Fortes  crtantur 
fcrtihks  IS  bonis, "     Such  is  the  writer's  philofophy  I 

Art.  53.  The  Spleen,  and  other  Poems,  by  Matthew  Green,' with  a 
prefatory  EiTay.  Hy  J.  Aikin,  M.  D.  fmall  8vo.  pp.  94, 
5s.     Cadell  jun.  and  Davics. 

Of  Mr.  Green's  poem  entitled  *'  the  Spleen,"  we  may  fay  dedis 

refetita  placebit.     Often  as  we  have  read  it,  we  could  not  have  it  pre- 

fenied  to  as  in  this  elegant  edition  without  reperufing  it;  nor  have  we 

found  it  \^h  amufmg,  lefs  anii-fplcenetic,  than  in  times  of  yore.    *  No 

man  (as  l^r,  Aikin  remarks  in  the  Kfiay  prefixed)  ever  thought  more 

copiouily,  or  with  more  originality,  than  Green ;  no  man  ever  lefs 

fell  into  ihs?  beaten  track  of  common-place  ideas  and  exprefTions;  and 

he  often  affords  more  food  to  the  underilanding  or  imagination  in  a 

line  cr  couplet  than  common  writers  in  half  a  page.'     For  this  reafon 

he  is  well  entitled  to  the  honour  of  republication,  and  to  a  place  in 

the  library  among  our  real  poets. 

The  oiher  poems  are.  The  Epigram  en  EchaM'^s  and  Burnetts  Hiftt' 
rifs  \  The  Sfano-ju  UKa  Dinniond,  a  fong ;  The' Seeker ;  Verjes  on  Bar^ 
clt>\\  Apdcgy  for  fhe  ^takers  ;  and  Tic  Grotto.  All  except  the  lad 
are  in  Dod;icy's  Collection.  This  poem,  tnmlaS  the  Grot: o,  is  called 
by  the  Editor  the  moll  fingular  of  Mr.  Green's  poems.  /\t  its  fird- 
compofition  it  was  printed  but  net  publilhcd.  It  was  occasioned  by 
tlieercrtion  of  a  grotto,  or,  as  I\pe  calls  it,  a  hfrmitogey  in  Richmond 
Ciardcns  by  Qjecn  Caroline,  and  committed  to  the  cullody  of  Stephen 
Duck.  It  wab  written  '*  und:;r  the  name  of  Peter  Drake,  a  hlher- 
man  of  Brentford  :"  but  the  author,  in  the  thoughts  and  language  of 
hi'i  poem,  has  not  in  the  leall  attended  to  his  adumed  charsder.  A 
hllicrman  would  not  reflect  fo  deeply  as  to  call  Avhtu  *  ro>:il  ctjuiva- 
leuts  for  vice  ;'  tell  the  heathen  dcitiv  9  that 

•  They 


tio  MoNtriit  Cataioove,  Arffjf,  tjfii 

•  They  muil  (or  grow  in  difrepute) 
With  cfarth's  firft  commoners  recruit  j' 
nor  dcfcribe  the  bigot  as  confined  to  look  only  one  way—'  throogh 
blinkers  of  authority.'  Tbi  Grotto  contains  the  lingular  ref!e£lions  of 
the  author  of  The  Spleen,  and  is  a  valuable  addition  to  his  othef 
poems.  When  we  confiderthe  vigor,  liberality,  and  fprightlincfs  of 
its  conceptions,  we  lament  that  his  remains  are  included  in  io  {itnall 
a  volume.     Ti)is  edition  is  decorated  with  three  engrzvings* 

/rt.  54.  Poms.  By  Lady  Tuite.  i2mo.  pp.199.  lOJ.  6d« 
Boards.  Cadelj  jun.  and  Davics.  1796. 
Though  there  is  nothing  in  tliis  colledliun  which  can  cjaim  the 
title  of  po€try  in  the  higher  fenfe  of  the  word,  yet  the  exprefljoo  of  a 
Tariety  of  jutl  and  elegant  fentimcnts,  in  eafy  and  flowing  verfe,  may 
afford  pleafure  and  inllruflion  to  readers,  efpecially  of  the  fair  fex,  to 
whom  the  greater  part  of  the  pieces  arc  directed.  The  fubjeds  are 
almod  entirely  moral  and  fentimentPtl,  and  many  of  them  have  a  pen* 
"five  caft,  apparently  derive.^  from  fonr.e  circunriflances  io  the  writcr'3 
iituatton.  The  price  oinxcd  to  the  volume  fcems  al(b  to  denote  that 
its  faieis  an  obje^  of  Tome  confeqit^ncc*  ;  and  we  hearuly  wi(h  chat 
it  may  anfwer  the  purpoi'eof  its  publication.  The  dedicatory  epiftle 
prefixed  to  the  Countefs  of  Ivloira  is  figned  by  Lady  Tuite  a«  her 
niece. 

Art.  55.  MlfieUanecus  Poems  hy  Mrs.  J.  Pilkingron.  2  Vols.  l2ffiO* 
10s.  6d.  Boards.  Cadcll  jun.  and  Davies.  1796. 
This  lady  begins  with  a  luppliaiu  addrcfs  to  the  Gentlemen  Re* 
n/ie'ufers,  which,  if  we  were  made  of  much  *<  (lerner  fluff"  than  we 
are  confcious  of  being,  could  fcarcely  fail  of  mollifying  ns:— but 
what,  alas  !  can  we  do  ?  So  abundant  has  been  the  crop  of  poetry  in 
this  taftfeafon,  that,  unlefs  we  can  recommend  a  particular  produft 
for  its  fuperior  tafte  and  JIjvolt,  we  fear  that  cur  readers  will  turn 
from  it  with  indifference  or  loathing ;  and  being  fuorn  caterers  for 
the  public,  how  can  we  pafo  on  them  Dutcli  plaice  for  lurbotj  or  Elder 
wine  for  Burgundy  ?  Tt^c  truth  is  that  Mrs  P.'s  poems  are  what  the 
French  call  vers  tie  fccicte\  which,  we  d.unr  not,  pafTcd  agreeably 
enough  among  thofe  to  whom  they  were  adcireiled,  and  in  the  little  fur- 
rounding  circle,  but  have  certainly  no  ochcr  claim  to  public  notice 
than  that  which  benevolence  to  their  author  may  afford. 

Art.  56.     Cowhy*s  Hijlory  0/  Plant s,  a   Poem   in  fix  Books;    uith 
Rapin's  Diipoiition  of  Gaidcnr,  a  Poem  in  fcur  Books;  trgmjlated 
frrmtbe  Latins  the  former  by  N.  Tate,  and  ethers;  the  latter  by 
James  Gardiner.      i2mo.     3s.  6d.  fewed.     Smetloa,  &c.     1795. 
Cowley's  botanic  poem  is  well  kr.o.vn,  and  is  certainly,  in  many 
refpcfts,  a  v/ork  of  merit : — Monf.  Rapine's  poetic  inftiu6llons  rela- 
tive to  the  art  of  defigning,  OT  Uyin^  cut  (as  was  formerly  the  ex- 
Eon)  pleafure  grounds,  wi:h  the  management  of  orchards,  ^'c. 
Kkcwifc  met  with  numerous  admirers.     With  rcfpefl  to  the  pre- 
•eriTal  of  thcfe  agreeable  and  infiructive  productions,  the  Editor 

^  This*  however*  is  faid  mereiy  on  ccnjcQiurc. 

obfervcf 


MoHTftLT  CaTALOCVE,  Putry^  i^c.  ^tt 

€bfenr«9  that  *  To  tbofe  who  ftady  nature  in  what  iDtimately  pertaint 
to  the  health  and  delight  of  mankind,  thefe  poems  will  be  found  t(y 
convey  the  UtiU  and  Dulct  in  a  very  ample  degree.  Compared  alfo, 
and  faraiihed  with  Iiulexest  their  important  contents  become  more 
obvionsy  and  of  courfe  more  eitimable  with  the  public ;  and  thus  to- 
gether they  win  probably  meet  with  the  fame  didinguilhed  marks  of 
favour  and  approbation*  which  they  hjive  feverally  received  in  the' 
peiiods  in  which  they  were  written/ 

Art.  57.     Conver/atiou :  a  Didadlic  Poem,  in  three  Parts,    By  Wit- 
Ham  Cooke ,  Efq.     4to.     3s.  6d.     Edwarfls.     1796. 

This  is  not  the  firft  time  that  the  art  of  converfation  has  been  made 
the  (ubjed  of  a  poem.  An  eflay  on  this  topic«  by  the  late  Mr.  Stil- 
liogfleet,  is  printed  in  the  fir  ft  vol.  of  Dod  (ley's  Colledion  of  Poems* 
which  is  not  without  its  merit,  though  lefs  methodical  than  the  pre- 
fent  piece.  Whether  the  power  of  converfing  agreeably  can  at  all  be 
taught  as  an  art,  and  whether,  if  it  can,  verfe  be  To  eood  a  vehicle 
lor  its  rules  as  profe,  are  confiderations  that  it  would  be  unfair  t» 
erge  on  the  didadic  poet ;  wbofe  choice  of  a  fubjeft  is,  in  fa^^  al- 
ways didated  by  the  idea  of  its  giving  fcope  to  his  own  genius,  rather 
than  bv  notions  of  utility  as  refpeding  the  reader.  The  topic  here 
leledea  is  evidently  one  of  thofe  which  bed  fuit  the  grave  and  middle 
iiy]€  of  poetry  ;  in  which,  clear  and  natural  expreflion,  a  neat  and 
energetic  manner  of  tumir.g  a  fentence,  and  a  regular  flow  of  harmo- 
nious verfification,  are  the  charadleriflic  excellencies.  To  fupport  a 
firain  of  this  kind,  for  any  length,  is  certainly  no  mean  talent;  and 
efpcdally  to  avoid  finking  into  profe,  and  yet  to  rejeft  all  thofe  fliff, 
laboured,  and  ilrained  modes  of  cxpreilion  which  are  fo  apt  to  occur 
to  the  fearcher  of  what  is  new  and  uncommon,  is  a  qualification  that 
eught  to  be  valued  in  proporticii  to  its  rarity. 

Of  the  three  parts  into  which  the  poem  before  us  is  divided,  the 
irft  two  chiefly  turn  on  ncc:ative  rules  Ur  cGnvcrfation— or  the  things 
to  be  avoided  ;  which,  indeed,  are  the  moft  reducible  to  precept. 
The  third  touclics  on  the  qualities  which  render  converfation  bri'Iianc 
and  entcrtaininjr ;  and  a  ^ericral  eulogy  on  the  calir»  and  rational 
pleafures  fpringing  from  this  i'^urce  cor.ciudcs  the  whoic. 

Much  good  fenfe  ami  good  morality  are  to  be  found  in  t!ie  courfe 
•f  this  work;  yet  we  cannot  affirm  that  its  mavims  areiroorciTcd  with 
extraordinary  force  or  peculiar  elegance.  Ths  general  rone  of  t!:e 
ftyleand  verfificition  may  be  judged  by  tr.e  for.o;^inij  fpcciincr.,  tai::*n 

from  the  beginning  of  the  third  part : 

*  Come  then,  let  Wit  in  its  bei'^  form  appear. 
Gay  without  loofenefs,  frank,  th(  *  net  fcvirc, 
Indin'd  to  laugh,  yet  rour'd  at  \viriv-)m's  vo'ilc. 
The  firfi  to  aid  her  councils  and  rej;:ice. 
When  wit  thus  comes,  array'd  with  every  grace. 
It  keeps  due  iearor.s— dignity — and  place  ; 
Spreads  every  charm,  when  bofoms  j.-iiriiy  fh^re 

I  The  glow  of  fancy  and  contempt  of  cn-c, 

'  But  checks  the  llrair,  and  takes  an  humbler  lont^ 

f  Before  the  vulgar— or  unler.er'i  d;on?> 

I  Pl^y'i 


112  MoVTHLY  CATALOdUS,  Lmk 

PlayM  off  to  fuch,  like  whifp'riog,  wit's  ill  bred. 
In  both  they're  ignorant  of  what  is  faid. 

*  Lo !  Raillery  trips  it  from  the  fame  gay  fcbool, 
Unaw'd  by  for»Ti.i,  or  fyllogillic  rule. 
Yet  fure  to  pleafe,  addrcflcd  with  proper  (kill. 
Let  plodding  talkers  fparn  it  as  they  will ; 
Not  that,  which^  fnarling,  worries  all  it  meets^ 
— That  mob-like  educauou  of  the  llrects — 
Nor  that  which  probes,  infidioufly,  to  find 
The  fecret  fallings  of  a  r.ei^hbour's  mind. 
True  railltry  takes  a  m«  re  txalttd  line. 
And  fcorns  by  mtan — unworthy  arts  to  fliine. 
Amufed,  ii  frolics  with  an  harmlcfs  tongue. 
And  laughs  at  follies  f  roci  ;»ood  nature  iprung. 
Or  fets  Ibme  virtue  in  a  diflcrci.t  view. 
By  different  lights,  to  ihew  v^hat's  virtue's  due; 
Or  fir'd  by  fancy  of  ingcr.ious  birth, 
— Whilll  it  reveres  the  favourite  fons  of  worth  — 
Mocks  them  for  cnors,  which  the  world  proclaims^ 
Are  the  revcrfe  of  what  adorn  their  nanit^s : 
Truth  thus  rellralned,  recoils  with  novel  praife^ 
And  gilds  obliquely  wicii  rcHedled  rays, 

«  To  wit  and  lailleiy's  *'  fpirit  lllrring  drum," 
Come  Anecdote  !  with  ail  tny  graces,  cornel 
Now  giving  facts  to  light  th*  hiiforic  pat^e. 
Which  (cap'd  the  critic's  eye,  or  writer's  age* 
Or  now  dcfcribing,  in  thy  humorous  way. 
Some  fprightly  llory  of  the  modern  day. 
Something  which  meets  **  the  cunning  of  the  fcenc,'* 
Unmix'd  with  malice — petulance— or  fplcen. 
Such  cull'd  with  ta(le,  and  not  by  ufe  grown  (lale^ 
In  powers  of  entertaining  Icldom  fail. 
Relieve  the  grave  — to  mirth  its  rites  afford. 
And  crown  the  fparkling  glafs,  and  hofpitabk  board/ 

LAW. 

Art.  58.  Report  of  Cafes  argue li  in  the  Courts  ef  Common  Pitas  mnd 
Ex :hequer  Chamber t  from  r/lichajlnjas  'I'erm  32  Geo.  3.  1791*  to 
Hilary  Term  36  G;:o.  3.  1796,  both  indufivc.  With  Tables  of 
the  Cifc':»  and  principal  Mailers.  ^^  Henry  Blackflone  of  the 
Middle  Temple.  Vol.  11.  Polio,  pp.  6^o.  2I.  2s.  fiound. 
Butterworth,     1796. 

We  are  forry  to  learn,  from  Mr.  Blackftone's  advertifement*  that 
the  prefent  volume  completes  his  undertaki'.ig,  and  that  the  public  are 
to  exped  ro  moie  reports  from  his  pen.  Of  hib  merit  as  a  Reporter  we 
have  *  before  given  our  i  pinion ;  and  we  have  only  now  to  obfer^re 
that  the  fecond  volume  is  in  no  refpedl  inferior  to  the  ikx^^  but  ihewt 
an  equal  degree  of  accuracy  and  judgment.     We  hear  that  Mr.  Abra* 

•  See  M.  Rev.  vol.  Ixxx.  p.  360.  54.9.  N.  S.  vol.  iii.  p.  335* 
and  vol.  xii.  p.  95. 

ham 


Monthly  GAtAlocttti,  Lauf.  iij 

ksm  MooFC/  of  che  Inner  Temple,  b  engaged  in  the  continnation  of 
tkii  niefol  undertaking. 

Art.  59.  A  Sjftem  of  the  Law  of  Marine  Infuranui  with  three  Chap- 
ters on  Bottomry,  on  Infurancea  00  Lives,  and  on  Infurances  againlt 
Fire.  By  James  Allan  Park,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  Efq.  Barrifter  at 
Lavv.  The  third  £ditton»revired  and  enlarged.  Royal  8vo.  pp.6oo. 
13s.  6d.     Boards.    Butterworth,     1 796. 

In  our  Ixxxth  Volume,  p.  344.  we  gave  a  fomewhat  detailed  account 
of  the  nature  and  plan  of  the  prefent  publication,  and  beftowed  on  it 
that  praife  which  its  merits  appeared  to  us  fo  juflly  to  demand.  The 
fecond  edition  was  alfo  noticed  in  our  viith  Vol.  N.  S.  p.  453,  and  we 
there  mentioned  the  improvements  and  additions  which  had  been  ja- 
dicioufly  introduced  by  Mr.  Park.  On  the  prefent  occafion  he  has 
made  fome  farther  alterations,  and  has  inferted  the  various  important 
tafes  on  the  fubjedl  of  infu ranee,  which  have  been  decided  in  the' 
Courts  of  King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  (ince  the  former  impref- 
iion  was  pobliflied  ; — he  has  alfo  increafed  the  value  of  his  work  by 
the  addition  of  many  manufcript  cafes. 

Art.  60.     Tbt  Fraaice  of  the  Courts  of  King^s  Bench  and  Common 
Pleas.    "By  Baker  John  Selbn,  £fq.  Barriller  at  Law.     In  two 
Volooes.    Vol.11.  8vo.   pp.800.    12s.  6d.  Butterworth.  1796. 
Id  the  firft  volume  of  this  ufeful  work,  which  we  noticed  in  our  xth 
Vol.  N.  S.  p.  216,  and  in  our  xvth  Vol.  p.  470,  the  author  treated 
of  the  method  of  conducing  a  fuit  from  its  commencement  to  execu- 
tion ia  all  common  perfonal  odious,  where  the  final  judgment  of  the 
court  is  obtained,  either  on  dimumr,  or  after  a  nonfuit  or  <verdi£l ;  — 
'  But  it  often  happens,'  (as  Mr.  Sellon  obferves  in  his  preface  to  the 
volume  before  us,)  '  that  iiTue  is  joined  on  the  exigence  of  fome  matter 
of  record,  which  is  to  be  tried,  not  by  a  jury,  but  by  the  record  itfelf ; 
frequently  too,  one  of  the  parties  checks  the  progrefs  of  the  caufe, 
either  by  fuffering  judgment  by  default,  or  confejfing  the  adlion,  and 
thereby  the  proceedings  are  diverted  into  a  different  channel.     There 
are  alfo  cenain  peculiarities  of  proceeding  attached  to  certain  aftions, 
otherwife  r0m/«9«  in  their  nature,  occafioned  by  the  fituation  or  charac- 
ter of  the  parties  to  the  fuit ;  fuch  as  actions  againft /^^r/,  members  of 
parliament,  by  or  againft  attornies,  againd/rZ/mT/,  and  the  like.  Agaiii> 
oiker  anions  have  particular  proceedings  belonging  to  them,  not  onac- 
coent  of  any  (ingularity  in  the  fituation  or  character  of  the  parties,  but 
from  t\it  peculiar  nature  of  the  adion  itfelf;  fuch  as  eje^ment,  replevin, 
Vi^fdre  facias  \  amongH  which  alfo  may  be  reckoned  real  adions. 
There  are  laftly,  various  heads  of  pra<^ice,  generally  applicable  to  all 
cafes,  and  to  which  it  is  often  neccfTary  to  refort,  as  arbitration,  habeas 
corpus t  outlanvry,  prohibition,  difcontinuance^  error,  cojls,  amendments  and 
jnfailsj     The  different  modes  of  proceeding,  in  all  the  above  cafes» 
form  the  contents  of  the  fecond  volume.     The  prefent  publication 
proceeds  avowedly  on  the  plan  of  Mr.  Crompton's  Book  on  the  fame 
fobjed,  for  which  it  is  intended  as  a  fubititute :  but 'certain  traits 
(according  to  Mr.   Sellon)  will  be  found  peculiar  to  this  book  of 
pra&ice.'     That  which   dillinguilhes   the   prefent   from   all   fimiUr 
works  is  ftaied  by  the  author,  in  the  following  pafTage  in  liis  prefacer 
to  the  firfl  volume  : 
Rev,  Stvr.  1796.  I  «  All 


114  Monthly  Catalogue^  Law,' 

*  All  the  pofitive  praAical  diitdions>  pointing  oot  whtt  it  to  h6 
done,  how,  when,  ^nd  where,  which  may  be  termed  the  mere  rontiifte 
ofbufinefi,  are  printed,  for  diilindion's  fake,  va  italics  \  fo  that  the 
pradicioner  may,  at  one  glance,  difcover  how  to  proceed.  The  ad* 
judg(*d  cafes,  immediately  applicable  to  each  (lage  of  the  proceedings, 
arc  afterwards  arranged  in  due  order,  ferving  a^  a  comment  upon  Che 
text.  Again,  the  work  is  divided  into  chapters,  and  the  chapters  fob* 
divided  uith  diftind  heads,  to  which  letters  are  annexed,  as  marks  of 
reference,  upon  the  principle  adopted  in  Comyns's  Diged.  To  the 
cafes  cited,  not  only  the  name  of  the  reporter,  but  of  the  cafe  itfelf,  is 
fubjoined.  Whenever,  therefore,  any  diRum  or  afTertion  (lands  unfup- 
ported  by  authority,  the  reader  is  advifed  to  pay  no  more  attention 
to  it  than  he  thinks  it  merits.  Laflly,  at  the  end  of  the  [prefent] 
volume  wiil  be  [is]  added  an  appendix,  (to  which,  in  the  firft  parr, 
frequent  references  are  made,)  which  contains  as  well  obfervations 
upon  the  practice,  the  hiflory,  and  origin  thereof,  and  the  difference, 
in  many  cafes,  between  the  antient  and  modern  proceedings ;  as  alfo, 
the  forms  of  writs,  notices,  and  the  like;  and  fuch  other  remarks  as 
may  be  uftful  to  the  ftudent,  but  which,  had  they  been  interfperfed 
throughout  the  body  of  the  work,  might  have  occafioned  too  maof 
interruptions  and  digreffi.ins.* 

This  Appendix,  among  many  other  ufeful  particulars,  contains  the 
introduflion  to  Mr.  Compton's  Book,  which  has  always  been  attri- 
bated,  and  we  believe  truly,  to  the  pen  of  Mr.  Juflice  Buller. 

Such  are  the  contents  of  thefc  two  volumes ;  in  the  courfe  of  which 
Mr.  Sellon  has  difcovered  much  patient  refearch,  and  has  given  moch 
ufeful  information.  Indeed  we  are  of  opinion  that  his  work  poifefTes 
more  pofitive  merit,  and  is  liable  to  fewer  obje^ions,  than  any  other' 
iimilar  work  of  an  equal  extent.  By  this  observation  we  moft  not  be 
fufpcdlcd  of  alluding  to  Mr.  Tidd's  work,  which  is  of  a  very  dif- 
ferent defcription  from  the  prefent,  and  which  confines  its  coniidera- 
tioii  to  the  pradice  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench.  Of  the  particular 
merit  of  this  latter  work,  which  we  elHmate  very  highly,  we  (ball  be 
happy  to  fpcak  when  the  ingenioas  author  has  completed  bb  ardnoos 
undcrLiking. 

Art   6i.     ^'he  Laiij  of  Tetturts  ;  including  the  Theory  and  Pradice 

of  Copyholds.     By  the  late   Loid  Chief  Baron  Gilbert.      The 

fourth  Edition  correftcd  ;  with  an  Hillorical   IntrodoAion  on*  the 

Feudal  S>ftem,  and  copious  Notes  and  llluftrations,  by  Charles 

Waikins,  Efq.   Author  of  an  Effay  on  the  Law  of  Defcents,  &c. 

Royal  8  vo.     pp.560.     los.  6d.     Buiterworth.     1796. 

The  author  whom  Mr.  Watkins  has  here  chofen  to  illudrate  fii- 

vourcd  the  world  with  many  ufeftti  and  learned  prodoftions,  among 

which   the  prefont  performance  was  always  highly  efteemed.     We 

are  informed,  in  the  preface  to  this  edition,  that  Mr.  W.  ♦  has  been 

anxious  to  add  to  the  utility  of  the  work  ;  and  by  pointing  out  more 

immediately  the  principles  on  which  the  dodtrines  advanced  are  efta- 

blilhcd,  and  by  the  additiop  of  references,  to  enable  the  ftudent  more 

e«fily  to  pa:lue  his  rcfearchcs.' — He  has  very  fully  accompliftied  this 

defi-TH  ;  aiid  the  reader  will  find  in  the  note5,  which  arc  cnmerous  and 

extcfiiive,  aud  in  the  introdudlion,  much  appofite  and  defirable  in* 

formation 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Mifcellaneous.  1 15 

formasion  regarding  the  feudal  fyftcm.  We  could  have  wi(hed,  in- 
deed, chat  the  introdudion,  which  profcfTes  to  give,  and  does  give,  an 
hiftoiicgl  view  of  that  fyftein,  had  been  written  u  ich  a  greater  atten- 
tion to  plainnefs  and  perfpicuity,  and  with  lefs  afFedtation  of  thofe  or- 
nameota  which  deform  rachcr  than  improve  a  didadic  compoiition. 

Tlic  editor  acknowleges  his  obligation  *  to  Mr.  Hargrave  for  hi« 
kind  communication  of  the  Chief  Baron's  MS.  Hillory  of  the  Feud, 
from  which  he  has  been  enabled  to  corred  many  pafTages  in  the  pre- 
sent work,  and  to  enrich  his  pages  with  fome  ohfervations  of  the  very 
learned  aathor,  with  which,  till  now,  the  Profeflion  has  not  been 
prefented.' 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Art.  62.     The  Hifiory  of  the  Ifie  of  Wight ;   Military,  Ecclefiaftical, 

Civil,  and  Natural :   To  which  is  added  a  View  of  its  Agriculture. 

By  the  Rev.  Richard  Warner.      Svo.      pp.  350.      69.    Boards. 

Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.     i79v 

The  numerous  accounts  and  hiflones  of  which  the  public  are  in 
pofleffi'in,  refpeding  the  charming  little  Ifl^nd  of  Wight,  would  feem  to 
have  preduded  the  compilement  of  an  additional  volume  on  the  fame 
fubjed ;  and  fo  far  as  relates  to  its  military,  ecclefiaftical,  and  civil 
hiHory,  the  volume  before  us  might  have  been  fpared  ;  thou|>h,  as  a 
compendium,  it  may  ferve  to  entertain  thofe  who  are  not  in  poHeilion 
of  more  ample  details.  In  what  is  faid  of  the  natural  hifiory  of  the 
ifland,  Mr.  Warner  has  a  better  claim  to  attention,  as  he  frequently 
fpeakf  from  his  own  perfonal  examinations;  though,  flrange  to  relate 
of  a  modem  naturalill,  even  here  he  has  frequent  recourfe  to  antient 
writers.  We  will  give  a  fpecimen  of  his  abilities  with  rcfped  to  this 
branch  of  knoijvlege,  in  what  he  fays  of  Gryllus  GrjIIofalfia,  or  the 
Mole  Cricket : 

•  The  only  infed  of  any  cunoffy,  which  my  occalionil  walks  through 
the  ifl&nd  have  given  me  an  opportunity  of  difcvivering,  is  the 
^yllus  talpa,  or  mole-cricket.  'I'he  chnrader  and  manners  of  this 
little  cre^ure,  which  is  perfedly  inofFsnfive,  are  well  deferving  no- 
tice, particularly  as  its  homely,  and  indeed  hideous  figure,  is  apt  to 
excite  emotions  of  dread  and  abhorrence,  neither  of  which  need  be 
entertained  againll  it.  The  only  one  I  have  feen  in  this  p.irt  of 
Hampfhire  occurred  in  a  wet  meadow  in  the  heart  of  the  ifland.  it 
had  been  diig  up  by  a  lad  who  was  grouting  for  earth- worms ;  and 
had  filled  him  with  aftonifliment  and  apprehenfion.  Tnc  fpadc  was 
juft  lifted  for  dividing  the  harmlefs  infed  in  twain,  when  my  prefence 
aod  intreaty  prevented  the  meditated  blow.  0»i  examinintJ;  this  in- 
fedl,  it  appeared  to  be  of  a  very  dark  brown  color,  and  litde  mor^j 
than  two  inches  in  length.  Its  body  was  fcaly  ;  furnifiicd  with  t^o 
long,  pointed  wings,  and  as  mar.y  hairy  tails.  Tiie  moH  remarkable 
parts  aboat  it,  however,  were  the  fore-feet,  which  have  fome  refjm- 
blaoce  to  a  human  hand,  and  are  admirably  formed  for  making  thofe 
fubterraneous  excavations  wherein  the  animal  rcfidiis,  and  depofits  its 
*ggS'  Strong,  webbed,  and  a  little  incurvated.  the  mole-cricket 
works  with  its  paws  at  a  prodigious  rate,  and  will  burrow  its  wav 
through  a  whole  ridge  of  leguminous  plants,  (of  the  roots  of  which  ic 
is  very  fond,)  in  the  courfe  of  a  fingle  night.    With  thcfc  inltruments, 

I  2  alfo. 


si6  Monthly  CATAtocuE,  M/allatrnwu 

z\(o,  its  neat  habiution  (which  it  a  room  aboot  the  fise  of  $n  hen't 
egg)  is  quickly  formed  and  guarded  with  various  winding  paflagei» 
and  curious  approaches  to  it.  This  domicilium  is  genendljrf  in  the 
fummer  time,  placed  within  fix  inches  of  the  furface  of  the  gioand» 
and  herein  the  female  lays  her  eggt,  from  one  hundred  to  one  hoodred 
and  fifty  ;  but  towards  winter,  inilinA,  ever  faithful  to  iu  office*  ia- 
/orms  the  little  being  that  in  order  to  fecure  his  tender  offspring  be 
inuft  get  deeper  into  the  foil*  and  retire  from  the  influence  of  the 
frod.  Again  therefore  he  fets  to  work,  and  in  a  (hort  time  conpletct 
with  his  little  webbed  feet,  a  commodious  hybernaculum,  aboot  fonr. 
teen  inches  below  the  furface  of  the  ground.  Hither  he  retires  witk 
his  family,  and  patiently  waits  for  the  return  of  genial  fans*  and 
)varmer  feafon;!  when  he  again  takes  poiTeiTion  of  his  fummer  abode. 

'  The  chief  food  of  the  mole-cricket  confifts  of  roots  and  veeetablei, 
for  which  he  fometimes  travels  at  night,  by  the  afliflance  of  his  wings* 
(o  a  confiderable  dillance.  Before  morning  he  generally  retoms  to 
bis  fubterraneous  habiution,  and,  wonderful  to  tell !  is  found  (bv  the 
minute  inveHigations  of  naturalifb  and  anatomifb)  to  be  employed 
there  during  the  day  chieHy  in  ruminating,  or  chewing  the  cad. 

In  the  general  view  of  the  agriculture  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight*  we  find 
little  either  to  inllru^  or  to  entertain.  It  is  done  after  the  manner  of 
the  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  is  in  courfe  an  imitation ;  and  thia  by 
s  hand  untutored  in  the  difficult  art  of  agricultural  furvev ;  which  re- 
quires great  practical  knowlege,  not  only  of  agriculture*  but  of  the  va- 
rious fubjedU  with  which  it  is  infeparably  connected. 

Mr.  W.,  we  believe,  will  not  be  offended  if  we  fay  that  he  is  4 
much  better  antiquary  than  farmer ;  and  we  prefer  the  account  of  the 
embankment  of  Brading-haven,  which  he  has  extradled  from  Sir  R» 
Worfley's  Hid.  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight*,  to  any  other  part  of  his  agri- 
jcultural  report. — A  map  of  the  ilUnd  is  prefixed  to  this  volume. 
Art.  63.  $cme  Ohfervaiions  on  that  DiJIemper  in  Timber  calUd  t hi  Dfy 
Rot.  8vo.  as.  Johnfon. 
This  infeSious  diftemptr  of  timber*  for  fuch  it  is  deemed  by  thofe 
who  fpeak  and  write  on  it,  is  become  a  popular  topic*  and  it  if  not 
our  intention  to  damp  an  inquiry  which  may  be  produ^ve  of  public 
)>enefit ;  even  though  the  fubjeft  of  it  Ihould  prove  to  be*  in  itMfa 
innfounded. — As  far,  indeed,  as  our  experience  goes*  (and  it  lanotin- 
confiderable^)  we  have  no  rcafon  to  believe  that  any  fuch  diftemper 
of  timber,  as  an  infectious  or  dty  rot,  exills.  We  have  never  per- 
ceived a  decay  of  timber  in  building*,  the  caufe  of  vyhich  naight  not 
be  traced  to  moifiure,  either  internal  or  external ;  and  we  find  nothing 
in  the  ilridlures  before  us  to  alter  our  opinion. 

The  infedioufnefs  of  ground,  which  the  author  of  this  well  written 
pamphlet  mentions,  we  believe  to  be  nothing  more  than  the  natural 
dampnefs  of  iitnation;  and  the  infedioufneis  of  old  houfes  to  bo 
owing  to  the  mpifture  which  the  walls  and  timbers  have  imbibed  during 
a  ftate  of  negledl ;  and  which,  after  the  houfe  is  repaired*  13  cooamn- 
nicated  to  the  fre(h  timbers  that  are  laid  in. 

It  is  pcJJibU,  however,  that  there  may  be  fome  certain  fpeciea  of 
fungus,  or  other  cryptoj|;amian  plant,  of  which  the  feeds  are  capable 

f  Sec  Rev.  yoU  Ixvi.  £•  33. 

of 


MoaiTHtT  Catalogue,  MifieJUmBus.  ny 

of  aUog  root  on  coming  into  contad  with  dry  wood  ;  and  whic)i,  hj 
drawing  moifture  from  the  atmorphere*  and  conveyinr;  ii  inwardly  by 
means  of  its  roots,  ini*y  thui^  produce  a  deciv  .— lur  wc  have  net 
with  aothiH^,  in  our  pxpericncc,  vo  i  ivuur  luch  an  idea;  nor  has  any 
one,  webt'it;ve.  at:cnipu.'d  to  cit.iblifh  <"iich  i  thco'/ 
Art.  64.     ^'be  L^tr-if'    C'-mnnd  *Iik'(  D:uk\  or,  Mifcollancous  Anec- 
dote!.    A  Biograpnic,  Political,  Liiorary,  and  Satirical  Cnmpila« 
ttoa  :  A  new  Edition,  correded  and  augmented  with  a  confiderable 
Number  of  new  Articles.    8vo.     2  Vols.     14s.  Boards.    Kerby, 
&c.    1796. 

In  oor  account  of  the  former  edition  of  the  firft  of  thcfe  rolumes  •, 
we  briefly  remarked  that  thefe  '<  anecdotes  are  chiefly  biographical 
and  charafieriftic  as  well  of  the  living  as  the  dead,  who  are  all  treat- 
ed with  equal  freedom  ;  that  the  author  often  adds  fome  pertinent  re- 
HcAioDs;  and  that  in  this  extenfive  range  we  are  frequently  and  very 
ttoexpededly  drawn  afide  from  one  fubjedl  to  another :"  to  which  it 
nay  be  added,  that  in  moll  of  thefe  excuriions  we  are  amufed  (and 
not  onprofiubly)  with  the  good  fenfe  and  acutenels  of  his  remarks. 
The  fame  general  obfervation  may  be  applied  to  the  preient  edition  ; 
in  which  we  have  noted  many  new  articles.  The  author  profeiTes  t« 
have  reviied  and  correded  as  well  as  augmented  his  colledion  ;  and 
we  thbk  we  have  obferved  the  marks  of  real  improvement  in  a  va- 
riety of  pankulars  f.  On  the  whale,  it  mult  be  acknowleged  that  in 
recurring  to  this  publication,  in  its  improved  Hate,  we  have  met  wjtk 
frefli  entertainment,  and  fome  new  information.  The  author  is  aa 
agreeable  dory-teller  and  a  good  writer. 

Alt.  65.  Modem  Gulliver's  Tra*ucls,  Lillifut  :  being  a  nenujQurney  t§ 
tbmi  celebrated  Ijland :  containing  a  faithful  Account  of  the  Man- 
pen,  Charaders,  Cudoms,  Religion,  Laws,  Politics,  Revenue, 
Taxes,  Learning,  General  Progrefs  in  Arts  and  Sciences,  Drefs, 
Amnfements,  and  Gallantry  of  thofe  famous  Little  People,  from  the 
Year  1702,  when  they  were  firll  difco\'ered  and  vifited  by  Captain 
Lemuel  Gulliver,  the  Father  of  the  Compiler  of  this  Work,  to  the 
prefent  ^ra,  17<^.  By  Lemuel  Gulliver,  jun.  i2mo.  pp.226. 
3s.  Boards.     Chapman.     1796. 

A  medley  of  extravagance  and  abfurdity,  deftitute  of  every  cha- 
ncer which  might  entitle  it  to  be  conrid?red  as  a  fequcl  to  Swift's 
Voyage  to  Liltiput.  The  writer  occafionally  introduces  a  fort  of  po- 
litical (atire,  which  bears  no  greater  rcfemblance  to  the  wit  and  hu- 
nour  of  the  former  Gulliver,  than  **  the  grating  of  a  dry  wiiccl  on 
an  axle  tree"  to  the  mufic  produced  by  the  hand  of  a  mailer  on  a 
well-tuned  inilrument. 

Art.  66.      Memoirs  of  the  Life,  Chr.raJJcr,  Experiences,  and  Minifry  of 
the  late  Rev.  IV i  Hi  am  Thomffon,  of  Bo/Ion  in  Lincohijhire  ;    who  died 

•  Rev.  N.  S.  vol.  viii.  p.  403.  We  alio  looic  lome  notice  of  the 
2(ivol.  in  Rev.  vol.  xii.  p.  113. 

t  We  cannot,  however,  aver  that  every  objedion  which  was  formerly 
made  to  this  mifcellaneous  produdion  is  entirely  removed  :  but,  in 
joftice  to  the  compiler,  it  fhould  be  remarked  that  fume  of  them  feem 
to  have  difappearedj-<or  mav^  perhaps,  be  kfs  prominent  in  the 
poup. 

Feb. 


Ii8  Monthly  Catalooub,  MifctlUmmtu 

Feb.  7,  1794*  in  the  59th  Year  of  his  Age  :  To  which  it  prefixed 
a  Dircourle  on  2  Cor.  xiii.  11.  occafioned  by  his  Death  ;  and  re- 
commended to  the  Church  over  which  he  prefided,  as  the  Advice 
of  a  dying  Pallor.  By  D.  Ta>lor.  iimo.  pp.  146.  is.  6d. 
Button,  &c. 

It  has  been  the  pra£licc  of  many  ptous  perfons  to  keep  a  fpiritoal 
diary  or  record  of  their  religious  experience  and  refledUons.  From 
a  journal  of  this  kind,  the  greater  part  of  the  materiah  of  the  prcfeut 
Yolume  are  colledted.  The  fcrmon  is  a  plain,  practical,  devodooal 
difcourfe,  on  various  branches  of  Chriflian  duty.  The  narrative  is  a 
ihort  account  of  Mr.  Thompfon's  miniflerial  labours.  The  publica- 
tion may  be  edifying  to  a  particular  defcripiion  of  readers. 

Art.  67.     The  Repertory  of  Art i  and  ManufoBureSf  confiding  of  Ori- 
ginal Communication?,  Specifications  of   Patent  InventionSt  and 
Seledions  of  ufciul  Papers  from  the  Tranfadlions  of  Philofopkicil 
Societies,  &c.     Vol.  ill.     8vo.     9s.  6d.    Wilkie,  &c.     1795. 
In  our  Rev.  for  February,  1795*  ^^  %^^^  ^^  account  of  the  firH 
Yolume  of  this  ufeful  colleAion,  with  a  brief  deuil  of  the  nature  and 
defign  of  the  undertaking  ;  and  in  the  Review  for  Jan.  1796^  we  re- 
corded the  publication  of  Vol.  II.     The  prefent  volume  carries  o« 
the  work  with  due  regularity  ;  and,  as  we  hear,  with  fuccefs. 
Art.  68.     The  Corre/pondert,  a  Selcflion  of  Letters  from  the  beft 
Authors ;  together  with  fome  Originals,  adapted  to  all  the  Periods 
and  Occafions  of  Life,  &c.  &c.     izmo.      a  Vols.      7s.  fewed* 
Cadelljun.  and  Davies.     1796. 

The  objedl  of  a  work  of  this  kii.d  may  be  twofold  ;  to  teacb  the 
art  of  letter-writing,  and  to  furniih  an  agreeable  mlfcellany  for  ge* 
neral  readers.  The  compiler  of  the  prefent  vclumcs  fcems  to  have 
had  both  thefe  ends  in  view.  He  begins  with  a  dida^ic  intrododions 
containing  rules  for  epillolary  compofition,  and  he  gives  certain  fpe- 
cimensas  illuilrarive  of  thefe  rules,  and  as  affording  models  lor  imita- 
tion. On  the  other  hand,  the  bulk  of  the  work  is  compofed  of  letters 
of  cariofity  or  entertainment,  which  can  have  nothing  preceptive  for 
their  objcdl,  more  than  any  other  pieces  of  good  writing. 

With  Tc{pQiX  to  the  firft  of  thefe  purpoles,  we  believe  thit  very 
little  can  be  done  by  teaching  the  art  of  writing  letters,  feparately  from 
that  of  the  proper  ufe  of  language  on  all  other  occafions.  In  fad, 
there  is  nothing  in  the  epidolary  ilyle  to  diftinguifh  it  from  any  other 
node  of  expreffing  the  thoughts  by  writing,  except,  perhaps,  a  de-> 
gree  of  eafe  and  vivacity  which  are  the  ornaments  of  its  more  finiflied 
and  exquifite  performances,  but  which  long  practice  and  natural  ge» 
nius  alone  can  bellow  ;  and,  as  to  thofc  common-place  topics  whicii 
are  fuggelled  by  letters  compofed  for  the  purpofe  cm  imaginary  occa* 
fions,  that  mind  mull,  indeed,  be  very  unfurnifhed,  which  finds  ic 
nfeful  to  have  recourl'c  to  them  in  any  circumilance  of  real  life. 

A  colle^ion  of  the  beft  letters  in  any  language  may  be  rendered  a 
very  pleafing  and  intcreUing  publication  ;  and  fo  many  good  epiftles 
are  contained  in  that  before  u^,  as  to  make  it  an  agreeable  companion 
fcr  a  few  leifure  hours.  Yet  we  cannot  compliment  the  editor  on  ac- 
count of  any  extraordinary  degree  of  taile  or  judgment  (hewn  in  the 
ftledion.  Many  of  the  pieces  admitted  are  not  entitled  to  diilindion, 
cither  by  their  ftyle  or  fcntiments ;  and  in  feveral^  though  the  form  ii 

epiftolary^ 


MovTHL t  C A t ALOGUB,  AftfciUafieous.  119 

cpiftolariry  the  matter  and  manner  are  fimply  narrative.  ^ This  is  the 
cafe  with  mod  of  the  defcriptive  letters  from  welUknovtrn  books  of 
travels,  which  compofe  great  part  of  the  fecond  volume  ;  of  which  a 
hundred  pages  in  the  coociufion  confid  entirely  of  Mifs  Williams's 
relations  of  the  atrocities  attending  the  French  revolution. 

Art.  69.     Travels  he/ore  the  Flood,    An  intercHing  oriental  Record  of 
Men  and  Manners  in  the  Antediluvian  World,  interpreted  in  Four- 
teen Evening  Converfations  between  the  Caliph  of  Bagdad  and  his 
Court.   Tranilated  from  the  Arabic.    2  Vols.    i2mo.    7s.  Boards. 
'  Robinfons.     1796. 

Id  the  mnltifarious  variety  of  books  that  come  in  review  before  as^ 
there  is  a  dafs  that  may  be  called  the  cilci  or  luhimfical^  under  which 
we  cannot  hefitate  to  arrange  the  prefent  volumes.  Far  from  being 
deficient  in  (hrewdnefs  and  intelligence,  and  occafionally  affording 
broad  glimpies  of  meanings  the  writer  has  however  framed  a  tale  on 
the  whole  fo  wild  and  incongruous,  and  has  concealed  his  real  purpofe 
in  foch  a  mafk  of  aflumed  opinion,  that  we  honellly  confefs  we  know 
DOt  entirely  what  to  make  of  hini. 

It  will  readily  be  conceived  that,  under  the  femblance  of  the  ante- 
diluvian irorld,  the  author  means  to  give  a  f]:ctch  of  the  ivorU  at  ii 
goes ;  and  that  his  general  intention  is  to  (hoot  the  fhafts  of  modem 
fsLtire  from  the  cover  of  an  antient  orientnl  fable.  A  certain  Ben  Hafi, 
a  philofopher  under  the  mafk  of  a  fool,  is  introduced  to  the  caliph  of 
Bagdad,  a  weli-intentioned  but  ignorant  monarch,  to  whom  he  relates 
the  ilory  of  the  travels  of  Mahal,  brother-in-law  to  Noah.  This 
Mahal  is  reprefented  as  of  a  curious  and  inquifitive  difpofition  ; 
wheuce,  diflatisfied  at  paffing  his  life  among  the  fimple  people  of  the 
mooncaios,  he  reiblves  to  defcend  into  the  valiie*,  and  vidt  the  more 
caluvated  inhabitants  of  the  earth.  '  I  will  fee  with  my  own  eyes 
(fays  he)  chofe  mighty  giants,  thofe  fons  of  Gcd,  whom  the  mighty  of 
the  heavens  have  begotten  with  the  daughters  of  our  blood.  I  long 
to  wicuefs  how  they  govern  the  earth  and  command  mankind  that 
dwell  on  it.*  He  accordingly  puis  his  dcfign  in  execution^  and  goes 
through  a  great  variety  of  adventures  in  his  palTage  from  country  to 
country,  where  he  meets  with  fultan?,  courtiers,  prieils,  n:en  of  let- 
ters, lawyers,  nobles,  traders,  psafaiitj,  &c.  which  alFcrd  abundant 
natter  for  reflexion. 

The  fpirit  of  the  new  philofophy  is  frequeiuly  difplnyed  in  the  re- 
marks on  religion  and  government ;  yet  the  general  rclirlt  feems  to  be 
a  diftrufl  of  all  human  knovvlegc,  and  a  ^.lefpalr  of  the  melioration  of 
mankind.  This  is  (Irongly  inculca'.cd  in  the  concluding  difcourfe  be- 
tween Mahal,  on  his  return  from  his  travels,  and  the  Lor]  ;  who 
<)aeftions  him  on  what  he  had  fecn,  and  declares  his  re  Iblutfon  to  de- 
ftroy  the  whole  human  race.  The  Cnlipli,  however,  i?  nidJc  to  ob- 
fcrvc  to  Ben  Hafi,  "  there  mufl  be  foninhing  more  in  tiiy  llcry  than  ( 
liave found  in  it;"  with  which  remark  we  commit  it  to  the  cxarnina- 
Uonofour  philofophical  readers,  who  will  probably  pcrulc  tiic  work 
wiih  cariofity  and  amufemcnt. 

Art.  70.     The  Hijiory  of  the  Ihcatrc^  of  J.cr.Jcn  ;  cont.rr.i'^e  ^'^-  anr.u^l 

Regifter  of  all  the  New  and  Revived  Irag^-'di^^S  Comedies,  Operas, 

7  Farjc;, 


I20  CORRBSPONDIHCE* 

Farces,  ?antomimes,  8cc.  that  have  been  performed  at  tbe  Tkescrei* 
Royal  ID  London,  from  the  Year  1771,  to  1795.  With  Notes 
and /Anecdotes.    i2mo.    a  Vols.     63.  Boards.     Martin  and  Baio, 

&c,     1796. 

Mr  Whalley  Chamberlain  Oulton  has  compiled  this  work  as  s 
iontinuation  of  Victor's  Hirtory  of  the  Theatres,  which  ended  with 
the  year  1770.  Mr.  Oulton  accordingTy  commences  with  the  year 
ijjX'i  and  the  merit  of  bis  performance  will  at  lead  entitle  it  to  rank 
with  that  of  his  unanimated  predecefTor :  but  neither  of  them  can  in 
any  rcfpcft  be  compared  with  Colley  Gibber's  famous  Theatrical 
Hiilory ;  to  which  Vidor's  compilement  was  given  as  a  fupplement. 

Art.  71,  The  Stocks  examined  and  compared :  or,  a  Guide  tO  Par- 
chafers  in  the  Public  Funds.  Containing  an  Introduction,  m  which 
the  Origin  and  Nature  of  the  public  Debts  are  explained,  and  ofe- 
ful  Information  is  given  relative  to  the  Management  of  Bufinefs  in 
the  Funds.  An  Account  of  the  public  Funds,  from  the  Time  of 
their  Creation  to  the  Year  1795  ;  including  the  Imperial  and  Irifli 
Annuities,  transferable  at  the  Bank  of  England  and  the  Stock  of 
public  Companies.  And  five  new  ufeful  and  extenfive  Tables,  for 
the  Furpofes  of  examining  and  comparing  the  perpetual  Amtiiities, 
and  the  Long,  Short,  and  Imperial  Annuities,  with  each  ochcr»  at 
every  probable  Price :  illuflrated  by  Obfervations  and  Bxamirfet. 
Alfo,  a  Statement  of  the  National  Debt,  and  an  Account  Of  the 
prefent  plan  for  liquidating  the  fame.  By  William  Fairman,  of  the 
Royal  Exchange  Aflurance.  8vo.  pp.  93.  46.  Boards.  John- 
fon.     1795' 

This  book  will  be  found,  as  it  profefTes  to  be,  a  convenient  guide 
to  purchafers  in  the  public  funds.  The  prefixed  information  leems 
worthy  of  reliance  for  its  authenticity,  and  the  annexed  calcolations 
for  their  accuracy.  It  cannot  but  tend  to  produce,  at  the  Stock* 
Exchange,  a  more  equitable  relative  price  of  the  difitimt  font  of 
funds. 

Correspondence. 

We  are  obliged  to  Jwuenis  for  recalling  to  our  recolle^on  tho 
bsautiful  tranflation  by  liaac  Peccatus  Shard,  Efq.  which  appeared  ia 
the  XLth  Vol.  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  of  Metaftafio'a  cele- 
brated Ode  to  Nice,  entitled  the  Indifferent,  Our  readers  have  latelf 
been  prefented  with  Dr.  Burney's  accurate  verfion  of  this  poem,  in 
our  Rev.  for  Auguil,  p.  376 ;  and  we  would  reprint  Mr.  Shaid'a 
tranflation,  were  it  not  of  fuch  confiderable  length.  Thofe,  however^ 
who  have  fcits  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  will  readily  find  it  by 
turning  to  p.  z'j^.  of  the  above  mentioned  volume. 

Our  a^ive  correfpondent  A.  Z.  mud  be  fenfible  that  we  can 
make  no  ufe  of  anecdotes  which  are  not  fupported  by  any  authority  ; 
and,  indeed,  if  they  were  accompanied  by  the  requifite  vouchcrSji  wo 
do  not  fee  how  we  could  properly  avail  ourfelves  of  them. 

The  letter  of  W.  R.  remains  for  confideration. 


t  H   fe 

MONTHLY    REVIEW* 

For   OCTOBER,    1796. 


A  AT.  I.     PrindpUs  of  Leg{/lat'ton.     By  Charles  Michel!,  of  Forcett# 
Efq.    8vo.   pp-513-    7s.  Boards.    Cadell  jun  and  Davkt.    1796^ 

AS  the  inoft  ufeful  publications  are  not  always  the  moft  en- 
tertaining, thofe  which  are  calculated  chiefly  for  the  itl- 
ftruAion  of  mankind  are  rarely  perufed,  except  by  the  fmall 
circle  of  readers  who  are  endowed  with  a  clear  underftanding 
and  found  judgment  \  and  who,  di vefted  of  paffion  or  party  fpirit^ 
feek  only  for  the  improvement  of  the  mind,  or  the  means  of  me- 
Itoratiog  the  condition  of  the  bulk  of  their  fellow-creatureSi 
The  great  mafs  of  men  in  every  nation,  though  they  feel  op- 
preffion  with  as  much  fenfibiiity  as  the  moft  enlightened,  are 
rendered  Incapable,  through  the  want  of  education,  of  finding 
out  a  remedy  of  precifely  that  degree  of  ftrengih  which  is  fuf- 
ficient  to  remove  the  evils  of  which  they  complain,  without 
producing  in  its  place  any  other  grievance  of  equal  or  greater 
magnitude.     Thofe  who  feel  pain  are  unqueftionably  beft  able 
to  tell  in  what  part  they  are  aiFe£^ed,  and  how  acute  are  their 
fuflTerings :  but  it  does  not  follow  that  they  befl  kaow  how  to 
get  rid  of  it  without  deftroying  themfelves.     The  cafe  is  the 
fame  in  the  political  as  in  the  natural  body.     The  poor  can 
tell,  for  inftance,  when  the  fcarcicy  of  provifions  raifes  the 
price  of  them,  and  when  the  ufual  fum  with  which  they  go  to 
market  will  not  produce  the  ufual  fupply  of  food  :  but  we  may 
venture  to  fay  that  they  are  not  the  beft  judges  of  the  caufes  of 
fcarcity,  nor  of  the  means  either  of  guarding  againft  or  remov« 
ing  it.     Some  may  think  that  it  arifes  from  too  fmall  a  divifioA 
of  farms,  others  from  too  great  a  confolidation  of  them  ;  fome 
from  the  policy  of  allowing  an  exportation  of  grain,  others 
from  want  of  a  bounty  on  the  importation  ;  and  fome  from  a 
radical  defied  in  the  organization  of  government,  while  others 
afcribe  it  to  fome  particular  meafure  purfued  by  adminiftration. 
Tbefe  various  caufes  having  numbers  of  partizans,  each  pro- 
poftng  different  remedies,    and  having  nothing  in   common 
between  them  but  the  certain  experience  of  the  fcarcity,  the 
remedies,  if  left  entirely  to  thofe  who  fufier,  muft  be  as  various 
Wot,  xxz.  K  z% 


1 22  Micheirx  Prindples  9/  LegsJJathn, 

as  the  parties  propofing  them  ;  and,  confequently,  the  evil^  iA* 
ftead  of  being  deftroyed,  would  neceflarily  be  aggravated. 

Fully  convinced  of  the  calamities  that  may  be  brought  oa 
foclety  by  a  departure  from  found  principles  of  legiflation,  or 
by  the  adoption  of  fuch  as  are  fuggefted  by  the  uninformed, 
the  prejudiced,  or  the  defigning,  the  author  of  the  work  before 
us  makes  an  appeal  to  the  found  fenfe  of  his  countrymen,  and 
calls  them  to  the  ferious  confideration  of  the  grounds  on  which 
political  conftitutions  ought  to  be  raifed  and  maintained.  Thole 
who  look  into  books  only  for  amufement ;  thofe  who  are  inca* 
pable  of  feeing  obje^ls  with  calm  philofophic  temper  and  clear- 
nefs,  or  whofe  judgments  are  chained  down  in  adamantine 
fetters  by  their  paflions  or  by  party  conne£tions ;  we  advife  to 
throw  afide,  without  reading,  the  volume  that  we  are  going  Ur 
review :  but  let  it  be  ferioufly  perufed  by  thofe  who  are  iir 
^arch  only  of  truth,  and  who  are  ready  to  embrace  it  under 
whatever  form  it  may  prefent  itfelf.     Let  fuch  perfons  open  it, 
in  the  full  certainty  of  meeting  wiih  principles,  we  will  not  fay 
in  all  cafes  irrefragably  juft,  but  in  general  irreiiftibly  true« 
They  may  be  fure  of  finding  calm  difcuffion,  and  a  fair  appeal 
to  their  underftanding.     They  will  find  the  author  the  fteady 
friend  of  rational  liberty,  and  the  determined  enemy  of  defpo* 
tifm,  whether  arifing  from  the  cold  blooded  tyranny  of  an  indi- 
vidual, or  from  general  confufion  and  anarchy.     They  will  fte 
that  Mr.  M.  combats  many  opinions  which  are  at  prefent  ex-* 
tremely  popular,  not  becaufe  they  are  entertained  by  a  great 
part  of  the  people,  but  becaufe  they  are  calculated,  in  his  opi- 
nion, to  injure  the    public,    and  to  endanger  the  throne  of 
liberty*    There  are  many  points  in  it  on  which  we  differ  widely 
from  Mr.  M. :  but  what  work  of  equal  extent,  particularly  in 
the  prefent  ferment,  could   be  produced,  that  muft  command 
the  acquiefcence  of  mankind  in  ail  its  dodtrrnes  ?     His  concep- 
tions, indeed,  are  generally  juft,  and  his  arguments  powerful ; 
his  knowlege  of  human  nature  is  profound ',  his  acquaintance 
with  the  hiftory  of  antient  and  modern  times  is  extenfive  and 
corredl ;  and  his  powers  of  reafonmg  are  to  befurpafied  Qnly  by 
his  moderation  and  temper  : — which  failed  but  once  f  we  be- 
lieve) in  the  eour(e  of  513  pages,^  and  that  was  when  ipeikinjp 
of  Thomas  Paine. 

Having  thus  characterized  the  publication  before  us,  we  will 
now  proceed  to  give  a  fummary  of  its  contents.  It  is  dividend 
into  two  book^y  the  former  fubdivided  into  eighty  the  latter 
into  ten  chapters. 

:  The  author  fcts  out  with  a  quotation  from  Mr.  Burke'a 
celebrated  Reflexions  on  the  French  Revolution,  "  that  cir- 
cujoftanfies  alone  render  every  politica)  principle  beneficial  or 

obnoxious  ;*' 


MichcII*}  Principles  of  Legijlation.  1 23 

\libnoxious  ;*'  and  he  ftrongly  controverts  the  truth  of  it,  or  at 
feaft  (hews  that  it  might  lead  to  error  from  the  ambiguity  of 
ttc  term  **  political."  Politics^  he  ob(erves,  is  a  word  that 
lerves  to  exprefs  both  the  whole  fcience  of  government^  and 
\hc  art  and  pra^ice  of  adminifteting  public  affairs.  It  ought^ 
therefore,  to  be  afcertained  in  which  fenfe  it  is  ufed.  Legif* 
ladoo  be  employs  as  a  more  proper,  becaufe  ah  unambiguous 
term,  for  expreiBng  the  former.  He  fays  it  may  be  refolved 
into  principles  that  are  invariable  ^  and  that  the  mode  only  of 
ftppiying  tbeni  depends  on  the  circumftances  of  the  moment. 
HThe  doiQrine  of  expediency,  he  admits,  may  be  ufcful  to  a 
ftatefman  adUally  engaged  in  the  government  of  a  particular 
bation :  but  even  with  him  the  author  would  have  it  operate 
taaly  negatively* 

*  Ctrcmnftances  (fays  he)  may  render  pernicioas  a  meafure  ab- 
ftraftedly  ^oedy  but  no  ctrcomilances  can  render  permanently  bene- 
ficial a  meafore  abflridedly  bad.  A  virtuous  and  intelligent  Hacefman 
is  iofloeiioed  by  expediency  no  fur:her»  than  if  occafion  requires  to 
de£ft  from  adlioh.  Unlike  the  mariner  who  is  ignorant  of  naviga- 
Kon>  and  who  therefore^  for  the  fake  of  immediate  eafe  and  fafety 
frtND  whatever  point  the  wind  may  blow,  fleers  his  fhip  right  before 
it:  he  proceeds  in  fpite  of  kdverfe  winds,  by  an  oblique  courfe,  to 
biadeftined  port,  or  at  the  word  calls  anchor.  For  from  that  extre- 
taiity  tp  which  the  feaman  is  fometithcs  expofed/  of  being  forced  to 
Icod  before  the  ftonot  the  flatefman  is  or  ought  to  be  exempt.  The 
tIeiBeaU  which  he  has  to  manage,  the  paffions,  habits,  and  prejudices 
of  the  peopTe^  are  in  fome  degree  under  his  control  or  guidance; 
and  if  ever  a  political  t<:mpe(l  arifes,  it  mud  be  afciibed  to  fome  grofs 
violadon,  immediate  or  remote,  of  tlio  principles  of  Icgidaiion  *.* 

Mr.  Michell  blames  ihofe  who,  at  the  prefent  moment,  fee 
in  our  political  confiitution  nothing  but  perfc6lion,  while  its 
aflailants  are  pointing  out  numberlcls  defeats  in  it.  General 
panegyric  oppofcd  to  general  cenfure  does  not,  in  his  mind, 
convey  any  idea  of  ability  in  the  defenders  of  our  own  frame  of 
government;  and  nothing  honourable  to  it  can  be  derived  from 
the  arguments  of  ihofc  who  defend  it  only  by  pointing  out 
greater  defe£is  in  the  French  conftitution  : 

'  But,  (fays  he,)  while  they  enhance  bleflings  which  are  no  longer 
enjoyed,  and  deny  the  exiftence  of  evils  which  we  feel  ai^ualiy  op- 
prefs  U5,  they  not  only  fofter  diftempers,  wh:«h  are  undermining  that 
condltution  which  they  wifli  to  preferve,  but  lay  thcmfelves  open  to 
their  adverfaries,  who  fail  not  to  appeal  to  our  internal  conviflion  ; 
and  the  public  is  too  apt  to  fuppofc  him  to  be  right,  who  has  proved 
hit  opponent  to- be  wrong. 

*  This  line  of  condudi  at  all  times  unavailing,  for  men  will  not 
lEot  their  eyes  becaufe  we  wifh  them  to  be  blind,  is  peculiarly  ill* 

*  ♦  Bacon  fpeaks  with  great  contempt  of  this  fyflcm  of  expediency. 
tfiijs  onBmfire:* 

K  2  judged 


124  Micheiri  Principlet  $f  LigiJIatkn. 

jodged  at  the  prefent  conjonfture;  for  French  reformers  and  tlieir 
abettors  do  not  pretmd  to  corred  errors,  fupply  deficieiicies,  P*^f]r 
corruptions,  or  even  to  erefl  the  fabric  of  a  coniHtution  on  a  more 
improved  model.  Their  aim  is  to  annihilate  thofe  fundamental  prin- 
ciples  which  have  btfen  hitherto  ufed  in  modern  Europe,  as  the  com* 
ponent  materials  o\  every  Icgiflativc  edifice ;  neither  is  it  neceflarj  to 
demonllrate  the  arbfurdity  or  impropriety  of  the  form  of  their  new 
contiitution,  if  we  can  prove  that  the  principles  which  they  have  laid 
down  as  the  foundation  of  it,  are  falfe.* 

He  then  proceeds  to  examine  the  principles  that  the  Froidl 
hare  laid  down  as  fundamental  maxims  of  legiflatioat  wkich  be 
rcdoces  to  two : 

Man  is  born  equal ; 

And  he  continues  equal  in  his  rights; 

So  far  is  he  fiom  admitting  them  to  be  true,  that  he  contends 
mod  ftrenuoudy  that,  as  far  as  they  are  applicable  to  leffifla* 
tion,  they  ftrongly  enforce  the  neccflity  of  framing  a  conftitu* 
tion  on  principles  diredUy  oppofite.  Nature,  he  allows,  il^ws 
no  partraiiiy  to  any  rank  in  the  diftribution  of  her  fa?ourt  either 
mental  or  corporeal ;  a  difference,  however,  and  a  great  onCf 
extfls  between  individuals  of  all  ranks,  and  it  is  produced  not 
by  nature  but  by  iducation^  occupation^  and  ixertion.  The  two 
former,  he  obfervcs,  ieparate  by  an  immenfe  fpace  the  (avage 
from  the  civilized  man,  and  the  clown  from  the  gentleman  i  the 
latter  produces  a  diflindion  not  much  lefs  between  one  gentle^ 
man  and  another.  He  contends  that  it  is  only  in  an  age  of  ge^ 
fieral  corruption  and  apathy  refped^ing  the  duties  of  citizens, 
that  one  man  fo  far  excels  his  contemporaries  ;  artd  that,  as  the 
deprefCon  of  one  wave  is  neceflary  to  raife  another  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  mountainous  height,  he  is  indebted  for  his  fuper* 
eminence  as  much  to  their  indolence  as  to  his  own  exertions. 

'  In  the  lower  ranks,  (continues  he,)  how  few  are  there  who  do 
ftOt  attain  an  equal  proficiency  in  their  different  trades*  moK  of  which 
require  a  much  greater  degree  of  mental  exertion  than  wr  are  aware 
off  And  although  (ometimes  we  fee  individuals  who  raife  themfelves 
above  their  humble  (lations>  yet  if  we  tract  their  hiftory,  we  find 
their  eminence  proceeded  from  their  extraordinary  exertions,  not 
from  their  uncommon  capacity.  Thefe  exertions  originated  from  a 
bias,  an  enthufiafm  imbibed,  we  ki)ow  not  how,  in  their  earliefl  in- 
fancy :  but  that  Providence  does  not  infpire  this  enthufiafm  as  the 
peculiar  appendage  of  peculiar  talents,  miifl  be  acknowledged  ;  iince 
we  iipd  the  greatcil  abilities  arc  often  joined  to  the  bafcd  inclinations, 
and  that  whenever  circumilanccs  fpread  fuch  an  enthufiafm  over  a 
whole  people,  the  nation  rifcs  fuperior  to  itfelf  and  to  mankind.  I 
lifpote  not  the  interference  of  Providence  in  the  affairs  of  thb  world; 
jret  it  is  impoiUble  to  fuppofe  that  the  Arabians,  during  the  century 
of  their  rapid  conqaetts,  were  gifted  with  capacities  or  endowments 
iiiperior  to  what  their  anceftors^  fucccffors,  or  riitls  poiTciTed.  Ank 
tkic  wonderful  contempt  of  pain^  which  the  martyrs  of  that  relifl" 

Wh 


MidMlI^i  Principks  of  LigiJIstUn.  las 

wUcb.we  edeem  pf  divine  origin  difplayed,  has  been  eqaalled  b/ 
tbo(e  wko  faffered  for  the  mod  abjed  i'o perditions,  and  furpaiTes  not 
what  caftom  and  education  have  been  able  to  create  in  the  favages  of 
America.* 

Integrity  diftinguiflies  one  able  man  from  another,  as  much 
as  ability  diftinguiOies  an  enlightened  from  an  ignorant  man. 
Men,  therefore,  he  concludes,  ought  not  to  be  placed  on  a 
footing  of  equality  in  the  fervice  of  the  public;  the  man  of 
fimfe  ought  to  be  preferred  to  the  blockhead  ;  and  the  man  of 
ienfe  and  bonefty  united,  to  him  who  poflefles  the  former 
without  the  Utter.  <  The  chief  care  of  a  legiflator  (hould  be 
to  infure  the  integrity  of  thofe  who  muft  be  trufted ;  and  if 
that  be  inflexible,  we  may  be  fatisfied  that  their  abilities  will 
prove  equal  to  their  duties*' 

In  his  lid  chapter,  he  purfues  the  confideration  of  the  equality 
of  rights  \  and  he  maintains  that,  in  the  acceptation  of  the 
term  by  the  French,  it  is  either  inapplicable  to  or  fubverfive  of 
dkeir  fyftem  of  K-giflation.  Equal  protection  from  the  power 
of  government,  and  from  the  injudice  of  individuals,  he  admits 
to  be  the  right  of  every  man  in  fociety ;  and  on  this  point  he 
ttafces  this  judicious  remark: 

'  Civil  rights  may  be  as  facred  in  an  abfolute  monarchy^  as  in  a 
pore  democracy :  in  neither,  is  there  much  fecurity  that  they  will 
continae  (b.  But  the  degree  of  authority  which  the  iovereignty 
aflbmes  over  its  fubjedts,  is  by  no  means  a  criterion  of  liberty,  for 
perfooal  independence  is  often  mod  redrained  in  conltiiutions  that  are 
efteemed  mod  free.' 

The  inequality  of  rights  exemplified  in  the  exemptions  from 
certain  burthens  of  the  ftate  enjoyed  by  privileged  orders,  he 
traces  up  to  times  of  conqueft,  when  the  conquerors  alTamed 
to  themfelves  privileges  which  they  did  not  allow  to  the  con- 
quered. 

'  Latterly  indeed,  (fays  he,)  all  peafants,  whether  defcended  from 
the  conquerors  or  their  fubjc6ls,  became  vaiTals  ;  but  it  was  becaufe* 
in  thofe  times  of  confufion  and  violence,  the  poor  Frank,  unable  to 
defend  himfelf,  voluntarily  furrendered  his  liberty,  in  order  to  obtain 
prote^ion  under  the  wing  of  a  powerful  chieftain.  And  although  all 
dK  dates  of  Europe  may  fticw  privileged  orders,  exempt  from  the 
burthens  which  bear  on  the  community,  this  is  the  remnant  of  what 
conquerors  formerly  arrogated  to  themfelves,  and  what  no  one  pre- 
tends to  judify.' 

It  is  not  necelTary,  he  obferves,  to  annihilate  a  conditution  and 
iiforganize  a  nation,  in  order  to  force  privileged  bodies  to  make 
a  facrifice  of  fuch  exemptions  ;  in  France,  at  lead,  it  certainly 
was  not  neceflary,  becaufe,  whether  from  virtue  or  necedity, 
the  French  nobles  were  ready  to  furrender  them  without  a 
druggie.     The  exemptions  and  the  rank  which  the  nobility 

K  3  enjoyed 


1 26  Micheirx  Princiflu  #/  LegiflgiUn. 

enjoyed  he  confiders  in  a  very  different  point  of  view;  Ike 
former,  he  fays,  ought  to  be  aboli(be4  as  originating  from  the 
arrogance  of  conquerors  oppreffing  or  guarding  againft  1  ran* 
quifhed  nation  \  the  latter  ought  to  be  retained  as  derived  from 
found  principles  of  legiflation,  tending  to  the  general  benefit  of 
the  community.  The  view?  of  the  French,  when  contending 
for  the  equality  of  rights,  he  infifts,  ztc  political  ffWifs^  ^9 
public  offices  of  governments  ;  and  the  filling  of  them,  he  main- 
tains,  ought  not  to  be  called  a  rights  but  a  duty.  In  this  fenlfa 
he  (hews  that,  inftead  of  faying  that  every  man  has  a  ri^hc  to 
afpire  to  fuch  offices,  we  ought  to  fay  that  the  ft^te  has  1  right 
to  call  on  every  man^  according  to  his  capacity,  to  take  hit 
fhare  in  the  fervice  of  his  country.  This  leads  him  to  confi- 
derations  refpefting  the  a>iny  and  navy.  When  citizens  wift 
to  ferve  only  in  lucrative  or  eafy  ftations,  either  the  public  fer- 
vice muft  (land  ilill,  or  government  mufl  havp  recourfe  tomea* 
fures  the  moft  harfh  and  apparently  incompatible  with  liberty, 
in  order  to  keep  up  a  public  ibrce  both  by  land  and  fea  f4i»r  the 
general  defence, 

'  If  thcfe  offices,  (fays  he,)  are  right!,  men  may  forego  their  rights 
if  they  pleafe  ;  in  other  words,  they  may  juftfy  refufft  to  ex^rcifethe' 
offices,  unlefs  they  are  fufficiently  tempted  by  the  rewards  they  chtffe  to 
(lip\ilate.  This  principle  renders  it  nectflary  for  a  ilae  to  engage  tb^ 
fervices  of  its  own  citizens,  on  the  fame  terms  as  it  wouM  thdfe  of 
ilrnngcrs.  i  f  offices  are  undertaken  only  for  the  fake  of  private  emo- 
lument, that  will  in  general  be  the  prior  olijecl  of  con^deration* 
And  as  the  immediate  interell  of  the  individual  is  oppofite  to  the  alti- 
nate  interell  of  the  community,  as  he  can  more  readily'grow  rich  by, 
betraying  than  by  fervin^;  his  country,  it  is  to  be  inferred  that  the 
former  line  of  conduct  will^  as  opportunity  offers,  be  in  geocra^ 
adopted.  In  vain  (l^ill  we  multiply  officers  to  ferve  as  checks  ta 
each  other ;  they  will  foon  cociproiiiife  tht'ir  duties  for  a  (bare  of  the] 
plunder,  and  the  flatc  will  only  have  an  additional  nuxx;ber  ofblood* 
fuckers  to  fatten. 

*  If  fuch  maxims  are  adopr^^d  by  the  higher  ranks,  they  will  fijon 
pervade  i':\t.  lower  ;  if  the  former  tfTume  tnis  option,  the  latter  Will 
claim  ir:  but  it  is  ahfolutcly  impoffible  fox  any  flate  to  tempt  th<;  lower 

'  ranks  to  fulfil  the  toilfomc  and  dangerous  tafks  that  mud'  fall  to  rheii; 
ihare.  A  fmall  and  infufficient  army  may,  perhaps,  be  maintained 
in  time  of  peace,  by  the  arts  of  enlilting,  pernicious  to  morals,  and 
repugnant  to  integrity :  the  fupply  is  however  fo  inadequate  to  oa- 
tional  defence,  and  the  exrence  is  fo  enormous,  that  'the  meafore  of 
hiring  foreign  troops  muil  be  adopted ;  and  without  multiplying 
pages*  to  prove  what  is  almoil  fclf  evident,  it  will  fufSce  to  obfcrve, 
that  no  infiance  can  b?  produced  of  any  nation  havins  pradffed  this 
fyllem,  on  principles  of  pecuniary  economy,  enforced  \^  the  difficulty 
found  in  enlifting  natives  generally  averfe  to  the  military  fervice*  un- 
til it  was  fafl  approaching  to  its  decline. 

*  The  danger  may  be  palliated  or  concealed  in  the  army.  In  the 
aavy  it  produces  confequences  that  appear  in  naked  deformity ;  and 

prdBog 


MielicH'i  Prtnetptes  dfL'egtJlatton.  ifj 

frefiag  U  abfolutely  neceflary.  llie  failor  is  indeed  competed  only 
to  do  hit  doty»  and  the  exigence  of  the  nation  is  at  (lake  ;  but  the 
hardAip  of  forcing  him  who  enjoys  fo  few  of  the  advantages  of  fo- 
detTy  to  undergo  burdens  from  which  all  others  are  exempt,  is  fo 
4lbvioot,  that  the  mod  vigorous  and  beft  eftabliftied  government  mufl, 
in  critical  times,  hefitate  at  the  probable  confequences  of  iflbing  prefs 
warranO.  Yet  the  meafure  is  not  a  politive  but  a  comparative  in- 
jaflice*  and  would  appear  in  its  true  light,  if  the  higher  ranks. fuU 
.£lled  their  own  duties,  while  theyjenforced  chofe  of  others^ 

«  This  dbjlrine  will  revolt  the  fet  of  modern  philoTophers,  and 
their  bomerpus  difciples^  who  hide  from  others,  perhaps  from  them- 
ielTes,  their  epicurean  indifference,  timidity,  and  (cnfualityA  under 
the  fjpecioos  ckike  of  nniverfal  benevolence,  or  elegant  refinement  of 
inanners.  *■  The  cruelty  of  tearing  a  man  fi-om  his  family  and  peace- 
ful occupations,  in  order  to  aflift  in  butchering  his  fellow- creatures 
with  whom  he  can  have  no  quarrel,  whenever  any  of  the  fceptred 
Tobbers  of  the  earth  happen  to  be  infpired  with  a  luft  of  dominion,  or 
military  glory ,^'  ia  an  ubviqas  topic  of  declamation.  Stilli  how. 
cTcr,  Kmay  be  maintained^  that  ic  is  the  doty  of  a  citizen  to  obey 
ihe  fummons  of  his  prince  to  war,  if  the  nation  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
ber has  chofen  [that]  the  fovereignty  Ihould  be  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  monarch;  or  the  caH  of  his  fena^e  and  cooful,  hiy  congrefs  and 
prefidrpt,  if  he  lives  junder  a  republic. 

*  War  undoubtedly  originates  from  violence  and  injodice;  it  Is 
not  however  for  an  individual  to  ^tltrmintp  whether  juftice  is  on  the 
^de  of  his  nation  or  not.     He  cannot  pretend  to  judee  whether  war 
is  declared  from  ambition^  or  from  prudent  and  nece^ary  precantions. 
Self -defence  confifts  as  often  in  attacking  while  in  our  power,  as  in 
refittng  an  attack,  which,  if  we  wait  to  receive.  We  may  not  be  able 
to  withftand.     And  it  is  full  as  probable,  that  a  private  perfon  (hoold, 
if  he  were  allowed  his  choice,  refufe  to  fight  from  want  of  patriotifm, 
from  timidity  or  effeminacy,  as  that  the  fovereign  fliould  engage  in 
ufelefs  wars  from  motives  of  ambition.     2ut  whenever  the  character 
of  a  nation  ceafes  to  be  warlike,  its  exiftence  is  precarious,  unlefs 
the  fovereign  can  enforce  the  fer vices  which  may  be  required.     Nei- 
ther is  this  a  new  or  unheard-of  theory  ;  the  pradice  has  been  found 
compatible  with  even  an  cxccfs  of  liberty,  and  the  free  citizens  of 
Athens  or  Rome  were  as  much  bound  to  (hed  their  blood,  in  wars 
originating  from  motives  tyrannous  and  unjufl  on  the  fide  of  their 
country,  as  the  Haves  of  the  great  king  of  Perfia.     This  duty,  how- 
ever biirdcnfome,  was  then  confidered   as  e/Tential  to  liberty;  it  \i 
flrange  we  fhould  now  deem  it  charafteridic  of  fervitude.' 
From  the  whole  he  deduces  the  following  inferences : 
*  The  various  offices  of  (late  are  duties  created  by  fociety,  not 
lights  brought  by  men  into  fociety,  and  pofTcfTcd  antecedent  to  it. 
The  objedl  therefore  of  the  focial  union  could  not  be  .as  the  French 
jegiflators  declare,  f  The  mainuining  our  natural,  civil,  and  poli- 
tical rights  •;•'  for  this  laft  right  (if  they  will  ufe  the  term)  has  cx- 
iflcnce  only  fubfequent  to,  and  in  confequcnce  of,  the  formation  of 

•  ♦  New  Conllitution  of  France  by  Condorcct,  Jffr.' 

K  4.  fociety. 


1 28  Micbeirx  FrinAfUr^f  L$g\JldtUn. 

'  fockt/.  The  natural  rights  of  men,  in  which  it  is  allowd  all  coatimis 
equal,  s^re  not  infringed*  althoogh  the  ofHces  of  fUte  are  reftrided  to 
particular  clafles.  And  their  civil  rights  may  be  equally  refpededor 
violated  in  any  form  of  government  whatever :  if  the  latter  ikoold 
happen,  no  more  is  proved,  than  that  governors  negled  or  beuay 
their  duty/ 

In  chapter  III.  book  I.  Mr.  M.  examines  another  favourite 
pofition  of  the  French  revolutionifts,  viz.  ^^  the  will  of  the 
majority  is  binding  on  the  whole ;"  and  he  controverts  it*  if  not 
with  coHDplete  fuccefs,  at  lead  with  great  ingenuity.  His  firft 
pbjedlion  is  founded  on  the  difficulty,  if  not  impoffibility^  of 
^fcertaining  what  is  the  unbiaffed  will  of  the  majority  of  a  lu- 
fion  as  to  any  particular  queftion  : 

'  In  cities,  (fays  he,)  a  ^itxy  fmall  portion  of  the  inhabitants  may, 
with  the  advantages  of  union  and  preconcerted  operations,  didate 
with  uncontrollable  authority  to  the  whole.  The  lefs  fangoinaFy 
Romans  (among  whom  this  principle  prevailed)  were  content  to  far* 
found  the  Forum,  and  pre^occupv  all  the  avenues  to  the  Huftings 
with  an  arn^ed  mob,  by  means  of  which  the  moft  alert  fadion  paflni 
what  laws  it  pleafed  *.  The  ferocious  Parifians,  by  a  liberal  exercife 
of  the  lanthorn  and  pike,  a  ve  their  opponents  into  iilence,  and  con- 
pel  them  to  adopt  the  fame  opinions.  As  to  the  will  of  a  ^reat  ov 
tion,  we  need  only  refer  to  the  arguments  fo  often  ufed  by  oor  oppo* 
iition,  to  prove  the  futility  of  addrefTes,  as  evincive  of  the  general 
ppinion.  The  fame  arguments  may  be  applied  with  equal  force  to 
petitions  or  refoluttons  of  any  kind,  on  any  particular  queftion,  froai 
^rporate  bodies  or  dillrifls.  it  is  more  difHcult  indeed  for  a  fadioo 
(0  edabliih  a  tyrannic  fway  over  an  extenfive  country,  than  over  a 
fingle  city  ;  bqt  chat  fway,  if  once  eAabliflied,  is,  from  the  obftldes 
fvhich  the  dirconteoced  meet  in  their  endeavours  to  form  a  union,  far 
more  fecure.  Th«  inferior  but  united  force  of  Paris  itfelf,  awed  into 
acquiefcence  by  a  faiflion,has  ea(ily  quelled  the  fucceffive  infurredions 
in  La  Vendee,  Lyons,  Marfeilles,  Toulon,  and  various  other  places 
and  provinces  oi  France  :  though  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the 
fiifcontented  would,  ii  united,  as  eaiily  have  overwhelmed  the  city  of 
Paris.' 

Suppofing  this  difHculcy  about  afcertaining  the  will  of  the 
majority  to  be  removed,  there  would  remain  a  ftrong  objedioQ 
to  the  principle  itfelf.  He  allows,  for  argumentation,  the  rig^t 
of  the  majority  of  a  nation  to  change  the  conftitution  fro;n 
monaichy  to  a  republic,  or  its  religion  from  Chriftianity  to 
Paganifm  :  but  it  does  not  follow  that  the  majority  hsis  any 
right  to  legiflate  for  the  minority.  Such  a  change  as  is  above 
ftated,  he  contends,  would  amount  to  a  diflblution  of  the  cooi- 
pa<5l  on  which  the  fociety  of  fuch  a  nation  was  originally 
founded.     His  fentiments  on  this  head  are  thus  exprefled: 

'  *  Ferguf.  Rom.  Repub.  bookiii.  chap.  5.  and  paffim.* 

*  Admitting 


UkMiVPfimifk$9fLftifl$Aii*  tag 

«  /*  Atetciing  thtt  the  majoricj  bate  a  light  to  legiflate  fio'r  diem*? 
UtUh  (h^y  have  oo  right  to  legiflate  for  gthcn.  M.  appeal  ao  »a» 
JbflL  or  equity  is  futile ;  for  what  appears  to  one  man  very  reffoqabk^ 
may  toaqodier  feeni  fierfed  nonfen&y  orperniciousfophidry.  But 
faoeieaifeff,  reafon  is  always.  negleAed,  and  for.ce  or  Frand^mat 
daianDine  the  difpnte.  The  former  Ibciety  being  di(^oI¥ed^  all  nghta 
€f  pre-occopancy  are  faperfcded  ;.for  one  party  has  as  good  a  .duasi 
as  the  other;  and  they  are  Yirtoidly  in  the  ficaatiiM".  of  twp  in4epen4^ 
'fltt  tribes  or  nations^  landing  at  rtie  fame  moment  on  an  onletdel 
Wintry.  If  they  cannot  agree  to  divide  it«  one  muft  expel  tlie  other* 
It  is  a  legitimate  caafe  of  war,  in  which  nei'thef  party  can  aSSime  a 
right  to  treat  the  other  as  rebels  or  traitbrs.  If  the  vi^lors  in  fac&  ^ 
conteft  deny  the  vanquiibed  the  liberty  of  withdrawing  thrmfdvei^ 
their  families,  and  property,  from  the  difpute4  tr rri^bry^  and  (ettliiig 
tbemlelves  elfewhcre,  they  violate  every  principle  of  jqffice  «ad  h%« 
Minity. 
'  That  a  part  of  a  nation,  whether  they  &nn  a  majority  or  no^ 

ahe joffined  in  endeavoaring  to  ohuAn  an  alteration  in  the.dla- 
sd  conititotion,  and  even  ia  cpminitting,  if  neceiTary,  the  joflk^ 
of  dicfiroaofe  to  the  decifion  of'the'God  of  battles^  I  do  not  deny. 
Bat  be  it  remembered,  no  flight  motives  can  jufHiy  them ;  for  .thef 
fnhBt  diflbive  »*ie  focial  bond,  atid  renounce  the  parent  that  gasc 
tkem  birth.  Wnereas  they  who  fopport  the  eftabliflied  oonflStotionto 
can  in  hardly  any  cafe  defervc  blame.  Thq  fincericy  of  that  man^ 
wiKi»  when  advanced  in  years,  changes  his  religion,  has  alwi^ys  bceft 
hdd  fiifpidoQs;'fbr  fimilar  reafons,  if  a  man  (hould  at  odce  renbunoe 
.the  eSabliihed  conflitadon  of  his  country,  and  adopt  one  of  an.  oppo^ 
.4te  aatore,  we  may  reafonaUy  fafpeft  him  to  be  a^tiAted  by  paMon* 
or  iUfiih  intereft. .  At  leaft,  if,  inflead  of  appealing  to.  the  fword« 
foch  men  choofe  to  try  their  caufe  at  the  bar  of  reafon,  thie  mtmfni* 
^«a^' lies . folely  on  them:  their  opponents  have  only  to  orge  that 
they  ftili  prefer  the  conftitucion  and  religion  in  which  they  were  bred* 
|f  foch  a  faufe  <%'ere  to  be  tried  bv  Minos  himfeir,  furely  the  majority 
anft  be  infinitely  great  on  the  fide  of  the  innovators,  or  he  would  de« 
cree,  that  it  is  for  them  to  feek  fome  foreign  fettlpment,  and  there  try 
what  foccefs  will  attend  their  new  adopted  iituations  * 

In  chapter  iV.  the  writer  adverts  totbeabufes  that  have  fol- 
lowed clofely  on  the  heels  of  the  French  principles^  and  which 
(he  obferves)  fome  politicians  have  endeavoured  to  excufe,  by 
alluding  to  the  grofs  ignorance  of  the  people ;  to  which,  and 
noft  to  the  doctrines,  rhey  afcrihe  the  exceflrs  that  have  dif- 
graced  France.  Mr.  M.  lays  the  blame  on  thofe  who  pro- 
roulgated  doftrines  which  it  was  not  poflible  that  the  people 
Ibould  truly  iinderftand^  becaufe  they  could  not  comprehend 
the  niceties  of  metaphyfical  definitions. 

He  next  examines  the  opinion  *  that  the  moft  unlimited  free- 
dom  of  the  prefs  is  eflcntiat  to  the  acquirement  and  preiervaaon 
of  freedom  /  and  he  fays  that,  if  by  this  be  meant  that  freedona 
cannot  exift,  imlefs  all  icinds  of  dodrines  are  without  reftraint 

promuigjlted 


1  JO  Michell*#  Principle's  of  LegiJIationi 

|>roitsu1gated  among  all  ranks  of  fociety,  experience  has  ptovtk 
tbc  maxim  to  be  falfe.  Calling  hiliory  to  his  aid,  he  thtfk 
atgucfi: 

f  The  repnblies  of  anciept  Greece  were  undoubtedly  free«  maajr 
^rried  freedom  to  excefs ;  yet  the  art  of  printing  being  then  oar 
)bioWn/  the  commonication  of  knowledge  was  neceflariiv  confined  tp 
%  fe«lr.  Books  were  fcarce  and  exceflively  dear/  and  thereiiDre  be.- 
yond  the  reach  of  the  multitude:  and  in  matters  of  relijg^iooy  thf 
irfoft  jealons  and  cruel  xnquifition  was  e^ercifed  over  writers  and 
teadiers.  The  Swifs  Cantons  acquired  their  freedom  at  a  period* 
%ll«K  probably  not  one  in  a  thoufand  could  read  or  write  f  they  hare 
tOntinued  to  preferve  it  for  centuries^  (many  of  the  Cantons  in  th^ 
fontA  of  a  pnre  deniopracy,}  without  the  ud  of  newfpapers  and  poUd- 
««t  panftphlets>  which  their  poverty  banifhes  much  more  efie^toally 
llhan  any  law  could  do.  In  our  own  country^  almofl  in  our  own  times> 
freedom  triumphed  oyer  monarchical  prerogative,  both  in  the  aera  of 
tbhafles  I.  and  Tames  II.  Yet  from  the  formrer  to  the  latter  period, 
Utt  communication  of  political  knowledge  wa«  much  confined,  by  the 
difiAclination  or  inability  of  the  people  to  read.  It  is  faid,  that  now 
corruption  and  mifmanagement  are  in  the  extreme,  and  we  are  dire^^ed 
to  reAore  the  conlUtution  to  it$  former  purity :  a  ^ood  one,  there- 
fore, could  fubfift  without  this  general  diflFufion  ot  political  know- 
fedge,  which,  if  it  has  not  produced,  at  leail  has  not  prevented  the 
progrefs  of  corruption.' 

He  then  goes  on  to  aniipadvert  on  the  advice  giyen  by  ihofe 
who  defire  that  the  public  may  not  be  alarmed  at  the  want  of 
xeftraint  on  the  prefs,  for  that  truth  and  virtue  will  always 
preponderate.  The  following  obferyatiops  on  t)iis  head  are 
juft  and  forcible :  ' 

*  Let  parents  and  tutprs  anfwer  for  the  youth  under  their  care ; 
let  OS,  if  pofHble,  rife  above  our  own  vices,  and  anfwer  for  ourfelves. 
Have  we  not  experienced,  that  the  exhortation  of  the  divine,  the 
lef^oreof  the  moralift,  though  aided  by  the  dilates  of  our  own  con - 
ieien'ce,  form  bqt  an  infumcient  barrier  againd  the  fue^cltions  of 
paffion,  and  the  corruption  which  artful  fophiftry,  Hattering  indina- 
ooiis  which  we  are  fecretly  aihamed  of,  pours  into  the  heart  ?  In  the 
declining  age  of  Greece  and  Rome,  did  the  dodrines  of  Zcno  or  Epi- 
cilrut  make  the  greater  number  of  prpfelytcs?  In  both  nations  there 
was  DO  want  of  men,  who,  by  their  writings,  even  by  the  examples 
of  their  lives  and  adions,  endeavoured  to  uphold  the  caufe  of  virtue  \ 
yet  they  fcarcely  retarded,  they  did  not  prevent,  the  rapid  progrcfs 
of  vice,  which  purfued  its  triunaphant  courfe,  until  it  expired  in  the 
ruins  of  a  corrupted  people.' 

Having  combated  the  opinions  of  others  rcfpefling  the  licen- 
tioufnefs  of  the  prefs,  he  thus  delivers  his  own  : 

*  The  licentioufnefs  of  the  prefs,  fuch  as  is  now  permitted,  is  in- 
compatible with  nationa*  profperiiy  ;  it  requires  to  be  regulated  :  but 
to  alcertain  the  line  which  fcparates  excefs  of  liberty  from  improper 
reftraint,  and  to  determine  whefc  the  power  of  enforcing  the  law 

12  fhottli 


l^iofll  Ik  plfced,  if  a  U(k  which  reqairei»  if  it  does  hot  exceed*  the 
greairft  aMli(ies.  Thoi  much*  Wowcver,  nay  be  eftabtilhed  m  cef"- 
tain  :  it  it  better  that  Quuif  ^ingt  (hoold  be  concealed  which  mieht 
be  commonicated,  thao  that  even  a  few  Ihoald  be  comnuinicated  whick 
ought  lo  be  withheld.  It  is  abiblately  neeeflaiy  tb  take  crefy.pre^ 
faetioQ  againft  this  daageroas-  ciafs  of  joen*  The  elb^oeoce  <:i  4 
Wfker  is  as  pbwerlbl  as  that  of  an  orator,  is  hkm^  extenfire  in  ifef 
cfeAs*  and  rail  as  likdy  to  be  made  an  engine  to' introduce  defpoti^Da 
BMotbebpfiHDofJiberqr/  ..  ..    ,: 

\Tb  if  eohfrfmtd.1 

Aar.  II«    JMi^»  a  Tragedy.    9^*   *pp«  f f f>'    fi*  64.    Sdvwdiv 

^c.    1796. 

nr^MB  author  of  tbis  tragedy  qbfervtfj  in  a'^tiiairiy  adt^tife^ 
'**  ment,  that  he  has  not,  oy  offetiog  it  for  reprefentaSot^ 
incurred  the  hazard  dP  its  rejedlion  by  a  manager  oj-  an.  kadi* 
eiice.  W6at*wot)Td  have  been  iu  fate  in  tEis  evcbii^  we  ipm^ 
fume  oot  to  decide :  butt  ^  ^  dofet  perfbrinance,  addrdSed  t» 
cbe  lofcrs  of  dramatic  poetry,  we  tbink  it  cannot  fail  of  obtain-* 
fng  a  confiderable  lIim:of  approbatioa.'  Its  ilory  is  tfAJy  to* 
terefting  ;  and  though  not  filled  with  the  buftk  o#  indidcnt  fo 
puch^equired  on  anf  ^nj^Itfli  ftaj(e',»^4>ttt  other  aimirtg  at  the 
difplay  of  charaderby  dialogue,  ah0  the  enfo#(^eriticf  noble 
and  virtuous  fentiments  by  the  gnfcces  of  poeerj^  It;  poflfeflei 
enough  to  warm  the  header's  heart;  and  to  tiiC  K!s  ^ttlintion* 
The  fable  is  fimple — the  ruin  of  the  fair  and  innocent  Inez,  the 
fuppofcd  miftrefs  but  real  wife  of  the  virtMOus  prince  Pedro, 
through  the  machinations  of  a  difcarded  onftrefs,  and  a  fet  of 
fevengeful  rivals  and  hard*hearted  politicians,  and  the  inexor^ 
able  rigour  of  a  tyrant  king  and  father.  The  moft  Ariking  de- 
tached incident  is  the  difcovery  which  Ine%  ivvakes  of  her  owa 
long  loft  father,  in  the  perfon  of  a  venerable  Ca(tiHan  exile ; 
and  the  mixture  of  joy  that  he  feels  from  this  recognition,  with 
grief  and  (bameat  her  fuppofed  guilty  connexion  with  theprlnce^ 
produces  a  truly  drannatic  contention  of  emotions.  The  cata- 
llrophe  is  the  condemnation  of  Inez  by  the  unfeeling  monarch, 
and  her  murder  behind  the  fcenes  by  his  courtiers.  We  can* 
pot  praife  the  improbable  way  in  which  poetic  juftice  is  exe- 
cuted on  thofe  butchers,  by  a  revolt  excited  for  no  other  pur- 
pofe.  Pedro  and  the  father  of  Inez  are  contented  to  live  on— 
the  tyrant  Alphonfo  flies,  we  know  not  whither— and  thus  the 
piece  terminates. 

As  a  fpecimen  of  the  language  and  fentiment,  we  copy  the 
interview  between  the  king  and  the  prince,  when  the  latter  is 
ordered  into  theprefence,  to  receive  paternal  reprimand  and  ad- 
monition ; 


i3t  /«<»,  aTragidfi 

*  Alphenjo,     Lords !  retire  a  while ; 

We  would  be  to  oorCelves  !  [Exeunt  Lords.]     I  wonderj  Pedro^ 

Thy  tongue  can  (hape  the  accents  of  affiEdion» 

When  thy  falfe  bofom  harbours  enmity. 

Fie !  'tis  deceit  beneath  a  manly  mind. 

But  what  ball  thou  with  manlineis /-^a  ilave  I 

^  wonnan's  Have  1 

.    *  Pedro.    This  flrong  rebttke»  ray  father  ! 

Strikes  to  my  heart ; — though  all  my  queftion'd  life 

Difclaim  the  charge.— Unkindnefs  to  my  father ! 

Summon  my  adtions  in  review  before  you, 

Afid  where  is't  to  be  found  ?— Have  I  allied 

With  guilty  fadioos  to  fubvert  the  throne. 

To  wound  my  fovcrcign's  dignity  and  peace  ? 

Hift  not  my  condu^>  Tcorning  the  fufpicion 

Of  pridej  maturinjg  into  dangerous  a^on> 

Still  taught  your  iubjedts  to  obey  and  honour  ? 

*  Alpbonfo.    Ay, — fo  thoQ  fay*fl.     Thou  hail  not  arm'd«  'tii  iroe. 
The  fubjeft's  hand  againft  the  fovcreign's  life  : 

Nor  yet  intrigued,  with  the  mean  foal  of  party> 

To  Heal  his  honour,  and  cajole  the  people. 

No !  this  is  guilt  beyond  thy  nature's  malice ; 

Pierhaps  beyond  her  floth,  and  impotence. 

Sot  thou  haft  fwom  againil  thy  father*s  hopes ; 

Wrong'd  his  jud  pride ;  been  falfe  to  thy  great  fortunes  ; 

Cheated  the  people  of  their  rightful  Prince, 

Their  ftatefman,  and  their  warrior,  and  inftead 

Haft  fhamed  them  with  a  fofc  luxurious  boy. 

The  promife  of  another  feeble  Sancho  *! 

*  Ftdm,     Let  not  my  father  deem  of  me  fo  ill ; 
Nor  give  my  foes  their  wifh  ! — 1  know  that  majefty 
Is  ftill  begged  with  the  bafe  crew  of  intereft; 

Who  watch  the  latent^^afllon,  as  it  prompts  ; 

The  fpeaking  movemf^itifi  of  the  royal  eye, 

And  with  its  ftrong  coff  upuon  work  their  purpose. 

I  know  there  are,  who  f^ive  to  taint  your  ear 

With  pcis'nous  mifconllrudion  of  my  conduct. 

But,  good  my  Liegp.  let  not  their  arts  prevail 

Againft  my  life's  whole  ftory  ;— and  perluade  ycu. 

Your  fon  can  afl  unworthy  of  his  firej 

His  country,  or  himfelf. 

«  AlphomJi>.     Why  talk  of  foes  ? 
Thy  foes  are  in  thyfelf  alone. —  I'hc  court 
Loves  and  laments  thee  :  and  what  need  of  ^yt^^ 
Sharpen 'd  by  malice,  to  explore  thy  faults. 
When  even  on  mine, — veil'd  with  paternal  fondnefs, 
Thej;  burft  with  noontide  glare. — When  the  big  intcrells 
Of  a  whole  people  hang  upon  our  judgment ; 
The  nation's  genius  with  the  wife  and  great 


•  Sancho  2d  of  Portugal.* 

Convened 


CoHYentd  in  anxioas  ootffictl  ;---w]iei€  «t  tboo  ? 

No  voice  is  heard  for  Pedro !—>Whcn  the  troops 

j^re  marfliiird  on  the  plain,  and  flame-eyed  war» 

As  his  nim  tidges  fla(k  ao  iron  gleam. 

Views  the  proud  fcene  with  joy,  and  ftenily  waits  ' 

The  fall  of  heroes  in  the  fntore  combat, — 

Then— where*s  the  Prince  ?-*Th'  inqntriog  eye  fliall  find 

The  boy  of  peace  loll'd  in  a  woman's  lap, 

Uobrighten'd  by  a  dream  of  fame  or  power ! 

Ic  is  perhaps  for  fome  deep  crime  of  mine, 

Thoa  art  ordain'd  my  fcourge.— Yet  for  what  crime  ? 

If  I  ilood  forth  th*  oppofer  of  my  father, 

'Twas  tUrft  of  power,— -'twas  energy  of  mind 

That  bore  me  to  the  dted, — and  glory,  pleaded 

For  the  high-foolM  offence !— JBy  Hcav*n  I  had  rather 

See  thee  b  arms  againft  i^eg— than  thns  faU'n, 

Hononr's  i^wftate  f— rather  would  1  glow 

With  anger,  than  with  flume! 

«  PtJn.    Ceafe,  Sire,  to  wrong  me  I 
Shew  me  fair  honour,,  and  m  mfli  to  meet  her 
Eren  where  the  valiant  flirink  1    Let  Tarif  *  witneis ! 
Yon,  Sire,  may  witaefs  too,  that  my  good  fword 
Can  hdd  its  temper  in  the  deed  of  hraod. 
Bat  honour.  Sire,  is  ever  found  with  juflice. 
That  war,  which  bleeds  as  mad  ambition  prompts, 
M  V  fool  detefls ;  —I  fee  it  wet  with  tears 

Of  parenu,  widows,  orphans;— 4ee  it  fed  ; 

With  the  fcant  moriel  fnatch'd  from  the  flarv'd  peaCint; 
See  it  deny  infuUed  earth  her  tillage. 
Her  hufliandman  transfbrm'd  into  a  ruflian ! 
See  ic  fopprefs  the  arts :— prohibit  commerce 
To  join  far  fonder'd  realms,— to  mingle  climes. 
And  blend  mankind  in  one  large  chanty. 
Oh—  'tis  a  mender  !  —the  difgrace  of  reafon ! 
Honour  difclaims  it ! — Were  my  fovereign  threatened  ; 
My  country  gor'd  with  an  invader's  ileel. 
Soon  ibould  you  fee  me  foremoft  in  the  field ; 
With  many  hearts  exulting  in  my  bofom. 
And  proud  to  force  your  praife ! 

•  Jlphon/o.     And  muft  we  then 
Await  with  folded  arms  the  war  that  feeks. 
And  beards  us  in  our  palace  /—Are  dominion. 
And  the  great  name,  which  widely  awes  mankind. 
The  well  appointed  legions  and  the  navy 
Pregnant  with  floating  warfare,— things  of  naught 
Below  the  nobler  mind  ? — Is  not  the  glow 
Itfelf  of  battle,  and  the  pride  of  conqueft 

'  ^  I'he  battle  of  Tarif  gained  by  Alphonfo  XI.  of  Caftile  and 
this  Alphonfo  agaioft  the  Moors,  a  few  years  before  the  death  of 
Inez.'  i 

TranfportiDg 


i34  ^tiez,  sfr^^i4^ 

Tranfporting  to  the  foul?— But  tkoa  haft  loft. 

Degenerate  boy  !  the  very  tsfte  of  glory^ 

Heavens  I— As  my  eye  has  drunk  the  crimibn  flanghteri 

My  ear  the  groans  of  death  and  ftiouts  of  viBofy, 

More  has  my  bofom  panted  with  delight. 

Than  ftun^  with  all  the  poignancies  of  (eufe. 

But  wherefore  this  to  thee  ? — thy  blifs  is  peate  t 

Then  why  defert  the  council-room,  where  greatnefs; 

No  more  an  iron  figure  ftain'd  with  blood » 

Sits  in  her  robes  offilk,  and  weighs  the  fortunes 

Of  perfons  and  of  ftates;  fills  her  Exchequer 

With  the  bright  means  of  governmetit  and  power  J 

Makes  tillage,  traffickj  artsj— religion's  felf 

Her  faftcrs  to  enrich  and  aggrandize  her. 

Pervades  the  chaos^mafs  of  charadler, 

And  to  its  feveral  parts  of  coid  and  ardent, 

AQive  and  dull — affighing  it's  due  place, 

Difpofes  all  in  order,  and  thus  forms 

A  world  adjofted  to  her  lofty  purpofe: 

'  Fet/ro.     Think  me  not,  Sire,  without  the  pulfe  ihtt  qiieksftf^ 
Beneath  the  touch  of  greatnefs. — War  iifcif; 
By  juftice  own'd,  can  pleafe  me  with  its  trophies. 
But  far  more  grateful  to  my  fool,  1  oWn, 
The  triumphs  of  fair  peace  : — to  fprcad— to  cherifh 
The  growth  of  man,  and  fill  the  wond'ring  defert 
With  I'miling  population  : — to  fupporc 
Society  wiih  morals ; — feed  with  wealth  ; 
Adorn  with  arts : — to  prompt  the  nerves  of  labour 
To  hang  the  mountain  with  the  cluft'ring  vintage. 
Or  float*  the  plain  with  harvcAs, — to  command 
The  flood  with  the  bold  arch  :— to  make  the  precipice 
Patient  with  human  feet,  and  fpeed  the  intercourfe 
Of  man  with  man  :— to  waft  the  navy,  fraught 
With  fcicnce  and  religion,  to  the  favage, 
To  teach  and  Wefs:  — to  bid  the  general  force 
Be  general  good,  and  thus  to  prove  that  all 
Were  made  for  all:— Oh  ! — this  indeed  is  greatnefs 
That  lifts  us  near  to  <7ods  I^but  the  poor  pride 
Of  vulgar  ftatefmanfhip,— to  cog  and  juggle 
With  artifice  and  myftery  for  power  ;-^^ 
To  feize  the  unguarded  wcaknefTes  of  men. 
And  make  them  work  our  ftrength,  to  play  off  paflion 
'Gainll  pafTion,  and  by  difuniting  govern  : 
To  form  the  whole  into  a  mine  and  ladder 
To  raife  our  pride  and  glut  our  avarice — 
Is  meanncfs, — guilt,— and  trick,««refembling  wifdoml 
As  love  of  bloodfhed  valour : — 'tis  beneath  me  ! 


£t  juvat  uttdantem  buxo  fpe£tare  Cytorum.     Geor.  2.  457. 

Segetes  aha  ci^mpique  nai^niet 
Lenibus  horreicani  flabris.     Geor.  3.  198/ 

•  Jlfhmfp. 


«  J^kmifi.    And  €ia*ft  tboii  think  this  I6ft]r  rhapMf 
l^in  put  with  me  ?-*it  only  proves  the  dinger 
Of  thy  fide  IkaXt,  when,  til  the  foal  corrupt. 
The  hireUng  intellcft  tkn  pletd  for  floth. 

'  Fsdrt.    No,  Sire,  if  jroo  reqnire  me  it  joor  cooncHi^ 
My  prefeoce  (hall  be  diere,-^thoogh  ytfur  great  fdf 
Render  it  moft  unneeded  i  and  1  fear 
My  fimple  and  nght-jonward  policy 
Will  be  the  these  of  fcom  to  that  dark  wifiJonit 
Which  nines  and  doMtt  there. 

•jg^m^.    Nomorei—thoofpeak'ft 
Like  mn  onpn^fed  bpy !— Attend  me  now  1 
The  Dtrfilet  of  oar  realm,  enraged  to  ice  thee 
Loft  in  poor  loxory  and  bafely  ginng 
Thdr  fmilet  to  (bangers,  compafs  ns  with  mortoiiri 
Wl}ich  almoft  (hak^  otir  throne.    Omr  fpeciiil  wrongs 
Are  mtter  yet  than  their's ;  and  all  combine 
To  daim  t^  (acnfice  of  that  bad  woman 
Who  hoUi  thee  in  her  chains,  and  (bins  thy  hooonfw 
We  u^  Ay  foitors  now,— Shonld'ft  thoo  refofe  ns^ 

We  can  edbrte  our  parpofe  1 

'  PaAv*    Omy  father! 
Be  DOC  abns'd  by  the  falfe  voice  of  fame  i 

Nor  lit  the  noble's  caafelefs  jealoufy 

Pnmipc  yonr  injnAice.— Of  my  crime>  in  aiding 

Cafiik't  lad  fngitiYes,  the  whde  account 

Is  common  coortefyi  and  fcant  relief. 

For  her,  whofe  virtues  wake  degenerate  hate^ 

She  never  urged  a  deed  allied  to  guilt : — 

Her  thought  and  condod— charity  and  goodnefs. 

Oh  !— flie  is  fauldefs  as,  before  the  fall, 

Was  our  firft  parent  i—Heaven^s  own  lifi[ht  her  foulf 

Unmingled  with  the  vapours  of  this  woHd* 

«  Ahbonfo.     She  hath  undone  thee,  Pedro»  and  mufl  fallr 

What  f  (ay'ft  thou-^to  proteft  thefe  vile  Ca^Uans, 

Who  mock  by  flight  their  prince's  baffled  juitice. 

Is  but  an  a£l  of  common  ;ud  to  woe  ? 

Doth  it  not  loofe  the  ties,  which  bind  together 

The  brother-lords  of  earth,  and  make  each  monarch 

The  patron  of  bit  neighbotfr-mcnarch's  rebels  I 

^is  moft  unwife ! — Thy  female  counfellor 

Muft  be  removed. 
'  Ptdro.    My  gradotts  Liege  1  (he  never 

Govern'd  my  partial  htnd.'-Remove  her  I— -Sire ! 

Nature  will  not  obey  l^Oh  pardon  me. 

If  here  I  claim  the  peafant's  privilege. 

To  chttfe  the  partner  of  my  love. 
'  Jlfbonfi.     The  peaiant 

May  chnfc  his  own  ihe-beggar  as  he  will. 

The  thin]g  of  dirt  may  welter  i^  the  (enfes : 

*Tii  Ids  poor  recompence,  and  mjures  no  one.— 

Not 


136'         CappeV  Difiourfef  «ii  iU  Pntfidena  9/  Gpd. 

Kot  h  the  prince—- he  lives  not  for  himfelf  2 

His  frame  and  fpii^Cy^fcnre  and  intelledk 

Art  glory's  only: — and  as  glory  wills 

Their  fon^lions  mufl  obey. — Thy  fair,  thoa  fay*f(. 

Never  fupplied  an  argument  to  wrong. 

When  late  thy  paflion's  outi4ges  purfued 

"My  mtnifter,  Coelfo,  whom  my  name 

JMight  fan^on  from  thy  wrongs^— who  thep  impell'd 

To  the  raOi  deed  ? 

«  Peiiro.     Coello,  my  good  Lord— 

'  Jlphon/a.     V\\  hear  no  more  !— Difmifs  this  femaie  mlfckief ! 
This  Helen,  fatal  to  the  peace  of  kingdoms. 
Let  her  begone ;— I  fpeak  to  fave  thee,  Pedro ! 
Let  her  this  inflant  quit  the  realm  for  ever  ! 
Or  thou  (halt  prove  my  force !  —  Away  with  her  ! 
Left  my  prone  vengeance  in  iu  fierce  defcent 
Should  blend  thy  fate  with  her's  1  [Exii  Alphonfo/ 

It  !s  to  be  obferved  that  the  heroine  of  the  piece  it  the  cete* 
brated  Inez  dc  Caftro,  the  theme  of  the  epic  mufc  of  Camoens^ 
and  of  various  tragedians  of  different  nations: -but  of  their 
performances,  the  author  affirms,  he  has  read  only  Mallet's 
Elvira,  and  that  not  till  be  had  finifhed  his  own  compofltion. 
We  forbear  to  enter  into  a  more  particular  criticifm  of  the  plan 
and  condu£l  of  ihrs  tragedy ;  preferring  the  recommendation 
of  it  to  our  readers,  as  on  the  whole  worthy  of  the  earercife  of 
their  judgments. 


Abt.  III.     Difcourfis  on  tbePr(hvidenceandGovemminiofGod*     By 
Newcomc  Cappe.    8vo.    pp.231.   4s.  Boards.  Johnfon.   1795. 

THE  mifcellaneous  and  del'ulcory  method  of  preaching,  which 
is  at  prefent  almoft  univerfaily  followed,  may  perhaps  baft 
fuit  the  irregular  and  negligent  mi^nner  in  which  public  wor* 
Ihip  is  commonly  attended.  Where  churches  are  frequented 
merely  in  cuftomary  compliance  with  cftablifhcd  forms,  and 
fermons  are  confidered  as  a  dull  repetition  of  truths  already  faf* 
ficiently  known,  it  muff  not  be  expr£led  either  that  preachers 
will  exert  themfelves  to  furnifii  conncdled  digeffs  of  religious 
and  moral  inffrudlion,  or  that  hearers  will  bellow  on  fuch  dif- 
courfes  a  degree  of  refle£tion  fufficient  to  render  them  ufefuK 
If,  however,  public  inffrudlion  is  to  be  prefcrved  from  falling 
into  neglci^,  the  mods  cf  coRdu<5)ing  it  muft  be  effentially  im* 
proved ;  and  one  improvcnaeot  (hould  be  the  introdu<£tton  of 
courfes  of  le<9ures,  in  which  important  fubjedls  (hall  be  treated 
popularly,  but  methodically  ;  in  which  a  train  of  argument 
ihall  be  prefervcd,  which'  may  communicate  valuable  inftruc- 
tion  I  while,  at  the  fame  time,  the  truths  thus  fyftematically 
8  exhibited 


Cappe*j  Difioarjss  on  thi  Pr$VidintiifGoJi  ijff 

exVibited  (hall  be  fully  unfolded,  and  energetically  applied  19 
t)radical  addrefles  to  the  Heart, 

A  good  fpecimen  of  this  method  of  preaching  is  here  pfe* 
tented  to  the  public  by  }At.  Cappe,  whole  ialems  aa^a  preacher 
liave  long  been  knqwn  *• 

In  the  prefent  volume,  the  important  fubje£l'of  Divine  Pro** 
vidence  is  treated  with  a  happy  union  of  riianly  fenfe,Tolid 
reafoning,  and  popular  eloquence.  Much  novelty  of  argil* 
ment  cannot  be  expefled  on  a  fabjed  already  fo  frequently  dif- 
cufled  :  But  the  reader  will  find  the  proofs  of  the  dodtrine  wel) 
digefted  ahd  arranged,  exhibited  with  confiderable  ehergy  of 
language,  and  applied  in  a  gfeat  variety  of  important  and  ufe« 
ful  refledions. 

.  After  a  diftind  confideration  of  the  purport  of  the  text^  pre? 
fixed  to  each  of  thefe  difcourfes — **  Who  is  he  that  faith,  and 
It  Cometh  to  pafs,  when  the  Lord  commandeth  it.not?''*-an(l 
fome  general  obfervations  on  prophecy,  and  on  the  ample  proofs  * 
derivoj  from  this  fource  as  well  as  from  miracles,  of  the  truth 
bf  the  Jewilh  and  Chrillian  revelations  ;  the  author  unfolds,  at 
large,  his  ideas. cbncerning  the  providence  of  God;  its  uni- 
yeidality;  its.  adaptation  to  the  different  haturi^s  and  circuQi^ 
iftances  of  diflerent  beings,  particularly  to  the  moral  nature  of 
man  \  the  Inftruments  which  it  employs ;  its  ordinary  adhe- 
rence to  general  laws;  and  the  poffibility,  aiid  even  probability^ 
of  ao  occafional  fufpenfion  of  thefe  laws.  Mr.  Cappe  next  pro- 
ceeds to  ftate  the  arguments  on  which  the  dodrine  of  Divine 
Providence  is  eftabliflied^  drawn  from  the  acknowleged  ))er- 
iedions  of  God ;  from  the  relations  which  he  bears  to  the 
ivorld  J  from  the  very  being  of  a  revelation  ;  from  prophecy  ; 
from  ftriking  fafls  which  prove  wife  and  kind  intentions  \  from 
the  exprefs  tcftimony  of  fcripture  ;  and  from  the  efFcdl  which 
has  been  produced  in  the  world  by  Chriftianity.  The  doc- 
trine, thus  eftabliihed,  is  applied  in  general  pradical  improve- 
ment, recommending  devout  fentiments,  a  diligent  attendance 
on  religious  duties,  and  an  uniform  obedience  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

The  following  (hort  paflTage,  on  the  ncceflity  of  general 
la.ws,  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  ftyle  of  thefe  difcourfes : 

*  We  may  obferve,  in  the  5th  place,  that  the  government  of  God 
15  carried  on  by  general  laws ;  that  is  to  fay«  that  as  in  human  go- 

•  See  oar  account  of  a  fermon,  which  he  publi(hcd  many  years 
•go,  on  the  viAorits  of  the  King  of  Pruflia,  Frederic  III.  Keview, 
vol.  xvii.  p.  160;  of  a  fdneral  fermon  for  the  Rev.  Mr.  Sander- 
cock,  vol.  xlii.  p.  160;  of  feveral  fad  ferroons  in  the  years  1776, 
1 7 So,  i78i»  1795  ;  and  a  thankfgiviiig  fermon  on  the  peace  in 
1785. 

Rev.  Oct.  1796,  L  vernmcnw 


43>         Capped  Difi0urfif  tn  iii  Prrndtnu  $f  G^d* 

▼cinrocnts  the  laws  arc  a  certain  rule  by  which  we  may  in  genefrf 
jodge  upoD  every  occafion  what  will  be  the  coDduA  of  the  governor 
towards  his  iubjedsi  fo  the  government  of  God>  both  nataral  and 
InoraU  proceeds  in  tkmt  (leady  conftant  manner^  that  wherever  the 
fitnation^  circomftances,  and  chsfrader  of  his  creatures,  are  perfedly 
the  fame,  we  may  confidently  expedi  the  fame  effeds  aad  ccnfr- 
qnencei. 

«  As  it  feems  wife  that  the  goveritment  of  God  (bottld  be  carried 
on  by  the  indrumentality  of  others,  that  men  might  not  be  detached 
and  feparate  from  one  another,  but  might  live  in  mutual  friend^p 
and  dependence,  united  to  one  another  by  the  ties  of  gratitude  aad 
tove,  and  repelled  only  from  thofe  evil  characters  which,  having  no 
kind  regard  for  others,  deferve  not  to  receive  any  benefit  from  them  | 
fa  alfo  does  it  feem  wife  and  even  necefTary,  that  the  government  of 
God  (hou)d  be  carried  on  according  to  general  laws ;  i.  e.  that  the 
bleflingt  and  the  ills  of  life,  hs  pleaiures  and  its  ^atns,  flioold  be  dif- 
peofed  after  a  certain  (leady  rule,  fo  that  the  faculties  of  his  iiiCelli« 
gent  creatarea  might  be  of  feme  ufe  and  fervice  to  them,  and  diat 
the  j aft  exertion  of  them  might  find  its  juft  encoaragement.  Withoot 
this,  there  could  be  no  foundation  for  that  wifdom  which  wt  call  ex* 
Derience.  In  the  rooft  advanced  age,  we  ihould  die  witk  as  fitde 
knowledge  of  the  true  ufe  and  end  and  rule  of  life,  as  lA  its  cailieft 
periods  we  fet  out  with. 

*  If  the  harved  did  not  regularly  fucceed  the  feed  time ;  if  the 
produce  did  not  anfwer  both  in  quantity  and  in  quality  to  whit  was  * 
fown  ;  if  this  were  a  long  fummer's  day,  and  the  next  a  fhort  winter'a 
gleam  ;  if  that  which  is  now  our  food  (hou)d  be  anon  our  poifbn;  if 
that  by  which  we  now  delight,  and  pleafe,  and  ftrva  our  friends^ 
ihoold  by  and  by  be  a  pain,  a  difhirlKince  and  diienrice  to  dicn, 
what  a  feene  of  confufion  would  be  human  life  ;  how  lull  of  doabt  and 
fiifpicion  would  our  conduct  be  ;  how  vain  the  reafbnabla  powers,  and 
how  mfferxble  the  iituation  of  mankind  I 

•  The  fame  regularity  is  neceiTary,  and  the  fame  regnlarify  is  ob* 
ferved  alfo  in  the  moral  government  of  God.  if  one  condnd  were 
one  while  the  general  intered  of  mankind,  and  another  while  as  ge* 
neral  an  injary  ;  if  one  while  virtue  were  beautiful  and  refpeOable  in 
the  eyes  of  others,  and  approved  within  our  own  hearts;  if  another 
while  vice  produced  the  fame  good  will,  and  the  fame  iclf*fatfsfaAio»| 
if  one  while  a  pious  education  made  men  good,  and  another  whilo 
virtue  arofe  from  liccniious  principles  and  cxan^les  }  if  the  meaat 
0f  grace  (hoiild  prefently  become  the  means  of  corruption  ;  if  pra3rer 
ihould'today  be  the  nurfe  of  virtue,  and  another  day  be  its  baae^ 
Oien  could  have  no  rule  to  determine  what  was  duty,  no  ground 
whereoQ  to  build  their  pleafures  and  their  hopes.  All  wifdom,  and 
all  obligations  would  ceafe  of  courfe  ;  and  if  the  frame  of  nature  were 
not  difTjlved,  all  government,  both  human  and  divine,  would  be  de- 
ftroyed.' 

Throughout  thefeDifcourfes,  MrrCappedifcoTert  kimfelf  la 
be  an  enlightened  and  attentive  obferver  of  the  phyfical  and  im>* 
fal  world,  aud  an  aMc  advocax  for  natural  and  revealed  reK* 

gioa» 


TranfaGim  rfih  Smety  for  Arti^  Vol  XIII.  1 39 

gioo.  The  performance  bears  evident  marks  of  a  mind  long 
inured  Co  ftudy  and  refle£lion,  and  deeply  imprefTed  with  de- 
votional fcntiments ;  and  it  is  written  in  a  ftyle  happily  adapted 
■tonce  to  illuminate  the  under(landing»  and  to  warm  the  hearU 

■ 

Art.  IV.  TranfaSioms  of  I  hi  Society  inftituttd  at  London  fhf  the  Em^ 
cpuragemoBt  ef  Arts^  Manufailvris^  and  Commtrce  i  with  the  Pre- 
anioms  offered  in  the  Year  1795.  Vol.  XIIL  8vo«  pp^  560* 
^t.  Boards.    Dodfley,  Sec.     179;« 

THiS  volume  contains  papers  on  the  following  fubjeds  ::-* 
Agriculture  and  planting ;  chiemiftry ;  manufadlures ;  and 
tnochanics  :  the  firfl  clafs  being,  as  ufual,  the  moft  copious. 

Thefe  papers  relate  to  planting  the  oak,  the  osier,  and  mixed 
timber  trees,  by  different  claimants  :  to  orcharding,  by  Mr. 
Bucknail :  to  deftroying  infeAs  in  orchards,  by  Mr.  Hamp- 
Ton  :  to  the  culture  and  cure  of  rhubarb,  by  Mr.  Ball :  to  ihi 
improvement  of  wafte  land,  by  Mr.  Harper  and  Mr.  Jenkins 
Ton :  CO  the  culture  of  clay  foils,  by  Mr.  Middleton  :  to  the 
culture  of  lands  in  the  neighbourhood  of  great  towns,  by  Mr» 
Bramley :  to  the  method  of  increafing  poutoes,  by  Mr.  Loc« 
kett ;  and  to  the  forming  of  oaks  into  compafs  pieces  for  ihip 
bviMert,  by  Air.  Randal. 

The  paper  clafled  under  the  head  chnnt/lry^  though  it  rather 
belongs  to  mannfalfMrtSy  relates  to  a  method  of  preventing  the 
evil  effeds  arihng  to  workmen  employed  in  manufaSuring 
white  lead  \  with  a  drawing  of  a  machine  for  preventing  the 
efcape  of  the  dufl  which  is  generated  in  the  procefs  :  a  fimple 
contrivance,  which  appears  to  be  adequate  to  the  purpofe,  and 
for  which  the  public  arc  indebted  to  Mr.  Brown  of  Derby. 

The  paper  on  manu/aSfurti  fets  forth  an  improvement  of 
the  common  fpinning-wheel,  by  Mr.  Antis.  Thofe  on  trn^ 
<hania  defcribe  a  machine  for  cutting  piles  under  water,  by 
Mr.  Foulds ;  a  printing'^prefs,  by  Mr.  Ridley;  a  churn,  by 
Mr.  Bowler  ;  and  a  drag  to  prevent  accidents  by  drawing 
loaded  carts  down  deep  hills  ;  which  is,  by  far,  the  beft  con* 
irivance  that  has  been  propofed  for  this  purpofe.  A  reward 
(not  a  premium)  of  twenty  guineas  was  given  to  Mr.  Jofeph 
Knecbonc  of  Marazion  in  Cornwall,  for  this  invention. 

l^he  moft  important  fubjed,  brought  forwards  in  thefe 
papers,  is  that  cf  training  the  oak  for  (hip  timber, — for  the  beil 
method  of  doing  which  the  Society  are  now  very  laudably  of* 
fering  premiums.  The  idea,  indeed,  is  not  new ;  for  Mr. 
Marfball  has  repeatedly  urged  it  in  his  different  publications. 
The  Society^  neverihelcfs,  have  great  merit  in  holding  it  up  to 
p'ibiic  police.     Mr.  Randal's  plan,  of  which  he  gives  (ketches-, 

L  z  appears 


I40r  Salmon*/  Latin  Dl&hmarf* 

^appears  to  us  very  inadequate  to  the  intention.  Thewind^iPt^ 
conceive,  would  readily  fpHt  ofF  the  boughs^  or  chafe  the  bark, 
of  young  trees  confined  in  the  manner  which  he  propofes^ 
BeGdes,  cramping;  the  motion  of  trees  is  depriving  them  of 
their  natural  exercife.  This,  however,  we  mention  by  way 
of  caution  ;  left  experiments  (hou^d  be  tried  on  too  large  a 
fcale,  and  the  patriotic  intention  of  the  Society  Ihould  beconoe 
injurious  to  the  public,  infiead  of  ufeful.. 

In  Mr.  Lockett's  paper  on  the  method  of  incrcafing  po- 
tatoes, there  is  a  pradical  idea  which  is  capable  of  producing 
much  public  good,  and  muft  not  therefore  pafs  unnoticed.  W« 
convey  it  in  his  own  words  :. 

<  My  method  of  procuring  plants^  after  a  mild  winter,  is 
toi  go,  about  the  month  of  May,  over  the  fields  where  potatoes- 
were  planted  in  the  preceding  year,  and  pull  up  from  among 
the  corn  all  the  (hoots  produced  by  the  potatoes  left  in  the  ground 
t^  preceding  autumn,  which  had  efcaped  the  digger,  and  plaos 
thcfe  (hoots  the  fame  as  cabbage  plants,*  (208  and  9.) 
.    This  is,  in  reality,  converting  weeds  into  a  valuable  crop. 

Befidesthe  papers  which  we  have  thus  briefly  mentioned,  the 
remainder  of  the  volume  confifts  of  preface,,  premiums  offered,, 
rewards  befiowed,  lift  of  members,  &c. 

The  front! rpiece  is  a  mafterly  print  from  the  ftatue  of  Nar- 
-  cifiijs,  which  was  prefented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  Bacon. 

The  fourteenth  volume  of  thefe  Transactions  is  publiih* 
ed,  and  will  fpeedily  be  farther  noticed. 
:  It  is  with  great  .pleafure  that  we  fee  the  fiouri(hing  ftate  of 
this  truly  uftful  and  patriotic  fociety.. 

Art.V.  Summata  Latln'ttatis  \  or.  An  Etymological  Latin  Die* 
tionary  :  Wherein  the  whole  Mechanifoi  of  the  Latin  Tongue  is 
methodically  and  confpicuoufly  exhibited,  upon  a  Plan  entirely  new» 
and  calculated  to  facilitate  the  Acquifition.  as  well  as  to  imprefs  the 
Knowledge,  of  the  Language.  With  a  Key,  or  an  Introduftion, 
afccrtaining  noc  only  the  Origin,  but  the  Value,  of  the  fevcral  Ter- 
minations and  prepofitive  Particles  :  alfo,  a  General  Index  of  every 
Lathi  Derivative  and  Word  entering  into  Compofition.  By 
Nicholas  Salmon,  Author  of.  the  Complete  Syflcm  of  the  French 
Language,  &c.  2  Vols,  large  8vo.  pp.  1278..  il.  iis.  6d. 
Boards.     Dilly,  &c.     1796. 

A  LTHOUGH  the  anticnt  languages  are  fo  clofely  conneAed^as^ 
^^  in  the  judgment  of  many  Teamed  men,  to  indicate  one 
common  origin,  it  is  a  tafk  of  great  difficulty,  if  not  of  total 
iwpraaicabiliiy,  to  trace  out  the  primitive  language.  Mr. 
Salmon  has  undertaken  an  office,  fufficicntly  laborious  indeed,, 
hue  lefsdifcouraging  and  more  ufeful, — that  of  (hewing  the  ety- 
mological relation  between  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and 

uacing 


SalmonV  tatm  Hiabnarj.  141 

tracing  out  the  mechanHm  of  the  latter.  The  origin  of  moft  of 
ihe  l»atin  primitives  this  'ingenious  and  learned  grammarian  has 
derived' from  the  Greek  :  but  his  principal  obje£t  has  been  to 
invcftigace  the  general  ftru£turc  and  mechanifm  of  the  Latia 
tongue,  by  means  of  the  fpecifical  terminations  and  prepofi* 
tions,whichare employed  in  framing  derivativesfrom  primitives* 
To  give  our  readers  a  more  diftind  view  0/  Mr.  Salmon's 
.plan,  we  (hall  copy  his  own  account  of  it : 

'  Each  grand  primitive  is  printed  in. full  capitals;  and»  if  bbr* 
rowed  from  the  Greek,  it  is  preceded  by*;  each  fecondary  primi- 
tive is  in  fmall  capiuls.  When  a  fecondary  primitive  is  a  verb, 
it  has  been  thought  reqoifite  to  make  that  part  more  confpicuoos, 
which  aonoonces  its  conjagatioB ;  hence  0  and  eo  and  h  are,  or 
were  intended  to  be,  in  full  capitals.  O  or  OR,  of  the  firflconjih^ 
gationj  is  not  attended  with  any  figure;  the  fecond  conjugation  is 
thus  charafierifed,  EO*  or  EOR*  (when  a  verb  in  eo  comes  from 
a  primitive  in  or- oris ^  the  *  has  oJften  been  omitted,  becaufe  every 
fnch  primitive  almoft  ferves  to  form  verbs  in  ro) ;  the  third  con* 
jugation  b  thus  charaaerifcd.,  O',  OR*,  or  IO^  10R«,  (with  the 
verbs  in  tfio,  the  '  has  often  been  omitted,  as  well  as  with  the  verbs 
in  i/n,  becaufe  they  are  always  of  the  third )  ;  and  the  fourth  conjugal* 
tion  ischaraaerifed  thus,  10*,  lOR*.  or  EO*.  I  f  thefe  diftinftions  have 
not  conftantly  been  attended  to,  flill,  eithvr  the  preterit,  or  derivatives 
arifing  from  the  verb,  will  fufHciently  indicate  its  conjugation. 

'  Whenever  a  primitive  branches  out  into  feveral  words  of  the  fan^e 
termination,  thefe  feveral  words  are  in  italic ;  and  the  charadleriftic 
or  fpecifical  inflexion  given  to  that  branch,  is  in  fmall  capital^,  ex* 
cept  that  part  which  announces  a  verb  (this  part  being,  or  having 
been  intended  to  be,  in  full  capitals)  ;  that  which  is  looked  upon  as  a 
prepofition,  is  on  the  left  fide  of  the  primitive,  alfo  in  fmall  capitals., 
•aud  the  remaining  part  of  the  primitive  is  in  italics.     For  inflance : 

After  the  derivatives  of  FUN- 
DUS, among  which  nfundO,  of 
the  firft  conjugation,  we  find  the 
fccorjdary  primitive/irtfd^o,  of  the 
third,  thus  fundO';  after  the 
derivatives  of  which,  we  find 
F  u  If  D  A  as  another  fecondary  pri- 
mitive ;  &c. 

*  Sometimes  two  or  three  particles,  confidered  as  prepofitions,  are  an 
the  left  fide  of  the  primitive  or  derivative  ;  in  this  cale,  if  a  comma 
is  placed  after  each  preceding  the  lad,  it  is  to  be  underflood,  chat 
each  fhould  be  read  feparately  with  the  primitive  or  derivative ;  iience^ 
^D,  d£,  TEKamo,  are  to  be  read  as  if  ADa;;io,  hs.amo,  TEnamo,  Jf  or 
is  placed  between  two  prepofitions,  as  peb.  or  v^jEfulgidus,  each  alfo 
■is  to  be  read  feparately,  thus,  v E%fulvidus ^  v-^Rfulgidiu  ;  and  it  ft  to 
be  inferred,  that  peil  and  p  r^e  have  each  the  fame  value'beforey^/i^/Vjy/. 
'  But,  if  neither  comma  nor  the  conjunflive  or  come  between  two  or 
^bree  prepofitions,  then  they  are  not  to  be  read  feparately,  but  to  be 
confidered  as  joined  together  to  give  the  word  the  additional  force  qf 
(ach«  the  charaderiftic  of  which  union  is  poimcd  out  by  the  firft  pre- 

J-  3  '  pofition 


AMO 

FUG  A 

TiEamo 

fughhlK 

fuglhA 

nlDomo 
TE  Kama/or 

^onfiigela 
fugO 
confttgo 

I4t  Salmon'i  Latin  PidUaarj. 

poiitioD  being  in  (jnall  capiuli*  and  the  fecond»  tnd  even  third,  only  ii 
rooian.  Hence,  after  abi///us  (p.  226,  Vol.I.)»  tve  find  a  aeon- 
fiitus  and  PEarecon^'/*/. 

*  Again,  when  the  firH  word  in  compofition  is  not  what  is  commonljr 
Called  a  prepofition,  and  the  faid  firft  word,  being  not  in  the  text. 
Hands  on  the  left  hand  (the  place  allotted  to  prepofitions),  this  firft 
word  is  in  roman,  the  initial  letter  only  is  in  fmall  capitals,  if  the 
whole  be  not  a  proper  name.  Thus,  aoder  DO,  we  find  f  eflan^, 
aatis^ff,  venun4^0. 

'  Nowj  if  the  firil  word  in  compofition  be  either  the  fame  asjhat  ia 
the  text  (I  mean,  the  primitive)  or  a  part  of  it,  then  this  firft  word 
(lands  generally  in  italics,'  in  a  line  Htth  the  text,  and,  before  the 
iecond  word  ferving  to  form  the  compofition,  ^  appears,  in  order  to 
^ew,  that  there  the  compofition  begins ;  as  in  rr;<r/*cREPiOA,  under 
CRUS*  Here  fome  will  think,  that  the  author  has  fomewhat  devi* 
ated  from  his  plan,  and  fay,  that  he  might,  at  crus^  have  warned  the 
reader,  that  cms- cruris  became  rrvri  in  compofition,  and  have  placed 
truricrepida  under  crtfis^  or  its  derivative  crepo  \  but  they  will  no 
longer  think  To  when  they  are  told,  that  the  author  having  in  view  to 
accuftom  his  readers  to  the  difiefiion  of  words,  it  was  necefiary  he  ihould 
prefent  the  compound  words  fometimes  in  one  (hape  and  fometiraes  in 
another ;  to  this  efFed,  he  referved  fome  to  appear  in  final  inftead  of 
initial ccmpofition,  as  //j^allices,  to  be  found  under  IPSE,  Uz, 

*  Here,  itmuft  be  obferved,  that  as  the  fpecifical  particles,  whether 
prcpofitive  or  terminating,  necefiarily  arofe  from  primitives  either 
whole  or  contradled,  the  charaflenftic  figure  '  might,  by  fome,  be  ex- 
pedlcd  to  appear,  from  what  has  been  faid  above  ;  but  the  introducing 
of  it  in  every  cafe  would  have  prevented  the  author  from  pointing  .out 
the  particular  value  afiigned  to  fome  of  the  prepofitive  or  terminating 
particles. 

'  Some  of  the  fpecifical  terminations  may  be  faid  to  arife  from  what 
is  commonly  called  the  fupine,or  the  deponent  participle  pad,  fubftitut- 
iiig  other  terminations  for  um  or  us ;  in  this  cafe, '  is  prefixed  to  the  ter- 
mination :  fome  fecm  to  come  from  the  preterit,  rather  than  from  the  fu- 
pine;  in  this  circumftance,*  is  prefixed  to  any  fuch  termination:  fome, 
leeming  to  be  fubftituted  for  the  fupine,  have  loft  one  fy  liable  of  the  re- 
gular termination  ;  in  ti:is  cafe,  '  is  prefived  to  any  fuch  termination  : 
iom':-  may  be  looked  upon  as  coming  from  an  ancient  regular  fupine,  and 
often  retain  one  fyllable  more,  befides  what  the  fupine  generally  ufed 
would  have  allowed  ;  thefe  have  *  prefixed  to  them  :  fome  may  be  faid 
to  arife  Irom,  or  be  equal  to,  the  participle  prefent ;  they  have  *  prefixed 
to  them :  fome  may  be  faid  tj  be  deduced  from  the  fecond  perfon  fingu- 
lar  of  the  prefent  indicative ;  thefe  have  *  before  them  :  fome  of  the 
fpecifical  terminAtiuns  denote  the  fx/reme,  or  nearly  (o  (applied  to  mag- 
nitude), forming  adix-ciives  mcdr^ing /u/i  of  what  the  noun  exprefTes  ; 
they  have  '  prehxed  to  them  ;  and  from  thefe,  as  well  as  from  the 
foregoing,  adverbs  may  arife  as  well  as  nouns,  and  even  verbs :  fome, 
on  the  contrary,  denote  theextrnmet  or  nearly  (o  (applied  to  fmallnefs) 
or  denote  diminution ;  their  branch  is  known  by  '  prefixed  :  finally, 
fometimes  it  is  clear,  that  what  fome  look  upon  as  a  termination,  is 
really  a  whole  word ;  in  this  cafe  » is  generally  prefixed,  in  the  man- 
ner which  has  been  mentioned  with  crwUrefida. 

•On 


StiBoon'rLtaiiiDiaitiMry' 


«43 


.  «  On  Ae  other  litiid»  fame  of  the  prepoiitions  feem  to  tid  litde  or 
iiothia|  to  the  original  meaning  of  the  word  withoot  any  prepofi&n ; 
when  this  occurs,  '  is  annexed  to  each  prtpofition  thai  u(ed  |  fiMM  of 
them  are  afed  to  exprefs  muci  or  tp  a  great  dtgra ;  they  haVc  *  aiiiiex« 
rd  to  them ;  fome  prepofidoni  imply  to  a  UtiUd€griM\  chey  have  ^  after 
them  :  fome  denote  a  taking  9ff  or  a  removal,  whif  h  %  after  4^m» 
charaderifes  :  fome  are  ufed  to  exprefs  the  reverfe  of  the  fimple  of  the 
clafs  ;  the  figure  *  is  added  to  them  :  ibme  import /«/{k»  therougJbiy, 
enfinljp  &c.  they  come  with  '  after  them.  It  had  been  intended  that 
^  annexed  to  a  prepofition»  (hould  warn  the  reader  of  an  ambiguity > 
that  IS  to  fay»  denote  that  the  word  may  have  two  different  values, 
the  one  incr0afine«  and  the  other  reverfing,  as  in  ivifraituM  under 
FRANGO :  it  had  alfo  been  intended  that '»  annexed  to  a  prepoHtion, 
Aould  warn  of  another  ambiguity »  and  denote  that  the  verb  was  either 
inceptive  or  decreafing»  as  in  9  ^fiagro  :  but  thefe  two  diftin^tions  have 
been  thought  onneceuary.  as  they  forced  the  reader  t9  perufe  the  dif^ 
iereot  acceptations  of  the  compound  word,  whertaa  thofe  noticed  be- 
fore are.charaderiftics  foQcient  to  e(Ubliih  the  full  i^eaning  of  the 
word  thus  made  compound  from  the  (imple.  Now^lhofe  prc^pofi^ians, 
which  come  withoot  any  figure  annexed  to  them^  may  be  fuppofcd  to 
require  fome  of  the  meanings  of  each  to  be  exprefled,  with  the  value 
of  xh,^  fimple  of  the  clafs* 

•  RECAPITULATION  OF 
'AvvsftD  roraiFosiTioifs, 

' '  Means  that  the  figniiication  of 

the  fimple  is  iHlI  the  fame,  or 

nearly  the  fame,  notwithftand- 

iag  the  compofition. 
'  *  implies  increa/t,  and  requires 

that,  tp  a  great  degree^  or  feme 

equivalent  (hoold  be  expreffed 
.  with  what  the  fimple  means. 

* '  intimates  diminution,  and  re- 
quires either  that  a  little^  rather ^ 
Jameyjitat,  (hould  be  expreffed 
with  the  meaning  of  the  fimple, 
or  that  a  diminutive  ihould  be 
fubftituted  for  that  of  the 
fimple. 


'  *  implies  frivatign  of  or  remo-vat 
fnm. 


THE  SIGNS  IN  FIGURES. 

<      raiFIXED      TO      TSaMIKA- 
TlOKf. 

«  '  denotes  that  the  termination 
to  which  it  is  prefixed^  is  infiead 
of  the  fiipine  in  um, 

'  •  meant  that  the  termin?itton 
may  be  looked  upon  as  afifing 
from  the  preterit  in  ^i  ot.xi,  if 
not  from  the  Tupine  in  tan,  and  / 
or  &  before  um, 

'  '  imports  that  the  termination 
may  be  deduced  from  the  fu* 
pine,  hue  with  variation,  viz. 
hy  fupprefiing  a  fyliable  in 
what  fhoutd  be  the  regular  tcr*. 
mination ;  tnd  fometimes  re- 
placing the  regular  confonant  of 
the  prefent,  as  in  annentutn, 
agi/ij,  ^c. 

•  ^denotes  that  the  termination 
may  arife  from  the  fupinc  in 
irregulars,  but  with  the  inter-  • 
pofition  of  a  vowel,  or  with  re- 
placing the  regular  confonant 
of  the  prefent,  or  changing  the 
confonant  before  turn  into  that 
before  i  of  the  preterit,  as  in 
L  4  *  document 


?<4 


Salmon*;  Latin  Dt&tmtry. 


'  •'n^verfcs  or  tends  to  rcvcrfc 
ttttfflictning  of  the  primitive  or 

"of' a  fimple  driiing  from  it ;  <ir 
dfc  it  denoEes  retrograde  change. 


«  •  announces  t!iat  the  fimple  is 

-    to  be  fo  exprclM^asto  prefent 

the  idea  of  tompiete!j,  thorough- 


t  t 


{bcumen,  fpccimen^  tigimen,  {pf 
tegumen  or  tegmen),  auxiliim. 
'  either  announces  the  participle 
prefent;  or  means  that  the  ter- 
mination may  be  coniidereci  as 
fubilitat^d  for  that  of  the  par- 
ticiple prefent. 

^denotes  that  the  termination 
may  be  looked  upon  as  Coming 
from  the  fecond  perfoii  of  the 
prefent  indicative.  ' 
7  intimates  that  the  idea  ofy«l7- 
nefs  or  abundance  is  to  be  ex- 
prefTed  along  with  the  meaning 
bf  the  fimple. 
announces  a  diminutive  ter- 


mitiation,  and  that  tlie  fimple  Is 
to  be-fo  exprefTed,  as  to  import 
to  a  little  degree.       "     '  ' 

'  denotes  that  the  word  is  be- 
coming compound,  by  meani 
of  the  particle  or  word  that 
follows.* 

As  the  didionary  is  on  a  new  and  peculiar  plan,  it  may  be 
proper  to  add  a  fhort  fpecimen  :  we  feledl  the  primitive  cruor^ 
v^ith  its  derivativcfs  :  ...■.• 

•  •CRUOR.6U«f 

CIUDU8{ 


tVBerudut 
fnrdAKiA 
erudiTAO 

yXK^Crudo  (a.iv.) 

erudelz  or  crudeliter 

CTudtlx  T  A  S 

•ff^ESCO-crudoi 
'%xcrudtfco 
MVHUrkdeiCO 

erudfTO 
imditat^io 

CftUKNTVS 
IVUruentms  or  iter u tut 
iVZUruemtut 

erutntZK  •r  crufote 
JvS^rutmttr 

ermimtO 
erMtnts'^to 
trmtmtst^  0  s 


gcre^  hlocd^^cruelty 

w,   vnhoUid'-^unriptf  fnjh'^uwi'igfjitd 
.—cruel 

i  vtry  raiv,  'vt'j  grten  w  unripe 
bclfraw 
ratbir  ranv 

vein  af^h^r  at  the  t§p  §f  a  mhi 
bad  dig^ion^  er  uJe  tumtmr"  ertieflj 
ia  quite  n  ravo  or  an  urtrlftftate 
if^l^  fitc;  Ul-Hst»r§d  ■ 
cruelly 9  &c. 

cruelty,  fercenefsf  inhumanity 
I  grHv  €1  uel  or  angry 
i  rerevf'  T  ret/ive 
i  balfrifcn,  I  am  half  rifit 
Ida  not  digeji 
bad  digeftion 
hlocdy,  ermtlfjierct 
tM  bloody 
a  Hub  l^ody 
b/cedity 
not  bloodily 

blojdy,  that  heart  blood 
I  maVe  bloody ^  Cffvaf  toith  bftod 
a  making  bhody 
bloody  f  covered  xviih  blood 
not  imbrued  with  bloody  not  cruel 


Cic.  Hor. 

Crir.  ac. 

Jm«.  Hot, 

Cot         *   • 

Col. 

Celf. 

Plin. 

Cdf*  AaiB« 

Cflf. 

Cic 

Claud.  Cic* 

Cic. 

Tic. 

Cic. 

Ceir. 

Teit. 

Cic, 

Liv.  Piod. 

Celf. 

Apul.Juft. 

Prud. 

Tett. 

Cic. 

Terr. 

CJe. 

Tac' 


•    '  f  From  K^vtf^c,  bQjnd,  cruel,  direful,  mooraful,  cold,  deidlj  }  iticlf  from  Mfvot, 
lee  eryou 

<  }  For  erMstlMs  (from  cni9/'),M  (romJ(Mommt9finidui* 

la 


Iff  Tarious  parts  of  the  W5>rk»  valuf  \^)e  qotes.  are  Vitroduced. 

,inT*  $f]mon  t^pp^  theratiopiJ^princip^ylJiatthe  noun  is  .the 

Mfft  ^  words /rpm  tfrhich  al)  otHers  are  derived :  Ifut,  finding  it 

jfDJu^i£iicabie  atw^yf  jco  (diicover ,  tbe  priipi^ive  nQuo,  froni 

a^jch'a  verb,  agV«ljcaivc,  orad^niflvq,  haf  bce^fprii^d, 
lie  bif  recourfe  to  thl^(c  ^ree  dajies  of  M^prds,  as  furnilbiog  iq 
eir  ^iositive  foroi  a  iuiS^^nt  clu|^  ifor- the  clear  inveftigatioa 
.  'jjibjr  language^  by  mfans  oif  their  fpectjSc  inPedions  orprepo* 
lltions.  The  varietfes  oY  thefe''  are  diftindljr  cnumef aied^  and 
explained  in  the'key,  or  introdudion*  .l^o  render  the  whole 
jwork^ippre  compicfte^  as  veil  as  to  faciliut^  the  ufe  of  the'dic^ 
liobary^  an  jndex  is  annexed ;  {brfning  an  alphabetical  rec'apitu* 
jUcioii  pf  leiminajtions^  pr  deciva^tiyes,  nifith  reference  (o-each 
grand  primitive  undtr  which  they  are  jitraoged*  The  wbolo 
fooftittties  a  moft  copious  and  ufeful  work,  i^mirably  adapted 
.  at  onoe  so  expedite  the  laboer  of  learning  the  Lstin^tongoe,  and 
|o  aSift  the/peculatiohs  df  the  pbilofopber  concerning  the  m««* 
chaniTai'of  this  language.  It  will,  doubtlefs,  be  found  exceed* 
fagljruifcfal  in  fchdols/ 


Aet.  Vr.    Thi  iflfimy  rf  tbi  Foot;  their  Rightr,  Duties,  and  t3i« 

*    Imrs  refpedtng  them.     In  a  Series'  of  Letters.     By  ThomM 

{tag^Sr  E(q*   F.  4.  S.     One  of  hit  Majefty's  Jnftices  of:  thj^ 

Peace'  ^or  the  Counties  of  ElTex  and  Sqffblk.-   Vol.11.,   gvo^ 

pp.  340.    5  s.  Boards.    Oeighton.     1794. 

OF  the  fir  ft  volume^of  this  ufeful  and  interefting  pubHcatfon 
*  fome.account  appeared  in  our  12th  volume,  N.  S.  and 
we  regret  that  various  circurnftances  have  prevented  our  pay«» 
ing  that  early  attention  to  the  fecond,  fince  publiibed,  which 
Its  merits  and  the  importance  of  the  fubje£l  might  juftly 
claim. 

In  the  firft  three  letters  contained  in  the  prefent  volume,  the 
author  gives  a  curfory  view  of  preceding  works  on  the  fubjed 
of  the  Poor  Laws.  He  coniiders  the  nature  and  gives  a  fum- 
mary  abftrad  of  Mr.  Gilbert's  Bill }  and  he  examines  with 
attention,  and  warmly  praifes,  the  information  which  Dr« 
Smith,  in  his  treatife  on  the  Wealth  of  Nations,  hs^  imparted 
on  this  important  topic.  He  obferves  that  ^  fome  opinions 
which  refpeA  the  poor  in  this  treatife  may  with  propriety  be 
taken  as  fo  many  aphorifms,  and  quoted  as  fuch  ;  leaving  the 
reader  to  trace  the  dedu6>ions  which  that  great  writer  has 
made  in  his  own  volumes,  if  he  doubts  the  principles,'  &c. 

*  As  the  axioms  on  the  fubje&  of  the  poor,  (continues  Mr. 
Ruggles,)  which  can  be  coUeded  from  tbofe  volumes,  are 
f^Utered  throughout  the  whole  work,  they  £ball  be  inferted  as 

they 


14.6  Ruggks'i  Hiflar^  oftU  Pe^r.  Vol  Ih 

they  occur,  in  turning  over  the  pages  of  Adam  Smith's  moft 
luminous  tra£k  on  the  Wealth  of  Nations.' 

In  the  two  following  letters,  the  author  examines  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  poor  were  maintained  previoufly  to  the  paf- 
fin?  of  the  ftatute  of  Elizabeth  ;  and  here  he  takes  occafion  to 
obierve  that  tithes  and  eccclefiafiical  eftates  were  granted  by 
our  forefathers  for  the  exprefs  purpoft,  among  others,  of  re* 
lieving  and  fupporting  the  poor  ;  this  purpufci  however,  is  tow, 
and  has  been  for  centuries,  negleflcd,  and  this  truft  has  long 
iince  ceafed  to  be  fulfilled. 

'  Hence,  therefore,  may  be  dated  the  origin  of  the  compolfery 
maintenance ;  hence,  as  from  a  channel  whole  fourcet  have  in  paft 
ages  been  diverted  from  their  natural  and  proper  current^  may  be 
deduced  that  (leril  appearance,  which  would  have  clofed  in  fcenes  of 
hlood  or  famine,  and  all  its  horrid  accompaniments  \  if  the  legiila* 
ture,  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  awakened  from  a  long  apachy  to  the 
fuiferings  of  poverty  ;  by  ihofe  fcenes  of  woe  which  the  Qtieen's  pro. 
greiTcs  through  her  kingdom  offered  to  her  view ;  and  whicd  €cca« 
uoncd  that  feeling  exclamation,  Pauftr  uhiquejaceti  had  not  opened^ 
by  the  compulfion  of  legal  authority,  new  fouices  to  /ec4  the 
wretched.  * 

The  29th  letter  prefehtT'us  wTtTi  a  view  of  the  reguTatlons 
which  have  been  pafled  by  the  legiflature  refpeSing  the  lover 
dafles  of  the  people,  and  concludes  with  fome  obfervationt  on 
the  law  of  fettlements  ;  to  which  law  Dr.  Smith  attributes  the 
▼ery  unequal  price  of  labour  in  England,  in  places  not  vtxy 
diftant  from  each  other  ;  declaring:  alfo  that,  to  remove  a  man 
from  the  pari(h  in  which  he  choofes  to  ccfide  is  an  abridgment 
of  natural  liberty.— In  the  30th  letter,  the  obfervatiqns  on  the 
law  of  fettlements  are  continued  \  and  the  author  concludes 
that  ^a  total  repeal  of  it  might  in  the  prefent  (late  o(  thingt 
promote  vagrancy,  which  i^s  a  difordcr  both  in  morals  and  in* 
duftry,  tending  to  the  worft  confequcnces  that  can  arifc  from 
population  ;  the  abolition  of  fettlements,  therefore,  cannot  bo 
recommended  ;  a  modification  of  them  on  principles  more 
confiflent  with  the  general  advantage  of  fociety,  is  the  whoio 
chat  (hould  be  attempted.' — For  the  precife  nature  of  the  mo* 
diiications  fuggefled  by  Mr.  Ruggles,  we  muft  refer  to  the 
letter,  remarking  only  that  they  appear  to  us  ingenious  and 
pradicablc.  The  queftion  whether  x\\c  price  of  Ubour  has 
tncreafed  equally  with  the  price  of  provifions  and  the  expedi*> 
cncy  of  raifmg  the  former,  are  there  difcufled  ;  and,  in  the 
courfc  of  this  inquiry,  the  opinions  of  difTerent  economical 
writers  on  this  part  of  the  fubjedl  are  cKamined.  Dr.  Smith 
and  Mr.  'lownfbend  were  of  opinion  that  the  increafed  pro* 
portion  of  the  poor  is  not  owing  to  the  price  of  proviiloos  be* 

•  ing 


Ruggitt*!  mfttirj  ofth  P^cr^  Vol  IL  147 

iog  advanced  beyond  the  price  of  labour,  and  in  tbit  fentioient 
Mr.  Ruggles  concurs  with  them  :  but,  in  eftabliflsing  hit 
point,  he  is  obliged  to  differ  from  Mr.  Howlett,  who  maintains 
that  ^^  the  great  and  real  caufe  of  the  increafed  proportion  of 
«he  poor,  as  well  as  of  the  increafed  expence  of  maintaining 
Chem,  is,  that  the  price  of  labour  has  not  advanced  (o  much  as 
the  price  of  prov  I  (ions,"  and  who  concludes  with  this  obferva* 
tioo,  •*  either  raife  the  wages  of  the  poor,  or  give  them  pro- 
vifions  as  they  had  them  forty  years  ago."  As  this  is  a  point 
of  real  importance  in  the  conlideration  of  the  fubjed  of  the 
prefent  volume,  and  as  we  are  aware  that  different  opinions 
are  entertained  refpeding  it,  we  fli»ll  feled  the  pafTage  in 
which  the  prefent  author  oppofes  this  aflertion  of  Mr.  Howlett. 

'  Laying  afide,  for  a  time,  all  the  refpefl  that  is  due  to  the  aotho* 
rity  of  great  names;  leaving  ac  prefent  oat  of  the  ^uedion,  the  uni- 
form affertions  of  many  eminent  writers  on  this  fubjcd,  from  the  age 
of  Qaeen  Elizabeth  to  the  prefent,  who  have  oie  and  all  complained 
of  the  profligacy  of  the  pdor  ;  a  profligacy  which  fcems  to  have  ga- 
thered ftrength,  in  proportion  as  relief  at  a  veftry»  or  by  the  order  of 
a  magiflrate,  fupplied  the  place  of  the  wages  oi  induftry;  and  who 
have  attributed  the  incrcafe  of  this  poverty  and  expence  in  their 
maiDtenance,  to  that  caufe  principally  ;  let  us  meet  this  affertioB^  and 
czamioe  it  by  teft  of  fad,  adduced  by  Mr.  Howlett  himfelf. 

«  The  average  expence  of  ihe  poor,  the  three  years  preceding 
1776,  11  produced ;  and  the  average  of  the  expence  in  the  years 
lySj.  1784*  1785,  is  alfo  produced  ;  the  firtt amounts  to  1,529,7801 
OS.  id.  per  annum;  the  lall  to  2,004,238!.  js.  iid.  the  difFcrence 
between  them  is  474,458!.  55.  lod.  If  the  price  of  the  necelTaries  of 
life  iocreafed  in  the  lall  period  in  an  equal  proportion  with  the  ex- 
pences  of  the  poor*  that  is  to  fay,  between  a  third  and  a  fourth  more 
than  their  price  at  the  firll  period  ;  the  affertion  might  be  warranted 
by  the  confequence,  in  its  fulleft  extent ;  for  the  price  of  labour  cer- 
tainly has  not  rifen  a  third,  or  even  a  fourth  ;  but  let  us  examine  the 

faa. 

•  During  the  years  of  the  fir  ft  period,  the  average  price  of  wheat 
was,  in  1773,  2I.  19s.  id. ;  in  1774,  2I  15s.  id. ;  in  I775,  2I.  lis. 
3d. ;  the  average  oi  the  three  years  is  2I.  15.S.  ijd. 

•  During  the  years  of  the  fecond  period,  the  average  price  of 
wheat  was,  in  1783,  2I.  78.  id.    in  1784,  2I.  7s.  2d,    in  1785,  il. 

•  l6s.  lid. ;  the  average  of  the  three  years  is  2I.  3s.  8Jd. 

•  Therefore  the  price  of  the  ncccfl'arics  of  life,  or,  ia  other  words » 
the  money  price  of  corn,  which  regulates  the  price  of  the  neccflarics 
of  life,  /.  e.  home-made  commodities,  was  in  the  la(l  period  cheaper 
than  in  the  firil,  in  the  proportion  or  between  a  fourth  and  a  fifth  ; 
and  the  expcnces  of  the  poor  in  the  laft  period  were  greater  than  their 
expences  in  the  firft,  between  a  third  and  a  fourth. 

'  Mr.  liowlett  fi'ppofes  that  each  individual  confumcs  at  leaft  a 
quarter  of  wheat  a  year ;  a  family  of  fix  therefore  confames  fix 
quarters  annually ;   corn  therefore  cofls  fuch  a  family  annually,  on 

9  Che 


the  average  above-mentioned,  the  three  years  preceding  1776  inch* 
^vely,  161.  ioi!.9d.  and  13I.  2s.  3d.  the  three  years  preceding  1785 
inclufively  ;  confeqdently  the  difference  betweei)  thofe  fams,  3!.  8k 
i6d.  remains  in  the  pocket  of  the  family,  to  expend  in  oiher  necef* 
4aries»  in  the  lafl  period  more  than  in  the  firll ;  and  taking  the 
^amber  of  labouring  poor  individuals  in  England  and  Wales  to  be  at 
fix  milHons  and  a  quarter,  as  Mr.Howlett  dates  them»  during,  both 
the  periods  ;  the  whole  of  their  expenditure  for  wheat  would^  in  the 
)a(l  period,  be  lefs  than  in  the  former  3,3674708}. ;  and  we  have  feea 
that  their  expences  in  fhe  lail  period,  have  exceeded  their  expences 
in  the  firft  near  half  a  million.  • 

'  Having  fubdanciated  this  fa6l,  we  will  now  examine  tl^e  articles 
which  the  taxes,  during  the  American  war,  had  increafed'in  price  in 
J785,  beyond  that  in  1776;  it  has  been  proved,  that  tht'pcioe  of 
corn  regulates  the  price  of  the  other  articles  of  nccefTary  confuiDptipn; 
therefore  as  corn  was  cheaper,  they  could  not  be  materially  dearer, 
l)ut  by  the  operation  of  fome  tax. 

'  Had  the  American  war>  in  iy^s$  occaiioned  any  additional  dutjr 
*on  any  article  which  may  be  called  a  neceffary  of  life  ?  Was  any 
duty  laid  on  milk,  cheefe,  butter^  foap,  leather,  candles,  butcher's 
meat,  linen,  cloth,  £ring,  to  which  they  were  not  equally  fdbjed  in 
1776,  if  fubjedl  to  any  tax  at  all  ?  The  anfvver  is  a  negative  :  there- 
fore how  the  price  of  all,  or  any  of  them,  could  be  increafed  one- 
fifth',  by  the  means  of  uxation,  I  cannot  difcover  ;  neither  can  it  be 
granted  as  a  fad>,  that  leather,  foap,  candles^  butter^  checie,  coft 
one-fifth  more  in  1785  than  in  the  years  immediately  .preceding  the 
'American  war  ;  that  thefe  articles  might  fome  of  them  be  fomewhat 
dearer,  may  be  fa£l,  but  although  the  exa£l  proportion  cannot  eafily 
he  afcertained,  the  afTertionmay  be  fafely  ventured  that  they  had  not 
increafed  a  fifth  in  price;  beer,  fpirits,  tea,  fugar,  fnufF,  tobacco, 
were  increafed  in  price  during  this  war ;  but  as  thefe  cannot  be  num- 
bered among  the  necefTaries  of  life,  and  the  firfi,  the  only  articles 
the  ufe  of  which  can  be  approved  of,  is  generally  found  the  labourer 
jn  agriculture  by  his  mafler;  it  cannot  foim  a  general  article  of  un- 
avoidable expence. 

*  We  have  fecn,  that  the  average  price  of  wheat  during  the  firft 
period,  was  fo  much  more  than  during  the  lafl,  as  to  make  a  differ- 
ence of  3I.  iJs.  6d.  annually,  in  the  expenditure  of  a  family  of  fix 
people  ;  and  the  fum  it  cofts  fuch  a  fatmily  for  corn  in  the  lad  period, 
is  more  than  half  the  probable  earnings  of  a  labourer's  family ;  there- 
fore the  expences  of  that  family,  in  all  other  articles  of  confumpticn, 
could  not  be  increafed  more  than  it  had  faved  in  the  proportional  Brice 
of  wheat,  had  the  price  of  thofe  articles  increafed  one-fifth,  as  Mr. 
Howlett  has  afTcrted. 

*  Where  then  rtRs  the  proof  that  the  number  of  poo.r,  and  the  in- 
creafed exprnce  of  maintaining  them,arifes  from  the  priceof  labour  not 
having  rifen  in  proportion  to  the  price  of  the  neceffaries  of  life  ?  And 
where  do  we  perceive  the  caufe  for  an  increafe  of  agricultural  wages, 
which  are  known  to  have  rifen  two  pence  in  the  fhilling  in  daily  U- 
bour  fince  the  lad  century,  and  in  taflc-work  much  more  ?  The  price 
pf.^om  has  ^lot  rtfcn  in  any  fuch  a  proportion,  a^d  the  price  of^rn 

iS         '^  regulate; 


ivgiihiet  the  mice  of  home-mtde  comooditiet  s  if  greater  iieagei  arc 
pfen«  tkey  ml  bejnveo  for  expences  in  arddet  widely  different  fxoni 
the  iMDCcflariei  of  ISSe ;  ihe%  will  be  given  for  the  encourag^mienc  oP 
idleneft,  by  the  increafe  of  the  excife  revenne :  idlenefs  it  Ae  root  df 
•n  ertl»— anidef  of  excife  are  the  moiftore  wUeh  nonriihei  that  root/ 

At  we  have  beei»  circumftantial  in  rcyiewiog  the  foruie^ 
ftktt  of  this  volume,  we  IhaJI  notice  the  remainder  with  a  lefa 
docaikd  account. 

.The  number  of  ale-houfee  Kcenfed  in  every  village,  hy 
which  meios  the  revenue  is  fo  amply  fupplied,  our  author  de- 
clarat  to  be  one  of  th«^ncipal  caufes  o£  the  prefent  wretch^ 
ftatt  of  the  jpoor,  as  holding  out  temptations  to  idlenefs  and  pro- 
fligacy which  they  are  unable  to  rcfift*  He  therefore  recoln- 
Bends  a  diminution,  nearly  amounttng  to  a  fuppreffipn,  of  thefe 
public  nsifances ;  and  he  proceeds  (o  point  out  a  mode  bjt 
which  thf  deficiency  in  the  revenue,  ocoifiooed  by  this  mea- 
fare,  flumM  be  made  good. 

As  the  adoption  of  fchools  or  hoofes  ef  indnftry,  throughout 
die  country^  is  confidcred  by  Mr.  Ruggles  a»  the  only  effec- 
tual mode  q[  meliorating  thq  conation  of  the  pooiV  he  recom- 
mends theoi  with  great  earneftnefs^  and  fop^lies  much  ufeful 
information  rerpe£Uog  tbofe  whiph  have  already  been  efta- 
bliibed. 

We  have  perufed  the  whole  of  this  publication  with  much 
fiitisfa&ion ;.  and  we  recommend  it  to  the  attention  of  our 
leaders,  as  containin|[  Valuable  knowlegr,  and  acute  remark, 
on  a  fubjed  in  which  the  humane  and  benevolent,,  as  well  as 
the  politician,  muft  feel  themfelves  greatly  interefted. 

AsT.  VII.    The  Pains  »f  Memory.     A  Poem,  by  Robert  Merry, 
A.  M.    4to.     3s.     Robinibns.     1796. 

I^o  one  will  feriouiTy  deny  that  the  faculty-  of  recalling  paft 
"^^  impreflions,  in  which  Memory  confifts,  may  be  a  fource 
either  of  pain  or  of  pleafure,  equally  with  the  impreffions  them-' 
felves  ; — nor  that  the  icind  and  colour  of  the  ideas  of  Memory,, 
and  their  efic£ls  on  the  mind  in  which  they  rife,  will  be  greatly 
afie^ed  by  prefent  fituation  and  circumftances.  The  phiUfiphy^ 
•f  the  matter,  then,  lies  in  a  fmall  compafs :  but  the  deuil  of 
particulars  offers  a  wide  field  to  the  defcriptive  writer,  who  may 
indulge  his  imagination  in  Telexing  fuch  parts  of  the  fubjefi  as 
beft  iuit  the  mood  in  which  he  finds  himfelf,  or  the  purpofes 
which  he  has  in  view.  It  may  be  prefumed  that  the  PUafures 
of  Memory  will  appear,  to  moft  writers  and  readers,  a  more 
^g^ging  topic  than  its  Pains:  but  the  former  having  been  al- 
ready treated  in  a  very  elegant  and  popular  poem  with  that 

title, " 


1^0  Mttry^s  Paint  rfMtinwj^  a  Pom. 

tttfe  *,  (he  revt^rfe  of  the  pidure  alone  was  left  to  the  In^iouf 
writer  before  us  (  and  it  has  afForded  him  feveral  (Iriking  and 
imprcffive  fcenes,  which  he  has  wrought  with  coafiderabk 
foice  and  delicacy  of  pencil. 

The  fubject  is  rather  abruptly  introduced)  and  there  is  Ijttle 
CofttriTance  in  the  manner  o\  trcrating  it;  which  confifts  of  a 
fucceflion  of  detached  pieces  of  defcription,  pointed  to  the  fame 
purpofe,  but  little  conne61ed  by  any  methodical  train  of  think- 
ing. The  poem  may  therefore  be  confidered  as  almoft  purely 
defcriptive,  and  its  fum  of  merit  is  to  be  efljmated  by  the  cfie^ 
Of  each  fmgle  pidure  in  the  gallery.  We  (hall  not  attennpt  a 
catalogue  of  themi  but  Oiall  pfefent  one  as  a  fpectnen  of  the 
fcft: 

•  Nor  vice  alofte,  rememhrar.cc  !  dreads  thy  relgn^ 

Virttle  a(ike  can  ficken  ac  thy  paiA. 

Why  docs  that  drooping  youthi  with  footfteps  flpnTj 

Pacc*thc  darkdefert,  or  the  vale  of  fnow; 

Why  bold  fantadic  converfe  with  the  wind  .* 

'Tis  thou  art  « ith  him^  tyrant  of  the  mind  i 

Lo  I  ac  thy  call  a  beaoceous  nymph  appears, 

Trickt  out  in  flovv'rs,  yet  fainting  with  her  fears; 

A  robe  of  white  her  poliftiM  ligabs  conceals, 

A  burning  blu(h  her  fccrct  woe  reveals — 

Again  he  views  the  gay  procefljon  move* 

In  all  the  mimic  pageantry  of  lot^e  x 

A^ain  beholds  her  at  the  ahar's  fide, 

Of  age  and  Avarice  the  deAin*d  bride  \ 

Marks  the  grey  fpoilcr  fmile  with  joy  elate* 

Hears  the  cold  prieft  rerati fy  her  fate  ; 

Forc'd  by  a  parent's  hajfh  decree  to  wed. 

And  bathe  with  endlcfs  tears  the  marriage  bed. 

Then,  then  thy  fcorching  fires  convulfc  hit  veins. 

Her  imapc  fettled  ofi  his  thought  remains; 

In  ev'ry  iha^e  her  penfjve  form  he  i^cs^ 

Her  wailing  ro;ce  is  heard  in  cv'ry  breeae ; 

He  feels  the  preflurerr^ber  circling  arms. 

Traces  her  fweet  redundancy  oi  charms. 

And  ttiil  revolving  on  the  dear  d7rpliy, 

Sinkji  to  the  earth,  in  defolate  difmay.' 
We  fhall  alfo  ^opy  /bme  lines  from  the  tonclufion.  After 
having  maintained  that  Memory  tends  rather  to  faddcn  than  it> 
cheer  life,  the  poet  Ciills  for  protc^ion  agpiinft  her,  on  two 
more  friendly  beings,  famy  and  forgtlfulnefi.  The  latter  be 
thus  aJdrtdes : 

*  Thou  too,  fbrgetfulnefs !  whofc  op\te  charm 

Can  hufl\  the  paHions,  and  their  rage  dii^rci; 

Approach,  O  kindly  grant  thy  fuppliant,  a*<l! 

Wrap  him  in  fweet  oblivion's  placid  ihadc ; 


♦  Sec  Rev.  N.  S.  vol.  viii.  p.  121. 


Veil 


MeiryV  t^inf  tf  Mim^ry^  a  Pom.  tSt 

^^  Vol  die  gafttranfitoryfcenes,  that  fleds 
^     ***  Lflte  jgteaifiy  ftmlhioe  o'er  the  mouotiuii's  bead; 

Siok  in  the  dark  iby(j  of  endleft  night ; 

Tbe  artificial  phantoms  of  delight ; 
'Nor  let  hb  early  ignorance,  and  miihkey 
.   '     The  fober  UUs  of  age  and  reafon  Ihake. 

Hide  frofli  hit  heart  each  fuf  rkig  conntry's  t«oe» 

And  o'er  its  chains  thy  cov'risg  laantle  throw ; 

Hide  yon  deladed  agonizing  tr«b« 

Who  Meed  by  thoouods  on  the  parple  plain ; 

Tlieif  pierdog  cries,  their  d^ini^  groans  coatrooU 

And  tock  ttp  an  the  fbelings  of  hit  Tool. 

SkMd  him  from  Sander's  perfecoting  race» 

Who  feek  to  «ooftd«  nhd  labour  to  difgrace. 

Win  view  the  hnmMeft  worth  with  jealous  eye» 

The  f  iper  brood  of  bkok  mali^ity  1 

So  flial)»  pcnchancei  concenc  with  thee  retani» 

'Ifonj^  vernal  fwcecs  to  raifeiiis  wintry  om ; 

To  his  retreat  tranquillity  repair^ 

<*  And  freedom  dwell  a  penfive  hermit  there." 

O !  in  retirement  mav  he  reft  it  laftj 

Tht  prefentf  calm,  forgotten  all  the  paft ; 

Befide  the  babKng  brook  at  twilight^s  dofe* 

Tafte  the  foft  folace  of  the  mind's  repofe  ; 

Lift  the  lorn  nightingak*s  impreftive  lay. 

That  feoChes  the  eveniag  of  retiring  May, 

When  the  yoong  moon  Ser  paly  flag  difplays, 

A»d  o'er  the  ftream  the  panting  zephyr  ftrays  | 

No  heedlefs  hours  recaliM,  no  feftive  roar. 

That  once  deluded,  but  can  pleafe  no  more ; 

No  wild  emotions  bid  his  comforts  ceafe. 

Or  from  his  cottage  drive  the  angel  peace  ; 

Nor  vain  ambition  tempt  his  thoughts  anew. 

But  ftill  prelerve  the  fnendihip  of  the  few ; 

Still,  ftill  preferve  the  fond  domeftic  fmile. 

Of  her,  whofe  voice  can  ev'ry  cane  beguile ; 

With  meek  phik>fophy  his  hours  employ. 

Or  thrilling  poetry's  delicious  joy ; 

And  from  the  Med  promifes  of  yoath> 

Retain  the  love  of  liberty  and  truth.' 
It  gives  as  pleafore  to  obferve  that  experience  has  been  ivell 
employed  by  Mr.  M.  in  correding  that  falfe  glitter  of  language^ 
and  tinfel  of  imagery,  which  were  juftly  Uamcd  in  a  few  of  his 
earlier  produAions.  His  ftyle  in  the  prefeiit  piece^  though 
^arm  and  brilliant,  does  not,  we  think^  overpaft  the  allowable 
range  of  true  poetical  expreiSon. 


Aar. 


(    IS*    J 

AtT.VIir.    Jrch'4tokgia%  CT^  Mifccllaneoui  Trafis  rflitiiig  id 

Antiquity,  &c.  Vol.  Xf. 

[Article  concluded  from  the  Ktvitw  for  Auguft^  P*  3^7*1 

A  Memoir  on  Britifh  Naval  Arcbiuefuret  by  Ralph  Willctti 
^^  Efq.  is  curious,  fenfible,  and  inftrudive.  It  was  not  tiU 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIIL  that  England  had  any  thing  like  the 
eftablilhment  of  a  regular  navy.  Iri  the  time  of  James  I.  the 
ihips  were  lefs  uncouth.  The  Royal  Sovereign,  built  in  16379 
we  are  told,  gives  us  the  firft  idea  of  any  knov^lege  in  the  arc  | 
and  it  continued  an  ufeful  and  valuable  {hip,  until  the  beginning 
of  the  prefent  century.  We  have  fo  far  proceeded  in  our  im* 
provements,  that  our  anceftors  would  view  with  aftotiifliment 
what  later  years  have  accomplKhed:  yet,  perhaps^  fays  this  writer, 

*  all  hath  not  yet  been  done ;'  though  he  acknowleges  that 
the  fize  of  our  ihips  feems  now  to  have  reached  its  ultimatum. 
Among  other  things,  it  is  here  modeftly  fuggefled  ihat  ^  thtf 
weight  of  the  guns  allotted  to  the  fea  fervice,  hath  been  too 
heavy  for  the  bulk  of  the  (hips.*  We  agree  with  him  that 
^  among  the  many  exertions  of  human  wifdom,  few  equals 
none  furpafs  the  (kill  and  knowledge  which  have  beei^  difplaycd 
in  the  whole  bufinefs  of  navigation.* 

Mr.    Barker,   of   Lyndon,  communicated   to   the  Society^ 

*  Rates  of  wages  offeruantSy  labounrs  and  arttfiarsy  fet  down 
and  aflclled  at  Okebam,  in  the  county  of  Rutland,  by  the  juf« 
ticesof  peace  there,  in  April  1610.*  It  may  amufe  the  reader 
to  compare  the  price  of  different  kinds  of  labour  here  fixed  with 
that  which  at  prefent  prevails.  To  this  is  added  a  copy  of 
orders  iflucd  in  the  reign  of  Charles  L  requiring  fupplies  of 
provifions  for  the  king's  houfehold.  *  Whether  (fays  the 
writer)  this  was  one  of  the  fhifcs  when  they  would  not  call  a 
parliament,  or  whether  it  had  been  an  older  cufiom,  I  do  not 
know  ;  but  I  meet  with  it  from  1622  to  1636*'  With  this  ar* 
tide  is  united  a  fhort  account  of  wages,  &c.  as  fettled  in  War- 
wickfhire  in  the  36th  year  of  Charles  11.  from  an  original  in 
the  pofl'cflion  of  Mr.  John  Nichols.  We  have  doubted  at 
times,  whether  in  thefe  and  fimilar  inftances,  there  might  not 
be  fome  miftakes  in  the  figures.  Dover  Haven  furniihes  an 
article,  of  fome  curiofity,  taken  from  among  papers  bequeathed 
to  the  Society  by  the  late  John  Thorpe,  £fq.  It  is  an  ad* 
drefs  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  ^  written  about  the  year  1582,  by 
that  moft  excellent  mathematician  of  his  time,  and  flcilfuT  en- 
gineer, l^homas  Digges,  Efq.'  and  bears  the  following  tkic, 
— "  A  briefe  difcourfe,  declaringe  howc  honorable  and  pro« 
ii table  to^  youre  moft  excellct  maieftie,   and  howe  necefl'ary 

and   comodioufe  for  your  realme  the  making  of  Dover  Haven 
&al  be,   and   in  Vihui  forte,    w^  leallc  charge  in   greatefte 

perfeAion> 


perGefiion,  the  fame  maye  be  accomplyfbed.'"    The  difcourfe 
CTiiices  the  good  fenfe,  modefty,  and  ability  of  its  author. 

An  Account  of  Bicknacre  Priory^  in  Ejjixj  contains  Jitile  that 
is  worthy  of  notice.  It  was  firft  an^hermitagc,  and  was  con- 
▼erted  into  a  priory  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  It  is  now  in  the 
pofieffion  of  Sir  John  Henniker,  Bart,  and  the  article  is  writ- 
ten by  his  fon  John  Henniker  Major,  Efq. 

Memoir  on  the  Origin  of  Printings  by  Mr.  Willett.  This 
long  cra£l  is  defigned  to  fupport  the  claim  of  the  city  of  Mcntz 
to  this  moft  important  and  beneficial  invention.  In  doing  this 
Mr.  Willett  immediately  oppofes  Meflrs.  Meerman,  Bowyer, 
and  Nichols;  the  latter  of  whom,  on  the  authority  of  a  MS.  at 
Lambeth,  defends  the  title  of  Haarlem,  The  Lambeth  MS.  is 
regaVded  as  a  forgery.  The  arguments  for  and  againft  the 
two  cities  are  produced  and  examined,  and  to  Meniz  the  honour 
is  attributed.— Drs.  Middleton  and  Ducarel  had  inveftigated 
^  the  fuHjefi  with  confiderable  attention  fome  years  ago. 

The  feats  fixed  on  the  fouth  fide  of  the  chancel  of  parochial 
and  ocher  churches  have  engaged  the  attention  and  the  pens  of 
fome  of  our  antiquaries  :  l^hefe,  together  with  other  append- 
ages to  the  cem.munion-tables,  or  altars^  form  the  fubje£^  of 
the  two  following  articles.  Mr.  Charles  Clarke  fuppofes  thefe 
ftone  feats  to  be  defigned  for  the  ufe  of  the  minifters  attending 
the  bi(hop  or  prieft  in  the  popifh  fervice.  Who  is  intended 
in  this  tra3  by  Blue  Dick  the  Calviniji^  it  is  not  worth  while 
to  inquire :  but  a  member  of  our  Epifcopal  Englifb  Church 
ihould  be  cautious  of  ridicule  on  the  fubje£t  of  Calvinifm,  from 
refped  to  her  articles.  In  the  notes,  we  obferve  the  copy  of 
an  indulgence  granted  by  Cardinal  Lawrence  Campejus,  birtiop 
of  Salifbljry  ;  it  is  in  the  Englifh  language,  and  may  be  deemed 
a  curiofity. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Denne,   in  a  brief furvey  of  a  part  ^Canter- 
bury Cathedral^  immediately  fubfequent  to  the  foregoing,  con- 
troverts Mr.  Clarke's  opinion,  and  furmifcs  that  iMtJf one  feats 
*  were  not  originally  made  for  the  officiants  at  the  altar,   but 
for  the  convenience  of  others,  who  would  frequently  refort  to 
the  churches.*    He  proceeds  particularly  to  fpecify,  dedications, 
vifiis  of  the  archdeacon,  and  courts  of  rural  deans  ;  ai  d  he 
fccms  to  fupppofe  that  thefe  feats  might  be  intended  for  rectors 
or  impropriators  :    He  after ;Aard  remarks,  that  to  have  pom- 
pous feats  for  priefts  of  the  church  of  Rome  can  be  no  matter 
of  furprife,  when  it  is  confidered  how  exalted  a  charaflcr  they 
are  fuppofed  bythat  church  to  fuftain  when  officiants  at  mafs. 
Here  he  quotes  the  account  of  Alanus  de  Rupe,  a  Dominican 
monk,  who  '  fcruples  not  to  raifc  the  power  of  the  prieft  above 
that  of  God  himfelf;  alleging,  that  God  fpent  a  whc^jc  wetic 
Kty.  Oct,  ijgd,  M  in 


'5^4  Archieohgia^  Vol.  Xt* 

in  creating  the  world,  and  difpofing  it  into  propfer  orler; 
whereas  a  pried,  every  time  he  fays  mafs,  with  a  weird  or  two 
produces,  not  a  mere  creature,  but  the  fupreme  uncreated  Bemg 
himfelf,  the  origin  of  all  things*  \ ! ! 

Frooi  thefe  tedious  difquifitions  concerning  old  ftoolt  and 
chairs,  we  pafs  to  Remarks  en  /£r  European  Names  ofChifs^mgn^ 
by  Francis  Douce,  Efq.  Sir  William  Jones  afcribes  this  in- 
genious game  to  the  Hindoos,  to  whom  it  is  faid  to  have  been 
immemorially  known  by  the  name  of  Chaturangay  or  the  lour 
members  of  an  army,  viz.  elephants,  horfes,  chariots,  and  FooN 
foldiers.  This  learned  author  at  the  fame  time  obferves  that, 
though  it  is  confidently  afTerted  that  Shanfcrit  books  on  cheft 
exift,  no  account  of  the  game  ha&  hitherto  been  difcovered  iii 
the  claffical  writings  of  the  Bramins.  XVe  arc  rather  tin- 
willing  to  re/ign  the  opinion  of  its  being  a  Perfian  game.  SUb^ 
muthy  vulgarly  check-mate^  indicate  fuch  an  origin.  It  is  triie^ 
that  the  Perfians  may  have  received  it  from  India  ^  and  it  isaUo 
true  that  ingenious  men,  enamoured  with  the  oiftoms  and  in- 
ventions of  a  country  and  people  who  had  been  nearly  un- 
known, are  almoft  inclined  to  attribute  every  thing  to  them. 
The  dcfign  of  the  prefeni  writer,  however,  is  to  confider  the 
European  names  of  the  chefs-merr,  to  reconcile  (omc^  and  to 
corrc6^  others.  The  principal  piece  is  uniformly  called  the 
king;  the  queen  has  by  fome  been  ftyled  the  old-  woman  or  nwrjif 
but,  by  the  French,  and  after  them  the  English  in  the  midole 
zg^^-i  fierca^fiergesy  &c.  from  the  caftern  word  pherz^  which 
means  a  counfellor  or  the  general  of  an  army :  but  the  title 
queen  \%  of  confiderable  antiquity  :  The  ^/}^<9^  appears  to  have 
been  termed  by  Englifh  writers  alphin^  aufin^  &c.  from  an 
Arabic  word  which  fignifics  an  elephant ;  the  French  at  a  very 
early  period  denominated  it  fol :  fometimes  it  was  named  an 
urchhy  by  the  Germans  the  hound  or  runner^  by  Ruffians  and 
Swedes  the  elepkant^  by  Poles  the  pric/i :  The  int^ht  has  al- 
ways retained  this  diftin^lion  on  the  French  and  Engli(h  che6<- 
board  ;  the  Germans,  from  the  nature  of  their  motion,  give 
them  the  appellation  of  liapers^  and  the  Ruffians  call  them 
horjh  :  The  rook  has  been  confidersd  as  a  cajile  or  fortrefs  z  It  is 
probable,  fays  Mr.  Douce,  that  the  European  form  of  tde  caftle 
was  cop  ed  in  part  from  fome  anticnt  Indian  piece  of  the  ele- 
phant with  a  caftle  on  bis  back.  7'he  pawns  are  fuppofed  to 
receive  their  name  from  pedones^  a  barbarous  Latin  term  for 
foot-^foldiers.  The  Germans,  Danes,  and  Swedes  have  con- 
verted them  into  pea/ants.  The  writers  of  the  middle  ages, 
in  fpeaking  of  the  chefs-men,  univerfajly  flyle  them /arniii^e^ 
In  an  account  of  the  wardrobe  of  Edward  I.  are  thefe  articles  : 
— "  \Jmfamilia  pro  fcaccario,  de  jafpide  ct  criftiUJo,  in  uno 

,  coffro-** 


Jrcbmologia^  VoL  Xt.  155 

CofFro.*'— **  Una  familia^  de  ebore,  pro  ludendo  ad  fcacca- 
rioin.''  Some  information,  though  not  all  that  we  wifh,  is 
albrded  by  this  diflertation.  Mr.  Douce  properly  remarks 
thai-—*  Much  confufion  has  arifen  from  the  arbitrary  change 
of  filenames,  as  well  as  forms,  of  the  chefs- men  by  different  na- 
tiom.  Some  have  retained  the  forms  whilft  they  have  altered 
the  names,  "and  others  the  names  after  having  chang^ed  the 
fMins.  Thus  ic  has  happened  with  cards;  we  retain  the 
Spanifli  terms  of  clubs  and  fpades,  whilR  we  have  adapted  the 
French  fuits/ 

The  laft  number  in  this  volume  prefents  a  fubjedl  of  feme 
coriofity,  and  that  indeed  confiderable,  if  we  may  conclude 
^ritii  the  Rev.  John  Milncr,  that  it  is  as  antient  as  the  reign 
•f  the  Silicon  prince  Egbert :  It  is  '  a  cup  with  a  handle  and 
cover,  exadliy  in  the  form  of  a  modern  tankard  ;  it  is  of  oak, 
tad  has  been  lackered  over,  efpecially  in  the  infide,  with  a  ftrong 
woifb,  which  muft  have  greatly  contributed  to  its  prefer/a- 
tioo/— It  cohrains  two  quarts,  and  had  eight  pegs,  four  of  which 
tteaiaia  Within,  dividing  the  liquor  into  half  pints  ;  on  the 
•hddy  are  carved  the  TWclve  Apoftles,  and  on  the  lid  the  cruci- 
'fixido.  Ic  is  a  grace^up^  poculum  chariiatisy  or  waffil  bowi.  It 
is  now  in  the  pofleilion  of  the  Arundel  family,  to  whom  it  was 
iramferred  at  the  difiblution  of  Glaftonbury  Abbey  ;  and  it  is 
'ftrtheriaid  to  be  remarkable,  as  one  of  the  very  few  things  pre- 
ferred at  the  deftrudion  of  Wardour  Caftle,  which  was  bravely 
ddeiidM  by  Lady  Arundel,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Firft. 

ThtKigh  the  above -number  {16)  finifhes  the  regular  lift, 
an  Appendix,  as  ufual,  makes  its  appearance,  containing  a  brief 
account  of  a  few  farther  articles,  which,  for  fame  reafons  the 
Society  have  not  thought  proper  to  publiOi  entire  :  They  are 
as  follow; — fibula,  two  of  gold,  found  in  Ireland,  1792,  one 
of  capper  found  near  VVinflow,  Bucks  j — a  brafs  pot,  difco-- 
Tered,  five  feet  below  the  earth,'  in  cleaning  out  the  medicinal 
well  at  Clofeburn^— an  antient  font,  of  a  fmguiar  form,  at 
Bolton  in  Yorkfliire  i—Zifcarabccus  (beetle  or  chafer)  dug  up 
io  the  ifle  of  Shepcy,  at  tne  depth  of  fixty  yards ;— a  feal,  fup- 
pofed  to  be  the  work  of  the  fifteenth  century  ;  — a  brafs  celt, 
found  in  Jerfey  ;  — a  (word,  having  an  appearance  of  great  an- 
tiquity, dug  up  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Alton  Caftie,  Stafford- 
(hire;— a  fpur,  from  Towton  field  near  York;— a  drinking 
bom^  found  two  feet  under  ground,  in  a  village  in  Iceland,  now 
in  the  poflbffion  of  Owen  Salifbury  Brereton,  Efq.  From  the 
engraving,  it  fcems  to  be  curious  j  it  has  a  whiffle  at  the  end  ; 
the  fpot  on  which  it  is  faid  to  have  been  difcovcred  chiefly 
renders  it  remarkable, 

M  a  The 


15^  Mrt.  D^Arblay'^  Camilla. 

The  volume  is  concluded  by  an  indenture,  dated  in  the  jottr 
year  of  Henry  VIII.,  appointing  commiffioners  to  receive  frora 
Sir  Thomas  CliiFord,  pofieniion  of  the  town  and  cattle  of  Ber* 
wick,  with  ordnance,  arms,  &c.  and  deliver  them  to  Sir  WiK- 
Itam  Ewer,  to  be  captain  or  governor  thereof.  There  is  no- 
thing very  intereiling  in  the  recital;  which  might  have  beea 
more  axmifing,  if  Tome  of  the  old  words  for  arms  and  otenlib 
had  been  explained. 

We  have  only  to  add  that  this  volume  is  amply  illufirated 
by  engravings,  as  ufual. 


^RT.  IX.  Camilla;  or  a  Pidlure  of  Youth,  fiy  the  Author  of 
Evelina  and  Cecilia,  iz'^no.  g  Vols.  il.  la.  Sewed.  Payoe, 
and  Cadelljun.  and  Davies.  1796. 
pERHAPS,  all  novels,  which  have  charader  enough  to-  be 
^  brought  into  any  clafTiBcation,  may  be  diftributed  under 
three  heads ;  romantic,  pathetic,  and  humourous  :  the  BrU  de»- 
fcribing  fccnes  and  characters  which  are  beyond  nature,  in  or- 
der to  excite  curiofity  and  to  amufe  the  fancy  ;  the  fecood, 
touching  the  heart  by  an  interefting  developcment  of  fentimeot 
and  paiHon  ;  the  third,  delineating  amuiing  and  inftrudive 
portraits  of  characters  as  they  exift  in  real  life,  with  that  pecu- 
liar caft  of  thought  and  expreffion  by  which  individual  manners 
are  difttnguifhcdv  Though  few  novels  fall  exclufively  within 
any  one  of  thefe  clafles^  every  good  novel  has  a  prominent  cha- 
ra£)er,  from  which  its  proper  place  in  this  arrangement  may  be 
eafily  difcovered. 

To  which  of  thefe  divifions  do  Evelina  and  Cecilia  belong  ? 
15  a  queiHon  which  will  not,  we  fuppofe,  admit  of  difpute.  The 
high  di(lin£lion  among  noveiiils,  which  thefe  productions  have 
procured  for  the  ingenious  writer,  is  doubtlefs  to  be  chiefly 
afcribcd  to  the  peculiar  felicity  with  which  (he  has  fketch^ 
real  manners  in  various  walks  of  life,  ^indto  the  lively  vein  of 
humour  with  which  fhe  has  pourtrayed  many  of  her  principal 
characters. 

In  the  prefent  work,  Mrs.  D'Arblay,   (formerly  known  as 
Mifs  Burney,)  with  equal  judgment  and  modefty,  purfues  the 
track  in  which  (he  has  already  acquired  fo  much  deferved  re- 
putation ;  without  fuffering  hcrfelf  to  be  div^erted  from  her  na- 
tive bent  by  an  afFedtation  of  excelling  in  different  kinds  of 
»  writing:,  and  without  catching  the  infedlion  of  that  tafte  for  the 
I  marvellous  and  the  terrible,  which,  lince  the  appearance  of  her 
farmer  produdions,  has,  with  fome  writers,  become  the  fafhion 
\  of  the  day.     We  have  not  pcrufed  the  flory  of  Camilla  with- 
out 


Mrs.  D'Arblay'j  Camilla.  157 

tout  feeing  reafon  to  admire  its  general  ftruflure,  nor  without 
ieeling  ourfelves  interefled  in  the  occurrences  and  cataftrophe.  • 
Our  chief  pleafure,  however,  fias  ariftn  from  the  highly  ani-  • 
mated-fcenes  of  life  and  manners  which  have  paiTed  before  us,  0- 
and  from  the  accurate  and  lively  portraits  of  various  characters,  / 
which  the  writer  has  drawn,  if  not  from  individual  originals,  . 
at  lead  from  that  great  general  exemplar,  the  world. 

The  leading  fubjedl  is  well  chofen,  to  intereft  the  reader  in 
the  fortunes  of  the  principal  perfons  of  the  ftory.     Edgar  and 
Camilla,  from  childhood  attached  to  each  other  by  an  afFedion 
which  no  fubfequent  event  could  deflroy,  and  poflelfing  every 
real  qualification  for  happinefs,  ace  involved  in  a  long  feries  of 
conflitls,  doubts,  perplexities,  and  fufFerings,  through  an  ex- 
treme  caution   and  fu(J3icion  on  the  part  of  the  lover,  and 
through  juvenile  heedlefTnefs  and  precipitancy,  or  haft y  mifap- 
freheniions,  on  the  part  of  the  lady.    Merely  from  thefe  caufes, 
without  any  criminality  on  either  fide,  without  any  interruption 
-of  their  mutual  attachment,  and  without  meeiing  with   one 
calamity  or  di ft refs  which  might  not  have  been  avoided,  they 
are  continually  pafllng  from  confidence  to  fufp^cion,  and  from 
fufpicion  to  confidence,  and  bringing  themfelvts  into  embarrafl!^ 
tnents  which  perpetually  grow  more  ferious,  till  Camilla  is  on 
the  point  of  falling  a  facrifice  to  Edgar's  diftruft,  and  her  own 
imprudence*    The  reader's  attention  is  throughout  kept  awake 
(though  indeed  fomewhat  harafted)  by  am  objed  which  never 
tails  to  excite  fympathy,  *  innocence  fuflTering  through  its  own 
mifappiehenfions^*  and  at  the  clofe,  the  foliuiry,  deferted,  felf* 
reproaching,  yet  truly  amiable  Camilla, — reduced  to  theioweft 
ftateof  diftrefsand  wretchcdnefs,  and  jult  ready  to  expire,— then, 
fuddcniy  reftored,  by  the  unexpected   return  of  Edgar,  to  her 
difconfolate  parents,  to  love,  and  to  happintfs — preicnxs  a  fuc- 
cefiion  of  painful  and  delightful  iniages,  which  muft  deeply  in- 
tereft the  feeling  heart. 

Poffibly,  on  a  general  review  of  the  principal  ftory,  the 
reader  ^nay  think  it  not  quite  natural  that  a  young  man  like 
Edgar,  entirely  and  tenderly  devoted  to  a  generous  paflion, 
{hould  give  himfelf  up  to  the  dirediion  of  Ins  tutor  ;  whofe  per- 
fonal  difappointments  had  rendered  him  harfb,  diftruftfu),  and 
fevcre,  in  his  judgment  of  female  charafltrs.  Edgar's  miftakes 
might,  perhaps,  more  properly  have  proceeded  from  that  ex- 
treme fcnfibiliiy  which  naturally  produces  fufpicion  and  jea- 
loufy  J  ind  the  whole  character  of  Dr.  Marchmont  might  have 
been  fpared.  We  think  alfo,  that  Camilla^s  condud  is  not  always 
quite  confiftcnt  with  her  natural  good  fenfe  and  the  opennefs  of 
her  temper  ;  and  that  ihe  too  frequently  a<Els  contrary  to  Edgar's 
tdvice,  and,  oa  feme  occafions,  towards  the  clofe  of  the  work, 

M  3  docs 


iSi  Mrs.  D'Arblay'i  Camilla, 

does  not  treat  him  with  fufiicicnt  franknsfs.  The  adventures  of 
Eugenia,  the  fifter  of  Camilla,  whofe  want  of  perfonal  charms 
occafions  herm/ny  painful  mortifications,  (to  which,  ho wever^ 
Ihc  at  length  rifes  fuperior,)  form  an  inierefting  under- part  of 
the  ftory.  The  mcc-ting  wth  the  beautiful  idiot,  as  contrived 
by  Eugenia's  father,  furnKh'^s  an  admirable  lefl'on  on  beauty; 
and  the  piflurc  of  idiotcy  is  a  ftriking  one  :  but  we  arc  not  furc 
that  it  is  fufficiently  dillin(^  from  that  of  madnefs.  The  whole 
plot  is,  perhaps,  drawn  out  to  too  great  a  length  :  fomc  of  the 
adventures,  particularly  at  Southampton,  might  have  been 
omitted  with  advantage;  and  Camilla's  ramble  (not  to  fay  her 
whole  acquaintance)  with  Mrs.  Mitten  is  unnatural.  If,  how- 
ever, in  the  courfe  of  this  long  work,  the  reader  fliould  occa* 
fionally  experience  fome  degree  of  laflitude,  and  be  difpofed  to 
think  the  writer  tedious,  he  ought  to  recolle£l  that  alipunub 
hoftus  dormiiat  Homerus.  Be  it  alfo  remembered  that  there  is 
another  and  more  advantageous  point  of  refemblance  between 
Mrs.D'Arblay  and  Homer  ;  namely,  in  the  peculiar  diftin£lne(s 
and  propriety  of  ber  delineations  of  character. 

Among  the  rich  and  varied  groupe  of  characters  exhibited  in 
this  novel,  the  mod  prominent  is  that  of  Sir  Hugh  Tyrold* 
Camilla's  uncle,  whofe  peculiar  humour  gives  occafion  to  manj 
of  the  mod  pleafing  incidents  in  the  novel,  and  furnifliet  the 
principal  entertainment  of  the  work.  This  chara<Eier  is,  we 
believe,  quite  original,  and  is  drawn  with  admirable  conCft- 
ency  and  fpirit.  The  ingredients  of  which  it  is  compofed  are» 
artlefs  opennefs,  invincible  good- humour,  a  peculiar  Amplicity 
producing  eafy  credulity,  an  odd  confufion  of  ideas,  a  pro* 
found  icfpeft  for  learning,  accompanied  with  a  humble  con- 
fcioufnels  of  ignorance,  a  whimfical  fondnefs  for  projeds,  and^ 
above  the  rcfl,  an  honcft  kindnefs  of  heart,  *  with  which,*  as 
his  friend  Wcftwyn  fays,  *  he  was  fluffed  fo  full  that  no  room 
was  left  for  any  ihi»ig  elfe.*  It  is  in  vain,  however,  to  attempt 
to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  Sir  Hugh,  without  introducing  him 
in  pcrfon.  Let  him  enter,  aftonifhcd  at  his  gracelcfs  nephew^ 
Clement  Lynmtrc,  ]\i{{  returned  from  the  Continent,  whom  he 
Intended  as  a  learned  hufband  for  his  learned  niece  Eugenia: 

*  L>nnnere,  at  tca-tiinc,  returned  frojii  his  ride,  with  a  fixed  plan 
of  frightening  or  difgufimg  the  barontt  fram  the  alliar.ce  ;  with  Eu. 
ffcnia  hcrfch",  he  iinagiind  the  atctmpt  would  bf  vain,  for  he  did  act 
conceive  it  poffiblc  any  woman  who  had  eyes  cculd.be  induced  to  re- 
jcdl  i»im. 

*  Determined, therefore,  to  indulge,  in  full,  both  the jpatural  pre- 
furr.ption  and  acquired  ItiAoriancc  of  his  char^st^er,  he  ccndu<rted  liim- 
felf  in  a  manner  that,  to  my  thing  (hort  of  tiie  ranialiLv  of  Sir  Hugh, 
would  have  rendered  him  infupporubly  cft'eniive  :  but  Sir  Hugh  had 

io 


Jirs.  D'ArblayV  Camilla.  i;^ 

lb  loBg  cheriflied  a  reverence  for  what  be  had  himfelf  ordered  with 
regard  to  his  lludies,  and  what  he  implicitly  credited  of  his  attain- 
memi^  that  it  was  more  eaf'y  to  him  to  doubt  his  fenfes,  than  to  fup- 
pofe  fo  accoopliflied  a  fcholar  coold  do  any  thing  but  what  was 
right. 

••  Your  horfes  are  worth  nothing,  fir,"  cried  he  in  entering;  **  I 
nerer  rode  (o  unpleafant  a  beaft.  i  don't  know  who  has  the  care^f 
your  ftud ;  but  whoever  it  is,  he  deferves  to  be  hanged.'' 

'  Sir  Hugh  could  not  refufe,  either  to  his  juflice  or  his  kindnefs,  to 
vindicate  bis  faithful  Jacob ;  and  for  his  horfes  he  made  as  many  ex- 
cafes,  at  ir  every  one  had  been  a  human  creature,  whom  he  was  re- 
commending to  his  mercy,  with  a  fear  they  were  unworthy  of  bit 
&voor. 

'  Not  a  word  was  faid  more,  except  what  Mifs  Margland,  from 
dme  to  time,  extorted,  by  begging  quellions,  in  praife  of  her  tea,  <i]J 
I«ynmere,  violenily  ringing  the  bell,  called  out  to  order  a  fire. 

*  Every  body  was  furprifed  at  this  liberty,  without  any  previous 
demand  of  permiflion  from  the  baronet,  or  any  inquiry  into  the  feel- 
ings of  the  reft  of  the  company  ;  and  Sir  Hugh,  in  a  low  voice,  faid 
to  Bogeoia,  '*  I  am  a  little  afraid  poor  Mary  will  be  rather  out  of 
komoiir  to  have  the  grate  to  poli(h  again  to-morrow  morning,  in  the 
ca/e  mj  nephew  fhould  not  like  to  have  another  fire  then ;  which,  I 
fappofe»  if  the  weather  continaet  fo  hot,  may  very  likely  not  be  agree- 
able to  hiffl.'* 

'  Aoother  paofe  now  enfued ;  Dr.  Marchmont,  who,  of  the  whole 
farty»  wat  alone,  at  this  time,  capable  of  leading  to  a  general  con- 
verfatioo,  was  feparately  occupied  by  watching  Camilla ;  while  him- 
felf* at  afual,  wat  curiouily  and  unremittingly  examined  by  Dr.  Ork- 
bome»  IB  whom  fo  much  attention  to  a  young  lady  raifed  many  pfi- 
vatedionbtt  of  the  juftice  of  his  fcholalUciame  ;  which  foon,  by  what 
he  obferved  of  his  civility  even  to  Mifs  Margland,  were  confirmed 
nearly  tofcepticifm. 

*  Mary,  now,  entering  with  a  coal  fcuttle  and  a  candle,  Lynmere, 
with  much  difpleafure,  called  out,  "  Bring  wood  ;  1  hate  coals." 

*  Mary,  as  much  difplcafed,  and  nearly  as  much  humoured  as  him- 
felf, anfwered  that  nothing  but  coak  were  ever  burnt  in  that  grate. 

**  Take  it  all  away,  then,  and  bid  my  man  fend  me  niy  pelilTe* 
Tbat  I  made  to  crofs'the  Alps  in." 

"  I  am  very  forry,  indeed,  nephew,"  faid  Sir  Hugh,  "  that  we 
were  not  better  prepared  for  your  being  fo  chilly,  owing  to  the  wea- 
ther beiiig  fet  in  fo  fuitry,  that  we  rone  of  us  much  thought  of  having 
afire  ;  and,  indeed,  in  my  young  time,  we  were  never  allowed  thick - 
ing  of  fuch  things  before  Michdelmas-day  ;  which  I  fuppofe  is  quite 
behind-hand  now.  Pray,  nephew,  if  it  is  not  too  much  trouble  to 
yon,  what's  the  day  for  lighting  fires  in  foreign  parts  r" 

*'  There's  no  rule  of  that  iort,  no*%,  fir,  in  modern  philofophy ; 
that  kind  of  thing's  completely  out ;  entirely  exploded,  I  give  you 
my  word." 

"  Well,  every  thing's  new.  Lord  help  me,  fince  J  was  born  ! 
But  pray,  nephew,  if  1  may  a(k,  without  tiring  you  too  much,  on  ac- 

M  4  count 


i6o  Mrs.  D'Arblay*i  Camilla. 

count  of  my  ignorance,  have  they  fires  in  fummer  as  well  as  winter 
there?" 

*'  Do  you  imagine  there  are  grates  and  fires  on  the  Continentj  fir^ 
the  fame  as  in  England  ?  ha  !  ha  !" 

*  Sir  Hugh  was  difcountenanced  from  any  further  inquiry. 

'  Another  filence  enfued,  broken  again  by  a  vehement  ringing  of 
the  bell. 

'  When  the  fervant  appeared,  *'  What  have  you  got,'*  cried  Lyn- 
inere,  •*  that  you  can  bring  me  to  eat  ?'* 

•*  Eat,  nephew  !  why  you  would  not  cat  before  fupper,  when  here's 
nobody  done  tea  ?  not  that  I'd  have  you  baulk  your  appetite,  which*  to 
befjre.  ought  to  be  the  beft  judge." 

*  The  youth  ordered  fomc  oyfters.* 

At  the  conclufion  of  the  ftory,  when,  after  repeated  delays 
and  interruptions,  Edgar  makes  his  final  propofal  to  Sir  Hugh^ 
the  honed  baronet*s  feelings  are  thus  exprefled  : 

*  The  joy  with  which  Sir  Hugh  heard  it,  was  for  fome  time  orer* 
clouded  by  doubt.  *'  My  dear  Mr.  young  Edgar,"  he  faid,  «*  to 
cafe  you  don't  know  your  own  mind  yet,  in  the  point  of  its  not  changing 
again,  as  it  did  before,  I'd  as  lieve  you  would  not  tell  me  of  it  till 
you've  taken  the  proper  time  to  be  at  a  certainty ;  frettings  aboot 
thefe  ups  and  downs,  being  what  do  no  good  to  me,  in  point  of  the 
gout" 

'  But  when  thoroughly  rc-affured, "  Well,"  he  cried, "  thisis juft the 
thing  i  fhould  havechofe  out  of  all  our  misfortunes,  being  what  makes 
me  happier  than  ever  I  was  in  my  life;  except  once  before  on  the 
very  fame  account,  which  all  turned  out  to  end  in  nothing  :  which»  I 
hope,  won't  happen  any  more  :  for  now  I've  only  to  pay  off*  all  oor 
debts,  and  then  1  may  go  back  again  to  Cleves,  which  i  fliall  be  glad 
enough  to  do,  it  being  but  an  awkward  thing  to  a  man,  after  he's  paft 
boyhood,  having  no  home  of  his  own." 

The  charafter  of  a  pedant,  wholly  abforbed  in  fludy,  an<l 
devoted  to  literary  ambition,  is  well  delineated  in  Dr.  Ork- 
borne.  His  preparation  cf  books  for  a  ride  of  four  or  five 
miles  ;  his  vexation,  when  his  kind  patron,  during  his  abfence, 
had  placed  a  book-cafe  in  his  room,  and  ordered  the  fervants  to 
arrange  his  books  and  papers  on  the  {helves  ;  and  his  abfence 
of  mind  on  fevcral  occafions,  when  politenefs  or  other  more 
powerful  motives  urged  his  attention  ;  arc  defcribed  with  charac* 
tcriflic  humour.  In  fome  inftances,  his  abftra<i^ednefs  is  car- 
ried too  far,  particularly  in  the  fcene  at  Southampton,  where 
he  (lands  on  the  landing-place  of  the  ftairs  at  an  inn,  leaning 
on  the  baniiiers,  refining  a  paragraph,  in  the  midft  of  general 
conrufion  and  uproar.  The  fprighily  and  eccentric  Mrs.  Arl- 
bcry  makes  a  diftinguifhed  figure  among  the  dramatis  per/ona^ 
Her  entrance  into  the  ball-room  with  her  work-bag  on  her 
arm,  while  (be  difplays  her  airs  and  graces,  and  diftributes  her 
commands  among  her  obfequious  attendant  b<au;ef  exhibits  a 
15  livt/y 


Mrs.  D'Arblay'x  Camilla.  i6i 

lively  piflurc  of  cafy  gaiety,  and  polite  negligence.  Her  un- 
daunted determination  to  kt  the  opinion  of  the  world  at  deli* 
ance  gives  to  her  charader  a  whimfical  fingularity.  She  after- 
ward difcovers  an  excellent  underftanding)  and  becomes  an  ufeful 
friend  to  Camilla.  This  delineation,  alfo,  has  confiderable  origi  • 
jialityand  confiHency.  Another  ftriking  charader  is  Sir  Sedley 
Clarendel,  who  at  firftappears  an  impertinent  fop,  full  pf  vanity 
and  afFei^ation  :  but  who,  in  the  fequel,  difcovers  that  he  de- 
rides the  follies  which  he  is  pradiifing,  and  that  he  has  oi»ly  af- 
fumed  a  fyftematic  effeminacy  for  his  amufcmcnt.  There  is 
feme  refemblance,  though  probably  not  intended  by  the  author^ 
between  thischarader  and  that  of  Virrac  in  Les  EgaremenU  dm, 
€ceur  it  de  Vejprtt.  In  Mrs,  Burllnton  is  exhibited  a  ftriking- 
example  of  an  amiable  and  fenfible  minJ,  gradually  perverted 
and  depraved  by  diffipation.  The  intelle^ual  accompliibments 
of  Eugenia  are  well  contraAed  by  the  fauhlefs,  but  infipid  and 
vacant  charms  of  her  coufin  Indiana,  trained,  hv  the  managing 
and  crafty  Mifs  Margland,  in  vanity  and  Jelfijhnefs ;  or  what 
the  author  every  where,  fomewhat  affectedly,  calls  4gotifm. 

Among  the  charafters  in  which  the  fair  writer  has  very  fuc- 
cefsfully  difplayed  her  vis  comica^  we  muft  not  omit  ro  mention 
tbatof  the  ftarchcdjfimple,  vulgar,  and  unfeeling  Dubfter.  The 
flighty,  diffipated,  extravagant  Lionel  Tyrold,  Camilla's  bro-^ 
tber,  whofe  prodigality  brings  him  to  ruin ;  and  the  travelled 
young  gentleman.  Sir  Hugh's    nephew;  are  exhibited  witl| 
a  charaderiftic  propriety    and  fpirit,  which,  from    a  female 
pen,  arc  peculiarly  meritorious.     The  low-bred  Mrs.  Mitten^ 
even  if  we  allow  her  to  be  a  neceffary  agent  in  the  bufinefs  of 
the  f^ory,  appears  too  frequently,  and  Hays  too  long.     1  he  ro- 
mantic Melmond,  at  his  firft  appearance,  and   in  fome  fubfe- 
quent   fcenes,   is  a  caricature.     In  a  few  other  indances,   a 
fimilar  fault  may  be  obferved  :  but  it  is  by  no  means  true  that 
Mrs.  D'Arblay's  general  delineatio:is  of  chara^^cr  are  *'  hroad 
farce.^*     They  are,  commonly,  portraits  of  real  manners  ;  and* 
Jt  may  be  difficult  to  find  any  novels,  except  thofe  of  Fielding,  • 
in  which  chara£^ers  are  more  accurately  drawn  than  in  thofe  of  • 
this  very  ingenious  lady.     We  particularly  admire  ths  happy  . 
facility  with  which  (he  gives  to  each  perfon  a  language  of  his  ' 
own,   and  preferves   it  uniformly   through  the   work.     Every  ' 
reader  muft  notice  and  be  charmed  with  the  perfeft  cxaflnels 
with  which  Sir  Hugh's  round-about  manner  of  faying  a  plain 
thing,    and   his   good-natured  endeavours  to   corrcft   himfeif 
when  he  fuppofes  he  has  faid  too  much,  are  kept  up  in  all  his 
converfations. 

Such  a  command  of  the  language  of  charafter,  as  appears 
through  all  Mrs.  D'Arblay's  novels,  is  an  excellence  which 

affords 


l6l  Mrs.  D' Arbhijr/i  GpniUa^ 

affords  ample  confipenfation  for  occafional  negligences.  Yet 
we  cannot  but  regret  that  a  work  of  fuch  uncommon  merit,, 
and  fo  elaborate  in  its  obje^l  and  extent,  was  fuffered  to  make 
its  appearance,  before  it  padcd  under  the  correction  of  fome 
friend,  who  might  have  faved  us  the  pain  of  noticingthefoIlow<H 
ing  verbal  and  grammatical  inaccuracies  '.'^Scarce  tor  fcarcefyp 
in  almoft  every  page. — *  Nor  have  I  no  great  difpofition,'  &c. 
— '  A  man  and  horfe  was  fent  ofF.' — *  An  admirabli  good 
joke/—*  Hasy?rtfw.*— '  Was  it  me  that  fled  ?'— <  Not  f^r^tf/^ 
adroit  tfj  Henry.'  —  '  Almojl  nothing^  iox  fear cely  any  thing  \  a 
Scotticifm. — *  The  owner  of  the  horfe  laid  dead.'-r*  One  of 
the  horfes  laid  dead.' — *  She  laid  down   in   her  cloatbs  *— . 

*  Where  laid  the  blame  ?* — *  Defirous  to  know  if^ — for  vjhi* 
shir  ;  an  inelegant  expreflion  which  every  where  occurs.  To 
thefe  we  muft  add  examples  of  wrong  arrangement ;  as— « 
^  Without  his  almoji  thinking  of  it,'  &c. — Of  low  or  cast 
phrafes,  ufed  in  the  narrative  ;  as — *  he  /Iroamed  up  and  dowa 
the  room;' — '  feized  with  wonderment  i'—*^  far  deeper  than 
tuhat  he  could  attribute.'  Of  afFeded,  obfcure,  or  incorre£l 
expreflions  ;  as — *  her  love  oi  v'lttuc  glowed  warm  with  juvenile 
srdour  ;' — '  he  motioned  to  her  ;' — *  reftored  his  plajlic  mind  tq 
its  ufual  fatisfa£tion  ;' — *  that  no  chafm  fliould  have  lieu  ;*— r 

*  ftie  is  peculiar,  yet  not  impraSiicable  \ — *  the  chaife  was  tfr* 
iorded  promptly  \  (a  Gallici(m).  '1  he  following  fentence  if 
Angularly  obfcure  ;  '  Where  opinion  may  humour  fyAematic 
prepoflefiion,   who  (hall  build  upon  his  virtue  or  wifdom  to 

f;uard  the  tranfparency  of  his  impartiality  ?'  Vol.  v.  p.  532. 
n  a  (hort  letter  from  Camilla  to  her  filler,  in  which  (he  fays« 

*  Ifcarce  dare  even  think  of  my  mother^  fhe  immediately  after- 
ward calls  her,  '  her  I  dare  not  name*  Every  where  through 
thefe  volumes,  when  a  gentleman  appears  on  horfeback,  whe* 
ther  he  be  in  joy  or  tribulafion,  he  is  galloping :  m  a  paroxyfm 
of  fudden  mifery,  Edgar  gallops  furioufly  :  as  Sir  Hugh  fays^ 

*  Lack  a  day  !  thefe  young  folks  can  never  walk  a  horfc-back 
bet  full  gallop.'  Nor  can  we  refrain  from  remarking  the  exotic 
harfiinefs  of  fome,  and  the  quaint  affediation  of  others,  of  the 
names  of  the  charaders  introduced. 

Fictitious  tales  of  this  kind  arc  often  incumbered  with  trite 
fentiments  and  trivial  remarks  :  but  no  complaint  of  this  fort 
lies  againfl  the  prefent  performance.  Obfervations  arifing 
from  particular  incidents  are  very  thinly  fcattcred  through  the 
volumes  ;  and  even  the  general  conclufions  from  the  (lory  are^ 
in  a  great  meafure,  left  to  the  reader's  own  rcflet^ions.  The 
moral  in(lru6tion  of  the  piece  is,  however,  important.  Among 
other  ufeful  leiTons,  itfhcws  the  folly  of  expofing  young  people 
to  the  temptatioAS  arifing  from  profpefis  created  by  early  de* 
9  Glared 


Hunter'i  Tranflatkn  o/EuUrU  Letters.  163 

cUred  teftamentary  arrangements ;  and  it  warns  them  of  the 
niifcbievous  confcquences  of  heedlefsly  contrading  debts,  ^nd, 
of  the  dangers  ariGng  from  the  two  .extremes  of  feverely  watch* 
ful  fofpicion,  and  thoughtlefs  imprudencet 

With  refpedJ,  neverthelefs,  to  this  circumftance  of  Sir  Hugh 
Tyrold's  avowed  dirpofal  of  his  eftate,  on  which  foundation 
the  whole  fuperftrudture  is  raifed,  it  is  obvious  to  remark  chat 
Jib  motive  is  afligned,  nor  indeed  (in  our  opiniou)  can  be  fug- 
gefted,  that  could  difpofe  this  benevolent  baronet  thus  to  alter 
the  legal  and  natural  courfe  of  events  ;  which  would  leavfc  the 
cftates,  after  his  death,  with  the  title,  in  pofi'endon  of  his  brother. 
Fondly  as  he  loved,  and  deeply  as  he  refpedied,  this  bro- 
ther, .what  could  induce  Sir  Hugh  to  leave  him  a  title  with- 
out an  income  to  fupport  it,  in  order  to  bedow  that  fortune 
OD  his  children ;  to  whom  in  courfe  tt)at  parent  would  aiSgn 
it,  in  thofe  proportions  which  would  moit  conduce  to  their 
benefit  ? 

The  great  niierit  of  the  work,  however,  confifls  in  more  im* 
portant  charaderiftics;  and  we  may  principally  recommend  it 
to  the  world  as  a  warning  *  piflure  of  youth  ;' — as  a  guide  foe 
the  condu£l  of  young  females  in  the  moft  important  circum*- 
ftances  and  fituations  of  life.  In  this  view,  the  truly  Reverend 
Mr,  Tyrold*s  Sermon^  addrefTcd  to  his  daughter  Camilla,  dc- 
fervei  marked  commendation  :  but  were  it  not,  as  it  is,  too 
long  for  us  to  copy,  we  (hould  think  it  fcarcely  fair  to  detach 
lb  larg«  and  luftrous  a  brilliant  ;  and  to  break  it  into  pieces 
would  indeed  be  diminijhing  its  value. 


AnT.  X.  Letters  of  Euler  to  a  German  Princc/s^  on  different  Snbjefls 
in  Phyfics  and  Pliilofophy.  Tranllated  from  the  French  by  Henry 
Hunter,  D.  D.  With  original  Notes,  and  a  Gloflary  of  Foreign 
and  Scientific  Terms.   InzVols.Svo.    16s.  Boards.  Murray.  1795, 

In  the  Appendix  to  M.  R.  vol.  Ixxix.  p.  583,  we  took  fome 
*  notice  of  the  Paris  edition  of  ihefe  Letters,  publifhcd  by 
Mcflrs.  Condorcet  and  De  la  Croix,  in  1787.  From  that 
edition.  Dr.  Hunter  has  made  his  tri^nflation,  which  we  confi* 
der  as  a  valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  this  country.  The 
great  chara<3er  of  Leonard  Eulcr  is  too  well  known  to  require 
any  farther  introduction  of  that  celebrated  writer  to  the  readers 
of  our  Review:  but,  if  among  them  there  beany  young  per* 
fens  who  have  not  yet  formed  an  acquaintance  with  this  excel- 
lent northern  philofophcr,  we  refer  them  to  the  Eulogy  compofed 
in  honour  of  his  memory  by  M.  Nicholas  Fufs,  Member  of 
the  Imperial  Academy  at  Peterfburgh  ;  of  which   we  gave  a 

copious 


i6+  Hunter •/  TranJlatUn  of  Euler^s  Letters. 

copious  abftract  in  the  Appendix  to  our  Ixxiiid  vol.  p.  496»&c« 
Tbey  may  alfo  turn  to  the  Eulogium  on  M,  Euler,  prefixed  to 
the  above-mentioned  P;iris  edition  of  bis  Letters,  or  to  the  pre- 
icnt  tranflation  of  them,  to  which  alfo  it  is  prefixed.  In  this  pa- 
negyrical difcourfe,  the  eulogifts  have  fpoken  of  the  Letters  to  the 
Oerman  Princefs  in  the  following  terms  j-^after  having  men* 
tfoned  the  circumftance  of  Euler's  taking  up  bis  refidencc  ia 
Berlin,  in  174I9  it  is  added  : 

«  The  Princefs  d'AnhaU  Dejfau,  niece  to  Frederick  IL  King  of 
Fruilia,  was  defirous  of  receiving  from  him  feme  leiTons  in  na:ural 
philofophy.  Thcfe  lefTons  have  been  publilhed,  under  the  title  of 
LETTiR^  TO  A  GERMAN  PRiMCLss,  a  wofk  ineflimablc^  for  the 
iingularly  clear  light  in  which  he  has  difphyed  the  mofl  important 
truths  of  mechanics,  of  phyfical-aflronomy,  of  optica,  and  of  the 
theory  of  found  ;  and  for  the  ingenious  views,  lefs  philofophica),  but 
snore  fagc,  than  xhofc  which  have  made  Fontenelle^h  Plurality  of 
Worlds  outlive  the  Syftcm  of  Vortices.* 

Dr. Hunter  has  acquitted  himfelf  very  much  to  his  credit,  in 
this  tranflation  of  the  Letters  here  fo  juflly  commended  by  the 
French  eulogifls.  His  motives  for  this  undertaking  are  thus 
explained  by  himfelf : 

«  It  was  long  a  matter  of  furprize  to  me,  that  a  Work  io  well 
known,  and  fo  juHly  efleemed,  over  the  whole  European  Continenc, 
as  Euler's  Letters  to  a  German  Princefs^  (hould  never  have  made  its 
way  into  our  illand,  in  the  language  of  the  country.  While  Peterf- 
burgy  Berlin,  Paris,  nay,  tne  capital  of  every  petty  German  principality; 
was  profiting  by  the  ingenious  labours  of  this  amiable  man^  and  acute 
philofophcr,  ihc  name  of  Euler  was  a  fourd  unknown  to  the  ear  of 
youth,  in  the  Bniiili  metropolis.  I  was  mcrtitied  to  rcfltd,  that  the 
ipecious  and  feduc»ive  produdicns  of  a  Rcu£'cau,  and  the  poifonous 
efifufions  of  a  yohdrc,  (hould  be  in  the  hands  of  fo  many  young  men, . 
not  to  fay  young  women,  to  the  pervcrfion  of  the  undw-rllanding,  and 
the  corruption  of  the  moral  principle,  while  the  fimpic  and  ufeful  ia- 
4lrudV.f«is  of  the  virtuous  Euler  were  hardly  mentioned. 

•  1  frequently  fuggefteJ  the  idea  of  a  tranflation  to  more  than  one 
literary  Iricnd,  in  whole  ability  for  the  tafk  I  could  place  greater  con- 
fidence ihan  in  my  own  :  but,  not  fif^ding  it  undertaken,  I  determined, 
at  length,  to  a'lcmpt  it  ciyfclf,  with  the  ability  which  I  had;  and, 
in  doing  th:.s  I  coniidercd  myfelf  as  rendering  a  meritorious  fervice 
to  my  country. 

*  As  fcion  as  Providence  had  bellowed  on  me  the  blefling  of  child- 
ren, I  felt  it  to  be  my  duty  to  charge  myfelf  with  their  inflrudlion. 
How  1  h«ive  fuccceded,  it  becomes  not  me  to  fsy:  but  every  day  I 
live,  the  importance  of  enrly,  and  proper,  culture,  is  more  deeply 
imprtfied  on  my  mind.  Thrre  ftems  to  be  ilill  a  defidiratum  toward* 
ci>rr.pijiir.r.  the  plan  of  an  uiVful  education  — fomethjng  that  fhall  fug- 
gcl^  to  ilie  cpciiing  mind,  fuitable  fubjcds  of  thought,  and  affift  it  in 
purfuing  a  fimple  irain  of  rcflcdlicn — foxnetbing  that  (hall  convey 

knowledge 


Hunter*!  TranJIatlcn  o/Euler's  Letters^  165 

Lnowledge  in  the  goife  of  amufement;  that  fhall  not  be  iropofed  as  a 
uSl,  but  conferred  as  a  favour. 

*  The  fubjeds  of  thcfe  Letters,  and  the  Author's  method  of  treat- 
log  them,  feem,  to  me,  much  adapted  to  this  purpofe.  With  the 
kffidance  of  a  very  moderate  apparatus,  they  might  condu^  youth,  of 
.both  fexes,  with  equal  delight  and  eoiolument,  to  a  very  competent 
knowledge  of  natural  philofophy :  very  little  previous  elementary 
Icoowledge  is  necefTary  to  a  profitable  perufai  of  them,  and  that  little 
may  be  very  eaiily  acquired. 

*.  A  coniideraWe  part  of  our  common  fchool  edu<;ation,  it  is  well 
known,  confids  of  the  lludy  of  the  elegant  and  amufmg  poetical  fic- 
tions of  Antiquity.  Without  meaning  to  decry  this,  may  I  not  be 
permitted  to  hint,  that  it  might  be  of  importance  frequently  to  recall 
yoang  minds  from  an  ideal  world,  and  its  ideal  inhabitants,  to  the 
real  world,  of  which  they  are  a  part,  and  of  which  it  is  a  fhame  to  be 
-  ignorant.  Let  your  pupil,  by  all  means,  read  the  poets;  let  him 
read  Ovid,  and,  after  he  has  amufed  himfclf  with  the  golden  age  of 
old  Satam,  lead  him  out  into  the  open  firmament  of  heaven,  and 
fhew  him  the  venerable  planet  of  that  name,  coeval  with  time,  ycc 
Ihining  with  unimpaired  luftre,  after  (o  many  revolutions  of  ages. 
Having  adminillered  the  antidote  that  may  repel  the  poifon,  which  a 
difplay  of  the  lewd  intrigues  of  a  fabulous  Jupiter,  or  Venus,  nattt- 
fally  idIUII  ;  let  him  view,  through  the  teleicope,  the  two  beautiful 
ftacs  fb  called,  emitting  their  chade  and  modell  Light  to  the  nnpoU 
loced  eye  of  fobcr  reafon.  When  he  has  diverted  himfelf  with  the 
transformation  of  a  lady  into  a  bear,  and  that  bear  into  a  conftellai^ 
tioD,  point  out  to  him  the  heavenly  northern  light,  which  never 
changes  its  place,  and,  with  undeviating  fidelity,  conducts  the  ma- 
finer  through  the  feas  of  a  hemifphere.  Let  him  accompany  Phaeton 
to  the  palace  of  the  fun,  and  fmile  at  beholding  the  adventurous  bov 
moant  the  flaming  chariot ;  and  then  check  his  mirth,  by  pointing  tcv 
the  glorious  orb  of  day,  travelling  in  the  greatnefs  of  his  flren^jti?; 
not  dragged  round  the  earth  by  fiery- footed  Heeds,  but  wheeling 
world  on  worJd,  each  in  his  feveral  orbit,  around  him,  with  irrefiiliblc 
force.     « 

*  Why  (hould  not  the  boy  be  taught  the  principle  on  which  his  kite 
flies  ?  What  mere  pleafant  amufement  can  he  have,  than  to  commu- 
nicate to  the  needle  the  magnetic  virtue,  and  to  fleer  his  courfe 
through  the  hazel  grove,  by  a  compafs  of  his  own  conftrui^ing  ?  Why 
not  leach  hin>  to  elicit  the  elcdric  fpark  ;  and  to  aftonilli  and  delight 
his  fiflcrs  with  the  wonders  of  the  magic  lantern  ? 

*  KuLER.  wrote  thife  letters  for  the  inflrudion  of  a  young  and 
fenfible  female,  and  in  the  fame  view  that  they  were  written,  they 
are'tranflated,  namely,  the  improvement  of  the  female  mind ;  anob- 
je£l  of  what  importance  to  the  world  !  1  rejoice  to  think  1  have  lived 
to  fee  female  education  cor.duikd  00  a  more  liberal  and  enlarged  pUn. 
]  am  old  enough  to  remember  the  time,  when  well-born  young  wo- 
men, even  of  the  north,  could  fpell  their  own  language  but  \try  in- 
differently, and  fome,  hardly  read  it  with  common  decency ;  when 
the  young  lady's  hand- writing  prefented  a  medley  of  outIandi(h  cha- 
railers ;.  and  when  a  co'uma  cf  pounds,  ihillings,  and  pence,  pre- 
fented 


i66  Hunter'j  TranJlatitm^Sulef^t  tlHtifu 

fehted  a  labyrinth  as  inextricl^bte  as  the  rxtradtion  of  che  cobe  ><Nk» 
While  the  boys  of  the  family  were  converfing  with  Virgil,  perhapi 
With  old  Homer  himfcrlf,  the  poor  girls  were  condemned  to  croM«r 
ftitch,  dn  a  piece  of  gauze- canvas,  and  to  record  their  oivD  kge  at  the 
bottom  of  a  f^mpler^ 

*  They  are  now  treated  as  rational  beings,  and  fociety  is  alrifldy 
tbe  better  for  it.  And  wherefore  ihould  the  tQrm%  female  and  pbil^» 
yby  Mtci  a  ridiculous  coir.binacim  ?  Wherefore  preclude,  to  a  woman^ 
any  fource  of  knowledge  to  wnich  her  capacity,  and  condition  in  lifc» 
Entitle  her  to  appiv  ?  It  is  cruel  and  ungenerous  to  expofe  the' fri^ 
Volity  of  the  fcx,  after  reducing  it  to  the  nee*  fliry  of  being  (illy  and 
frivolous.  Cultiv?.te  a  young  woman's  under  Handing,  and  her  perfoii 
>will  become,  even  tv^  herfclf,  only  a  ft-oondary  concern  ;  let  her  tioife 
l>c  filled  up,  in  the  acquiiiiion  of  attainable  and  ufeful  knowledge,  and 
then  fhe  will  ceafe  to  be  a  burden  to  herfclf  and  every  body  about  her  ; 
Vnr^ke  her  acquainted  with  the  world  of  nature,  and  the  world  of  an 
Kvill  delude  her  no  lorigcr.* 

With  refpe£t  to  the  Annotations,  it  appears  that  the  prefeat 
tranflator  has  added,  to  thofe  which  were  inferted  in  the  Parts 
edition  of  the  original,  fome  Notes  of  his  own,  and  others  thit 
were  given  to  him  by  two  ingenious  friends,  whofe  names  he 
is  ndt  at  liberty  to  publifh.  He  juftly  remarks  that  *  the  courfe 
of  thirty- four  years,  of  a  fcientific  age,  muft  have  fupplied 
abundance  of  new  experiments,  by  which  the  philofophy  cff 
even  an  Eulcr  may  be  corrected  and  improved/  He  alfo  takes 
notice  that  he  has  caufcd  the  ^  illuflrative  plates  to  be  engraved 
in  a  better  (lyie  and  manner  than  the  French  artifts  generally 
employ  on  mathematical  figures.' 

We  obfervc,  at  the  end  of  the  fecond  volume,  a  Glossary 
of  the  foreign  fcientific  words  occurring  in  the  work  ;  an  addi- 
tion which  may,  in  fome  inftanccs,  prove  very  convenient  to 
fuch  young  readers  as  have  not  always  a  good  didionary  It 
hand,  for  the  purpofe  of  occafional  explanation. 

As  a  fpccimen  of  the  Hylc  of  M.  Euler,  in  his  philofophical 
correfpondence,  as  It  appears  in  Dr.  H.*s  vcrfion,  wc  fhall 
tranfcribe  his  letter 

*  On  the  Cold  felt  en  high  Mountains ,  and  at  great  Depths. 

*  It  appears  very  furpriz'mg,  that  we  fhould  feel  the  fame  degree 
of  cold  in  all  regions,  after  we  have  rifcn  to  a  certain  height,  fay 
24,000  feet ;  confiderinj  that  the  variations  with  rcfpedl  to  heat,  6a 
the  earth,  not  only  in  ditTcrcnt  climates,  but  in  the  fair.e  country,  at 
different  fcafons  of  the  yc.ir,  arc  fo  perceptible.  This  variety,  which 
takes  place  at  the  furfacc  of  the  globe,  is  undoubtedly  occaGoned  by 
the  fun.  It  appears,  at  firll  fight,  that  his  influence  mull  be  the  fame 
above  and  below,  cfpecially  when  we  reflcd^,  that  a  height  of  24,000 
feel,  or  a  mile,  though  very  great  with  refpeft  to  us,  and   even  far 

*  Ibeyond  the  height  of  the  loftiell  mountains,  is  a  mere  nothing,  corn- 
fared  to  the  didancc  of  the  fun,  which  is  about  thirty  miliions  of 

miles* 


HunfePx  TranJIatJon  of  EuUi^s  Lehifs.  167 

iliiles^*  This  is,  therefore!,  a  very  important  difficulty,  which  we 
ihQft  endeavoar  to  folve.  For  this  purpoie  I  begin  with  remarking* 
chat  the  rays  of  the  fan  do  not  commanicate  heat  to  any  bodies,  bat 
fuch  as  do  not  grant  thehi  a  free  paflage.  Yon  know  that  bodies, 
through  which  we  can  difcern  objeils,  are  denominated  tran/parent» 
^Uucidt  and  dtapbonous,  Thcfe  bodies  are  glafs,  cryfUl,  diambhd; 
water,  and  fever al  other  liquids,  though  fomc  are  more  or  lefs  tranf* 
parent  than  others.  One  of  thefe  tranfparent  bodies  being  expofed  t6 
the  fan,  is  not  heated  to  fuch  a  degree  as  a  body  not  tranfparent,  a^ 
irood,  iron,  &c.  Bodies  not  tran^arent  are  denominated  opaqMi.  A 
barniiig- glafs,  for  example,  by  tranfmitting  the  rays  of  the  fun,  fti% 
on  fire  opaque  bodies,  while  the  glafs  itfelf  is  not  fcnfibly  heated. 
Water  expofed  to  the  fun  becomes  fomcwhat  warm,  only  becaufe  it 
is  not  perfeAly  t-anfparent ;  when  we  fee  it  confxderably  heated  bjr 
the  fuQ  at  the  brink  oi  rivers,  it  is  becaufe  the  bottom,  being  an 
opaque  body,  is  heated  by  the  rays  which  the  water  tranfmits.  Now, 
every  heated  body  communicates  that  heat  to  all  adjoining  bodies  ; 
the  water  accordingly  derives  heat  from  the  bottom.  If  the  water  be 
very  deep,  fo  that  the  rays  cannot  penetrate  to  the  bottom,  it  has  nti 
perceptible  heat,  though  the  fun  bears  upon  it. 

*  As  air  is  a  very  tranfparent  body,  to  a  much  higher  degree  thah 
]glafs  Of  water,  it  follows,  that  it  cannot  be  heated  by  the  fun,  becaufe 
Vxt  rays  are  freely  tranfmitted  through  it.  The  heat  which  we  fre- 
quently feel  in  the  air,  is  communicated  to  it  by  opaque  bodies,  which 
the  rays  of  the  fun  have  heated ;  and  were  it  poffible  to  annihilate  all 
thefe  bodies,  the  air  would  fcarcely  undergo  any  change  in  its  tem- 
perature by  the  rays  of  the  fun :  cxpofid  to  it  or  not,  it  would  be 
equally  cold.  But  the  atmofphere  is  not  pcrfeftly  tranfparent:  it  is 
even  fotnetimes  fo  loaded  with  vnpours,  that  it  lofes  almort  entirely 
its  tranfparency,  anO  prefents  only  a  thick  fog.  When  the  air  is  in 
this  ftate,  the  rays  of  the  fun  have  a  more  powerful  influence  upon  it, 
and  heat  it  immediately. 

•  But  thefe  vapours  rife  to  no  great  height ;  at  the  height  of  2(;,ooo 
feet,  and  beyond,  tlie  air  is  fofubtile  and  fo  pure,  that  it  is  perfectly 
tranfparent;  and  for  this  reafon  the  rays  of  the  fun  cannot  imme- 
diately produce  nny  cfTedl  upon  it.  This  air  is  likewilc  too  remote 
from  lerrertrial  bodies,  tp  receive  a  communication  of  heat  from  them; 
they  aft  only  upon  fuch  as  are  a  jaccnt.  Hence  you  will  eafily  per- 
ceive, that  the  rays  of  the  fun  cannot  province  any  effcd  m  regions  of 
the  air  wtry  much  elev.i:cd  above  the  furface  of  the  eartli ;  and  that 
the  fame  degree  of  cold  mull  always,  and  univerfaMy,  prevail  in  fuch 
regions,  as  the  fun  has  no  influence  there,  and  as  the  heat  of  terref- 
trial  bodies  cannot  be  communicated  fo  far.  This  is  nearly  the  cafe 
on  the  fummitof  very  hi^h  mountain?,  where  it  is  alvvays  much  colder 
thin  on  plains  and  in  valiics  f . 

'  The 

*  *  Mr.  Euler  always  means  German  miles,  of  40CO  fathoms  each, 
or  fomewhat  under  4J  miles  Englilh.— £.  £.' 

*•.  f  There  are  clouds,  however,  above  thefe  mountains,  and  in  al- 
moin as  great  a  quantity  as  above  the  plains  which  is  demonftratcd  by 

the 


1 68  Hunter'^  Tran/aiUa  tfUuhrU  LitUrs* 

.  *  The  city  of  Quito,  in  Peru,  is  almoft  ander  the  equator,  and  \ 
we  to  form  our  judgment  from  Ity  fituation  on  the  globe,  we  would 
fuppofe  \t  oppreiTed  with  intolerable  heat;  the  air,  however. is  abond- 
kntly  temperate »  and  differs  very  little  from  that  of  Paris.  Quito 
is  (ituated  at  a  great  height  above  the  real  furface  of  the  earth.  In 
going  to  it  from  the  Tea  (hore,  you  have  to  afcend  for  feveral  days  ; 
It  is  accordingly  built  in  an  elevation  equal  to  that  of  our  "higheft 
mountains,  though  furrounded  by  others  flill  much  higher,  called  the 
Cordeliers.  This  lail  circumibnce  would  afford  a  reaibn  for  thinkiog, 
that  the  air  there  mud  be  as  hot  as  at  the  furface  of  the  earth,  as  it  is 
contiguous,  on  all  f:des,  to  opaque  bodies,  on  which  the  rays  of  the 
fun  fall.  I'he  objcfdlion  is  folid  ;  and  no  folution  can  be  given  but  this. 
That  the  air  at  Quito»  being  very  elevaftd,  mud  be  much  more  fob- 
tile,  and  of  lefs  gravity  than  with  us ;  and  the  barometer^  wluch 
always  ftands  confiderably  lower,  incontedably  proves  it. 

*  Air  of  fuch  a  quality  is  not  fo  fufceptible  of  heat  as  commoB  asr» 
as  it  mud  contain  lefs  vapour  and  other  particles  which  ufually  float  in 
the  atmofpbcre;  and  we  know  by  experience,  that  air,  very  much 
loaded,  is  proportionably  fufceptible  of  heat.  I  mud  here  fubjoia 
another  plienomenon,  no  lefs  furprizing:  In  very  deep  pits,  and 
lower  dil!,  \t  it  were  dill  podible  to  defccnd,  the  fame  degree  of  heat 
always,  and  univerfally,  prevails,  and  nearly  for  the  fame  reafon. 
As  the  rays  of  the  fun  exert  their  influence  only  on  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  and  as  the  heat  which  they  there  excite  communicates  itfelf  up 
and  down,  this  cfFed,  at  very  great  depths,  is  almod  imperceptible. 
The  fame  thing  holds  rtfpciUng  confiderable  heights.  This  elucida- 
tion will,  1  flauermyfelf,  prove  faiisfadory*.* 

Thefc 

the  fnows  which  cover  the  highcd  fummits.    There  are  few  naturalids 

who  have  not  been  furprized  by  clouds  in  their  excurfions  upon  the 

mountains.      1  iie  heat  tiiat  is  felt  when  fuch  clouds  are  formed,  matt 

•  be  attributed  almod  entirely  to  the  tranfmiflion  of  the  water  which 

'  found  itfelf  didblved  in  the  air,  under  the  form  of  eladic  fluid,  to  a 

liquid  date.     The  heat  of  the  folar  rays,  intercepted  by  the  cloud, 

can  produce  no  change  in  the  inferior  temperature,  as  it  would  have 

.  been  tranfmittcd  from  the  grourd.—F.  E,* 

*  •  The  rcafcn  which  ProfcfTor  Euler  afljgns  for  the  cold  that  pre- 
vails in  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmofphere  feems  plaufible,  but  viiil 
not  dand  an  accurate  examination.  Light  is  much  impaired  in  its 
pafTage  through  the  atmofphere,  and  the  heat  communicated  is  in  every 
cafe  proportional  to  the  quantity  of  abforption.  It  appears,  from  fome 
ingenious  experiments  of.M.  Bougucr,  that  we  receive  only  four-fifths 
of  the  rays  of  a  vertical  fun ;  and  when  that  luminary  approaches  the 
horizon,  the  portion  of  hii  light,  which  reaches  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  is  much  fmalltr.  Thus,  at  an  elevation  of  20  degrees,  it  is 
one-half;  at  that  of  10  degrees,  one-third;  and  at  that  of  hyc  de- 
grees, one  oighih.  Hence,  the  fun-beams  are  mod  powerful  on  the 
fummits  of  lolly  mountains,  for  they  fuffer  the  greated  diminution  in 
psfling  through  the  dcnfe  air  of  the  lower  regions.  If  the  air  derived 
its  heat  from  the  furface  of  the  earth,  thole  countries  would  be  warm- 

eft 


kunter*/  TranJktUn  of  Ruler's  Litters.  1 69 

Thefe  volumes  have  beenmiflaid,  for  fome  months,  and  have 
but  very  lately  been  recovered.  We  are  truly  forry  that, 
by  this  accident,  our  notice  of  a  publication  of  fo  much  merit 
basbecn  fo  long  protrafled.  Pi%T. 

cfl  which  enjoyed  the  grcateii  quantity  of  fun-ihine.  The  Dritifll 
iflaodt  are  ihrouded  in  clouds  nine  months  of  the  year  ;  yet  our  cli- 
mate is  milder  than  that  of  the  fame  parallel  on  the  Continent,  where 
the  (ky  is  generally  fercne.  The  elevated  town  of  Quito,  expofed  to 
a  brilliant  fun,  enjoys  a  temperate  air;  while  the  Peruvian  plaint* 
(haded  with  fleecy  clouds,  are  parched  with  heat.  Were  the  reafon- 
iDg  in  the  text  to  be  admitted,  we  Ihould  conclude,  that  the  tops  of 
moantains  are  warmer  than  their  bafes.  To  fay  that  air,  much  rare- 
fied, is  not  fufceptible  of  heat,  is  a  very  extraordinary  alTertion,  fince 
we  are  acquainted  with  no  fuDllance  whatever  that  may  not  be  heated. 
Befides»  a  more  intenfe  cold  may  be  artificially  produced  than  what 
prevails  in  the  lofty  regions  of  the  atmofphere.  We  muft  recur  to 
other  principles  for  the  true  iblution  of  the  fafl.  It  is  indifferent  what 
portion  of  the  air  fird  receives  the  heat;  the  efFefl  depends  entirely 
on  the  nature  of  its  didribution.  If  the  atmofphere  were  of  an  am- 
form  denfity  throughout,  the  heat  would,  at  all  heights,  be  likewife 
the  fame.  But  as  the  denfity  varies  according  to  the  altitude,  the 
diftribotion  of  heat  is  affected  by  that  circum (lance,  and  follows  a  cer- 
tain €Orrefponding  law.  I  would  gladly  develope  the  principles  from 
which  this  theory  is  deduced,  but  the  popular  nature  of  the  prefent 
treatife  forbids  all  abftradl  difcalGon.  I  (hall,  therefore,  content  my- 
felf  with  giving  a  table  of  the  diminution  of  heat  at  different  altitudei. 

Dimioucion  of  heat,  in  degrees  of 
Altitude  in  feet.  Farenheit. 

3,000      —  —  —       |2<> 

6,oco     —         —         —        —     24^ 
9,000     —         —        —        —     38 
12,000     —         —        —        —     53 
15,000     —        —        —         _    68| 
i8,coo    —        —        —        —     86i^ 
2 1, coo    —         —        —        —    94I 
'  The  diminution  of  heat,  on  the  afcent,  is  not  quite  (o  great  m 
extenflve  continents ;  for  the  incercourfe  between  the  rare  and  the 
denfe  portions  of  the  atmofphere  is,  in  this  cafe,  necefTarily  flow,  and 
the  heat,  which  is  principally  formed  at  the  furface,  will  only  be  par- 
tially difperfed. 

*  It  is  a  common  millake  to  fuppofe,  that  the  fame  heat  obtains,  at 
a  certain  depth,  in  every  part  of  the  globe.  The  faft  is,  that  heat, 
originally  derived  from  the  fun,  is  communicated  very  flowly  to  the 
matter  below  the  fur/ace,  which,, therefore,  does  not  feel  the  vicifli- 
tude  of  feafons,  but  retains  the  average  temperature  of  the  climate 
for  many  ages.  Hence  the  utility  of  examining  tht  heat  of  fprings, 
which  is  the  iame  m\\\  that  of  the  fubflances  through  which  th<ty  flow. 
The  following  table  exhibits  the  average  heat  of  pUces  on  the  level  of 
the  fea,  confiputed  by,  the  celebrated  aiUoooiaqr»  FrofciTor  Mejer^  for 
•very  five  degrees  of  l^litUdc. 
.    Riv.  Oct,  1796.  N  Latitude, 


(    170    ) 


Art*  XI*  Letters  to  Mr.  Archdeacon  Travis^  in  Vifidication  of  one 
of  the  Trandator's  Notes  to  Michaelis's  Introdu^ion,  and  in  Coa- 
firmiiion  of  the  Opinion,  that  a  Greek  Manufcripty  now  preferred 
in  the  Public  Library  of  the  Univerfity  of  Cambridge,  is  one  of 
the  Seren,  which  are  quoted  by  R.  Stephens  at  i  John  t.  j,  Widi 
an  Appendix,  containing  a  Review  of  Mr.  Travis's  Collation  of 
the  Greek  MSS  which  he  examined  in  Paris:  an  ExtraA  from 
Mr.  Pappelbaum's  Treatife  on  the  Berlin  MS. :  and  an  Eflaf  on 
the  Origin  and  Objed  of  the  Velefian  Readings.  By  the  Traofhtor 
ofMichaelis.  8vo.  pp.344.  Ss.  Boards.  Printed  at  Leipng; 
and  fold  by  R.  Marfh,  Fleet-ftreet,  London.     1795* 

.T)oiNTS  in  theology  and  biblical  criticifm  are  contefted  with 
X^  as  much  waronth  and  obftinacy  by  Uivinen,  as  caflles  and 
fortified  places  are  by  military  men  ;  every  inch  of  groiuid  is 
'difputed  ;  and  refiftance  is  protra£^ed  when  fubmiffion  wcNild  be 
'more  prudient  and  manly.  This  has  been  the  cafe  in  the  con- 
;troverfy  refpcding  the  authenticity  of  the  paflage  in  i  Johii  t.j. 
5Mr.  Porfon's  letters  to  Mr.  Travis  *  fo  completely  dcDon* 
,'flrsited,  as  far  as  the  matter  was  capable  of  demooftration,  that 
this  paflage  was  an  interpolation,  that  we  thought  nothing  wu 
kit  for  Nlr.  Travis  to  do  but  ingenuoufly  to  own  his  iniftake» 
and  to  confent,  with  the  great  majority  of  fcripture  critica,  tt> 
regard  it  as  abfolutely  fpuriouF.  Mr.  Travis,  however,  is  not 
yet  prepared  to  make  this  acknowledgment.  He  does  not  yet 
confider  himfelf  fufficiently  overcome  to  think  of  funendering 
at  difcretion,  nor  even  of  capitulating.  Not  fatisfied  with 
having  to  contend  with  the  learning  and  abilities  of  a  Porfon, 
be  throws  down  the  gauntlet  to  another  doughty  chaospion  in 
the  department  of  facred  literature,-~the  tranflator  and  anno* 
tator  of  Michaelis;  but,  when  he  reads  thefe  letters  in  reply, 
he  muft  furely  repent  of  having  prolonged  the  conteft^  and  of 
•  See  Rev.  vol.  v.  N.  S.  p.  42. 


LMitttde. 

Average  Temperature. 

Lstitudc. 

ATeiage  TcaMntw*. 

0     — 

—     84' 

50  — 

-  ssi'^ 

5    — 

—     83* 

55    — 

—    49 

10    — 

—     8i-«- 

60    — 

""    45 

»s  — 

-     8oi 

65    - 

-    Jii 

20    — 

-     78 

70    — 

-   38 

85     — 

-    74i 

75    — 

-    3Si 

30    — 

—    7> 

80    — 

-    33* 

35    — 

-    67 

85    - 

-    3«i 

40    — 

—    624 

90    — 

—    3* 

45    — 

—    58 

<  By  complHng  this  table  with 

the  preceding. 

it  is  jctfy  to  diTco- 

»er,  for  »njr 

latitude,  the  a]titad( 

:  of  the  curve 

of  Mngeladon,  'or 

whkK  the  mnge  teaifenMre  il , 

laW.*.'  . 

• 

bnring 


Marians  Litttrs  to  Mr.  Archdeacon  Travis;         17 1 

having   made  fuch  vain  attempts*  to  defend  ground  abfolutely 
untenable  in  the  prefence  of  an  enemy. 

The  fadi  IS,  that,  notwithftanding  the  mod  diligent  fearch 
through  the  libraries  of  Europe,  notliing^  has  beendifcoveredto 
render  it  even  probable  thn:  there  ever  cxifted  an  antient  Greek 
MS.  which  contained  the  tufpt^fied  paflage  in  i  John  v.  j  ;  yet 
that  does  not  fatisfy  its  advocate*;,  who  contend  that  there  were 
in  being,  in  the  i6:h  century,  MSb.  which  contained  it,  and 
that  fuch  MSS.  were  ufed  by  K.  Stephens  in  his  celebrated  edi- 
tion of  the  Greek  Teitament.  Hov/  this  notion  originated, 
and  on  what  flender  evidence  it  rciis,  Mr.  Marflx  well  explains 
in  bis  preface : 

•  That  they,  who  arc  unacquainted  wJfh  Stephens's  celebrated 
edidon  of  the  Gieelc  Teilamcu,  whica  was  publifh*  d  in  1550,  ma/ 
comprehend  in  what  manner  the  qiicHiuii  to  ic  its  rife  whether  Ste- 
phens had  really  fuch  MSS.  or  not,  ic  will  be  neceflary  to  explain 
the  plan^  which  he  adopted  in  this  edition.  The  text  is  a  re-im« 
preffioD  of  the  fifth  edition  of  Erafmus,  with  a  few  alterations^  which, 
in  the  whole  N.  T.  according  to  Weiflein,  do  not  exceed  twenty.  la 
the  margin^  Stephens  quotes  various  readings,  from  the  Compluten- 
fian  edition,  and  from  fifteen  Greek  manufcripts,  eight  of  which 
were  borrowed  from  the  King's  Library,  fix  were  procured  from 
various  quarters,  and  one  was  collated  in  luly.  Thefe  fixteen  copies ' 
he  denotes,  when  he  quotes  various  readings  from  them,  by  the 
Greek  namerals  d,  ^,  y,  S(c.  as  far  as  ^r^  1'he  Codex  a,  he  quotes 
throoghout  the  whole  New  Teflament,  bccaufe  the  Complutenfian, 
like  other  printed  editions,  contains  the  whole.  Of  his  fifteen  MSS» 
he  quotes  fomein  one  part,  fome  in  another,  but  none  throughout  the 
whole  N.  T. :  for  Greek  MSS.  in  general  are  not  like  printed  edi« 
dons,  but  contain  commonly  only  parts  of  the  New  Te/lament.  In 
the  Catholic  Epidles,  Stephens  has  quoted  only  feven  manufcripts : 
confequcntly,  in  thefe  Epiillcs  he  collated  only  feven,  for,  if  he  had 
collated  more,  he  of  courfc  would  have  quoted  more.  Thefe  feven 
he  denotes  by  the  numerals  /,  /,  ^',  A',  I,  »»,  »y,  of  which  the  four 
m:2rked  ^',  t,  ^',  »',  were  from  the  King's  Library,  and  the  other 
three  oT,  la,  »y,  were  among  the  fix,  which  he  had  procured  elfewhere. 
At  I  John  V.  7.  the  difputed  paflage  (lands  thus  in  Stephens's  text : 

tau  r^iTi  Un»  c*  fux^v^hiTi<i  it  tS  7^ :  which  pafTage  is  worded  cxadtly 
as  it  is  in  the  fifth  (not  the  third)  edition  of  Erafmus,  nor  is  any  al- 
teration made  in  the  arrangem-nt,  excpt  thiit  Eralmus  has  a^tov  after 
riiJ^x,  but  Robert  Stephens  before  it.  In  the  margin  oppofite  to 
ijohn  V.  7.  Stephens  has  quoted  the  fe  en  MSS.  juft  mentioned, 
«ith  an  obelus  prefixed,  which  denotes  that  thefe  feven  MSS.  agreed 
in  omiitina  certain  words  cc:. tamed  in  his  own  fxt.  The  number  of 
words  omitted  in  the  quoted  ?4SS.  he  determines  by  placing  in  his 
teat  an  obelus  before  the  ErH  word,  and  a  little  crotchet,  in  the  fhape 
of  a  femicircle,  and  of  the  iize  of  a  comma,  atter  the  laft  word.  At 
At  pla^^  JA  queftion,  ihe  obelus  ia.fet  before  w,  which jprccades 

N  a  ij 


fpL        Marfh*i  htiiiiri  to  Mr*  Archdeacon  Travtf. 

Ttf  H^svJy  and  the  femicircle  immediacel/  afcer  i^%\^\  fo  that  by  ihi^ 
notation  the  words  iy  t^  tf'outfiy  and  not  the  whole  paHage^  are  repre* 
fented  as  wanthig  in  thefe  fcven  manufcripts.     But  as  compoiicora  are 
HOC  infallible,  and  marks  of  reference  aire  frequently  placed  wroag 
ihrough  various  accidents  in  printings  this  edition  of  R..  Stephens  had 
aot  been  publifhed  many  years,  when  Lucus  Brugenfis  fufpecled  that 
Stephens's  compofkor  bad  here  made  a  milhkc,  and  that  he  ought  to 
have  fet  the  crotchet,  not  afcer  «.a»w  bat  after  y^,  that  is,  at;er  the 
hH  word  of  the  controverted  paifTage,  and  not  after  the  third :  (or 
even  in  the  fixteench  century  it  was  well  known,  that  the  Greek  MS9. 
in  general  omitted  the  whole  pail'age,  but  no  cne  either  befpre  v 
fince  the  time  of  R.  Stephens  has  ever  feen  a  Greek  MS.  whidi 
omitted  the  three  firfl  words  only.     This  however  was  not  admitted 
by  the  advocates  of  i  Johji  v.  7.,  who  ftill  quoted  thefe  fevea  MSS. 
as  authority,  not  indeed  for  the  whele  palikge,  but,  what  is  of  fone 
importance  in  a  caie  cf  neceility,  for  at  lead  thice  quarters  of  ft. 
\About  an  hundred  years  nicer  the  time  of  Lucas  Brugeniis»   Simon 
examined  all  the  Greek  MSS.  in  the  library  of  the  King  of  France, 
and  found  that  not  only  \;  t^.  i^y,^Z,  bu:  that  all  the  following  words, 
as  {i^T  as  ir  T^  >r>  were  waiting  in  them  all :  and,  as  four  out  of  (he 
ievcn,  which  Stephens  has  quoted  at  i  John  v.  7.  bad  been  borrowed 
from  this  library,  though  Siaion  did  not  attempt  to  determine  what 
'particular  four,  he  concluded  that  Stenhens's  reprefentation  at  cbat 
pafTage  was  inaccurate.     To  evade  this  argument,  the  patrons  of 
Stephens's  femicircle  had  recourfe  to  rhe  hypothecs,  chat  the  eight 
MSS.  v^hich  in  the  rime  of  R.  biephen;,  belonged  to  the  King^s 
library,  were  no  logger  tiiere>  and  even  that  they  were  no  longer  in 
exigence  :  a  pof-tion,  which  though  wholly  incapabfe  of  defence,  u 
inJifpenfably  ncce/fary  for  ;hofe,  v.\\o  maintain  that  the  femicircle  is 
fet  right,  becaufc  the  \?bS.  which  tlill  exrd,  both  in  Paris  and  in 
other  pfaces,  decide  agaiufl  them.      From  this  untenable  pcft  they 
'weie  urivcn  a  few  years  afterwards  by  Le  Long,  who  in  lyzoander* 
took  to  determine  the  particular  eight  MSS.  in  the  royal  library, 
which  had  been  ufed  by  Robert  Stephens,  and  confequently  four  oat 
of  the  fevcp,  which  are  quoted  at  1  John  v.  7.     Thefe  eight  MSS.  he 
imperfe^Iy  defcribed  in  the  Journal  des  ^^ivans  for  June  20  :  but  he 
gave  a  more  complete  and  more  accurate  account  of  them-ln  the  edi- 
tion of  his  Siblioiheca  facra,  which  was  publiihedin  1723,  foonaher 
Che  death  of  the  author. 

*  From  this  period  Stephens's  femicircle  was  abandoned  to  its  fate: 
it  dwindled  gradually  iaio  oblivion,  and  no  one  entertained  the  fmalleft 
hope,  that  anoihcr  effort  would  be  made  In  its  favour.  Bed  multa  re- 
nq/cenfur,  qme  jam  ctcidere, — The  Rev.  Mr.  Archdeacon  Travis  has 
engaged,  after  an  interval  of  above  fifty  years,  to  reftore  it  to  its  lott 
'  honours,  has  ardertakcn  to  prove  that  it  is  jullly  entitled  to  its  p!acc> 
and  that  they  who  a(f;:rt  the  contrary  are  faife  acciifcrs.* 

This  champion  for  S'.cphens*s  crotchet  takes  a  journey  U> 
Paris,  for  the  purpofc  of  examining  the  MSS.  in  the  RoyaM.!- 
brary,  faid  by  Le  Long  to  have  been  the  identical  MSS.  ufed  by 
Ifepbens.  In  colhting  them,  Mp-Tram  foiiilui  feafooy  iccon)- 


Mirfli*!  LMtrs  t9  Mrs  Arcbdetcon  Travis.         X73 

ing  to  his  own  ftatement,  to  qucftion  Lc  Long's  aflcftion  of 
their  being  ihc  fame  that  Stephens  confulted  in  colleding  his 
marious  readings  ;  and,  on  the  (irength  of  this  fuppofed  difco* 
very,  he  contends  for  the  accuracy  of  the  printer  iStephcns  in 
this  inftance,  and  pledges  himfelf  to  maintain  the  circle  in  its 
^ace.  Unfortunately  for  Mr.  Travis,  Mfi  Marfti  fiumbled 
on  a  MS.  in  the  public  library  of  Cambridge  at  prefent  mark^i-. 
cd  K.  k.  6.  4.  which,  in  d  note  to  his  Tranflation  of  Michaelis's 
Ifitrodudioffi,  {yoI.  ii.  p.  789,)  he  gave  his  reafons  for  fop- 
poiing  to  be  the  very  M^.  which  Stephens  had  quoted  lijr' 
she  mark  iy\  and,  as  this  MS.  omits  not  only  iv  t%  i^antS^ 
but  all  the  paiTage  including  tv  td  yif\^  and  as  Stephens  quotes 
all  the  fcven  MSS.  of  the  Catholic  lipiQles  for  this  omiffion»  it. 
follows  {as  Mf .  Marfli  faid)  that,  if  one  omitted  the  paflage,  all 
drd  the  fame, — whether  they  were  at  Paris  or  Pckin.  This 
reduced  Mr.  Travis  to  the  alternative  of  either  giving  vp^  the 
point,  or  of  <:ombat4ng  Mr.  Mar(h*s  argumenf.  He  chofe 
the  latter ;  and,-  having  endeavoured  to  invalidate  Mr.  M.'s 
feafbns  for  fuppofing  the  MS.  marked  in  the  library  of  the 
Univerfity  of  Cambridge  K.  k.  6.  4.  to  be  the  very  fame  that 
Stephens  <dtftingui(hed  by  the  mark  ly^  Mr..Mar(h  now  fleps 
forwards  to  vindicate  his  notes,  afid  to  prove  more  at  length  the 
abfolute  identity  of  the  MS.  K.  k.  6  4*  and  Stephens's  MS.  /y. 
From  thefe  Letters  being  printed  in  Germany,  we  conjecture 
that  they  were  written  in  that  country  ;  and,  if  the  author  has 
imitated  German  prolixity,  he  will  be  readily  pardoned  by  the 
fcbolar,  on  account  of  the  patient  and  perfevering  refearchi  and 
the  folid  learning  and  accuracy,  which  he  difpiays.  The  evi* 
dence  that  he  brings,  and  the  arguments  that  he  employs,  in 
fupport  of  his  opinion  are  fo  complete,  that  we  think  he  m*ght 
have  fpared  his  algebraical  theorem  (in  Letter  4)  as  urneceflary. 
As  a  fpecimen,  however^  of  his  mode  of  double  attack,  in 
combining  mathematics  with  critical  inquiry,  we  will  extrafi 
lihort  paflage  from  Letter  4.  After  having  regularly  demon- 
firated  that  the  probability  in  favour  of  the  identity  of  the  MSS« 
is  to  the  probability  of  the  contrary  as  two  nonilJions  to  unity, 
he  fays, 

•  To  doubt  therefore,  I  will  not  Fay  deny,  would  require  a  degree 
cf  fcepiicifm,  which  would  bid  defiance  to  that  of  Pyrrho  himfclT.— 
The  precfding  denionftraiion  is  a  dircft  one  :  but  it  may  be  given  !n 
the  form  ofa  redudtio  ad  abfurdum,  thus.  The  Codex  Vatabli,  /.  (, 
MS.  K.  k.  6.  4.  is  c:ther  the  fame  as  the  Codex  iy>  or  it  is  not.  If 
it  is  not  the  fame,  it  was  morally  certain,  when  I  began  to  collate  it, 
that  I  fliould  not  find  in  it  the  two  and  twenty  readings  above  men* 
tioQcd,  which  are  quoted  by  Stephens  from  the  Codex  »y.  For  it  has 
been  proved  in  the  D^smonftration  of  the  General  Theorem  that  the 

N  ^  pxDbabilKy 


t74'       Mttlti*iLeh&tt$  Mr,  Archdeiedn  Tni?if« 

probabiliry  of  not  find  ingthcm  was      ,^      , —  i  to  i,  which  ( 

ftitutei,  as  already  obferved»  a  moral  certainty.  But  I  really  did  find 
them  in  the  Codex  Vatabli,  as  you  yourfelf  acknoivlrd^e.  The  fop- 
pofitien  therefore  that  :he Gdex  Stcphani  i>»  and  Crdex  VaUbii,  are 
dtflfcDrent  mantifcripts»  involves  an  abfurdity :  coafequently  they  are 
one  and  the  fame.' 

In  the  Appendix,  No.  I.  he  examines  the  arguments  em* 
ployed  by  Mr.  Travis  to  prove  that  the  eight  MbS.  bonro«red. 
by  K.  Stephens  from  the  Royal  Libiary  in  Paris,  and  quoted  in 
his  Greek  Teftament  of  1 5  50  by  the  marks  y,  3;  c,  r ,  ^,  u,>,  m 
aire  not  the  fame  with  the  MSS.  which  are  at  prefcnt  numbered 
in  that  library,  84,  106, 1 12,  72,  47^  or  49,  62,  102,  234. 

In  this  examination  or  review,  which  '  is  very  minute,  %tA 
purfued  to  a  confiderable  length,  Mr.  Marfti  notices  \A$% 
Travis's  inaccuracies  and  hafly  concluGons :  he  accufts  him 
of  producing. evidence  which  Stephens  has  not  given,  apd  of 
fupprefling  that  which  he  has.  As  it  would  be  entertaining  to 
vecy  few  readers,  we  (hall  not  dwell  on  tuis  controveriy  about 
the  identity  of  MSS.  but  delay  our  progrcis  rficrely  to  exhibit 
Ji  fpecimen  of  Mr..M.'s  review,  detcding  a  laughable  miftake 
into  which  Mr.  T.  has  fallen. 

*  Codex  Stephani ; Ccdcx  ftt-giiis  iii, 

f  To  prove  that  the  MS.  1 12  is  not  Stephens's  MS.  1,  yon  have 
produced  eight  examples,  of  which  th.^  firft  is  t'alfe,  snd  the  fifth 
proves  nothing.  And  to  prove  tliat  the  MS.  :  1 2  is  neither  Stephens*! 
t»  nor  any  other  of  his  MSS.  yoa  have  quoted  nine  examples,  of 
which  the  three  (irft  are  falfe,  the  foanh  provrs  rather  againll  your 
opinion  than  for  it,  and  the  five  laft  provt-  nothir;;. 
I,  '  In  the  former  fet,  yocr  firil  example  is  of  lo.  curious  a  nature^ 
that  I  mull  relate  the  hlilory  of  it  at  full  length,  ilubcrt  Stephens  in 
jiis  firll  edition  of  the  Grctk  Te (lament  hud  printed  the  words  m  aji:X- 
ifSivT-arrcf  /xoi  (i  rji  raAi^ymria,  Matth.  xix.  zH.  without  a  comma  be- 
tween y^'A  and  h\  in  the  fame  manner  as  Efafmus  had  done,  who  con- 
he^fed  cy  T^  voikkyyiMtAx  with  ci  ax.T^rts-airi;  fAcim  In  his  fecond  cdi* 
Wn,  Stephens  adopted  the  punduation  of  his  father  in  IawColi.iaeus» 
opd  inferted  a  comma  before  ly  rn  xaXi>^i9.£r>ft,  which  feparates  this 
expreffion  from  the  preceding  words,  and  refers  it  to  xx^'i(n:r^g  io  the 
latter  part  of  the  verfe.  In  his  third  edition  he  again  followed  the 
pun£luation  adopted  by  firafmus ;  but  as  his  five  MSS.  7,  l»  §,  ^»  k^, 
lad  the  ponduation  of  his  fecond  cdirion,  arid  the  pofition  of  the  flop 
makes  in  this  place  an  alteration  in  the  fenfe^  he  thought  it  neccflary 
to  remark,  that  five  of  his  MSS.  had  a  (lop  before  i;  rr,  irayayyms-la, 
which  he  has  exprefled  in  Greek,  in  the  following  manner:  nf^  tZ, 
h  ri  nra^yytftaisit  ^tfroXv  ix,^o'i  to  ^t  ^  i,  (t  »0.  In  decyphering  thefe 
words  you  hive  unfortunately  conflrucd  the  Greek  prepofition  «^ 
like  the  Latin  fro,  and  have  taken  it  in  the  fenfe  of  '*  for/*  or  "  in* 
itcad«f/'  which  inGreek;Sir,isexprefledby«frri.  Hence  yoa  conclod- 
8  cd. 


Marfh'i  hnurs  u  Mr.  Archdeacoa  Travis.        t^j^ 

•d,  tha(  Stephens  meant  to  fay, "  inflead  of  m  t^  itA>Ayyiy.o^ka  the  MSS. 
y»^»t9{$t^9  read  JiaroAijy  tx'^^»*'  and  have  accordingly  duoted'ot* 
*jM;ut6ii0'aiTf>  fMi  ^ictroXi]*  i'^^t'ri  orw.,  as  the  reading  of  the  Codex  Ste« 
phani  §,  which  you  fay  contradidls  the  reading  of  the  MSS.  112.  Tho 
teamed  DoAors  of  the  Sorbonne,  in  examining  the  very  edition,  i^ 
which  yoQ  have  been  fo  unfcr:una:e»  fell  into  the  contrary  miftake^ 
and  took  the  various  readings  in  Stephens's  margin  for  (he  anaota- 
tions  of  the  editor,  which  chsy  condemned  as  containing  heretic^ 
Joahnes.' 

After  having  beftowed  all  poffible  attention  on  the  refu)tp( 
Mr.  Travis's  journey  to  Paris,  Mr.  M.  feels  himfelf  difpbfed 
to  retort  the  feverity  of  language  employed  by  his  antagbhift':' 
bat  he  contents  himfelf  wiih  applying  toMr.T.'s  cdlation 
the  follbwing  words  of  Cicero  ;  Valeat  in  epinionibus  et  firjm^ 
nihuM  impiritorum^  ab  ingeniis  prudentimm  npudiitur  :  vehemeniiS 
iabeat  repentinos  impetus^  Jpatto  interpofito  it  eaufa  cognita  eonft" 
mfcat. 

Appendix,  No.  II.  is  intended  ro  prove,  by  extrads  firon^ 
Mr.  Pappeibaum,  that  the  Berlin  MS.  or  the  C§dix  Ravianusi 
is  nothing  nriore  than  a  copy  of  the  Complutenfian  edition^ 
with  variations  interfperfed  from  Stephens's  edition  of  I550> 
or  a  mere  intpofture. 

The  laft  Number  of  the  Appendix  contains  an  elaborate 
proof  of  a  propofition  advanced  in  the  3d  Letter  concerning  the 
Velefian  Readings,  in  which  it  is  afieited  that  tbefe  readings 
were  not  taken  immediately  either  from  Greek  or  even  from 
Latin  MSS  but  from  Robert  Stephens's  edition  of  the  VuN 
eate,  publiflied  at  Paris  in  1540:  thai  the  obje^S,  which  the 
Marquis  of  Velez  h^d  in  view,  in  framing  this  collection  of 
readings,  was  not  to  fupport  the  Vulgate  in  general,  but  the 
text  of  this  edition  in  particular,  wherever  it  varied  from  the 
text  of  Stephens's  Greek  Teltament,  printed  in  1550  ;  and 
that,  with  this  view,  he  tranflated  into  Greek  the  readings  of 
the  former  which  varies  from  the  latter,  except  where  Ste* 
phens's  Greek  margin  fupplied  him  with  the  readings  which 
he  wanted,  and  where  he  had  only  to  tranfcribe  and  not  to 
tranflate. 

By  the  multitude  of  evidence  adduced  by  this  laborious  bib* 
Ileal  fcholar  in  fupport  of  his  opinion  retpedking  the  Velefian 
Readings,  he  appears  to  have  approached  as  near  todemonftra- 
tion  as  (he  fuhjedl  will  admit ;  and,  while  he  displays  his  own 
diligence,  be  deteds  the  arts  that  have  been  employed  to  pre- 
fcrve  the  errors  which  have  crept  into  the  facrcd  text,  and  jto 
prevent  the  genuine  readings  of  antient  MSS.  from  appearing 
in  the  verfions  and  editions  now  in  u(e. 

On  the  whole,  this  volume  does  Mr.  Marfli  much  credit  on 
the  fcore  of  diligence  and  critical  capacity  \  and  from  a  gentle- 

N  4  man 


t76  Mijk  JEItiDilftmV  Tranjlatton  vf'a  HintU$  Raj^h^s  Littirs. 

mtn  of  fo  nuch  real  learning,  and  fuch  ardent  application,  the 
public  may  exped  works  more  important  and  more  generally 
interefting.  We  are  happy  to  find  that  he  is  employed  in 
preparing  the  remainder  of  Michadis*s  work  for  the  EngliOl 
prefs. 

I3»  The  third  edition  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  Travi^'a  Letters 
to  Mr.  Gibbon,  publifhed  in  17949  [fee  M.  Kev.  vol.  xvi. 
p.  218,]  contains  the  remarks  to  which  Mr.  Marfb  replies  in 
the  prefent  work. 


Art.  XII.     Leffers  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah  \  written   prcvions  tp.  and 

dnriog  the  Pf^riod  of  his  Relidence  in  England.     To  which  is  pre- 

'  fixed  a  Preliminary  DiiTcrrtation  on  the  Hiftoryt  R^ligiun^and  Maa- 

'  ners  of  the  Hindoos.     By  Eiiza  Hamilion.     2  Vols.     8vo.     los. 

Boards      Robinfons.     179^* 

IMPRESSED,  from  the  moment  at  which  we  begin  to   think, 
with   many  gratuitous  notions  ;  bred   up  with  local  preju- 
dices ;  accuftomtrd  to  refpe£l  certain  inditutions,  and  to  con* 
found  acquired  habits  with  natural  in(^in£is  ;  we  view  at  a  ma- 
turer  age,  without  furprife,  the  complex  ftrudure  of  refined  fo« 
ciety.     It  becomes  difficult  to  difentangle  the  perfjexttjr  of  its 
combinations  ;  to  feparate  thnt  which  isefiential  to  its  exiftenct, 
from  what  is  added  by  caprice;  and  that  which  is  conducive 
to  our  h^ppinefs,  from  what  is  illufive  or  pernicious.     An  in- 
geniLUS  uevire  pradliied  for  this  purpofe,  by  the  learned,  has 
been  the  introdutSiion  of  individuals  of  a  diiiant  nation,  unac- 
quainted with  our  opinions  and  untainted  with  our  prejudices, 
but  imbued  with  other  opinions  and  other  prejudices  of  a  con- 
trary tendency  \  the  oppofuion  of  which  furniihes  us  at  once 
with  an  agreeable  entertainment,  and  an  inflrudive  moral  leflbn. 
By  the  tliufioi)  of  fine  writing,  we  can  pUce  ourfelves  in  the 
iituation  of  this  ilian^er  ;  admire  and  wonder  at  ohjedls  which 
we  have  before  viewed  without  either  wonder  or  admiration  ; 
and  p^fliMy  withdraw  our  reverence  from  others  which  we  have 
hitherto  confidi.ieJ  with  r<.(pe<£h      A  Pcrfian,  a   Turk,  a  Chi- 
nefe,  HnO  ii  J:w,  have  each  taken  the  tr4)ublc  uf  puhlifhing  their 
remaikf  for  oui  edificaiion  ;  and  we  are  now  introduced  to  a 
Hinvloo  iCiijah,  wiio  IS  come  to  laugh  at  uur  f«>l:ie«,  (o  condemn 
our  vices,  and  10  contrail   the  capticious   fludluation   of  our 
m  idrs  and  fentimenis  with  the  perennial  fimplicity  of  eaftern 
m:nners. 

it  is,  indeed,   fcarcely  nectff^ry  to  inform  our  readers   that 

Ais  is  a  wrrk  or  fiction  and  fancy,  dcfigned  to  place  before  the 

iew  of  the  Ln^hfh  reader  a  pidiuie  of  the  prevalent  manners 

nd  culioms  of  his  country,  in  the  novel  colours  of  a  fuppofcd 

Hindoo 


Miji  Hamilton*!  TranpuUn  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah's  Leitirs.   177 

Hindoo  painter.  It  may  be  more  acceptable,  becaufe  the  cir* 
cumftance  is  lefs  apparent,  to  acquaint  them  that  thea^ual  de- 
Koeator  of  this  (ketch  is  filler  of  the  late  Capt.  Charles  Hamil- 
ton, tranflator  of  the  ^^  HifVory  of  the  Rohillas/'  and  of  the 
*^  Hedaya  ;"  of  which  works  the  reader  will  find  accounts  ia 
our  77th  vol.  p.  395.  and  vol.  vii.  N.S.  p.  417.  The  chief  point 
to  which  we  fliall  diredl  our  attention  will  naturally  be  iheieep" 
itig  preferved  by  the  fairartifl,  in  handling  her  oriental  pencil. 

The  prefixed  diflertauon  is  defigned  for  an  epitome  of  the 
religious  and  political  opinions  of  the  Hindoos,  in  order  to 
familiarize  the    reader  with  the  allufions  and  images  iutro* 
duced  in  the  work.     From  the  perufal  of  it,  we  derive  no  ad- 
ditioo  to  our  (lock  of  information  colle£led  from  the  fame  re. 
cent  publications  which  have  fupplied  this  lady  with  her  mate* 
rials :  but  fuch  works  are  not  yet  fufficiently  numerous,  nor  are 
the  antiquities  of  which  they  treat  fufficiently  explored,  to  per* 
mitusto  rely,  with  much  confidence,  on  many  curious  con- 
jefiures  which  they  feem  to  authorize,  relative  to  the  antient 
llate  of  the  nation  which  now  inhabits  the  fertilo  region  wa(hed 
and  enriched  by  the  Ganges.  Our  knowlege  is  confined  to  a  few 
ifolatcd  fads  ;  while  all  around  is  buried  in  ^*  darknefs  vifible/' 
In  proportion,    however^  to  the  accumulation  of  thefe  fada, 
and  the  degree  cf  critical  acumen  and  philofophic  tefearch  with, 
which  they  may  be  inveftigated  *  and  appreciated,  we  (hall  gra- 
dually be  enabled  to  tread  with  a  firmer  (lep,  among  the  anti- 
quities of  this  fingular  people :  to  whom,  perhaps,  tmich  of  the 
mythology,  much  of  the  fcience,  and  many  of  the  arts,  culti- 
vated by  the  weflern  nations,  may  ultimately  be  traced  : — but, 
with  the  fcanty  materials  which  could  be  drawn  from  Engli(h 
authors,  it  will  not  appear  furprifing  if  our  fair  writer  herfelf 
ibould  fometimesfall,  and  fometimcs  lead  her  Rajah,  into  mif- 
takes,  which  a  moderate  degree  of  local  knowlege  would  have 
enabled  her  to  avoid.     In  ailigning  the  Barampooter  as  the 
eaftern  limit  of  Hindoftan,  (he  cuts  oflFfome  of  its  richeft  pro- 
vinces ;  in  beftowing  on  its  antient  government  a  federative 
form,  (lie  has  embraced  too  readily  a  mod  queUionable  hypo- 
tbefis  ;  and  in  exempting  the  Hindoos  from  all  hatred  or  con- 
tempt of  other  nations,  (he  has  totally  midaken  the  genius  and 
character  of  the  fons  of  Bramha,  in  whom  a  contempt  of  fo- 
reigners is  inculcated  and  excufed  by  the  precepts  of  their  reli- 
gion.     A  lefs  venial  error  occurf^  in  the  pafl'age  where  Genefa 
is  laid  to  be  the  ^  Janus  of  the  Grecian  mythology,'  in  which 
this  halian  deity  had  no  place. 

The  d;irertaiion  is  in  general  well  wrirten,  though  we  muft 
except  the  following  ungrammatical  (entence:  '  thofe  religious 
prejudices  which  kept  iheai  in  a  llacc  of  perpetual  fepardtion  from 

their 


fl  78  A/tJ/Hmiltxm's  Trartjtatm  of  a  Hind§o  Rajah* s  ZaiUru 

their  conquerors  has  tended,*  &c.     ^  A  pathetic  indiflFerccice/ 
too,  is  anexpreffion  to  which  we  cannot  reconcile  ourfcUes. 

We  now  come  to  the  fable  of  the  work.  '  VV^hen  the  arms  of 
the  late  vizier,  alTided  by  his  European  auxiliaries,  wrefled  the 
province  of  Robilcund  from  that  tribe  of  Afghans  to  which  it 
owed  its  name,  a  prty  of  the  fuiiitives  fought  rtfuge  in  the 
mountains  of  Mlmora,  and  carried  with  them  a  young  captive, 
an  Englifti  officer  named  Percy.  Zaarmilla,  Raj.ih  or  Aimo*. 
m,  received  them  with  that  hofpitality  which  is  the  cha- 
ra^^erift^jc  of  a  liberal  mind  and  a  feeling  heart.  This  prince 
had  already  attained  a  degree  of  general  icnowicge  which  was 
very  uncommon  in  Hindoiian  ;  and  during  a  long  confuiemcnt, 
in  confequence  of  an  accidental  fra£ture,  young  Percy,  fiouoii 
kifure  to  inftru£l  him  in  the  Englifti  language,  as  well  as  10 
many  particulars  of  our  manners  and  political  tnftitttdoiiStf 
The  pure  precepts  of  the  gofpel,  which,  he  did  not  doubt,  were 
literally  pra£):ired,  imprefled  him  with  the  highcU  ideas  o£  oup 
morals ;  and  a  letter  to  Percy  from  his  fiAer  inspired  him  with 
an  equal  refped  for  the  talents  and  fenfibility  of  the  fair  ;  whtn 
the  death  of  his  gueft  deprived  him  of  this  intelledual  enter* 
tainment.  It  was  then  that  he  conceived  the  defign  of  vifiting 
Kngland:  but  the  difl'uafion  of  his  rriend  iVlaandaara,  corrobo* 
raced  hy  the  narrative  of  Sh-cnnaal,  who  had  lately  returned 
from  this  country,  and  who  gave  a  rcprcfentation  o^  our  man* 
ners  which  was  very  dift'erenc  from  the  ideal  perfcdion  figured 
by  the  Rajah,  fucceedcd  in  deterring  iiim  from  executing  his 
defign.  The  friendship  between  our  hero  and  Maandaara  is 
■ow  farther  cemented  by  the  interchange  of  fifters  :  but  the 
Rajah  lofing  his  wile  foon  afterward  by  a  premature  death,  he 
quits  a  fcene  in  which  every  object  reminds  him  of  his  lofs,  in« 
trul^ing  the  education  of  his  ton  to  the  (uperintendencc  of  his 
friend,  to  whom  the  letters  are  addrefled.  He  vi!<ts  Allahabad  and 
Benares,  and  prefents  us  with  an  account  of  his  voyage  down 
the  Ganges,  enlivened  by  occalional  dcfcriptions  of  the  rich 
and  romantic  fcencry  ;  as  well  as  by  the  portraits  of  his  com- 
panions, the  friends  of  i-'ercy,  who  acrompaiiied  him  to  CaU 
cutta.  During  his  refidence  in  that  city,  he  discovers  that  the 
condud  of  his  new  afTociates  was  not  io  uni^o^mly  modelled  oo 
the  examples  furnifhcd  by  the  facred  writings,  as  might  be 
wiflied  :  yet  he  (ets  more  to  applaud  than  to  condemn  ;  and 
he  determines  to  protecute  his  defign  of  viiiting  Ln^land. 
The  novelty  of  many  fcenes  and  characters  which  occur  m 
Calcutta,  and  the  furprife  which  they  ad'urd  to  our  traveller,^— 
ptrticularly,  the  aUonKhment  excited  by  feeing  our  ladies  (b  tar 
forget  the  modeRy  of  their  fex,  as  even— -to  daucc  at  a  ball,— >are 
amufing  and  well  defcribed. 

*  The 


Miji  Hkmikoii^i  Tranfiaticn  sfs  KnUc  RajaVs  LttOni  179 ' 

The  ffcortd  Tblume  commfrccs  with  the  Rajah's  embarka- 
tion :  but,  for  the  portrait*  of  his  flirp-matrs,  thr  incidents  of 
the  voyage,  and  the  charadlcrs  of  ihofc  with  whom  he  becomes 
acquainted  in  England,  we  muft  refer  to  the  worlc  itfclf.  Suffice 
it  to  fay  that  he  too  foon  learned  to  appreciaf  the  difference 
between  the  pradfice  of  Chriftians,  and  their  profeffj^ns. 

Akhough  thi^  publication  is  well  fupported  thro!.  ghout,  and 
affords  tntich  entertainment,  and  many  ju(^  and  pointed  remarks 
l^rpeAing  the  prefcnt  fUti?  of  our  own  country,  we  mull  ac- 
knowlege  our  opinion  that  the  portion  of  the  work  which   is 
evidently  moft  laboured  is  the  leaft  defer ving  of  commends*: 
tion;  and   that  Mifs  K.   is  lefs  h^ppy  in  her  defrriprions  cf 
Hindoo  manners,  than  in  her  delineations  of  fcenes  at  home,- 
where  (he  is  better  acquainted,     it  might  feem   faftidious  to* 
objeA  to  the  impoffibiliiy  of  a  Hindoo  partaking  of  our  ta1)!es, 
fince  that  is  a  difficulty  inherent  to  the  fubjffl ;  but  We  perceive 
6therinc6ngruinej!,  which  a  more  p  rfe^t  k:v>wlegeof  that  people 
would  have  taught  her  to  avoid.     A  party  at  cards  is  miftaken 
by  the  Rajah  for  a  poo]<ih,  or  acl  of  adoration  :  but  cards  are 
well  known  though  not  tr.'qucntly  ufed  in  Hindoftan ;  and  they 
are  mentioned  by  Abul  Fazil  as  one  of  1  he  amufemtrnts  at  the  csurt 
of  Akbar.  The  names  of  the  hero  and  his  fifter,  (ZAarmiila  and 
Zanrtarcanda,)  are  fuch  as  a  Hindoo  could  not  pronounce  with<« 
out  difficulty.    The  letrer  Z  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  Shanfcrit 
alphabet,  nor  in  any  of  the  diale<5!s  derived  from  that  fouYcc; 
and  tn  the  pronunciation  of  thofe  Pcrfic  words  in  which  chat 
letter  ocrur.^,  it  is  converted  by  the  Hindoos  into  J  ;  as  Jemin-^ 
dar  for  Zemindar.  The  Ganges  we  fii  d  in  one  paiTaj^e  flyleJ  the 
•  king  of  rivers ;'  though  clfe where,  indeefi,tht  Toddt-fsis  rcfiored 
to  her  real  f^'X.     Angels  and  genii  are  both  impro|)erly  mentioned 
in  this  work,  being  equally  orcign  from  the  Hindoo  mythology. 
The  term  of  Kaquir  cannot  be  applied,  with  propriety,  to  any 
but  Muhammedan  mendicants.     A  corre6^  tade  fliould  have 
led  this  ingeniojs  lady  to  reje^l  the   frequent  recurrence  of 
Perfic  or  Moorifh  words,  where  both  the  found  and  the  fcnfe 
would  gain  by  a  tranflation.     '  The  ^parklinrj  chubdar  of  in* 
tellect,'  applied  to  the  eye,  is  an  exprcifion  too  remote  from 
common  fenfe  to  be  agreeable. 

We  fctl  no  plealure,  however,  in  pointing  outdefeds,  parti- 
cularly where  there  is  much  to  approve;  ar.d  we  will  now  pro* 
ceed  to  offer  a  fpecimcn  of  the  performance  to  our  reader?, 
which  (hall  be  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  Letter.  A  para- 
graph infertcd  in  a  newfpaper  at  Calcutta,  after  having  mcn- 
tior.ed  the  Rajah's  name,  and  defcribed  his  perfon,  falfely  anj 
wickedly  infinuated  that  he  had  come  there  on  behalf  of  the 
Hindoo  inhabitants  of  Bengal,  to  complain  of  the  horrid  crueU 

ties 


flSo  Mifi  HamilConV  Trmtflatian  rfa  Hmdt^  RtjaVs  Lttim. 

ties  ind  unexampled  oppreffion,  under  which,  through  the  mtl* 
adminiftration  of  the  Britilh  governor  of  India^  the  oatives 
were  made  to  groan. 

*  LETTER  XIV. 

*  Since  I  laft  took  op  the  reed  of  friendfliip,  my  heart  bat  hees 
fretted  with  vexation,  and  my  foul  chilled  with  aflonilhinenc*  Wiil 
the  friend  of  Zatrmilla  believe  it  poifible.  that  1  fhould  have  found 
fraud  and  falfehood,  venality  and  corrupticyn,  even  in  that  court- pro- 
teded  Tchicle  of  public  inforroacjon,  thiit  pure  fource  of  intelligence^ 
csaSed  a  newfpaper. 

«  The  manner  in  which  I  made  the  difagreeablc  difcovery,  was,  to 
Me,BO  lefs  extraordinary  than  the  difcovery  itfelf.  J  went,  ai  ufaal, 
yefterday  morning,  to  fpend  an  hour  at  the  neighbouring  cofTee-hobfe, 
aady  on  entering  it,  was  forprifed  to  find  myfcU  the  objed  of  untverfaS 
nilrndon.  Every  eye  was  turned  towards  me ;  fome  few  feemed  to 
regard  me  with  a  look  of  contempt ;  but  the  general  e^preffion  was 
that  of  pity  and  compaflion.  I  had  advanced  to  a  box,  and  called  for 
a  newfpaper,  but  was  hcfitating  whether  1  Hiculd  retire,  or  (lay  to 
perufe  its  contents;  when  a  gentleman,  whom  1  obfervcd  to  eye  me 
with  particular  eagcrnefs,  approaching  me  with  much  formality,  beg- 
ged leave  to  enquire,  whether  1  was  indeed  the  Rajah  of  Afmora, 
a  native  prince  of  Rohilcund  ?  On  bring  anfwered  in  the  affirmative, 
the  gentleman,  again  bowing  to  the  ground,  thus  proceeded  :  "  1  hop^ 
yoor  highnefs  will  not  attribute  it  to  any  want  of  refpe£k,  that  I  have 
thns  prefumed  to  intrude  myfelf  into  your  pretence.  I  entertain  too 
jnach  refpcd,  for  whatever  is  illuftrious  in  biith,  or  honourable  in 
rank,  or  dignified  in  title,  or  exalted  in  authority,  to  do  any  thing  de- 
rogatory to  its  grcatnefs.  1  am  but  too  confcioui  of  the  prejudice 
which  your  highnefs  mud  inevitably  entertain  againft  this  nation,  to 
hope  that  yon  will  look  on  any  individual  belonging  to  it,  without  fuf- 
pidon  and  abhorrence  !  Bui  1  hope  to  convince  you,  in  fpite  of  the 
reafons  yoa  have  had  to  the  contrary,  that  we  arc  not  a  nation  of 
Bonfters.  Some  virtue  ftili  remains  among  us,  coniined  to  me,  and 
my  honorable  friend,  it  is  true;  but  we,  fir,  arc  linglilhmen.  Eng* 
liihmen,  capable  of  blu(hing  at  the  nefarious  pradices  of  delegated 
authority.  Englilhmen,  who  have  not  been  completely  embowelled 
of  our  natural  entrails ;  our  hearts,  and  galls,  and  fpleens,  and  livers, 
have  not  been  forcibly  torn  from  our  bodies,  and  their  places  fupplied 
by  fhawls  and  lacks,  and  nabob-fhips  and  Dewances.  We  have  real 
hearts  of  fl'-fh  and  blood  within  our  bofoms.  Hearts  which  b-ecd  at 
tne  recital  of  human  mifery,  and  feci  for  the  woes  of  your  unhappy 
country,  with  all  the  warmth  of  urfophiAicated  virtue,'^  Perceiving 
mv  intention  to  fpeak,  "  1  know,  fir,  what  you  would  fay,"  cried  he, 
with  vehemence  :  ''  you  would  tell  me,  that  your  hatred  to  the  Eng^ 
liOi  race  wai  founded  in  nature  and  juftice.  You  would  tell  me,  that 
it  is  we  who  have  defolated  your  Empire,  who  have  turned  the  fruit- 
ful and  delicious  garden  of  Rohilcund  into  a  walle  and  howling  wil- 
derncfs.  We,  who  have  extirpated  the  noble  race  of  warriors,  who 
were  your  kind  protedors !  your  indulgent  lords!  your  beneficent 
friends! —to  whom  you  paid  a  proud  lubminion  ;  a  dignified  obe- 
dience ;  a  fubordination  more  defirable  than  the  tumuliuous  fpint  of 

9  the 


Tijlot^s  TranflatUn  of  Paa&niafc  1 8i 

the  ooft  exalted  freedom  T'  Again  I  attempted  to  fjpeak. — "  Ah  I** 
^led  he,  in  a  ftill  loader  tone,  *«  you  need  not  defcHbe  to  me,  the  ra- 
vagst  you  have  feen  committed,  the  lofults  you  have  fufbuned  1  Yoa 
need  not  ull  me,  that  your  friends  have  been  flaughtered ;  your  coan* 
try  plundered  ;  your  houfes  burned  ;  your  land  laid  wafte ;  your  Ze* 
aiana  diflionoured ;  and  the  favourite,  the  lovely,  the  virtuous  wife  of 
jrour  affe£lions,  perhaps,  torn  from  your  agonizing  bofom,**  Tbb 
was  a  chord  not  to  be  touched,  even  by  the  rude  hand  of  a  ftranger« 
without  exciting  a  viilble  emotion.  *<  I  fee  the  fubjeft  is  too  much 
ft>r  you,"  cried  he,  **  it  is  too  much  fraught  with  horror  to  be  viewed 
with  indifference.  Nature  dckcns  at  the  recolledion,  but  you  need 
iay  DOfliore  $  depend  upon  it,  [  ihali  make  a  proper  reprefentation  of 
yonr  cafe.  Through  me,  your  wrongs  (hall  find  a  tongue.  I  vinSi 
pocJaim  to  the  world,  all  that  1  have,lieard  you  utter.  That  ma&  of 
lorrors,  that  fydem  of  iniquity,  which  your  hi^hnefs  would  defcribe^ 
(hall  be  laid  open  to  the  eye  of  day,  and  its  wicked,  nefarious,  abo- 
minable, and  detefted  author,  expofed  to  the  juH  indignation  of  the 
congregated  univerfe."  At  thefe  words,  again  bowing  co  tiie  ground^ 
he  turned  round,  and  departed.' 

A  number  of  miftakcs  occur  in  the  orthography,  which  wc 
imagine  to  be  typographical ;  corrpar/cive,  frivflous,  infalhtble, 
phenomena,  predominant^  impoftrr,  &c. 

The  original  hymns  addrefled  to  the  Hindoo  deities  by  Sir 
William  Jones  are  here  termed  tranflathni :  an  error  which 
we  think  it  neccflary  to  notice,  becauCe  fublimity  of  invention, 
and  an  ingenious  difplay  of  appropriate  imagery,  confiitate  a 
principal  beauty  of  thofe  poems. 

AaT.  Xill.     The  DejWiption  ofGrene,  Bj  Pau/anios;  tranllated. 
[Jriicu-  conQluded  from  the  Re -J.  for  Augu^^  /.  373.] 

TJAVING  given  a  copious  account  of  the  Attic$^  we  (hall  juft 
^■^  run  over  the  nine  remaining  books,  and  conclude  with  a 
few  farther  remarks  on  Mr.  Taylor's  tranflation. 

In  the  fecond  book,  or  CorinthtacSy  Paufanias  defcribes  every 
thing  that  appeared  to  him  remarkable  in  the  I flhmus  of  Co- 
rinth ;  the  whole  interlarded,  as  ufual,  with  hiftory  and  mytho- 
logy ;  and,  here  and  there,  with  judicious  obfervationf,  arifing 
from  the  fuhjed^  in  hand. — A  fubdivifion  of  this  book  is  th« 
Argolic*,  or  a  dcfcription  of  Argos  and  its  territories. 

Book  the  third,  or  the  Laconics,  opens  with  a  concife  ac^ 
count  of  the  origin  of  Lacedaemon  ;  and  of  its  more  antient 
kings,  from  Leicx  to  Agis,  Although  Paufanias  feema  to 
have  been  at  heart  a  ftauncb  republican,  yet  he  cannot  help 
paying  a  juft  complin^ent  to  two  or  three  of  thofe  Spartan 
king«>.  *•  Pclydorus,  (fays  he,)  was  dear  to  all  the  Spartans, 
ind  renowned  over  all  Greece  ;  for  that  he  never  diJ  s  viiUnt 
aiff  nor  Jiid  an  eyuricus  word,  tO' any  one ;  and  never  dtf- 

joined 


i8t  TkjUn*sTranJbtm  afP^uCwiUi^ 

joined  Humanity  from  yi^/^/W/'^— Speiking  of  [.cmidas  cngigu 

ing,  with  only  300  Lacedxinonians,  the  fbrmMable  arniy  of 

'Perfian^,  at  Thermopylae,  he  makes  this  obfer ration  :  *«  Manj 

wars  have  i>een  wagfd,  both  by  Greeks  among  them ff Ives  and 

.by  Greeks  with,  barbarians;    and  thofe  have  been  tbe  mgfl 

.memorable,  in  which  the  valour  of  one  man  was  emintodj 

confpicuou^,  as  of  Achilles  at  Troy,  and  of  Miltiades  at.M^ra- 

jthon  :  but  this  exploit  of  Leonidas,  in  my  eftimation,  furpiifles 

the  examples  of  all  times." — On  the  hiftory  of  Agefilaus  be 

dwells  .with  pleafure,  and  feems  to  regret  that  tbe  natureof  bb 

-plan  permitted  •  him  to  fay  no  more*     He  then  proceeds- to  a 

.  minute  defcription  of  Sparta,  and  of  the  places  belonging  to 

it,  in  his  wonted  manner. — Among  the  numerous  teniples^  be 

met  with  one,  dedicated  to  Venns-Morpho^  of  a  fmgular  coo- 

.  ftru£tion  :    it  bad  a  fecond  Aory,  which  he  had  no  where  elie 

leen^ — At  the  temple  of  Minerva,  called  Cbalkioukos^  hefawa 

brazen  ftatue  of  Jupiter,  fuppofcd   to  be  the  oldeft  made  of 

that  metal.     Its  various  parts  had  been  formed  feparately,  and 

afterward  joined  together  by  nails.     It  was  made  by  Learchu^; 

faid  to  have  been  the  difciple  of  Dxdalus.—- The  throne  pf 

.Apollo  JmytJausy  by  Bathycles,  feems  to  have  been  one  of  the 

.£neft  works  of  antiquity*     The  image,  feated  on  it,  was  MfK 

lefs  than ihirty  cubits  high:    it  was  not,  however,  the  work 

of  Bathycles,  but  of  a  much  ruder  age. — In  ch.  25th  of  this 

book,  having  occafion  to  mention  the  ftory  of  Arion,  as  related 

by  Herodotus,  he  afiUres  us  that  he  himfcif  had  fecn,  at  Poro- 

feJene,  a  fiolphin  ;  which,  in  gratitude  to  a  boy  who  had  healed 

the  wounds  received  from  certain  fifher?,  was  obedient  to  the 

boy's  voice,  and  carried  him    on  his  back  whitherfoever  he 

•  would  s    TouTOv  Tcv  h>*<piia  Llov  km  kxT^^ti  tu>  aroiSi  iwomwio^ 

From  the  Lacedemonian  territories,  he  pafles  to  thofe  of  the 
vMeflenians.     This  is  the  fubjtdl  of  the  fourth  book  ;  which  is 

chiefly  biflorical,  and  (hews  that  Paufanias  had  more  than  or- 
.dinary  talents  for  that  fort  of  compofiiion.     l^he  war  between 

tbe  Meflenians  and  Spartans  is  fo  well  narrated,  that  we  can 
^hardly  refift  the  temptation  of  laying  a  part  of  it  before  our 

readers,     it  is  not  inferior  to  any  thing  in  Livy.  . 

The  prior  £//Wj,  or  book  fifth,  is  full  of  curious  matter ; 

AA.  which  the  Oiympiac  games  make  a  prominent  figure.  In 
.  cb.  10  and  11,  is  a  beautiful   defcription  of   the  celebrated 

temple  of  Jupiter  Olympius.  It  was  ot  the  Doric  order»  and 
.  cmirely  built  of  Parian  marble.  I'he  \try  roof  was  of  marble 
,  cut  in  the  Ibape  of  tiles  \  a  method  of  roofing  which  was  firft 
;  lAVfifttfd.  by  Naaius  oi  ]iyzz.  Tbe  height  of  the  ^eo^plcL  vas 
.68  f€ct»  its  hreadUi  95^  ^fA  iu  Ifflgtb  230^  .Arowd  ibf  zone» 

above 


Taylor'/  Tranfiaiion  of  PaufaniAS.  t%i 

'ibovc  the  "columns,  were  fiifpendcd  the  twenty-one  golden 
fllielHs^  which  'verc  dedicated  by  the  Roman  conful  MummiuF, 
after  his  victory  over  the  Achaians  and  the  taking  of  Corinth. 
'Within,  were  pillars  fuftaintng  galleries  at  a  considerable  dif- 
tance  from  the  floor,  through  which  there  was  a  paflage  to  the 
ftatue  of  Jupiter.  The  fB:od  was  feated  on  a  throne  of  ivory 
and  gold,  having  a  crown  on  his  head  refembling  the  branch  of 
a  wild  olirc.  In  his  right  hand,  he  held  a  Vidory  of  gold  and 
ivory,  with  a  fillet  and  crown  on  her  head  :  with  his  left,  he 
grafped  a  fceptre  compofed  of  all  forts  of  metals  ;  on  the  (op 
of  which  fat  an  eagle.  Ths  fandals  of  the  god  were  of  gold  $ 
and  of  gold  alfo  his  rohe,  decorated  with  various  animals  and 
flowers,  particularly  the  lilly.  At  the  foot  of  the  ftatue,  was 
.an  infcription  importing  that  it  was  the  work  of  Phidias: 

The  throne  was  variegated  with  gold,  precious  (tones,  ebon^, 
and  ivory,  intermixed  with  animals  of  various  kinds.  At  the 
four  feet  of  the  throne  were  four  Viflories  reprefented  as 
dancing.  Two  other  Viftories  were  placed  at  the  feet  of  the 
god.  Before  thefe  were  feen  the  Theban  youth  raviflied  by  the 
^hinxes  ;  and,  below  the  fphinxes,  Apollo  and  Diana  piercing 
with  their  arrows  the  fons  of  Niobe.  Four  rules,  or  foot- 
bands,  reaching  from  one  foot  of  the  throne  to  another,  hdd 
them  together.  On  the  front  rule  were,  originally,  eight 
reprefentations :  but  one  of  them  had  been  effaced  when 
our  author  vifited  it.  Thty  reprefented  the  contefts  of  grown 
ccmbatants  :  for,  in  the  time  of  Phidias,  puerile  contefts 
were  not  inllituted.  On  the  three  other  rules  are  reprefented 
the  Hercules  and  his  ali(jcia:cs  fighting  againft  the  Amazons. 
The  throne  was  not  only  funpjrted  by  f?ct,  but  alfo  by  pil- 
lars within  the  feet;  hue  to  infpecl;  thefe  and  the  whole  in- 
terior parts  was  ii'^t  p^:rrT^it!cd  :  a  ne-ir  approach  being  pre- 
vented bv  inclorurtT,  r?.5lcvl  in  the  manner  of  a  wall.  The 
fore  part'of  thcic  incloUjrcs  was  painted  only  in  one  colour, 
namely  azure  :  but  on  the  cihcr  fides  was  a  variety  of  paintings 
by  Panncnus  *.  A'.r.onii  ch  :1c  were  an  Atl.is  fupporting  heaven 
and  earth,  with  H?rcu!cs  by  his  fide  ;  (eeming  willing  to  re- 
lieve him  of  his  burihen.  On  the  upper  parts  of  the  throne, 
above  the  head  of  the  ftatac,  Phidias  placed  the  three  Graces 
on  one  fide,  and  three  of  the  Hours  on  the  other  fide.  On  the 
bafe  under  the  feet  cf  Jupiter,  called  ThranioKy  were  golden 
lions,  and  a  reprcfentatTon  of  the  battle  of  Theicus  with  the 
Amazons.  On  the  great  Safe,  which  fupported  the  throne 
Itfelf,  were,  wrought  in   gold,  Apollo  afcending  his  chariot, 

*  He  was  brother  to  the  flatuary  Phidias>  and  painted  the  battle  of 
Marathon  In  tlie  great  perch  of  Athens. 

Jupiter 


•  1 84.  Taytor'i  Tranjhtion  of  Paufaniif • 

Jupiter  and  Juno  ivith  one  of  the  Graces^  Hermef,  Vefli, 
Love  receiving  Venus  emerging  from  the  fea,  and  the  goddeft 
Perfuafion  crowning  her,  &c.— Such  was  this  mafter* piece  of 
Phidias ;  which  when  the  artift  had  finiftied,  he  is  reported  to 
kave  entreated  the  god  to  fignify  whether  the  work  was  pleaT* 
ing  to  him,  when  inftantly  a  flalh  of  lightning  announced  hit  . 
approbation. 

At  Qo  great  dlftance  from  the  temple,  was  the  great  Olympic 
aTtar,  ^^  compofed  of  the  afties  colleQed  from  the  burnt  ihigba 
of  vi<Sim5.'*  The  bafcof  this  altar,  called  Prothjifis^  took  up 
a  circumference  of  120  feet.  The  whole  height  of  the  altir 
was  22  feet.  Steps  of  (lone  led,  on  every  fide,  to  the  pro- 
.tbyfis  :  but  fteps  of  aAics  led  thence  to  the  top  \  where  the 
thighs  are  burned. — (Jur  readers  will  perceive  how  accurate  a 
defcriber  Paufanias  was  ;  and  what  fore  of  entertainment  they 
are  to  expeA  in  his  volume.— -We  haden  to  the  other  books. 

The  fixth  book  is  a  continuation  of  the  ii/th,  and  is  called 
the  Poflerior  Eliacs,  It  contains  a  defcrip;ion  of  the  ftatues  of 
thofe  who  had  been  vi(9ors  in  the  Olympic  games,  with  the 
names  of  the  artlfts  who  formed  them;  notes  the  period  at 
which  they  came  to  our  author's  knowlege ;  and  gives  a  num- 
ber of  hiftoric/tl  anecdotes  relative  to  the  perfons  whofe  ftatues 
he  faw.  For  inftance,  on  the  ftatue  of  Polydamus,  he  cbferves 
that  he  was  the  ftrongefl  man  of  his  age.  He  flew,  unarmed, 
a  huge  lion  on  mount  Olympus. — Coming,  on  a  time*  to  a 
herd  of  oxen^  he  feized  the  largeft  and  fierccft  of  them  by  one 
of  his  hind  feer,  and  kept  his  hold  fo  fafl,  that  the  animal  with 
difficulty  efcaped,  with  the  lofi^  of  his  hoof.  He  would  ftop  a 
chariot  in  its  full  career,  by  only  feizing  it  with  one  of  bis 
hands.  At  length,  however,  he  fell  a  vi£lim  to  confidence  in  his 
own  fireogth  :  for,  attempting  to  flay  the  top  of  a  cavern  which 
.  threatened  to  fall  in,  he  was  crufhed  by  the  enormous  mafs,  and 
buried  in  its  ruins.  In  another  place,  Paufanias  fays  of  Milo, 
that  ^^  be  would  bind  his  forehead  with  a  cord  ;  and  by  com- 
preifing  his  lips  and  holding  in  his  breath,  would  fo  fill  the 
veins  of  his  head  with  blood,  as  to  burfl:  the  cord.''  He  too 
fell  a  facrifice  to  his  confidence.  Meeting  with  an  oak  into 
which  wedges  had  been  driven  to  cleave  the  wood,  he  attempt- 
ed to  rend  the  oak  afunder :  but,  the  wedges  giving  way,  he  was 
caught  by  the  clofing  parts,  and  was  torn  in  pieces  by  the  wolves. 

Not  only  thofe  who  had  been  vi£lorlous  in  the  gaoHes 
had  flatues  in  Oiympia,  but  alfo  celebrated  hiftorians,  ora- 
tors, pccts.  &c.  fuch  as  Gorgias,  Tifias,  and  Anaximenes. 
This  iaft  deferved  a  flatuc  for  having  faved  the  Lampfaceni 
from  the  fury  of  Alexander  of  Macedon,  by  a>  very  ingenious 
ftratagem.     As  he  was  known  to  Alexander,  the  Lampfaceni 

deemed 


Tayior'j  TranJlmUn  tf  Paafanials.  185 

deemed  him  a  proper  perfon  to  be  fcnt  to  dq>recate  the  mo- 
narch's ^wrath  : '  but  Alexander  fwore,  by  the  gods  of  the 
Greeks  that  he  would  do  every  thing  contrary  to  what  Anaxi- 
fnenes  fhould  a(k.  Anaximehes  then  faid  :  *'  Grant  me,  O 
King,  this  favour:  let.  the  women  and  children  of  the  Lamp-^ 
faceni  be  enflaved  ;  let  the  city  be  razed  from  its  foundations^ 
and  the  temples  of  their  gods  be  burned.'*  Alexander,  unable 
to  elude  his  oath,  pardoned  the  Lampfaceni.  Paufanias  relates 
another  ftory  of  Anaxlmenes,  not  fo  horiburable.  Thcopom- 
pus  having  offended  him,  he'  wrote  a  mod  reviling  boolc 
againft  the  Athenians,  Laccdxmonianf,  and  Thebans,  and 
circulated  it  in  the  name  of  his  adverfary,  whofe  ftyle  he  had 
perfe£tly  imitated  ;  and  thus  he  made  Theopompus  odious  to 
all  the  Grecians. 

Achaiczy  or  Book  the  Seventh.— The  firft  fifteen  cliapters  af 
this  book  are  purely  hiftorical.  The  war  of  the  Achaians,  firft 
Sf^iih  the  Lacednemonians,  and  next  with  the  Roman;?,  (whofe 
allies  they  had  formerly  been,)  is  well  related.  I'hcir  quarrel 
Vith  the  Romans  was  owing  to  the  inconfiderate  ambition  of 
iheir  general  Critolaus  ;  on  which  Paufanias  makes  this  excel- 
lent obfervation  ;  applicable  to  almoft  every  war  that  is  waged: 
*'  It  often  happens  that  both  kings  and  cities  are  unfuccefsful  in 
wars  which  they  undertake,  more  from  the  frown  of  fortune, 
than  the'fault  of  the  warriors :  but  rajhnefs^  with  imbecility^  is 
rather  madnefs  than  misfortune  ;  and  this  it  was  that  ruined 
the  Achaians." — The  temerity  and  ill  fate  of  Critolaus  did  not 
prevent  Diacus  from  imitating  him.  The  confcquences  were, 
the  total  defeat  of  the  Achaian.c,  the  capture  of  Corinth,  and 
the  overthrow  of  liberty  in  all  the  Grecian  flates,  by  the  Con- 
ful  Mummius.  It  is  worthy  of  oblervation,  that  this  liberty 
was  rcftorcd  by  the  monfler  Nero ;  which  draws  from  our  au- 
thor the  following  remark  :  "  When  I  ccnfider  this  action  of 
Nero,  Plato  feems  to  me  to  have  moft  truly  faid  :  that  unjuft 
nniofis  of  tranfce>:dent  mognhudi  and  audacity  are  mi  the  ojf^prirg 
cf  vulgar  fouls  ^  but  of  a  noble  mind^  dtpraied  by  bad  education,'*— 
'J'he  reft  of  the  book  is  dcfcriptivc  of  the  towns,  temples,  and 
other  monuments  in  Achaia. 

Book  VIII.  or,  the  Jrcadics, — The  Arcadians  inhabited  the 
moft  inland  part  of  the  Pcloponnrfu?.  Pcla^gus  was  their  firfi 
king.  His  fon  Lycaon  built  the  city  J-ycofura,  and  invented 
the  Lycaran  games.  He  was  contemporary  with  Cccrops.  He 
had  a  great  number  of  fons,  who  a!l  built  cities :  but  his  eldell 
fon  Ny<Slimu8  had  the  fupreine  power.  His  only  daughter  wa; 
the  celebrated  Callifto,  whom  Jupiter  transformed  into  the 
conftellation  called  the  great  AVr.r.  Her  fon  Areas  fucreedcd 
-her  father,  and  gave  hi5  r.amc  m  tl.c  country.  I'rom  him 
Rrv.  Oct.  1796.  O  '  i^ufiu**^ 


1 86  Taylor 'j  Tranjlation  cf  Paufania^ 

P^ufaniis  givcf  the  genealogy  of  the  Arcadian  kingt  down  %% 
^f)i(locrates,  who  was  ftoned  to  death  by  the  people^  for  fuf* 
fcMno:  himfdf  to  be -bribed  by  ihe  Lacedxmonians. 

•I'he  iiioft  remarkable  things  in  Arcadia  were  the  Diczar* 
chian  hot  baths;  the  (laiues  of  Efculapius,  Latona,  Juna, 
aj)d  Minerva,  at  Montinsca,  by  Praxiteles  ;  the  tomb  of  £pi- 
Cus  celebrated  by  Homtr^  but  celebrated  by  him,  fays  Pau* 
fanias,  *^  becaufe  he  had  never  {wi\  ^  more  noble  monumeiK : 
in  the  fame  manner  as  he  compares  the  dance  made  by  Vulcan 
on  the  fliield  of  Achilles,  to  the  dance  of  Ariadne  made  by 
Daedalus  ;  becaufe  he  had  never  feen  any  thing  of  more  ex* 
quifite  workmanfliip.'* — On  Mount  Cyllenc  he  faw  whilf 
merles  *,  and  at  Sepia  the  ferpent  called y^'^x;  which  he  thus 
defcribcs: — ^'  It  is  very  fmall,  has  an  amy  colour,  and  is  va« 
riegated  wilh.fpots:  its  head  is  broad,  its  neck  flender,  itf 
belly  large,  its  tail  (hort:  it  walks,  as  well  as  the  uraftts^  like 
a  crab." — Not  far  from  the  ruins  of  Nonacris,  he  met  with 
the  higheft  precipice  that  he  had  ever  feen.  The  water  that 
trickles  do\^n  it  is  fuppoild  to  be  the  Styx,  and  is  deftrufiiv^ 
to  animals  of  every  kind  ;  it  breaks  in  pieces  chryftal  andpor* 
phyry  vafes ;  and  it  diflblves  all  forts  of  metals.;  but  it  has  n» 
eft'ewt  on  the  hoof  of  a  horfc.—In  the  river  Aroanius,  he  waa 
told,  there  were  fifhcs  which  fang  like  a  thruOi  :  ^^  But,  al- 
though I  {laid  (fays  he)  by  the  river- fide  until  fun-fet,  whei» 
thofe  fifties  are  faid  to  be  particularly  vocal,  I  never  beard  any 
found  proceed  from  them." 

l^he  Ninth  Book,  or  the  Boeoticsy  contains  an  account  of  the 
Thebans,  and  of  the  curiofities  that  were  to  be  feen  in  their 
territories.  Mount  Helicon  and  its  vicinity  are  more  particu- 
larly de(cribed.  A  confidcrabie  number  of-anccdotes  of  natural 
hi(K>ry,  and  fome  judicious  critical  remaiks,  are  interfpcrfed. 

1>e  IhocUs  conclude  the  work.  A  large  portion  of  this 
book  is  taken  up  in  defcribing  Delphos,  and  the  various  offer- 
ings  dedicated  to  the  Delphic  Oracle.  In  ch.  36.  he  gives  a 
curious  defcription  cf  the  cochineal  fhrub,  and  of  the  black, 
and  while  hellebore,  that  abound  in  the  hills  above  Anticyn. 
Hence  Iforace'5  Navigct  Anticyram, 

From  the  £cetch  which  we  have  thus  given  of  the  work  of 
Paufanias,  our  readers,  we  prefume,  will  have  a  defire  to  read 
the  whole  ;  and  they  will  certainly  find  much  entertainment, 
cfpecially  if  they  be  able  to  perufe  it  in  the  original.  Even  Mr. 
T.'s  tranflaticn,  faulty  as  it  i*^  ihcy  will  read  with  pleafure, 
Mnt:l  a  better  ?ppear  ;  or  rather  until  Mr.  T.  himfeif  fliail  re- 
vile his  own  verfion  and  render  it  mere  perfe£t :  for  we  are 

•  Black-bird*. 

perfuadcfi 


Taylor^  Tranjkti$n  rf  Pauranias .  187. 

peifiuded  that  he  is  capable  of  making  a  much  better  perform- 
ance by  beflowing  on  it  a  little  more  time,  and  paying  due  at- 
tention to  the  common  Rules  for  tranflating  well.  The  ra* 
ptdity  with  which  he  has  laboured  may  account  for  many  of  his 
iniftakes  ;  and  this  he  feems  to  conGder  as  a  fort  of  apology. 
The  public,  however,  pay  little  regard  to  fuch  apologies  ;  they 
cxped  that  an  authpr  will  take  all  poffible  pain^,  and  all  the 
time  that  is  neceflary,  to  produce  as  perfeA  a  work  as  he  is 
capable  of  giving.  Overlights  and  defeats  may  be  found  in 
the  moft  laboured  compolitions,  and  the  critic  mull  be  rigid^ 
indeed,  who  would  not  excufe  them  :  but  evident  marks  of 
careleflhefs  and  precipitation  are  not  fo  readily  pardoned. 

The  notes  which  Mr.T.  has  added  at  the  end  of  Vol.  Ill* 
are  lefs  calculated  to  explain  his  author's  text,  than  to  fupport 
the  monftrous  fyftem  of  Pagan  mythology  apd  mydlcifm  which 
this  hardy  modern  efpoufcs.  We  give  one  of  them  as  a  fpe* 
cimen  :  it  is  that  which  concerns  oracleSy-andrelatoi  to  p.  260 
of  vol*  !• 

«  Wb9  has  dartd  f  corrupt  the  oracU  9/  the  god]  There  cannot  bs 
the  leaft  doabc  but  that  the  greater  part  of  men  of  the  prefent  da/ 
believe  the  ancient  oracles  to  have  been  nothing  more  than  the  tricks 
of  tfefigning  priefts ;  and  the  remaining  part,  which  is  certainly  a 
very  fmall  one»  will»  as  it  appears  to  me^  afcribe  them  to  the  infla- 
ence  of  evil  fpirits.  However,  as  it  is  a  well  known  fa^  that  mod  of 
the  oracles  ceafed  when  the  Chriftian  religion  made  its  appearance*  it 
is  inipoffible  that  they  (hould  have  been  Aot^ing  more  than  fraudulent 
tricks  ;  for,  if  this  had  been  the  cafe,  there  was  a  much'  greater  ne« 
celfity  than  ever  for  the  excrcife  of  fuch  tricks,'  when  a  new  religion 
ftarted  up,  diametrically  oppofite  to  the  old  one ;  nor  can  any  reafon 
be  affigned  why  on  this  hypothefis  the  oracles  fhould  ceafe.  On  the 
other  hand,  to  fay  that  they  were  produced  by  the  influence  of  evil 
fpirits,  it  juft  as  abfurd  as  to  a/Tert  that  evil  is  naturally  the  fource  of 
good ;  for  the  tendency  of  the  oracles  was  evidently  diredled  to  the 
good  both  of  individuals  and  cities,  which  in  numberlefs  inftmccs 
they  were  the  means  of  procuring.  It  may  therefore  b^  fafely  con- 
cluded that  they  were  prodiiced  by  divine  influence ;  and  that  they 
ceafed  when  the  Chriflian  religion  appeared,  bccauPe  the  parts  of  the 
canh  in  which  the  oracles  were  given  then  became  too  impure  to  re- 
ceive the  prophetic  infpiration.  For,  as  we  have  obfervcd  in  a  for- 
mer note,  there  muft  be  a  concurrence  of  proper  tJiftruments^  times^ 
and  places^  in  order  to  receive  divine  influence  in  a  proper  manner ;  fo 
that  when  all  or  any  of  thefe  arc  wanting,  this  influence  will  either  be 
not  at  all  received,  or  will  be  received  mingled  with  the  delUfions  of 
error.  But  let  the  reader  who  dcfires  popular  convitflton  of  this  im- 
portant fad,  that  there  was  no  coll u Hon  in  general  in  the  ancient 
oracles,  perufe  the  finl  book  of  Cicero  De  Di'vinatione  ;  and  unlefs  his 
inteltedaal  eye  is  dreadfully  blinded  by  the  darkneis  of ftrfect  atheifm, 
which  has  now  fpread  itfelf  among  all  ranks  of  men,  he  mull  be  at  lead 
-convinced  that  they  we^-c  not  produced  by  the  knavery  of  priefts. 

O  2    •  That 


i^ff  Polwhcle^  titftory  df  Deaonfitn. 

That  the  pricfts  indeed  were  fomctimes  corrapte*,  the  piffage  befooer 
iH  of  Paui'anias,  and  many  other  iniUnces  which  might  be  adduced, 
Aifnciently  proves  but  this  does  not  in  the  leatt  invalidate  theexiftencr 
of  divine  influence,  or  the  reality  of  oracular  pFedi£tion  ;  bccaufe  the 
bell  things  always  have  been  and  alwavt  will  be  perverted,  (hzongb 
the  weakncfs  and  vicioufncfs  of  th<  bulk  of  mankind/ 


Art.  XIV.  The  Hiftory  of  Dtwmjhin.  Jn  Three  Vohimet'.  By 
the  Rev.  Richard  Polwiieie>  of  Polwbeld  in  Cornwall,  and  late  of 
Chrid  Church,  Oxford.  Vol.  II.  Folio,  pp.  382.  aU  xs. 
Boards.     Cadcll.     1793*  .        ,.   , 

XX7E  have  been  long  expecirng  another  volume  of  •  Hiji^cei 
^^  Views  of  Devonfliirc,  by  ihis  author,  but  as  yet  are  dif- 
flppoiiited  ;  and  this  indeed  has  been  one  ^alife  of  our  not  allot- 
ting'a  more  early  attention  to  the  work'  before  us,  pf  whicli 
k  is  now  more  than  time  chat  fome  notice  fhould  be  taken. 
We  fhall  not  attempt  to  affign  a  reafon  for  Mr.  PoIwhele*iii 
commencing  his  publication  with  the  fecond  volume,*  but  we 
will  exiradt,  from  the  preface,  the  following  pafflage :         /  . 

*  Of  the  more  curious  and  flriking  particulars  that  are  afaally  iflk 
terwQven  in  the  geii'cral  texture  of  county -hi dories,  the  frjl  voLms 
bf  Ms  work  is  compofej.  The  more  intsrclling  accounts,  in  ^d- 
qahies  or  hi(k>ry  have. there  been  fcparately  difcuHed  :  nor  have  t)ie 
civil,  military,  and  religious  notices,  and  archicedural  dercriplMi|a.af 
Caftles  and  mopa{Epries',.or.  the  memoirs  of  rciparkable  perfapages, 
been  ever  adbciatedwltli'the  chorography  or  pedigrees  of  the  voloms 
before  us.  But  whil(l  the  befl  of  the  materials  were  thus  feledod  for 
the//;if  parf.of  the  wdfk,  what,  it  may  be  aik:;d,  remained  for  the 
fccrmd,  to  engage  attention  ?  The  fpirit  thus  cytrafted,  what  was  left 
but  a  caput  mortuum  F  By  thofe  who  have  no  relifli  for  topographical 
delineations,  for  accounts  of  landed  property,  for  genealogical  me- 
moirs, or  for  defcriptions  of  pari(h -churches,  the  refiduum  before  ai 
mufl,  doubtlefs,  be  confidered  as  vapid  and  dead.  In  the  mean  time^ 
they  who  are  particularly  attached  to  provincial  hiflories,.  may  be 
pleafed  with  this  refiJuum  :  the  fpirit,  all  volatile  cfTence,  would  be 
too  fubtle— too  xtliercal  for  their  grofs  perceptions.  It  is  not,  how- 
ever, ill  deference  to  the  judirment  of  fuch  perfons,  whofe  ideat  art 
iircumfcribed  within  the  limits  of  their  rcfpe^ive  pariOies,  and  who 
are  attradcd  only  by  the  notices  of  then:  own  lands,  or  the  eftates 
around  them,  that  I  have  purfiied  my  prefent  plan.  I  have  purfucd 
it  from  a  convi(!:Viun,  that  this  method  is  clear  and  dlAin^l.  My  de- 
fcripiions,  it  is  true,  may  frequently  appear  fuperficial  and  dcfedive, 
but  they  cannot  appear  cithvr  the  one  or  the  other,  to  thofe  who 
coHiprthcnd  the  dtiign  of  /re  ivhle  rv'*}k,  and  to  tiiofc  who  do  notr 
I  aidrcfs  neither  oxplanaiiojib  nor  apologies. 

♦  S;j  iM.  llcv.  for  Nov.  1795,  p«  279. 

'  The 


Pol  wfaelc'j  HiJI^  9f  DivtiJ^rt.  1 8<j 

*  Tke  part  of  this  work,  in  ibort,  before  the  reader,  confifts  of 
DOCblDg  more  tbanyi  cborograpbical  dtfcripiion  •r  paroshial  fnrvey 
tfukt  county  of  Devon  ;  indiiding  tht  mofi  authentic  numoriais  thai^ 
cmdd  ht  cdhded  from  'various  autbmrs,  4r  from  unpuhiifljed  MSS.j  from 
uttds^  records p  rtgifttrs^  tsfc.  l5fc.  or  from  my  ov:n  ohfer-jations^  cr 
ihoft  of  my  cornfpondents — relating  f  iht  fstuation,  extent  ^  houndaries^ 
^C.  ^peuijbis ;  ri'vers.  bridges^  roads^  *viUagest  hamlets^  manors^  ihtif 
ancient  and  prtfeni  oiuners ;  churches,  chapels^  reSories^  vicarages 9 
&r.  As  to  the  execHcion  of  the  chorographical  part  ol  the  work,-  ic 
is  1  point  which  the  public  muft  determine.  But,  in  forming  this 
J4jd|ment,  they  will  keep  my  plan  lleadily  before  them  :  ^hey  will 
decide  on  what  1  have  done,  according  to  what  I  profcfTed  to  do. 
And  where  they  perceive  not  novelties,  they  will  recoiled  an  esccla-^ 
matioD  *  familiar  to  the  learned,  which  may  not  be  inapplicable  to 
say  cafe :  where  they  mark  deficiencies,  they  will  be  aware,  that 
chafois  are  often  owing  to  papers  promifed,  but  withheld  :  where 
they  dete£k  errors,  they  will  coniider  the  negligence  of  correfpond* 
cnt$,  whofe  feeming  zeal,  or  ingenuity,  too  frequently  precludes 
every  fofpicion  o^  miilake/ 

In  this  manner  the  author  apprifes  his  readers  of  what  they 
arc  to  expedl.  At  the  entrance  of  the  volume,  between  forty 
and  fifty  pages  are  employed  in  a  general  account  of  the  Dioccfe 
ofExetcr^  with  its  cathedral ;  and  hence  we  are  conduded  to  its 
diviBoo  into  the  three  archdeaconries  oi  Exetert  Barnfiaple,  and 
Totocs.  The  archdeaconry  of  Esceter  is  fubdivided  into  feven 
Deanries,  and  thefc  with  their  feveral  parishes  conftlcute  this 
pare  of  the  performance.  Whether  this  ecclcfialiical  diftribu*^ 
tion  be  preferable  to  that  of  the  Hundreds^  or  whether  it  be  equally 
proper,  agreeable,  and  inftrudive  with  the  latter  method,  are 
inquiries  into  which  we  (hall  not  enter*  Topography  em- 
braces fuch  a  variety  of  fbbjeds,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  de-. 
ccrmine  in  what  mode  they  fhould  be  exhibited,  fo  as  to  prove 
moft  informing  and  pleafant :  with  fome  reafon,  it  muft  be  ac- 
knowleged,  Mr.  P.  rejeds  the  method  which  is  ufually  taken : 
let  him  fpeak  for  himlelf : 

*  The  materials  for  a  provincial  hi  (lory  are  a  vad  and  heteroge- 
ncojs  mafs,  the  difcordant  parts  cf  which  are  with  ditHculty  feparatcd 
and  regularly  difpofed.  Due,  to  exhibit  clear  views  of  his  fubjedti^t 
fcems  to  be  as  indirpenfably  required  from  (he  hillorian  as  from  the 
pain:er  ;  this,  indeed,  Ihou'd  be  more  peculiarly  the  aim  of  the  pro- 
vJTicial  hillorian.  Yet  few  writers  of  county-hillories  have  fufhciently 
attended  to  pcrfpicuity  in  the  arrangement  of  their  materials.  The 
natural  hifloryt  the  antiquities^  the  cinfil  hijhry^  and  the  chorography  of 
a  coanty  (including  a  great  variety  of  fubordinate  topics)  have  gene- 
rally been  treated  promifcuouAy.  The  writer,  after  a  curfory  furvcy 
of  his  county,  divides  it  into  parilhes.     And  in  each  parifii,  we  are 

«  •  Pereanty  qui  ante  im  nojlra  dixcruat. — Not,perhapf?,ia  very  gentle, 
nor  generous  fentiment,' 

O  3  furnifhcd 


J  90  Polwhele^i  Hift$ry  9fl>majbif§. 

fumifhcd  with  ill  the  particulars  of  its  natural  biftory  and  tndqimiM« 
political  tranfa^tions,  civil  and  religious  conftttution^  architedurci 
d|gricttlture,  mining,  manafa£iur^s»  commerce,  language,  literatnrea 
^nd  biography;  to  »rhich  are  fubjoined  notices  of  the  inhabitants^  as 
to  their  bodiiy  ftrength  and  longevity,  their  ufages  and  their  manners. 
Vucongenial  as  the  i'ubjeds,  for  the  mod  part,  are,  with  chorographi- 
cal  deKfiption,  or  genealogical  detail,  the  author  ar.empts  to  bring 
them  all  together,  within  the  narrow  parochial  boundaries  that  he  feet 
prefcribed  to  him,  and  as  often  as  he  enters  a  ne.v  pariQi,  he  hath  the 
iame  ground  to  go  over  again— -the  fame  tafk  to  perform,  afrefii.  la 
this  manner  each  parilh  embraces  its  own  hiilory,  independent  on  ita 
neighbour,  and  the  book  contains  as  many  hiftories  as  pariflies.  The 
compiler,  however,  who  purfucs  this  plan,  hath  one  obvious  advantage 
over  the  more  regular  hilloriao.  In  his  account  of  ^-vAry  parifli,  he 
hi^th  fome  chance  of  engaging  the  attention  of  his  readers.  Where 
natural  hiilory  is  defedive,  antiquities  may  fupply  the  want  of  it  | 
where  the  fearch  for  antiquities  hath  been  fruicJefs,  biography  may 
tome  to  the  writer's  aid.  The  fame  obfervation  may  be  extended  to 
the  other  various  topics,  that  prefs  for  a  place  within  the  little  circle  I 
have  menaonrd.  Thus,  wherever  we  open  the  volume,  we  find 
ibmething  to  amufe  the  mind  :  and  the  tedioufnefs  of  genealogies,  in 
particular,  is  every  where  relieved.  But  fuch  a  compilation  is  very 
nnfatisfaftory  on  the  whole:  it  is  mechanical,  without  connedion 4 
it  is  artificial,  without  elegance  ;  and  it  becomes  tirefome,  if  read  for 
any  length  of  time,  from  the  unvaried  repetition  of  the  fame  feriet  of 
topics,  in  thefe  fentiments  I  am  fupported  by  nftany,  whofe  jadginen( 
1  revere.' 

Refpcding  the  general  charaflcr  of  this  volume  no  decifive 
remarks  can  be  expedled  :  we  can  perceive  feveral  omiffions, 
deficiencies,  and  imperfedions,  but  we  will  not  pronounce  on 
them  as  fuch,  fince  they  may  be  rectified,  or  fupplied,  in  the 
other  parts  of  the  work. — In  pafling  through  the  volume,  we 
find  occafionally  mentioned  fome  old  decayed  and  ufelefs 
chapel,  vrhich  has  been  flill  rendered  of  fervice  by  transforming 
it  to  a  dairy,  or  a  barn,  or  a  dweiling-houfc  ;  and  we  obferve 
that  the  author,  in  his  own  words,  or  thofe  of  another  writer, 
ufually  profiounces  a  ccnfurr,  with  a  degree  of  feverity,  on  the 
praSice  We  could  not  but  farther  remark  on  the  other  hand 
that,  when  Powderham-caftle  is  dcfcribed,  we  are  told  of  fome 
fimilar  change  which  has  been  there  made  by  the  prefent  Lord 
Courtenay,  and  it  is  coolly  related,  *  Among  other  alterations, 
he  has  converted  the  chapel  into  a  \cry  elegant  drawing-room/ 
Some  part  of  topography,  it  may  be  well  fuppofed,  will  not  en- 
tirely comport  with  Mr.  Polwhelc's  genius  and  abilities*  In  an 
undertaking  of  this  kind,  little  room  is  left  for  that  play  of  ima- 
gination which  this  writer  has  elfe  where  exhibited,  and  for  which 
fome  of  the  charming  profpefls  in  the  extenfive  county  of  Dp- 
yon  furnilh  allowable  opportunity. 
Seven  engravings  accompany  thU  volume. 

H  Aai. 


(  191  ) 

AliT,  XV.     The  Life  e/Lcrenzo  de*  Medici.     By  W.  Rofcoe, 
[Article  continued  from  the  Re^ienvfir  Augufly  p.  457.] 

TT  ii  highly  honourable  to  the  tafle  and  judgment  of  our 
■*  country,  that  the  interefting  vrork  of  which  we  now,  with 
pleafure,  refume  the  confideration,  fhould  h^ve  reached  a  fecond 
vdilion  before  we  had  been  able  to  complete  our  review  of  the 
firft.  Icmuftbenoinconriderablrconfol^tion  to  the  lovers  of  lite- 
rature, to  obferve  that,  in  the  m!d«l  of  thofe  furious  political  ani- 
mofltics  which  threatened  to  banilb  every  mild  fentiment  and  ele- 
gant purfuit  from  among  us,  there  (liould  flill  remain  a  fufli- 
cient  portion  of  calm  literary  ta(^e  to  render  a  work  like  the 
prefent  fo  generally  acceptable  and  populjr.  Solid  and  p'wTma- 
nent  reputation  the  intrinfic  merit  of  ihc  work  itfclf  muft  in 
time  have  fecured  :  but  it  was  fcarcelv  to  have  been  hoped  that 
it  ihould  have  acquired  fuch  rapid  fame,  without  treating  any 
temporary  topic,  or  adopting  any  temporary  fafhion  ;  without 
ftooping  to  the  meretricious  allurements  of  Aylc  which  feduce 
a  depraved  taffe  ;  and  without  cither  flattering  or  provoking 
any  of  the  paflions  which  divide  an  agitated  public.  It  is  not 
often  at  any  time,  but  it  is  very  fcidom  in  fuch  times  as  the 
prefent,  that  the  means  of  obtaining  early  popularity  are  the 
fame  v/ith  thofe  of  fecuring  a  lading  reputation. We  con- 
gratulate the  author  on  having  combined  both  thcfe  obje£ls, 
without  having  debafed  the  dignity  of  hiiWy  fo  far  as  to  mi- 
nifter  to  any  cf  the  reigning  prejudices  of  the  age.  He  has 
obtained  public  applaufe,  without  zny  facrifice  either  of  the 
purity  of  his  tafte  or  of  the  isidependence  of  his  principles.  He 
has  paid  no  court  to  the  prepofleiiions  of  that  body  of  Knglifh- 
men,  among  whom  the  very  name  of  liberty  feems  in  danger  of 
becoming  unpopular  ;  nor  does  he  betray  the  ilighteft  taint  of 
thofe  extravagant  and  chimerical  opinions  concerning  govern- 
0ient,  which  have  infeded  another  party  of  his  countrymen. 
We  may  fay  that  of  him  which  cannot  always  be  faid  of  hifto- 
rians  of  great  name,  that,  as  an  inftrudor  in  morals  and  poli- 
tics, he  is  uniformly  fafe.  Juftice,  humanity,  liberty,  and  pub- 
lic tranquillity  have  in  him  an  enlightened  and  inflexible  ad- 
vocate. Faithful  to  thefe — the  invariable  interefts  of  mankind, 
— *he  pronounces  with  rigid  impartiality  the  judgment  of  hiilory 
on  all  their  enemies,  whatever  pretexts  they  may  afllime,  by 
whatever  motives  they  may  be  iniiigated,  and  under  whatever 
difguifes  they  may  appear. 

The  fuccefs  of  fuch  a  work,  we  hope,  will  Simulate  and  en- 
tourage thofe  fcholars  and  philofophers,  who  have  perhaps  too 
haftily  fuppofcd  that  politics  had  abforbed  every  other  fentiment, 
and  whom  that  apprehenfion  has  hitherto  induced  to  withhold 

O  4  theit. 


192  Rofcoe*!  Lift  ofLvrdm  ie^  Miild. 

their  works  from  the  public.  Some  fuch  we  ourfelvcs  havfr  the 
hoAouroflcnowing;  and  many  more,  we  have  no  doubt,  are 
a(3uated  by  (imilar  apprehenfions.  The  example  of  Mr.  Rofcoe 
is  fufficient  to  prove  to  them  ihat  all  tafte  for  fcientiiic  difcuf^ 
iion  and  literary  refearch  is  not  extinguiflied,  and  that  the  pub* 
]ic  ftill  feel  an  intereft  in  the  hiftory  of  Poggius  and  Poliiian^ 
of  ^  Michael  Angelo  and  Raphael ;  and  even  if  the  world  were 
more  exclufively  occupied  by  politics,  it  would  be  worthy  of 
men  of  genius  to  attempt  to  foften  the  barflmefs  of  a  political 
temper  by  the  infufion  of  elegant  literature  into  the  mind.  Wc 
ihould  be  far,  indeed,  from  wifhing  that  the  people  of  England 
were  more  employed  even  in  the  mod  delightful  amufements 
that  letters  can  afford,  than  concerned  about  the  great  interefts 
pf  their  country  :  but  it  is  the  nature  of  well-dire£lcd  literary 
purfuits  to  calm  and  mitigate  the  animofity  of  fa£iion,  without 
extingulfhing  or  even  enfeebling  public  fpirit. 

The  chance  that  this  exhortation  may  produce  fome  good 
efFe^,  the  hare  pojfibility  that  it  may  contribute  to  bring  for- 
wards fome  valuble  work,  will  juftify  us  for  hazarding  it ;  but 
wc  mutl  now  return  to  the  fubjcA  which  is  more  immediately 
before  us. 

The  fecond  volume  of  this  hiftory  opens  with  fome  remarks 
on  the  vigilance  with  which  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  laboured  to 
prefervc  that  balance  of  ftrength,  among  the  powers  of  Italy, 
which  was  fo  necellary  to  the  (ecurity  of  every  individual  fiate  ( 
a  principle  of  policy  that  was  then  perhaps  for  the  firft  time 
regularly  and  fyilematically  adopted,  and  which  has  continued 
to  be  the  great  hinge  on  which  the  afFairs  of  Europe  have  turned 
from  that  period,  down  to  the  commencement  of  thofe  tremen- 
dous revolutions  in  our  times,  that  threaten  to  bury  all  anticnt 
fyftems  and  e(Vab!i(hmcnts  in  one  common  ruin.  Our  readers 
will  perufe  thefe  obfervations  with  pleafurp : 

«  The  fituaiion  of  Italy  at  this  period,  afforded  an  ample  field  for 
the  exercife  of  poliiical  talents.  The  number  of  independent  ftates  of 
which  it  was  compofed,  the  ineqaality  of  their  ftrengthp  the  ambi- 
tious views  of  fome»  and  the  ever  a^ive  fears  of  others,  kept  the 
whole  country  in  continual  agitation  and  alarm.  The  vicinity  of  thefe 
i^ates  to  each  other,  and  the  narrow  bounds  of  their  refpcdive  domi- 
nions, required  a  promptitude  of  dcciilon  in  cafes  of  difagreement^ 
unexampled  in  any  fubfcqucnt  period  of  modern  hi llory.  Where  the 
event  of  open  war  feemed  doubtful,  private  treachery  was  without  fcra- 
ple  reforted  to ;  and  where  that  failed  of  foccefs,  an  appeal  was  again 
_— 1  I 

^  As  the  proper  names  of  both  thefe  great  men  appear  to  os  to  be 
naturalized,  we  prefer  the  EneUHi  orthography  to  the  Itafiao,  wbick 
has  been  adopted  by  Mr.  Rokoe.  Wc  never  qupte  the  Hiflbrics  of 
Livius  or  Sallujfiuf, 


RoTcoe^i  Lifi  rfUrmu  de^-  Midki.  i^j 

«ade  fo  arms.  Tke  pontifical  fee  had  itfelF  fet  the  example  of  a  ooda 
4>f  coBduA  that  burft  afander  all  the  bonds  of  fociety,  and  operated 
at  a  cOQirincing  proof  that  nothing  way  thought  unlawful  which  ap^ 
peared  to  be  expedient.  To  councerpoife  all  the  jarring-  interells  of 
chde  different  governments,  to  reftrain  the  powerful,  to  fuccour  the 
iveak>  and  to  unite  the  whole  in  one  iirm  body,  fo  as  to  enable  then 
on  the  one  hand,  fuccefsfully  to  oppofe  the  formidable  power  of  the 
■Turks,  and  on  the  other,  to  repel  the  incurfions  of  the  French  and 
the  Germans,  both  of  whom  were  objeds  of  terror  to  the  Icfs  warlike 
inhabitants  of  Italy,  were  the  important  ends  which  Lorenzo  propo(ed 
CO  accompli (h.  The  effeduai  defence  of  the  Florentine  dominioni 
againft  the  incroachments  of  their  more  powerful  neighbours,  though 
perhaps  his  chief  inducement  for  engaging  in  fo  extcnfive  a  projed^ 
appeared  in  the  execution  of  it,  rather  as  a  neceflary  pan  of  hit 
fy&em,  than  ai  thtf  principal  objed^  which  he  had  in  view.  In  thefe 
tranfadlions  we  may  trace  the  firll  decifive  inftance  of  that  political  ar- 
rangement, which  was  more  fully  developed  and  more  widely  extend* 
ed  Id  the  facceeding  century,  and  which  has  lince  been  denominated 
the  balance  of  power.  Cafual  alliances,  arifing  from  confanguinity, 
firom  perfonal  attachment,  from  vicinity,  or  from  intered,  bad  in<r 
deed  frequently  fubfifted  among  the  Italian  ftates ;  but  thefe  were 
only  partial  and  temporary  engagements,  and  rather  tended  to  divide 
the  country  into  two  or  more  powerful  parties,  than  to  counterpoiie 
the  iDterefts  of  individual  governments,  fo  as  to  produce  in  the  refuk 
Che  general  tranquillity.' 

The  fijjth  chapter,  to  which  thcfe  remarks  form  the  intro* 
5]u£lion,  is  ecnployed  in  details  of  the  public  conduffc  of  Lo* 
renzo ;  and  it  concludes  with  an  interelling  account  of  tb^ 
freat  reputation  which  he  enjoyed  throughout  Europe,  and  oF 
the  high  degree  of  profperity  that  Florence,  and  indeed  all  Italy, 
in  a  great  meafure,  owed  to  the  wifdom  and  honefty  of  his 
counfels.  The  following  is  the  conclufion  of  the  chapter;  in 
which  the  trandation  from  Guicciardini  is  diftinguifned  by  a 
Rowing  and  dignified  elegance  that  Mr.  Rofcoe  has  not  al- 
ways reached  in  his  original  compofition  : 

'  This  epoch  forms  one  of  thofe  fcanty  portions  in  the  hiftory  of 
mankiQd,  on  which  we  may  dwell  wi'.hout  weeping  over  the  calami- 
lies,  or  biufhing  for  the  crimes  of  our  fpecies.  Accordingly,  the  fancy 
of  ihe  poet,  expanding  in  the  gleam  of  profperity,  has  celebrated 
thelc  times  as  realizing  the  beautiful  ficlion  of  the  golden  age.  This 
feafon  of  tranquillity  is  the  interval  to  which  Guicciardini  fo  (Irikingly 
advert5,  in  the  commencement  of  hishiftory,  as  being  "  profperous 
beyond  any  other  that  Italy  had  experienced,  during  the  long  courfe 
of  a  tljoufand  years.  When  the  whole  extent  of  that  fiertilc  and  beau- 
tiful country  was  cultivated,  not  only  throughout  it*  wide  plains  and 
fruitful  vallics,  but  even  amidft  its  mod  lUrile  and  mountainous  rc- 
gionj ;  and  under  no  control  but  that  of  its  native  nobility  ancl  rulers, 
exulted,  not  only  in  the  number  and  riches  of  its  inhabitants,  bat  in 
the  aiagnificcticc  of  its  princes,  in  the  fplendour  of  many  fuperb  and 
^  noble 


194  Rofeoe*/  Lifi  tfL^nnxo  de*  MrSA 

noble  citiei,   and  in  the  refidence  and  majefty  of  religto»  itfeK 

Abounding  with  men  emineot  in  the  adminiflration  of  public  affairt. 
ftilled  in  every  honourable  fcience  and  tytry  ufeful  art.  it  liood  high 
in  the  eilimaiian  of  foreign  nation^.  Wiiich  extraordinary  felicity 
acquired  at  many  di^trcnc  opportucitics,  fcveral  circumflances  COB- 
tribuced  to  prefcrvr,  but  anong  the  reft  no  fm^ill  fliarc  of  it  waa  by 
genera}  confent  afcribed  to  tn::  indul!ry  and  the  virtue  of  Loreniio  dc* 
Medici ;  a  citizen,  v^ho  role  ir.  far  bcyonJ  the  mediocrity  of  a  pri. 
irate  llation,  that  he  regulated  by  his  counfeW  the  affairs  of  Florence* 
then  more  important  by  its  ficuation,  by  the  genius  of  its  inhabitants, 
and  the  promptitude  of  its  rcfources;  than  by  the  extent  of  its  domi- 
nions ;  and  having  obtained  the  implicit  confidence  of  the  Roman 
pontiff.  Innocent  VIII.  his  name  became  great,  and  his  authority 
important  in  the  affairs  of  Italy.  Convinced  of  liie  perils  that  might 
arife,  both  to  the  Florentine  republic  and  to  himfelf,  if  any  of  the  more 
powerful  ftates  (hould  he  allowed  to  cxte:^d  their  dominions*  he  ufed 
every  exertion  that  the  affairs  of  Italy  might  be  fo  balanced,  that  there 
Ibonld  be  no  inclination  in  favour  of  any  particular  Hate ;  a  circora- 
Aance  which  could  not  take  place  without  the  permanent  eftablilhmeot 
of  peace,  and  the  minutcfl  attention  to  every  event,  however  trivial 
it  might  appear."  Such  are  the  reprcfentations  of  this  ceiebraced 
liiftorian.  It  i^  only  to  be  regretted  that  thefe  profperous  days  were 
of  fuch  (hort  duration.  Like  a  momentary  calm  that  precedes  the 
ravages  of  the  temped,  they  were  fcarcely  enjoyed  heforc  they  were 
pad.  The  fabric  of  the  public  happinefs,  ereded  by  the  vigilance, 
and  preferved  by  the  conllant  care  of  Lorenzo,  remained  indeed  firm 
and  compad  during  the  (hort  remainder  of  his  days,  but  at  his  death 
It  diiTolved  like  the  work  of  enchantment,  and  overwhelmed  for  a 
■time  in  its  ruins  even  the  defcendants  of  its  founder.' 

In  the  7:h  chapter,  our  attention  is  again  dire£)ed  to  the 
more  attradUve  fubjedof  the  prog  re  fs  cf  literature.  From  the 
crowd  of  intcrcfting  puiTaoes  which  obtrude  ihemfelves  on  us 
we  fliall  feled  a  few.  The  firft  will  tend  to  confole  the  va- 
nity  of  the  unfortunate  inmates  of  the  garret,  by  the  rccollec- 
tion  of  the  greatnefs  and  importance  which  their  predcceflbrs 
CDJoyed  in  former  times  : 

*  Such  were  the  caufes  that  in  the  fifteenth  century  concarred  to 
promote  the  lludy  of  tlic  ancient  languages  in  Italy ;  but  one  cir- 
cumiiancc  yet  remains  to  be  n(>ticed,  which  was  perhaps  more  effica- 
cious than  any  other  in  giving  life  and  energy  to  thefe  purfuits.  An 
acquaintance  with  the  learned  languages  wa£,  at  this  period,  the  molt 
dircd  path,  not  only  to  riches  and  literary  fame,  but  to  political  emi- 
nence ;  and  the  moft  accomplilhcd  fcholars  were  in  almclt  every  go- 
Ycrnment  of  Italy,  the  6ril  minillers  of  the  time.  I'his  arofe  lo  a 
^reat  degree  from  the  very  general  ufe  of  the  Latin  tongue,  in  the 
.negociations  of  different  ilacc5,  which  rendered  it  »! molt  impoiBble 
for  any  perfon  to  undertake  the  management  of  public  affairs,  with- 
out an  habitual  acquaintance  with  that  language  ;  but  this  was  more 
particularly  exemplified  in  Florence,  where  the  mod  permanent  of- 
ficers were  uniformly  felcfled  on  accctont  of  their  learning.     During 

a  long 


Rdrcoe'i  Lifi ofLsrinxode  MfdicL  195 

fleng  ccmrTe  of  yean  the  place  of  fecretary,  or  chancellor  of  the  re- 
pttbliCf  (for  tbefe  terms  feem  to  have  been  indifcriminately  ufed)  wat 
^led  by  fchdars  of  the  firll  diftindion.      In  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteentk  century,  it  was  held  by  Colaccio  Salutati»  who  had  been  the 
iodmace  friend  of  Petrarca  and  of  Boccaccio*   and  is  denominated 
by  PoggiOy  •*  The  common /a/her  and  injiruBwr  of  all  the  UarntdV  Ho 
was  focceeded  by  Leonardo  Aretino,  whofe  fcrvices  to  the  republic 
were  repaid  by  many  privileges  and  favours  conferred  on  himfelf  and 
his  defendants.     Afcer  the  death  of  Leonardo,  this  office  was  given 
to  Carlo  Marfuppini,  and  was  afterwards  fucceflively  held  by  Poggio 
Bracciolini,  and  Benedetto  Accohi ;  daring  a  great  part  of  the  time  that 
the  affairs  of  Florence  were  dire£led  by  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  republic  was  Bartoloir.co  ScaU^whofc  life  affords  the  beft 
example  of  the  honours  and  emoluments  which  were  derived  from  th« 
cultivation  of  literature.    ScaU  deduced  his  origin  from  parents  of  tho 
loweil  rank,  nor  did  he  poHefs  from  his  binh  even  the  privileges  of  a 
Florentine  citizen.    An  early  proficiency  in  letters  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  Cofmo  de'  Me'dici^  and  it  was  the  pride  of  Scala  to  avow 
the  meannefs  of  his  birth,  and  the  obligations  which  he  owed  to  bis 
eartieft  patron.     The  lofs  of  Cofmo  was  amply  compenfated  to  Scala 
by  the  favour  of  his  defcendants,  through  whofe  aHiftance  he  gradually 
rofe  to  honours  and  to  affluence,  and  in  the  year  14-2,  was  intruded 
with  the  feal  of  the  republic.     In  imitation  of  his  predeceffors  in  thii 
office,  Scala  began  a  hiilory  of  Florence,  of  which  he  lived  to  conv- 
plete  only  four  books.     His  apologues  are  highly  commended  by 
Landioo  and  Ficino.     Of  his  poetry,  fpecimens  remain  both  in  tho 
Latin  and  Julian  languages,  and  the  former  have  obtained  a  place  in 
the  celebrated  colle&ion  of  the  Latin  poems  of  his  illudrioos  coun- 
trymen.    Confidering  the  proverbial  uncertainty  of  public  favour,  the 
life  of  Scala  may  be  efleemed  a  life  of  unufual  profpcrity.     He  tranf- 
aded  the  concerns  of  the  republic,  with  acknowledged  fidelity,  in- 
duflry,  and  ability,   arrived  at  the  higheit  dignities  of  the  ftate, 
amaiTed  wealth,  ranked  with  men  of  learning,  and  left  at  his  death  3 
numerous  progeny  to  inherit  his  riches  and  his  rcfpc^^abiiity.     In  hit 
controverfy  with  Politiano,  he  appears  however  as  a  fcholar  to  mani- 
left  difadvantage ;   but  the  impetuofity  of  his  advcrfary  hurried  him 
into  a  contell  which  it  is  evident  he  would  willingly  have  avoided, 
and  in  which  every  etfort  to  extricate  himfelf  only  brought  down  a 
fcverer  challifement.' — 

'  if  the  circum dances  before  related  were  not  fufficicntly  charafleriftic 
of  the  fpirit  of  the  times,  wc  might  advert  to  the  other  governments 
of  Italy  ;  where  we  fhould  find,  that  offices  of  the  higheft  trud  and 
confidence,  were  often  filled  by  men  who  quitted  the  (uperintendance 
of  an  academy,  or  the  chair  of  a  profefTor,  to  tranfadl  the  affairs  of  a 
nation.  Alfonfo,  king  of  Naples,  and  Francefco  Sforza,  contended 
in  liberality  with  each  other,  to  fecure  the  fervicesof  Beccatelli.  Pon* 
tano  was  the  confidential  advifer,  and  frequently  the  reprefentative  to 
other  powers,  of  Ferdinand,  the  fon  of  Alfonfo.  The  brothers  of  the 
family  of  Simoneta  dire^ed  for  a  confiderable  time  the  affairs  of 
Milan.  Bernardo  Bembo,  and  Francefco  fiarbaro,  maintained  the 
literary,  noiefs  than  the  political  dignity  of  the  Venetian  Republic, 

and 


19&  'Kokot*iLrf£§fL9r£nze'di*Mi£d»  '■ 

and  left  each  of  them  a  Ton  who  eclipfed  the  repuucion  of  hit  fsther*; 
^  When  eminent  ulents  wore  not  jengagcd  in  public  fervices,  they  were 
rewarded  by  the  mo.l  Piattcring  attention,  and  often  by  khe  pecuniary 
kninty  of  il'uflrious  individuals,  who  relaxed  from  the  fafUdioaineft 
of  rank,  in  the  company  of  men  of  learning,  or  have  lefc  memoriais 
0f  their  regard  by  their  epillulary  correfpondence. 

*  Nor  was  it  fcldom  ihat  the  charaders  of  the  fcholaryand  of  the  man 
of  rank,  were  united  in  the  fame  pcrfcn.  Of  this  Giovanni  Picoof  Mi* 
randuin,  to  whom  we  have  before  frequently  advcrtid,  is  perhaps  the 
nod  illudrious  inllaiice.  'Inis  acconiphriied  nobleman*  of  whom 
9)any  extraordinary  circumAances  are  related,  and  who  certainly  ex- 
hibited a  wonderful  cxafnplc  of  the  powers  of  the  human  mind*  was 
born  at  Mirandula  ia  the  year  1463,  and  was  one  of  the  younger 
children  of  Ciiovan-Fianccfcv)  Pico,  prince  of  Mirandula  and  Con- 
cordia. So  quick  was  his  apprehcnfion,  fo  retentive  his  memory, 
that  we  are  told  a  Tingle  recital  was  fufHcicnt  to  fix  in  his  mind  what- 
ever became  the  objct^l  of  his  attention.  After  having  fpenc  feven 
years  in  the  mod  celebrated  univerlities  of  Italy  and  1"  ranee*  he  ar* 
rived  at  Rome  in  the  twenty.firfl  year  of  his  age>  with  the  reparation 
of  being  acquainted  with  twenty-two  different  languages.  Eager  to 
fignalise  himfelf  as  a  difputant,  Pico  propofed  for  public  debate  nine 
hundred  queftions,  on  mathematical,  theological,  and  fcholaftic  fnb- 
]e£ls,  including  alfo  inquiries  into  the  mod  abftrufe  poinu  of  the  He^ 
braic,  Chaldaic,  and  Arabic  tongues.  This  meafure»  which  to  it& 
worft  light  could  only  be  confidered  at  an  ebullition  of  yoQthfiil  va- 
nity,  might  without  any  great  injuflice,  have  been  fuffered  to  evapo- 
fate  in  negledl ;  but  the  Romilh  prelates  inllead  of  configoing  tbeie 
propofitions  to  their  fate,  or  debating  them  with  the  impartiality  of 
pbilofophers,  began  to  examine  them  with  the  fufpicious  eyes  of 
chnrch-men,  and  feleded  thirteen  of  them  as  heretical.  To  vindicate 
himfelf  from  this  dangerous  imputation*  Pico  ccmpofed  a  Latin  trea- 
tife  of  confiderable  extent,  which  he  is  faid  to  have  written  in  the 
fpace  of  twenty  days,  and  which  he  infcribed  to  Lorenzo  de'  Medici, 
nnder  wbofe  protection  he  had  (heltcrcd  himfelf  from  perfecution  at 
Florence.  The  charadler  and  acquirements  of  Pico  afforded  to  his 
contemporaries  a  fubjefl  for  the  moft  unbounded  panegyric*  '*  He 
was  a  man,-'  fays  Politiaco,  *'  or  rather  a  hero,  on  whom  nature  had 
lavilbed  all  the  endowments  both  of  body  and  mind  ;  ered  and  ele- 
gant in  his  perfon,  there  was  fomcthing  in  his  appearance  atmoH  di- 
vine. Of  a  perfpicacious  mind,  a  wonderful  memory,  indefatigable 
in  Audy,  didinfl  and  eloquent  in  fpeech,  it  feems  doubtful  whether 
he  was  more  confpicuous  for  his  talents  or  his  virtues.  Intimately 
converfanc  with  t^cry  department  of  philofophy,  improved  and  invi- 
gorated by  the  knowledge  of  various  languages,  and  of  txzzy  ho- 
norable fcience,  it  may  iruiy  be  faid  that  no  commendation  is  equaJ  to 
his.praife." 

*  I'he  inflances  before  given  of  the  critical  talents  of  Pico,  what- 
ever may  be  thought  of  their  accuracy,  will  at  lead  jullify  him  from 
the  .reproof  of  Voltaire,  who  is  of  opinion  that  the  works  of  Dante 
and  Petrarca  would  have  been  a  more  fuitable  ftudy  for  him  than  the 
fummary.of.St.  Thomas*  or  the  compilations  of  Albert  the  great. 

But 


Rofcoe'i  Life  ofLortnzo  d/  Medici.  i^j 

Bat  the  literary  purfuics  of  Pico  were  not  confined  to  commenuLrics 
upon  the  works  of  others.  From  the  fpecimens  which  remain  of  hii 
poetical  compolitious  in  hts  native  ljinguagc»  there  is  reafon  to  form 
a  fiii^ourable  judgment  of  thofc  which  have  pcrifheJ.  Crefcimbeni 
cronfefTes,  chat  by  his  early  death  the  Tufcan  poetry  fudaincd  a  heavy 
lofs,  and  that  his  accomplifhed  pen  might  have  refcucd  it  from  its 
degraded  flace,  without  the  intervention  of  fo  many  other  eminent 
'mcn»  whofe  labours  had  been  employed  to  the  fame  purpofe«  The 
few  pieces  which' remain  of  his  Latin  poetry  induce  us  to  regret  the 
feverity  of  their  author.  Theie  poems  he  had  arranged  in  (ivc  book«>9 
which  he  fubmttccd  to  the  corredlion  of  Politiano«  who  having  per- 
formed his  tafky  returned  them  to  their  autl^or,  with  an  elegant  app- 
lo^y  for  the  freedoms  which  he  had  taken.  Soon  ^afterwards.  Pico 
committed  his  five  books  to  the  flames,  to  the  j^reat  regret  of  Pour 
tiano,  who  hat  perpetuated  this  incident  by  a  Grceic  epigram.  If  t^5 
W'orks  thus  deftroyed  were  equal  in  merit  to  his  Latin  elegy  addrciled 
to  Girdamo  Benivieni«  pollerity.havj  leafon  to  lament  the  lofs;' 

As  this  extra£l  may  afford'  fume  confolation  to  our  brethren 
of  the  quiil)  fo  our  felection  of  the  next  will,  we  hope,  prove 
that  even  Reviewers  can  (hew  galianuy  at  leaft  towards  lit^* 
rary  ladies : 

*  Among  the  circumftanccs  favourable  to  the  promotion  of  Icue/k 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  another  ye:  rtaiaisis  to  be  noticed,  which  it 
would  be  unpardcr.ii'ole  to  o.r.ic ;  and  which  'if  it  did  not  greatly  con 
tribute  towards  their  proyrrcii,  certiinly  tended,  not  only  to  render 
the  iludy  of  langu.:2es  more:  [^tneral,  but  to  remove  the  idea  that  the 
acquiGtiou  of  them  was  atterJed  with  any  extraordinary  diiTicuky. 
This  was  the  p^.nbMiy  fur^a  to  thcfe  {ladiefj  and  the  proficiency 
made  in  them,  by  women,  iliutlrious  by  their,  birth,  or  eminent  for 
tiieir  perfonal  accomplilhrncnts.  Among  thef««,  Aleflandra,  the 
daup^hter  of  Bdrtf)lo.Tirueo  Scala,  was  peculiarly  diftinguiflicd.  .  Thr 
extraordinary  beauty  of  hsr  perloJi  was  furpalP^d  by  the  cndowmjntj; 
of  hfr  mind.  At  an  early  age  (he  was  a  proficictt,  not  only  in  the 
Latin,  but  the  Cireek  toni^r.?,  whlcli  Ihe  had  Hudied  under  joannn. 
Lafcar  and  DcmeCiius  Chalcondylcs.  Such  an  union  of  excellence 
attracted  the  attenticr.,  ar.d  U  fuppof-^d  to  have  engaged  the  affection. 
f»f  Politiano  ;  b»'C  Alc-iiar.dra  gtvc  her  hand  to  the  Greek  Marulius. 
who  enjoyed  at  Florence  the  favour  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  and  iu 
the  elegance  of  his  Liiin  compofiiions,  emulated  the  Italians  thcra- 
felvrs.  Hence  probiibly  arofe  thoMC  diflTcniions  between  Marulluj 
apii  Prlitiano,  tiic  monuTunt*  of  which  yet  remain  in  their  writings. 

'  Ofyec  greater  c:lchrity  is  the  name  of  Call-indra  Tidelis.  Def- 
cendffd  from  anccilori  who  .*iai  c!i.ir;;ed  their  rcfidcnce  from  Milan 
to  Venice,  and  had  unit'ormly  added  to  the  reipectability  of  thcif 
rani:  by  their  ur.comnioii  learning,  ft:e  began  at  an  early  age  to  pro- 
fecuic  her  Iludics  with  great  d.ligcnce,  and  acquired  fuch  a  know- 
ledge of  the  Ic.'.rnrd  Ia''«»«iar»cs  th.i:  fhe  may  with  juiliiTe  be  enu- 
merated among  the  firll  Iwholars  of  the  age.  The  letters  which  oc- 
cafionally  pail'ed  between  Cafi'andra  and  Politiano  dcmonftrate  th-ir 
mutual  efteem,  if  indeed  fuch  exprrflion  be  fuflicient  lo  charn«ft?rife 
the  'eJing««  of  Poliliar.o,  w'lO  exjneires  in  language  unulu-illy  florid. 


198  RorcoeV  Life  $fLorenz§  if  Mt£dn 

hit  hiffh  admiration  of  her  extraordioary  acquirementSj  and  hSi  tx* 
pedation  of  the  benefits  tvhich  the  caufe  of  letters  H^ould  derive  from 
ner  labours  and  example.  In  the  year  1491,  the  Florentine  fchdiar 
made  a  vific  to  Venice*  where  the  favourable  opinion  which  he  had 
formed  of  her  writings,  was.  confirmed  by  a  perfonal  interview. 
*'  Yelterday^"  fays  he,  writing  to  his  great  patron,  "  I  paid  a  vifii 
to  the  celebrated  CafTandra,  to  whom  I  prefented  your  refpeds.  She 
is  indeed,  Lorenzo,  a  furprizing  woman,  as  well  from  her  acquire- 
ments in  her  own  language,  as  in  the  Latin,  and  in  my  opinion  ihe 
may  be  called  handfcme.  I  left  her,  al)oni(hed  at  her  talents.  She 
is  much  devoted  to  your  interefts,  and  fpeaks  of  you  with  great  efieem. 
She  even  avows  her  intention  of  vifiting  you  at  Florence,  (b  that  yon 
may  prepare  yourfelf  to  give  her  a  proper  reception.'*  From  a  letter 
of  this  lady,  many  years  afterwards,  to  Leo  X.  we  Iearn«  that  an 
cpifto!ary  correfpcndence  had  fubfifted  between  her  and  Lorenzo  de* 
Medici ;  and  it  is  with  concern  we  perceive  that  the  remembrance  of 
this  intercourfe  is  revived,  in  order  to  induce  the  poncifF  1%  bellow 
upon  her  fomc  pecuniary  affiiUncc ;  fhe  being  then  a  widow,  with  a  nu- 
merous train  of  dependants.  She  lived  however  to  a  far  more  advanced 
period,  and  died  in  the  year  1558,  haiing  then  completed  a  full  cen- 
tury. Her  literary  acquirements,  and  the  reputation  of  her  early  af- 
fociates,  threw  a  ludrc  on  her  declining  years;  and  as  her  memory 
remained  unimpaired  to  the  iall,  fhe  v/as  reforted  to  from  all  parts  of 
Italy,  as  a  living  monument  of  thufe  happier  days,  which  were  never 
adverted  to  without  regret.' 

We  mud  content  ourfeivcs  with  one  extrad  more  from  this 
attradive  chapter : 

•  Of  all  thefe  authors,  thongh  fome  prflVfs  a  confi.!erab!e  fhare  of 
merit,  not  one  of  them  can  contend  in  point  of  poctica!  evccilence  with 
Politiano,  who  in  his  compofition  approaclics  nearer  to  the  ftandardof 
the  ancients  than  any  man  of  his  tine  ;  yet  whiirt  he  emulates  the  dig- 
nity  of  Virgil,  or  rimind«  us  of  ihe  tl^-g-ince  of  llrnce,  he  fu^geSs 
not  to  oor  minis  the  i'lea  of  fcrvile  ixitation.  Of  the  charadter  of 
hit  writings  various  opinions  have  ir.df  cd  been  entertained,  which  have 
been  dciailed  at  l.irgc  by  Baillet,  and  flill  more  cof»ioufly  by  Menc. 
keniun.  It  may  therefore  be  furiiclent  on  this  occafion  to  caution  the 
reader  againfl  an  implicit  acquiefccncc  in  the  opinions  of  two  eminent 
living  authors  who  have  either  obliquely  cenfuTcd,  or  too  cautioufly 
approved  his  poetical  works.  In  the  attempt  made  by  Politiano  to 
reftore  a  jufl  tailc  for  the  literature  of  the  ancients,  it  is  not  to  be 
denied  that  he  had  powerful  coarjutors  in  Pontano  and  Sanazaro* 
whofe  labours  have  given  lu  the  delightful  vicinity  of  Naples  new 
pretenfions  to  the  appellation  of  clallic  ^;round.  Nor  will  it  diminifli 
his  reputation  if  we  admit  that  the  empire  which  he  had  founded,  was 
in  the  next  century  extended  and  frcured  by  the  exertions  of  Pracaftoro, 
Vida,  Naagerio,  and  Flaminio  *,  in  whom  the  great  poets  of  the  An- 
gaftan  age  feem  once  more  to  be  revived.' 
It 

*  *  I  cannot  mention   thefe  names  without  regictting  the  limitA 
to  which  1  am  ncccifaiily  confined.    The  rivals  of  Virgil,  of  Ovid, 

an4 


Rofcoe*/  Lifi  of  LoreHXo  ^&'  MidicU  19^ 

It  js  impoflible  to  read  the  note  to  the  laft  extra£l  without 
lamenting  that  the  author's  plan  had  not  been  fomcwhat  more 
cxtendve,  in  order  that  it  might  have  comprehended  the  full 
meridian  as  well  as  the  dawn  oF  genius  and  literature  in  Italy^ 
We  ftill  figh  for  a  dcicription  of  *•*•  Leo's  golden  days ;"  of 
that  happy  and  fplendid  age  which  was  adorned  by  Machiavel 
and  Guicciardini,  by  Fracaftorius  and  Vida,  by  Ariofto  and 
Taflb,  by  Raphael  and  Titian.  The  hiftory  of  this  brilliant 
period  hat  been  proieAed  by  feveral  eminent  writers*  It  was 
amoog  the  plans  of  LoUins  and  of  Dr.  Johnfon  ;  and  it  was  onlf 
rclinquiflied  by  the  late  amiable  and  illuftrious  Abbe  Barthe* 
lemi  for  his  admirable  \^ork  of  the  Travels  of  Anacharfii.  Suciv 
a  work  is  among  the  defiderata  of  literature ;  and  no  man,  we 
think^  is  better  <]u^lined  to  execute  it  than  yit.  Rofcoe« 
Though  the  principal  fu^jcdl  of  fuch  a  work  ought,  perhaps, 
to  be  the  reig^n  of  Leo  X.  yet  it  might  extend  its  review  xtm 
the  taking  of  Confiantinople  by  Mohammed  11.  and  its  prof* 
ped  to  the  period  at  which  the  arts  and  literature  of  Italy 
began  to  decline.  We  know  few  more  interefiing  fubje^s  of 
hiftory.  Though  the  period  be  fomewhat  more  than  a  cen- 
tury, yet,  if  the  work  were  difincumbered  in  a  g^eat  degree  of 
military  and  political  details,  there  would  be  no  necefficy  for  its 
being  exceifivcly  voluminous.  By  the  fame  plan^  the  writer 
might  efcap*  the  danger  of  rivalfhip  with  the  grt^at  hiftoriansof 
Italy  who  have  fixrd  their  attention  lefs  on  literature  than  oil 
public  affairs. — This  portion  of  time  is  diftinguifhcd,  by  fe- 
veral remarkable  peculiarities,  from  the  others  v,*hich  have  beea 

and  of  Catul'u?,  ousrht  not,  in  a  work  that  torches  on  the  nfe  of 
letters  to  be  comm.'iUv'^ratcd  at  tli?  foot  of  a  page.  The  Syphilid  of 
J^x^QTi'XoTO,  Jive  iL'  TliL-h  GaiJicsy  though  r.n  unpromiling  fubjeft,  i» 
beyor.d  comparifb-.i  the  fined  La: in  poem  that  has  appeared  fincc  the 
times  of  the  ancients.  The  v./ritings  of  Vida  are  more  generally  known^ 
and  would  be  eniltlcd  to  higher  appla-ifc,  if  they  did  not  freqirenily 
dilcovcr  to  the  clalFical  reader,  an  imitation  of  the  ancients  that  U)rder» 
on  fcrviliiy.  N'lugerlo  was  a  noble  Vonctiany  who  died  young  on  an 
embafly  from  the  republic.  In  his  laft  moments  he  dcftroyed  all  hii 
writings  then  in  his  pofTefliDn,  as  not  being  rufiiclently  corrcf>  for  the 
public  tye  ;  but  the  few  that  had  been  prcvioufly  diflributed  among 
his  friends,  were  collc^ed  and  publiihed  by  them  after  his  death,  and 
breathe  the  true  fpirit  of  poetry.  In  Fiaminio  we  have  the  (implicity  and 
tenderncfs  of  CaiuUus,  without  his  liccntioufnefs.  To  thofe  who  are 
acquainted  with  his  writings,  it  will  not  be  thought  extravagant  to  af- 
ftrt,  that  many  of  them,  in  the  fpccies  of  corapofition  to  which  they 
are  confined,  were  never  excelled.  The  qucftion  addreflcJ  by  him  to 
a  friend,  rcfpc^ing  the  writings  of  CatuUuf,  •*  Qjando  leggijtc  — non 
vi  fentitc  voi  liquefare  il  cuorc  di  dolcezza?"  may  with  confiden«« 
be  repeated  10  all  thofe  who  arc  convcrfant  with  his  works.' 

•    caiki 


iOO  Rofcoc'j  Lip  9f  tor  into  Je"  Atedicu 

railed  Auguftan  ages  of  literature.  It  combined  the  fplehdbuf 
of  the  arts  with  theglory  of  letters,  more  than  any  other  period; 
\{y  perhaps,  we  are  not  to  except  the  fluurifhing  age  of  Greciarf 
genius.  The  rife  of  Italy  to  the  fummit  of  its  t^iorj  is  much 
more  fudden,  or  at  leaft  its  previous  progrefs  is  far  lefs  percep- 
tible, than  that  of  any  other  nation.  The  contraft  between 
the  genius  and  tafte  which  adorned  the  courts  of  Rome  and 
Florence,  in  the  15th  and  i6th  centuries,  and  the  grbfs  bar- 
ba'rifm  which  covered  all  Italy  in  the  14th,  is  ftriking  and  in* 
tereOing.  It' was  a  noon-day  fun  rifing  in  full  fplendour  among 
the  thick  vapours  of  midnight  darknefs.  As  a  fubjefi  for  hif- 
tory,  alfo,  the  period  of  which  we  fpeak  poflc/Tes  this  great  ad- 
vantage, that  the  public  neither  knows  fo  little  of  it  as  to  fed 
DO  intercft,  nor  fo  much  as  to  feel  no  curio/ity. 
■  Prom  the  eighth  chapter,  we  Ihall  exiraft  only  the  charac« 
ter  of  the  celebrated  Girolamo  Savonarola  ;  with  whofe  event- 
fii!  hiftory  moft  of  our  readers  are  probably  acquainted. 

*  Although  the  citizens  of  Florence  admired  the  talents,  and  re- 
fpe^d  the  virtues  of  Mariano,  their  aitcnticn  was  much  more  forcibly 
excited  by  a  p^eachc^  of  a  very  different  charatter,  who  pofTcffed  him- 
ielf  of  tiicir  confidence  and  intitled  himfclf  to  their  homage,  by  fore* 
telling  tlieir  deftruAion.  This  was  the  famous  Ciiro!amo  Savona- 
rola^ who  afterwards  aiHed  fo  confpicuous  a  part  in  the  popular  con- 
inocions  at  Florence,  and  contributed  fo  efTeuiially  to  the  accomptilh- 
inent  of  his  own  predictions.  Savonarola  was  a  native  of  Fcrrara,  but 
the  reputation  which  he  had  acquired  as  a  preacher,  induced  Lorenu) 
de*  Medici  to  invite  him  to  Florence,  where  he  took  up  his  rcf:dence 
in  the  year  148^^*,  and  was  appointed  prior  of  the  monallery  of  S. 
Marco.  I>y  pretenHons  to  fuperior  fandlity,  and  by  a  fer«id  and 
over-powering  elocution,  he  foon  acquired  an  a(loni(hing  afcendancy 
over  the  minds  of  the  people,  and  in  proportion  as  his  popularity  in* 
creafed,  his  difregard  of  his  patron  became  more  apparent,  and  was 
foon  converted  into  the  moll  vindi£livc  ar.imofity.  It  bad  been  the 
cuflom  of  thofe  who  had  preceded  Savonarola  in  this  office,  to  pay 
particular  refpeft  to  Lorenzo  dc'  Medici,  as  the  fupporter  of  thfc  in- 
flirution.  Savonarola  however  not  only  rt'jcdcd  this  ceremony,  as 
founded  in  adulation,  but  as  often  as  Lorenzo  frequented  the  gardens 
of  the  monailery,  retired  from  bis  prefence,  pretending  that  his  in- 
tercourfe  was  with  God  and  not  with  man.  At  the  fame  time,  in  his 
public  difcoarfcs,  he  omitted  no  opportunity  of  attacking  the  reputa- 
tion and  diminishing  the  credit  of  Lorenzo,  by  prognollicating  the 
fpeedy  termination  of  his  authority,  and  his  baniilimenc  from  bis  native 

*  ♦  In  1489  according  to  Tirabofchi,  ^oria  liclhx  Lett,  ItaL  v.  vi, 
far  2.  p.  377.  but  Savonarola  himfelfin  \\\%Tt.:!tiit'j  deUa  Rivelationt 
dclla  rcjormatione  delta  Cbie/u,  Fen.  1 536.  (if  indeed  the  work  be  his,) 
affigns  an  earlier  period.  In  this  work  the  fanatic  aflumes  the  credit  of 
'having  foretold  the  death  of  Innocent  VI II.  of  Lorenzo  de*  Medidj 

the  irruption  of  the  French  into  Italy,  &c.' 

place. 


Rdboe^i  Llfi  ofLotetM  di  M$diti.  sot 

pkctf»  The  divine  word,  from  the  lips  of  Savonarola,  deicended  not 
UDQDgft  his  audience  like  the  dews  of  heaven ;  it  was  the  piercing 
hail»  the  deflroying  fword,  the  herald  of  deftruAion.  The  friends 
of  Lorenzo  frequently  remonftrated  with  him>  on  his  fuffering  the 
flMMik  to  proceed  to  fuch  an  extreme  of  arrogance ;  but  Lorenzo  had 
either  more  indulgence,  or  more  difcretion  than  to  adopt  hoflile  mea- 
furea  againfl  a  man,  who,  though  morofe  and  infoIent>  he  probably 
confidered  as  lincere.  On  the  contrary  be  difplayed  hit  ufual  pni* 
dence  and  moderation,  by  declaring  that  whilft  the  preacher  exerted 
hiafelf  to  reform  the  citizens  of  Florence,  he  (hould  readily  excufe 
his  inciTiJity  to  himfelf.  This  extraordinary  degree  of  lenity,  if  it 
had  no  influence  on  the  mind  of  the  fanatic,  prevented  in  a  grf  at  de- 
gree the  ill  effcQs  of  his  harangues,  and  it  was  not  till  after  the  death 
ofl^renzo,  that  Savonarola  excised  thoif^difturbances  in  Florence^ 
which  led  to  his  own  dellrudtion,  and  terminated  in  the  ruin  of  the 
republic  •.' 

The  fufajed  of  the  ninth  chapter  is  the  arts  j  of  which  Mr. 
Rofcoe  has  deduced  the  hiftory  from  their  firft  rude  beginnings 

in  Italy,  to  the  commencenient  of  the  golden  age  of  Leo. 

Whether  this  part  of  the  work  will  fati&fy  the  faftidious  judg- 
ment of  connoijfeurs^  we  will  not  pretend  to  decide.  All  that 
we  can  fay  is  that  it  is  both  pleaiing  and  inftrudive  to  common 
readers  like  ourfelves. 

The  tenth  and  lad  chapter  contains  an  account  of  the  death, 
and  a  review  of  the  charader,  of  Lorenzo ;  a  narrativ^e  of  the 
expulfion  of  his  Ton  from  Florence,  and  of  the  convulfions 
which  agitated  that  republic  ;  and  a  brief  hiftory  of  his  de- 
fcendants,  till  the  Houfe  of  Medici  at  length  acquired  the  fo* 
vereign  authority  in  that  country  of  which  they  had  been  fo 
long  the  firft  citizens ; — a  revolution  which  was  accompliflied 
by  Cofmo  de*  Medici,  who  became  the  firft  Grand  Duke  of 
Tufcany.  The  convulfions  of  Florence  at  this  period  pro- 
duced an  impoftor  of  fo  fingular  a  charafier,  that  an  account 
of  his  fuccefsful  deceit  and  extraordinary  fate  can  fcarcely  fail 
of  being  acceptable  to  our  readers  : 

'  The  expulfion  of  Picro  de'  Medici  from  Florence  neither  con- 
tributed to  cllablilh  the  tranquillity,  nor  to  prefervc  tlie  liberty  of  ihc 
republic.  The  inhabitants  exulted  for  a  time  in  the  norion  that  they 
were  freed  from  the  tyranny  of  a  family  which  had  held  them  fo  long 
in  fubjewVion ;  but  they  foon  difcovered  that  it  was  necelTary  to  fupply 
its  abfence,  by  increafing  the  executive  power  of  the  ftate.  Twenty 
citizens  were  accordingly  chofen  by  the  appellation  of  Accoppiatori^ 
who  were  invefted,  not  only  with  the  power  of  railing  money,  but  alfo 
of  electing  the  chief  magiftrates.  This  form  of  government  met 
however  with  an  early  and  formidable  oppofition ;  and  to  the  violence 

•  The  reader  may  compare  this  account  with  that  given  of  Savo- 
narola in  the  xith  vol.  of  our  Review,  p.  191,  et  feq. 

Rev.  Oct.  1796.  P  of 


2^2'  Rofcoe'lr  Ufi  tfUrtfM  it*  Ma&ii 

of  political  diflenlionst  was  foon  faperadded  the  madnefii  of  refigioaS* 
enthuliafm.  The  fanatic,  Savonarola^  having,  by  pretenfiont  to  im* 
mediate  infpiracion  from  God,  and  by  harangues  well  calculated  to 
imprefs  the  minds  of  the  credulous,  formed  a  powerful  party,  began 
to  aim  at  political  importance.  Adopting  the  popular  fide  of  the 
quellion,  he  directed  the  whole  torrent  of  his  eloquence  aeainft  the 
n^w  mode  of  government;  aiErming,  that  be  was  divinely  aotbo- 
FTzed  to  declare,  that  the  legi dative  power  ought  to  be  extended  to 
the  citizens  at  large,  that  he  had  himfelf  been  the  ambafTador  of  thr 
Florentines  to  heaven,  and  that  Chrift  had  condefcended  to  be  their 
peculiar  monarch.  The  exertions  of  Savonarola  were  fucccftfol. 
The  newly  elefled  raagiilrates  voluntarily  abdicated  their  officer;  and 
an  effort  was  made  to  eftablifh  the  government  on  a  more  popular 
bafis,  by  veiling  the  legiflative  power  of  the  date  in  the  CMfigu$Mag' 
tiore,  or  Council  of  the  Citizens,  and  in  a  fele£l  body,  called  the  Cnt- 
jtglio  degli  Scelth  or  ^c\t&.  Council.  The  firfl  of  thefe  was  to  be  com- 
pofed  of  at  Icall  one  thoufand  citizens,  who  could  derive  their  citi- 
Zf*n(h'p  by  defcent,  and  were  upwards  of  thirty  years  of  age  ;  the 
hitter  confided  of  eighty  members,  who  were  elected  half  yearly  from 
the  great  council,  and  were  upwards  of  forty  years  of  age.  Tbefe 
regulations,  inilead  of  uniting  the  citizens  in  one  common  iotered, 
gave  rife  to  new  diftindions^.  The  Prate/chit  or  adherents  of  SaYon* 
atola,  who  were  in  general  favourable  to  the  liberty  of  the  lower 
claiTes  of  the  inhabitants,  regarded  the  friar  as  the  meflfenger  of'hea^ 
ven,  as  the  guide  of  their  temporal  and  eternal  happineft,  whilft  the 
Compagnaccit  or  adherents  to  a  more  ariftocratical  governmcfit.  ttr 
prcfented  him  as  a  fa^ious  impodor,  and  Alexander  VI.  fecoaded 
their  caufc  by  fulminating  againfl  him  the  anathemas  of  the  church. 
Thus  impelled  by  the  mod  powerful  motives  that  can  a6lnate  the  hu- 
man mind,  the  citizens  of  Florence  were  feizcd  with  a  temporary  in* 
fanity.  In  the  midfl  of  their  devotions,  they  frequently  ruflied  in 
crowds  from  the  church,  to  afltfmble  in  the  public  fquares,  crying 
f^iva  Crifo,  finging  hymns,  and  dancing  in  circles  formed  by  a  citi- 
zen and  a  friar,  placed  alternately.  The  hymns  fung  on  thefe  occa- 
fion^  were  chiefly  compofed  by  Girolamo  Benivieni,  who  appears  to 
have  held  a  dillinguifhed  rank  amongd  thefe  difciples  of  fanaticifm. 
The  enemies  of  Savonarola  were  as  immoderate  in  their  oppofition,  as 
his  partizans  ivere  in  their  attachment.  £ven  the  children  of  the  city 
were  trained  in  oppofite  fa^lions,  and  fiiluted  each  other  with  (howerj 
of  pebbles,  in  which  contclh  the  graved  citizens  were  fometimes  un- 
able to  reiid  the  inclination  of  taking  a  part. 

'  Such  was  the  Hate  of  Florence  in  the  year  1497,  when  Piero  de' 
TVIcdici,  who  had  long  waited  for  an  opportunity  of  regaining  his 
authority,  entered  into  a  negotiation  with  fevcral  of  his  adherents,  who 
undertoo!c,  at  an  appointed  hour,  to  adaiit  him  within  the  walls  of 
the  city,  with  the  troops  which  he  had  obtained  from  the  Venrtoin 
republic,  an  J  from  his  relations  of  the  Orfini  family.  Piero  did  not 
however  m^ke  his  r.ppcarancc  til!  the  opportunity  of  afliding  him  wss 
\>\^,  Hib  abettors  were  dil'covcred  ;  rive  of  them  of  the  chief  fami- 
lies of  Florence  were  decapitated  ;  the  ted  were  imprifoncd  or  fent 
;ato  baniiUmcnt.  *  The  pcrfons  accufod  would  ha^^  appealed  from 

-  '>  thoir- 


Rofeoe'j  Ltfi  tf  Lorenzo  <U^  Medici.  2C3 

tBeir  judges  to  the  ConfigUo  Grandt^  according  to  a  laiv  which  had 
lately  been  obtained  by  the  influence  of  the  Fratefcbi  ;  bat  that  party, 
with  Savonarola  at  their  head,  were  clamorous  for  the  execution  of 
the  delinquents,  and  in  fpite  of  the  law  which  they  had  themfelves 
introduced,  effected  their  purpofe.  Amongft  the  five  fufFerers  was 
Lorenzo  Tornabuoni,  the  maternal  coudn  of  Lorenzo  de*  Medici,  of 
whoTe  accompliflimcnts  Politiano  has  left  a  very  favourable  account^ 
and  to  whom  he  has  infcribed  his  beautiful  poem  indtled  Amhra*, 

'  The  authority  of  Savonarola  was  now  at  its  higheft  pitch.  In- 
ftead  of  a  republic,  Florence  afTumcd  the  appearance  of  a  theocracy, 
of  which  Savonarola  was  the  prophet,  the  legiflator,  and  the  judge. 
He  perceived  not  however  that  he  had  arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  pre- 
cipice, and  that  by  one  ftep  further  he  might  incur  his  dedrudion. 
^Araongft  the  methods  rcforted  to  by  the  opponents  of  Savonarola  to 
weaken  his  authority,  and  to  countera£l  his  preteniions,  they  had  at- 
tacked him  with  his  own  weapons,  and  had  excited  two  Francifcan  . 
monks  to  declaim  againft  him  from  the  pulpit.  Savonarola  found  it 
oeceflary  to  call  in  the  aid  of  an  affiftant,  for  which  purpofe  he  feleded 
Fra  Domenico  da  Pefcia,  a  friar  of  his  own  convent  of  S.  Marco. 
The  conteft  was  kept  up  by  each  of  the  contending  parties  with  equal 
fury,  till  Domenico,  tranfported  with  zeal  for  the  interefts  of  his 
maAer,  propofed  to  confirm  the  truth  of  his  doctrines  by  walking 
through  the  flames,  provided  any  one  of  his  adverfaries  would  fubmic 
to  a  fimilar  teft.  By  a  .fingular  coincidence,  which  is  alone  fufficient 
to  demonftrate  to  what  a  degree  the  paffions  of  the  people  were  ex- 
cited, a  Fraodfcan  friar  accepted  the  challenge,  and  profeffed  him^ 
(c\f  ready  to  proceed  to  the  proof.  The  mode  of  trial  became  the 
fahje€t  of  ferious  deliberation  among  the  chief  officers  of  the  republic. 
Two  deputies  were  elected  on  behalf  of  each  of  the  parties,  to  arrange 
and  fuperintend  this  extraordinary  contefl.  The  combullibles  were 
prepared,  and  over  them  was  eref^ed  a  fcafFoId,  which  afforded  a  com- 
modious pafTige  into  the  mid  (I  of  the  flames.  On  the  morning  of  the 
day  appointed,  being  the  feventeenth  of  April  1498,  Savonarola  and 
his  champion  made  their  appearance,  with  a  numerous  proceflion  of 
ecdefiaflics,  Savonarola  himfelf  intonating  with  a  tremendous  voice, 
the  pfalm,  Exurgnt  Deus,  et  dijjipentur  inimici  ejus.  His  opponent,  Fra 
Giuliano  RondinelH,  attended  by  a  few  Francifcan  monks,  came 
fedately  and  filently  to  the  place  of  trial ;  the  flames  were  kindled, 
and  the  agitated  fpeftators  waited  with  impatience  for  the  moment 
that  (hould  renew  the  miracle  of  the  Chaldean  furnace.  Savonarola 
finding  that  the  Francifcan  was  not  to  be  deterred  from  the  enter- 
prize  either  by  his  vociferations,  or  by  the  fight  of  the  flames,  was 
obliged  to  have  recourfe  to  another  expedient,  and  infifled  that  his 
champion  Domenico,  when  he  entered  the  fire,  (hould  bear  the  hoft 
along  with  him.  This  facrilcgious  propofal  (hocked  the  whole  afl*cm- 
bly.  The  prelates,  who  together  with  the  Hate  deputies,  attended 
the  trial,  exclaimed  agahift  an  experiment  which  might  fubjf6l  the 
catholic  faith  to  too  fevere  a  tell,  and  bring  a  fca^dal  upon  their  holy 
religion.  D.imenico  however  clung  faft  to  the  twig  which  his  patroa 
had  thrown  out,  and  pofiiively  refufcd  to  cncoonti  r  th?  fl^imes  with- 
oat  this  facred  tali fm an."    Tiiis  expedient,  whilft  it  faved  the  life  of 

P  2  the 


2P4.  RofcoeV  Lifi  cf  Lorenzo  de  Medid. 

the  friar,  ruined  the  credit  of  Savonarola.  On  his  return  to  the  con- 
vent of  S.  Marco,  he  was  infultcd-  by  the  populace,  who  bitterly  re- 
proachcd  him,  that  a^ter  having  encouraged  them  to  cry  Fiva 
Criftot  he  ihould  impiouily  propofe  to  commit  him  to  the  flames.  Sa- 
vouarola  attempted  to  regain  his  authority  by  addrefling  them  from 
the  pulpit,  bat  his  enemies  were  too  vigilant ;  (eizing  the  opportu- 
nity of  his  difgrace,  ihcy  firfl  attacked  the  houfe  of  Fraocefco  Valori« 
one  of  his  moll  powerful  partizans,  wjio,  together  with  his  wife,  wai 
facrificcd  to  their  fury.  They  then  fecured  Savonarola,  with  his  af- 
fociate  Domenico,  and  another  friar  of  the  fame  convent,  and  dragged 
them  to  prifon.  An  a/Tembly  of  ecclefiaftics  and  feculars,  direded  by 
an  emiftary  of  Alexander  VI.  fat  in  judgment  upon  them.  TKc  rc- 
folution  and  eloquence  of  Savonarola,  on  his  firfl  interview,  iociiiii* 
dated  his  judges,  and  it  was  not  till  recourfe  was  had  to  the  imple* 
ments  of  torture— the  ultima theologorum  ratio^ — that  Savonarola  betray- 
ed his  weaknefs,  and  acknowledged  the  fallacy  of  his  pretenfiont  to 
fupernaiural  powers.  His  condemnation  inftantly  followed,  and  the 
unhappy  priell,  with  his  two  attendants,  were  led  to  execution  in  the 
fame  place,  and  with  the  fame  apparatus,  as  had  been  prepared  for 
the  conteft;  where,  being  firll  ftrangled,  their  bodies  were  committed 
to  the  flames,  and  left  the  city  fhould  be  polluted  by  their  remains^ 
their  aihes  were  carefully  gathered  and  thrown  into  the  Arnc' 

We  have  now  prcfented  to  the  public  fuch  ample  extrafis 
from  this  valuable  work,  that  they  will  be  able  to  form  tbeir 
own  opinion  both  of  its  general  excellence  and  its  diftingui(k« 
ing  qualities.  Some  firiher  remarks  on  thefe  fubje£ts  may, 
however,  be  expefted  from  us ;  and  it  will  form  a  ta(k  which 
we  (hall  cheerfully  execute.  We  (hall  not  only  beftow  liberal 
and  (as  far  as  we  are  able)  difcriminating  praife  on  its  excel* 
lence,  but  we  (hall  animadvert  with  lefs  reftraint  than  ufual  on 
that  alloy  with  which  it  is  occafionally  mingled  :  for  even  this 
laft  and  mofV  ungrateful  duty  of  criticifm,  when  it  is  exercifed 
on  a  work  of  uncommon  merit,  can  never  wound  the  mitid  of 
an  author  who  is  fortified  by  a  jud  confidence  in  his  own 
powers  arifing  from  ftrong  and  general  praife  ;  while  it  may 
pcdibly  lead  him  to  the  correction  of  fome  peculiarities,  and  to 
the  exclufion  of  fome  faults.  When  the  reputation  of  a  writer 
cannot  be  endangered  by  criticifm,  be  will  always  bear  it  with 
good  nature;  and  fuch  a  writer  will  regard  a  candid  critir  as 
an  unknown  friend,  who  avails  himfelf  of  the  circumftadte  of 
being  anonymous  in  order  to  offer  his  advice  with  more  free- 
dom, but  not  with  lefs  refpe£^.  The  number  and  extent  of  our 
extrads,  however,  have  compelled  us  to  delay  thefe  general 
obfervations  to  another  Article,  which  will  conclude  this  criti- 
cifm. 

\To  be  CQntinuid,'\ 

MONTHLY 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Biography^  (ifc.  205 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    OCTOBER,    1796. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Art.  16.     The  Life  0/ the  Rev.  William  Romaifse,  M.  A.  late  Redor 

of  the  United  Farifties  of  St.  Andrew  by  the  Wardrobe,  and  St. 

Ann's,  Blackfriars  ;    and  Ledlurer  of  St.  Dunflan's  in   the  Weft. 

By  William  Bromley  Cadogan,  M.  A.     8vo.     pp.  96.     is.  6d. 

Vernor  and  Hood.     1796. 
pEw  of  oor  readers  can  need  to  be  informed  that  Mr.  Romaine  has 

been,  through  the  greater  part  of  the  prefent  century,  a  zealous 
fopporter  of  the  ftridlly  Calviniftic  fyftem  of  theology,  and  of  that 
kind  of  religious  profeflion  which  is  by.  many  efteemed  erithuiiafUcal. 
It  wall  not  be  expelled  that  the  life  of  fuch  a  man  (hould  ntiord  much 
aaofement.  Thefe  memoirs,  however,  will  doubtlefs  be  thought 
highly  ioterefting  by  thofe  who  efpoufe  the  fentiments  of  Mr.  Romaine ; 
and  toothers  they  may  furniih  matter  of  curious  {peculation  and  ufe- 
ful  moral  refledion,  and  will  exhibit  an  inftruAive  example  of  adtive 
afefulnefs.  In  thefe  memoirs,  Mr.  Codogaa  has  very  fuccefsfully 
copied  the  ftyle  and  fpirit  of  Mr.  Romaine. 

MECHANICS. 

Art.  17.  The  Theory  of  Cbimnies  and  Fire-places  inveftigaied  \  the 
Principle  of  thofe  recommended  by  Count  Rumford  fully  explained, 
and  their  Conflruflion  improved  ;  and  a  great  Improvement,  on 
a  Principle  very  little  known,  and  in  a  Manner  never  pra6lifed.  To 
which  is  added,  a  Method  of  p'-cparing  Houfes  and  Ships,  at  little 
Expence,  in  fuch  a  Manner,  that,  in  cafe  of  Fire,  it  may  be  ex- 
tinguiihed  with  the  utmoft  Eafe  and  Certainty.  By  Thomas  Dan- 
forth,  Efq.  formerly  a  Fellow  of  the  Corporation  of  H-^rvard  Uni- 
verGty,  at  Cambridge  in  America.    8vo.  pp.46,    is.   Hcpcinftall. 

'796. 

The  copious  title-page  of  this  pamphlet  will  fufHcicntly  inform  our 
readers  of  the  nature  of  its  contents.  The  remarks  on,  and  explana- 
tions of,  Count  Rum  ford's  propofed  improvements  are  not  without 
ingenuity,  thoogh  not  expreiTed  in  the  cleared  manner.  As  to  the 
greai  improvement ^  it  is  no  more  than  the  well-known  expedient  of 
eftablifhing  a  communication  by  a  tube,  or  flue,  between  the  external 
tir  and  the  back  part  of  the  fire  place.  The  propoied  mode  of  ex- 
dogoilhing  fires  depends  on  a  fyftem  of  tubes  carried  from  an  outfide 
waU  to  each  apartment,  and  terminating  in  the  centre  of  the  cieling  in 
a  hollow  globe  pierced  full  of  holes  ;  whereby  a  ftream  of  water  might 
befent  by  an  engine  diredly  to  the  fpot  on  which  it  is  wanted,  and 
thrown  in  the  form  of  a  copious  (howcr  on  the  burning  matter  : — an 
iogenioos  device,  but  not  likely,  we  conceive,  to  be  pradtifed. 


P    3  LAW. 


1lq6  Monthly  CAtAtoGVB^  Law* 

LAW. 

An  .i8.     Sum  ConfiJerations  tn  the  Game  Lauus^  fuggefied  by  the 
late  Motion  of  Mr.  Curwen  for  (he  Repeal  of  the  prefent  Syftem. 
^vo.     pp.  125.     28.  6d.     EgertOD.     1796. 
This  writer  defends  the  general  principles  of  the  Game  Ltws« 
though  there  are  fome  few  parcicolars  in  them  which  he  confiders  ai 
objedionable.     He  oppofes,  with  more  vehemence  tb«o  argpiQCBt, 
Blackflone's  opinion  of  their  being  *'  a   badard  (lip  fprung  from 
the  root  of  the  Forcil  Laws  ;"  and  he  endeavours  to  (hew  that  that 
Judge's  cenfure  of  them  (which,  fevere  as  it  is,  cannot  be  thought  coo 
much  fo  for  the  fiibjed)  is  inconfidcnt  and  unfounded.     He  repro- 
bates in  the  fevereft  language  the  bii]  propofed  by  Mr.  Curwen  :  but, 
before  we  can  join  him  in  his  oppofition  to  this  meafure,  we  (hal!  re- 
quire, to  adopt  the  author's  words,  *  fome  further  and  more  con- 
vincing proof  than  virulent  invedive,  or  heated  declamation.' 

Art.  19.     The  Trial  of  Robert  Thomas  Cro/sfieU,  for  High  TrcafiM, 

at  the  Seflions  Houfe  in  the  Old  Bailey,  May  11  and  12,  1796. 

Taken  in  Shorthand  by  Jofeph  Carney.     8vo.     pp*  530.     6u 

M.  Gurney.     1796. 

The  prifoner  was  indifled  with  Paul  Thomas  le  Maitre,  Joha 
Smith,  and  George  Biggins,  for  traitoroufly  comparing  and  intend- 
ing the  death  of  the  kmg  ;  which  death,  it  was  alleged,  they  com- 
bined to  cfFedl  by  means  of  a  poifoned  arrow,  to  be  difchargcd  at  hir 
Majeity's  perfon  out  of  an  indrument  made  for  the  purpofe.  This 
is  the  fubOance  of  the  indidment,  though  it  branched  out  into  differ- 
ent counts.  The  Attorney- General  proceeded  in  the  trial  of  Croft- 
field  fird,  becaufe  he  unclerllood  that  the  prifoners  intended  to  (eptratte 
^heir  challenges.  At  eleven  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  May  n,  (he 
cafe  for  the  profecution  was  clofed,  and  the  court  adjourned  to  the 
next  morning  at  eight  o'clock,  when  they  proceeded ;  at  (ix  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  the  jury  withdrew,  and  returned  into  court  twenty 
minutes  before  eight  with  a  verdi6t  of  acquittal.  The  Attorney.  Genera! 
then  direded  the  jury  to  acquit  the  other  prifoners,  as  he  was  unable 
to  prove  his  cafe  againft  them  without  the  evidence  of  Upton ;  an 
accomplice  who  was  reported,  and  whom  he  believed,  to  be  dead. 

Art.  20.  jin  Ahftra^  of,  and  Ohfervations  on,  the  Statmtej  impdimg 
Duty  on  Adminiftrations  ^  Probates  of  Wills ,  Property  difpofed  of  hf 
Willy  and  dtftributahle  by  the  Statute  oj  Dijiributions ;  elucidating  and 
rendering  the  lame  as  clear  and  comprchenfive  as  poUible  to  ^stty 
Clafb  of  Readers,  and  defcribing  the  Particulars  now  to  be  paid  in 
confequence  thereof.  By  Pstcr  Lovtlafs,  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
Conveyancer.  To  be  infened  preceding  the  Index  to  the  eighth 
Edition  of  The  Law's  Difpofal,  and  may  be  had  feparate.  8vo. 
pp.  60.  Longman.  1796. 
This  pamphlet  contains  a  recital  of  the  moil  material  parts  of  the 

flatute  36  Geo.  3.  c.  92.  which  has  repealed  the  proviiions  of  former 

ftatutcs  refpeding  legacies  and  has  fubflituted  others  in  their  Toom. 

Art.  21.     A  brief  Exfdfttton  of  the  Latvs  relati*ve  to  Wills  and  Te'la^ 
ments.    To  which  is  added  an  Abilrad  of  the  Statute  36  Geo".  5. 

c.  52. 


-C^a.  iiftitled  <'  An  A£l  for  repealing  certain  Duties  on  Legacies 
«nd  Shares  of  perfonai  Eftatet,  and  for  granting  other  Duties 
thereon  in  certain  Cafes."     V^y  S.  W.  Nicoll>  Eiq.   Barrifter  at 
Law.     8vo.     pp.  140.     f(s.     Brobke.     1796. 
Mr.  NicoII  declares,  in  his  preface,  that  *  the  folloviing  work  is 
^drelTed  more  particularly  to  two  claiTes  of  people— thofe    who 
through  obftinacy  will  not,  and  thofe  who  in  emergent  cafes  cannot* 
fipply  to  gentlemen  of  the  profeflion  on  making  their  wills.     The 
'former  it  may  tend  to  fhew  the  ilipperinefs  of  the  ground  on  which 
they  tread,  and  to  the  latter,  the  author  hopes,  it  may  afford  fome 
ufefol  affiftance.     Farther  than  thb,  the  author  does  not  defpair  of 
this  little  work  being  a  convenient  pocket  companion  to  qoantry  prac- 
titioners, who  are  often  called  to  a  diftance  from  home  to  make  th^ 
wills  of  peribns  labouring  under  dangerous  complaints^  and  to  whom 
a  more  balky  book  might  be  troublefome.'  From  this  paiTage,  it  will 
appear  that  Mr.  Nicoll  has  confined  his  atttntton  to  a  vtry  few  partt- 
culars  belonging  to  the  comprehenfive  fubjed  which  he  has  chofen^ 
his  objed,  however,  which  was  limited,  he  has  attained  ;  and  he  has 
given  feveral  ufefol  and  pradical  dire^ons,  accompanied  by  fome 
good  precedents. 

!N  o  V  E  L  a. 
Art.  22.  TbeHifiory  $f  Ne^  Evans,  4  Vols.  time.  14s.  fewed^ 
Robinfons.  1796 
Though  not  the  produdion  of  a  ifirfl  rate  writer^  and  exhibiting  va- 
Tioos  marks  of  imitation,  this  novel  has  afforded  us  confiderable  plea* 
fure  in  the  perufal.  The  author's  motto,  **  O'erllep  not  the  modefty 
^f  nature,"  is  for  the  mod  part  well  obfcrvcd.  The  charadlers  ani 
incidents  are  fufficiently  intereiling,  without  exciting  an  extraordinary 
degree  of  furprize  ^  and  the  ferlous  and  comic,  the  good  and  bad,  are 
blended  foas  to  prefent  a  natural  image  of  the  world,  with  that  pre- 
ponderance of  the  agreeable  which  leaves  the  mind  under  a  pleafing 
impreflion.  The  fentiments  arc  uniformly  pure  and  laudable ;  and,  in» 
deed,  the  work  is  didinguiOied  by  the  religious  air  pervading  it.  It 
is  fcarcely  lefs  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  eating  and  drinking 
fcenes,in  which  its  heroes  perform  their  parts  with  no  lefs  vigour  than 
thofe  of  Homer.  We  do  not  hence  infer  that  it  was  written  by  a  Jbun» 
gry  author,  though  we  confider  this  circumftance  as  indicative  of  the 
grofler  fex.  A  female  friend  at  our  elbow  has  pointed  out  another 
proof  of  a  male  author,  which  is,  the  mention  of  guj/ets  m/rocks. 
The  ftyle  is  on  the  whole  lb  correal,  that  we  we.e  furpriied  at  meeting 
with  fome  very  obvious  colloquial  vulgarii'ms,  almoil  confined,  in- 
deed, to  the  earlier  volumes.  The  local  defcriptions  in  Wales,  Ire- 
land, and  North  America,  indicate  a  refidence  in  thofe  countries ; 
and  the  detail  of  military  fcenes  might  infer  a  perfonai  acquaintance 
with  them  in  the  writer,  were  that  fuppofed  compatible  with  the  de- 
tedation  of  war,  and  the  regard  to  the  rights  of  mankind,  which  are 
warmly  expreffed  in  various  parts  of  the  work.  Ned  Evans  is  alto- 
gether a  fine  fellow,  and  we  recommend  him  to  the  acquaintance  of 
our  readers. 

Art.  23.     The  CreoU\  or  Haunted  Jfland.  By  S.  Arnold,  jun.   izmo, 
3  Vols.  10s.  6d.  fewed.    Law,  &c.     1796. 

F  4  Selim, 


3o8  Monthly  Catalogue^  MiSeal^  (sTr. 

Seiim,  Emperor  of  Morocco,  in  the  perfaafion  that  ignorance  of 
vice  is  the  only  certain  prefervactve  of  iDnocencs,  contrives  to  have 
bis  infant  fon  fecluded  from  the  reft  of  the  world,  to  be  brought  ap 
with  no  other  foctety  than  that  of  a  tutor  to  whofe  care  he  n  b* 
truf^ed ;  and  who,  in  conformity  to  the  Emperor's  plan,  endeavours 
to  conceal  from  him  all  information,  which  may  lead  him  to  fufped 
that  the  world  extends  beyond  the  limits  of  their  retirement  in  the 
'  Haunted  Ifland,'  or  that  there  exifle^any  other  human  beings  than 
themfelves.  Having  been  thus  immured  and  kept  in  ignorance, 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  the  yourg  prince  accidentally  efcapes,  or 
rather  wandrrs  from  his  confinement,  and  is  thrown  into  that  world, 
to  keep  him  from  the  knowlege  of  which  fo  much  pains  had  been 
wafted. 

It  appears  to  be  the  principal  intention  of  this  novel,  to  (hew  how 
much  more  we  ought  to  place  a  reliance  on  the  knowlege  of  morality 
and  religion  than  on  ignorance,  for  the  prefervation  of  innocence,  or 
ioT  advancing  the  intereAs  of  virtue.  Mr.  Arnold  has  adopted  the 
fafhionable  praAice  of  introducing  pieces  of  poetry  in  his  narrative^ 
Ibme  of  which  pofTefs  confiderable  merit. 

MEDICAL,    l^C. 

Art.  t4..  A  DiJ/ertation  on  Re/piration,  Tranflated  from  the  Latin 
of  Dr.  Menzies.  With  Notes,  by  Charles  Sugrue.  8vo.  as. 
Johnfon.     1796. 

The  original  of  this  piece  was  an  inaugural  diflcrtaticn  publiflied 
at  Edinburgh,  which,  we  underdand,  gainrd  for  the  writer  mach 
reputation,  and  is  honourably  quoted  by  the  profeHbrs  in  their  lec« 
tures.  The  author  adopts  thole  ideas  of  the  function  of  refpiration, 
which  have  been  maintained  by  the  modern  chemical  fchool ;  and  he 
fupports  them  by  new  experiments,  which  conflitutc  the  valuable  part 
of  nis  treatlfe.  The  firll  fet  of  experiments  tend  to  afcertain  the 
quantity  of  air  ufually  taken  in  at  a  common  refpiration,  concerning 
which  the  calculations  have  been  extremely  different.  Dr.  M.  made 
ufe  of  two  methods  to  determine  this  point.  The  fir  (I  wa9,  by  means 
of  two  large  tubes  joined  at  right  angles  and  furniQied  with  valves, 
to  draw  in  air,  and  then  expire  it  into  an  empty  allantoid  bag,  the 
capacity  of  which  had  been  before  meafured.  The  fccond  was  toim« 
merfe  a  man  in  a  hogfhead  of  warm  water,  at  the  top  of  which  was  a 
cylindrical  veiTel  fitted  with  a  graduated  glafs  tube ;  and  by  obferving 
at  each  infpiration  the  height  to  which  the  water  afcended  in  the  tube, 
a  computation  was  made  of  the  dilatation  of  the  man's  thorax,  and 
confcqucotly  of  the  meafure  of  air  drawn  in.  The  refults  of  thefc 
methods  pretty  nearly  coincided,  in  giving  about  ao  cubic  inches  as 
the  meafure  of  air  infpircd  by  a  middle-fized  man  in  common  refpi- 
ration. The  fecond  fet  of  experiments  have  for  their  objed  tht  de- 
termination of  the  quantity  of  heat  generated  in  the  lungs  at  each 
infpiration,  on  the  principle  of  its  evolution  in  confequence  of  the 
decompofiiion  which  the  air  undergoes  in  the  proccfs  of  breathing. 
As  many  nice  circumilances  and  calculations  enter  into  the  refolution 
qf  this  problem,  we  mud  refer  to  the  work  itfelf  fuch  of  our  readers 
as  wUh  to  be  fully  acquainted  with  the  author's  method.     The  refult 

it 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MiJical^  (fc.  209 

is  that  the  blood,  in  its  paiTage  through  the  lungs,  gains  more  tha^ 
one  degree  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer ;  and  its  temperature  is  in* 
creafed  018763  of  a  degree. 

The  tranflator  of  Dr.  M.'s  difTertatioo  has,  in  our  opinion,  per« 
formed  an  acceptable  fervicc  to  the  dudents  in  this  branch  of  philo* 
fophy,  by  rendering  more  pu^ic  a  work  which,  befides  its  original 
snatter^  gives  an  ingenious  and  comprehenfive  fketchof  the  prevalent 
opinions  on  this  topic. 

An.  25.     jf  Treatijt  on  the  Scurvy:  containing  a  new,  an  eafy,  and 

cffettual  Method  of  curing  that  Difeafe:  the  Caufe,  and  indica- 
.  tions  of  Cure,  deduced  from  Pradice;  and  Obfervations  con- 
.   Bcdcd  with  the  Subject.     With  an  Appendix,  coniilHng  of  Bve 

Letters,  refpedting  the  Succefs  of  a  new  Antifcorbutic  Medicine. 

By  D.  Paterfon,  Surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy,  8vo.  2S.  £dia- 
•   burgh.     179$.     London,  fold  by  Johnfon. 

So  much  has  been  written  by  ingenious  men  concerning  the  nature 
and  cauleof  (he  fcurvy,  that  there  is  little  room  to  exped  that  great 
additional  light  can  be  thrown  on  the  fubje6t,  efpecially  in  the  com- 
pafs  of  a  (hort  pamphlet,  by  a  writer  who  feems  to  have  poiTefTed  no 
extraordinary  advantages  for  invetligation  :— but  the  fuccefsful  trial 
of  a  new  method  of  treating  the  difeafe  mud  ever  excite  the  attention 
of  the  pra£litioner ;  and,  fhould  he  fee  the  fact  clearly  dated  and  well 
fupported  by  evidence,  he  will  give  it  a  willing  confideration,  without 
troubling  himfeU'  with  the  fpeculative  matter  by  which  it  may  be  ac- 
^mpanied.  The  writer  before  us  thinks  that  he  has  difcovered,  in 
a  iimple  folution  of  nitre  in  vinegar,  a  remedy  which  will  cure  the 
fcarvy  at  fea,  without  the  aid  of  freih  vegetables.  Though  he  was 
led  by  chemical  fpeculations  to  the  trial  or  it,  yet,  as  thefe  are  not 
very  profound,  and,  particularly,  as  he  has  not  attempted  to  (hew 
how  nitre  is  by  fuch  an  union  enabled  to  part  with  that  oxygene  air 
which  he  conceives  to  be  the  principal  agent  in  the  cure,  we  fhall  re- 
port the  matter  to  our  readers  merely  as  an  experiment. 

The  medicine  is  a  folution  of  nitre  in  vinegar,  in  the  proportion  of 
four  ounces  to  a  quart.  Of  this,  Mr.  P.  gives  from  half  an  ounce  to 
two  ounces,  twice,  thrice,  or  four  times  in  a  day,  according  to  cir- 
cumftances;  alfo  frequently  bathing  the  legs  with  it,  if  difeafed. 
The  folution  is  taken  by  fome  undiluted,  but  others  require  a  mixture 
of  water.  In  its  cfFeiis  it  foroetimes  confiderably  difturbs  the  domach 
and  bowels,  but  in  common  it  is  borne  eafily  ;  and  its  adminidration 
mud  be  regulated  by  the  effeds.  Proper  diet,  fre(i\  air,  exercife,  &c. 
were  enjoined  during  the  treatment,  according  to  the  mod  approved 
plan.  The  author  aiHrms  that  of  about  180  fcorbutics,  many  of 
them  very  bad  cafes,  whom  he  treated  in  the  courfe  of  about  a  year 
and  three  quarters,  all  recovered  on  board  except  four.— We  could 
have  widied  that  he  had,  in  his  narration,  kept  more  clofely  and  acca- 
rately  to  the  account  of  the  exhibition  of  this  medicine,  indcad  of  de- 
viating to  general  and  theoretical  matter,  which  is  much  Icfs  intercd- 
ing  and  original.  All  that  we  can  infer  from  his  pamphlet  is«  that 
the  propofed  remedy  really  merits  farther  attention. 

^rt.  26.  Murep/oiogia;  or  the  Art  cf  the  Apothecary  traced  up  to  itt 
original  Source  in  Htftory  ;  and  the  Antiquity  and  Confequence  of  the 
Pruggids  and  Drug  Merchants  afTerted  and  maintained  againd  the 

♦  Mif- 


aio    MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  ReKgim  andPdimcal 

MifreprereDtatioDS  of  the  Author  of  a  late  Kiftory  of  Medicine  •• 
The  Nature  and  Defign  of  that  Publication  examined,  and  the  iroe 
Foundation  or  the  refpeflable  Charader  of  the  Apothecary  of 
Great  Britain*  at  the  prcfent  Time,  pointed  out  and  illuftrated.  By 
'  Tofeph  BradncY>  Efq.     8vo.     pp- 45*     u.     Rivingtons. 

This  lingular  publication  contains,  amid  an  ufelefs  parade  of  fecond- 
liand  erudition,  and  a  variety  of  trifling  irrelevant  matter,  fome  jodU 
cious  and  fenfible  remarks.  Its  objefl  is  the  refutation  of  certain  ar- 
guments whidi  have  been  brought  to  fliew  the  neceflicy  of  a  medical 
reform,  as  far  as  refpeds  the  making  up  of  prcfcriptions  by  droggifts. 
It  is  not,  however^  from  refcarches  into  antiquity,  nor  from  an  exami- 
nation into  the  dormant  powers  of  corporations,  that  a  quefHon  of  pre- 
ient  utility  is  to  be  determined.  Probably,  this  is  one  offhofe  na- 
merous  cafes  in  civil  life  that  are  bed  It-fc  to  their  own  fpontaneoot 
regulation ;  at  lead,  while  apothecaries  a^:  as  phyficians,  and  are  to 
be  found  any  where  rather  than  behind  their  counters,  it  it  icarcelf 
probable  that  the  legiflature  will  interfere  to  confirm  them  in  a  mo* 
nopoly  not  at  all  conducive  to  ihe  public  welfare. 

RELIGIOUS    and  polemical. 

Art.  27.  J  Charge  deli*vered  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Archdiunnry  ^  &• 
Jlhan*sy  at  the  Vifitation  held  May  20.  A.  D.  1796.  B7  Joleph 
Holden  Pott,  A.  M.  Prebendary  of  Lincoln,  and  Archdeacon  of 
St.  Alban's.  4to.  pp.42,  is.  6d.  Rivingtons. 
When  Archdeacon  Paley,  the  judicioas  apologift  for  Chriftianity^ 
whofe  work  has  defervedly  obtained  fo  large  a  portion  of  public  ap- 
plaufe,  ventured  to  make  liberal  conceffions  to  the  adverfary  with  re« 
fpe6t  to  the  outworks  of  th^  fortrefs  which  he  had  undertaken  to  de« 
fend,  in  order  the  more  effeilually  to  fccure  his  main  ground  ;  it  was 
eafy  to  forefee  that  alarm  would  immediately  be  excited,  and  that  com* 
plaints  and  cenfures  would  fhortly  ifTue  from  the  prefs.  The  Ardi* 
deacon  of  St.  Alban's  has  been  fo  ferioufiy  alarmed  on  this  occafion^ 
and  has  dicovered  in  the  **  View  of  the  Evidences  of  Chriftianity*'  fo 
much  reprehenfible  matter,  that  he  has  thought  it  necefiary.to  bring 
the  fubjcA  before  his  clergy  at  the  vifitation.  In  the  judgment  of 
Mr.  Pott,  the  author  of  the  *'  View"  has  injured  the  canfe  which  bis 
work  was  intended  to  fupport,  by  an  undue  readinefs  to  concede  im- 
porunt  points.  On  the  i'ubjc^  of  apoflolic  infpiration,  that  learned 
writer  admitted  that  a  didindtion  ihould  be  made  between  the  declared 
object  of  the  apodoHc  miflion,  and  things  extraneous  to  it,  or  onlv 
incidentally  connected  with  it :  for  example,  the  cafe  of  demoniacal  pol- 
feflion,  which  may  be  admitted  to  have  been  an  erroneous  opinion  of 
chofe  times,  without  afFc^ing  the  truth  of  Chridianity.  He  farther 
allowed  that,  in  reading  the  apodolic  writings,  we  ihould  diftingoiih 
between  their  doctrines  and  their  arguments,  and  may  confider  the 
former  as  received  from  Revelation,  and  the  latter  as  the  fuggedions 
of  their  own  thoughts ;  moreover,  that  a  reference  in  the  New 
Tedament  to  a  paflage  in  the  Old  does  not  fo  fix  its  authority,  as  to 
preclude  all  inquiry  into  the  grounds  of  its  credibility;  and  titat  it  is 
an  unlat'e  rule  to  lay  down  concerning  the  jewiHi  hidory,  and  fuch  an 

*  See  M.Rev.  Vol.  xx.  N.  $•  p.  355. 

one 


MoKTHLY  Catalogue,  Rtligwus  and  Pelmhal.      21 1 

cne  as  never  w^s  laid  down  concermng  any  other,  that  either  every 
particular  mull  be  true,  or  the  whole  falfe. 

Mr.  I'ott  confiders  thefe  conceffions  as  a  dangerous  infringemenC 
of  the  authority  of  fcripcure,  and  appears  to  be  of  opinion  that  it  it 
neceiTary  to  maintain  the  divine  authority  of  every  book  of  the  Old 
Teilaments  and  the  inrpiration  of  each  of  the  writers.  He  recapitu- 
lates the  arguments  ui'ually  adduced  on  this  fubjedl,  and  replies  to 
objetflions.  We  find  nothing  re^,  however,  in  what  is  here  ad>. 
vanced  on  th*6  fubjed  ;  and  00 r  folicitude  for  ihe  genoine  credit  of 
ChriiUanity  compeU  us  to  remark,  chat  the  difiicuhies  attending  the 
Docion  that  the  Scriptures  were  throughout  written  under  infpiratioii 
are  fo  prei&ng,  and,  in  truth,  the  evidence  which  fupports  it  fo  preca> 
rious.  that  we  cannot  but  approve  the  difcretion  and  good  fenfe  of 
Archdeacon  Paley,  in  relling  the  defence  of  Chridianity  againfl  infi- 
dels folely  on  the  credibility  of  the  evangelical  and  apoiljlical  records, 
as  faithful  atteflations  of  fads.  Hour  much  more  rational  is  this  mode  of 
defence,  than  that  which  Mr.  Pott  ieems  inclined  to  favour,  and  which 
makes  belief  in  Chriilianity  fomething  more  than  a  rational  perTua* 
fioo  on  hiftorical  telVimony—- the  grace  of  faith,  a  gift  truly  and  pre-^ 
perly  divine  • 

Alt.  aS.  TiMfemiy  Strmons  w  *vanMs  Suhje3s,  preached  at  Allhallows 
on  the  Wall.  Qy  the  Rev.  William  Draper,  LeAurer  of  the  faid 
Charchy  and  late  Curate  of  the  New  Church,  Wolverhampton.  Svo* 

?'P*  357*  ^'*  Boards.  Richardfon.  1796. 
t  may  not  be  eafy  to  propofe  a  better  general  meafare,  by  which 
to  eftimate  the  merit  of  fermons,  than  to  inquire  how  far  they  are 
fnited  to  the  audience  to  which  they  are  addrefTcd.  A  learned  dif- 
coiir(e»  which,  delivered  before  the  members  of  an  Uoiverfity,  might 
deferve  to  be  called  excellent,  if  carried  to  a  neighbouring  country 
charch,  and  read  to  a  congregation  chiefly  compofed  of  mechanics 
and  radios,  is  no  longer,  relatively  confidered,  a  good  fermon.  A  cri- 
tical diCertation,  in  ihc  form  of  a  fermon,  preached  before  the  learned 
Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn  at  the  Warburtonian  lecture,  might  be 
dcfervcdly  admired  for  its  ingenuity  and  elegance  :  but,  deliver- 
ed in  the  city  to  an  audience  of  plain  tradefmen,  it  would  lofe  all 
its  relauve  value,  and  might  be  not  improperly  pronounced  a  bad 
fermon. 

Eftimated  by  this  rule,  we  tj^ink  thefe  fermons  entitled  to  much 
commendation.  Mr.  Draper  feems  to  have  been  well  aware  of  the 
importance  of  adapting  his  difcourfes  to  rhe  abilities  and  circumftances 
of  his  hearers,  and  to  have  been  fenfible  that  nothing  can  be  more  ab- 
furd  than  to  trouble  people,  who  have  fcarcely  any  leifure  for  thinking 
or  reading,  with  elaborate  difcuflions  on  abftrufe  fubjjds ;  he  elteems- 
i:  *«  a  diOionef!  ufe  of  the  poor  finale  half-hour'*  in  a  week  which, 
men  in  bufmefs  can  fpare  to  attend  to  religious  inRruclIon,  to  fill  ic 
with  an  idle  parade  of  learning  ;  and  he  coi.tents  himfelf  with  giving 
his  audience  plain  leflons  of  morality,  which,  wiih  a  moderate  (hare  of 
attention,  may  be  underflood,  and  which  cannot  be  regarded  in  prac« 
tice  without  important  advantage. 

The  fermons  arc  all  adapted  cither  to  enforce  the  general  obliga- 
tions of  religion  and  virtue,  or  to  inculcate  the  obfervancc  of  fome. 

duty. 


212       MonthlyCataloou£,  RiHgious  and P^micd. 

doty.  The  neceility  of  a  (ipcere  principle  of  religion ;  its  powerful 
influence  on  the  conduct  and  happinef^  of  life ;  the  preference  due  to 
religion  above  all  other  purfuits ;  the  conr«)lation  which  it  affnrds ;  the 
rewards  which  it  pro.-nires ;  the  nature  of  the  principal  branches  of 
virtue ;  the  hazard  arifing  from  the  immoderate  purfoit  of  gain,  or 
love  of  pleafure,  and  from  the  indulgence  of  a  proud,  refentful»  or 
timid  temper ;  and  the  neceflity  of  felf-examination,  circa mfpedion, 
and  diligence ;  are  among  the  important  topics  of  thefe  fermons ;  and 
they  are  treated  in  a  manly,  feniible,  popular  manner,  well  fuited  to  a 
numerous  clafs  of  readers :  to  whofe  attention,  notwith (landing  a  few 
occaiional  references  to  points  of  do^rine  which  may  not  exadly 
^uare  with  our  own  opinions,  we  cordially  recommend  them* 
Art.  29.     A  Letter  toj^hn  Hollis,  Efq.  on  his  Reafons  for  Scepticifm* 

as  it  concerns  Revealed  Religion.     By  the  Rev.  J.  Trebeck.     8ro* 

pp.  40.     IS.     Rivingtons.     1795* 

It  is,  perhaps,  rather  the  object  of  publications  of  this  kind  togaard 
believers  againd  the  infedlions  of  infidelity,  than  to  convert  infidek  ; 
and  to  anfwer  this  purpofe  the  prefent  letter  feems  well  adapted.  It 
does  not,  it  is  true,  enter  very  clofely  into  metaphyfical  difquifidon, 
concerning  the  freedom  of  the  human  mind,  the  moral  attributes  of 
God,  and  the  grounds  on  which  the  future  puniftiment  of  the  wicked 
may  be  vindicated :  it  does  not  examine  with  critical  accuracy  tbofe 
texts  of  fcripture,  in  which  future  punifliments  are  defcribed  zinor 
does  it  either  minutely  inquire  into  the  authority  and  credibility 
of  the  Jewifh  hiilory,  or  inveftigate  the  nature  and  evidence  of  the 
Cbriftian  miracles.  It,  however,  fuggefls  general  hints  of  truths  com- 
monly received  and  acknowleged,  which  may  ferve  to  obliterate  the 
impreflion  of  Mr.  Holiis's  objedions  on  minds  familiariled  to  the  fen- 
timents  and  language  of  Scripture  ;  and  to  recommend  a  modeft  ac« 
quiefcence  in  thofe  declarations  of  revelation,  of  which  we  may  dM 
be  able,  at  prefent,  fully  to  comprehend  the  grounds  and  reafons*  If 
nothing  be  advanced  in  this  letter  which  can  be  properly  called  new ; 
and  if  feveral  points  are  maintained,  which  many  fincere  ChrilHana 
have  given  up  ;  yet  the  publication  is,  on  the  whole,  cntided  to  com* 
mendation  for  its  beneficial  tendency,  as  well  as  for  thefimple  and  un* 
afTefled  ilyle,  and  the  benevolent  and  candid  fpirit,  in  which  it  is 
written. 

Art.  30.  Reajhns  for  Faith  in  Rei^aUd  Religion ;  oppofed  to  Mr* 
Holiis's  for  Scepticilmi  in  a  Letter  to  that  Gentleman,  fiy 
Thomas  Williams,  Author  of"  the  Age  of  Infidelity,"  &c.  8vo. 
pp.45.     IS.     Heptinftall. 

Mr.  Williams  is  not  one  of  thofe  cautious  advocates  for  revelation, 
who,  in  order  to  keep  the  field,  think  it  neccflary  to  make  large  coo* 
ceffions  to  the  adverfary.  He  flrenuoufly  maintains,  againft  the  mo- 
dern neceflarian  philosophers,  the  common  idea  of  moral  guilt  and 
future  puniihment;  vindicates  the  defcriptipn  of  the  condudl  of  Pro- 
vidence, given  in  the  aniient  hiflory  of  the  Jewifli  nation,  as  perfe^y 
confonant  with  equity  and  wifdom ;  and  maintains,  from  arguments 
which  have  been  often  repeated,  but  which  it  is  dill  neccflary  to  re- 
peat, the  general  probability  of  miracles,  and  the  particular  reafon- 
ableoefs  and  wifdom  of  the  miraculous  xntcrpofitions  by  which  the 

Jewifii 


Mokthl^^.Cat  alogue,  Riligious  and  Pokmical.      213 

Jewiih  and  ChriiHan  revelations  wtxt  fapported.  Though  little  wiH 
lie  found  in  this  pamphlet  which  is  not  already  very  familiar  to  thofe 
who  have  ftudied  the  fubjedt ;  yet,  as  an  anfwer  to  Mr.  Hollis,  it  is  a 
very  feafonable  publication. 

Art.  31.  Striaures  on  the  ConduSl  of  the  Rev.  George  MarUam, 
M.  A.  Vicar  of  Carlton  inYorkihire;  occafioned  by  his  Profecu- 
tion  of  feveral  Members  of  the  People  called  Quakers,  for  the  Non- 
payment of  Tithes.  Ina  Letter  to  R*»**  W*»»  of  H»*»*»,  a 
Member  of  that  Society.  By  Charles  Wilfon.  8vo.  pp.  50. 
IS.  6d.     Owen. 

ThoQgh  the  fed  of  Quakers,  from  coniiierations  refpe^Ung  con* 
Anence,  have  always  refuicd  the  payment  of  tithes,  the  legiflature  of 
this  country  ban  not  thought  fit  to  indulge  them  with  a  legal  exemp- 
tion from  their  (hare  of  this  burden.  A  clergyman,  therefore,  who 
claims  bis  tithes  from  any  members  of  this  body,  is,  in  cafe  of  a  refufa! 
of  payment,  juflified  by  the  laws  of  his  country  in  having  recourfe  to 
legal  coercion  for  redrefs.  Equity  and  humanity,  however^  require 
that  the  exercife  of  this  legal  right  (bould  be  accompanied  with  as 
little  feverity  as  poilible;  and,  whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  juf- 
ticeof  the  law  itfelf,  which  obliges  fe£laries  to  contribute  towards  the 
fupport  of  the  eilablifhed  church,  it  can  admit  of  no  tioubt  that  z 
clergyman,  who,  in  making  good  his  claim,  fubjeds  any  individuaU 
to  onneceflary  trouble  or  hard  (hip,  is  (0  far  a  perfecutor. 

A  fpecific  charge  of  this  kind  is  brought  againft  a  clergyman,  by 
name,  in  this  pamphlet.  The  writer,  who  appears  to  be  an  intelli- 
gent  and  well-informed  nan,  after  having  given  a  brief  account  of 
the  fevere  treatment  which  the  body  of  Quakers  has  formerly  expe* 
rienced  from  members  of  the  Church  of  £tigland ;  and  having  offered 
ieveral  judicious  remarks  on  the  obligation  of  adhering,  in  all  cafes* 
to  the  equitable  and  benevolent  fpirit  of  Chriflianity ;  proceeds  to 
raake  fome  extrads  from  a  publifhed  "  State  of  the  Cafe  of  feveral 
of  the  People  called  Quakers,  imprifonedin  York  Caftle  for  the  Non- 
payment ofTiihes."  in  this  paper,  the  gentleman,  whofe  condud 
is  the  fubjed  of  invedigation  in  that  pamphlet,  is  charged  with  hav. 
xng  made  exorbitant  demands  on  certain  perfons  of  the  fed  of  Quakers ; 
with  having,  on  their  non-compliance,  purfued  them  with  unrelenting 
rigour ;  and,  after  having  harafled  them  with  vexatious  proceedings, 
during  about^  years,  with  having  committed  them  by  attachment 
to  the  county  gaol  of  York,  where  they  dill  remain  in  confinement. 
It  is  added  that,  *  above  a  year  before  the  imprifonment  took  place, 
he  had  received  of  the  landlords  of  feveral  of  the  parifhioners  a  com- 
penfation  for  his  demands ;  but,  in  fome  cafes,  there  being  two  land- 
lords, only  one  had  fettled  with  him  ;  in  one  cafe,  however,  both  had 
paid,  as  can  be  made  appear  by  receipts  in  writing,  or  by  perfonal 
evidence.' 

The  narrative  is  handfomely  related,  and  the  merits  of  the  cafe  arc 
well  argued.  If  the  fads  agree  with  this  Aatement,  the  condud  of 
the  profecutor  has  been  highly  cenfurable.  JuHice,  humanity,  and 
good  policy,  undoubtedly  require  that  thefe  unfortunate  fufFerers 
ihould  be  relieved,  and  that  provifion  be  made  for  the  prevention  of 
iimilar  ads  of  oppreilion  for  the  future. 

Art. 


St  1 4      MoHTHiLY  Catalo6u<b»  Rilighus  oni PalimcoL 

Alt,  32.  Advice  to  a  Student  in  the  Vnivirfiiy^  concerning  the  Qoali* 
iications  and  Duties  of  a  Miniiler  of  the  Gofpcl  in  the  Chinch  of 
England.  By  John  NapIe(on»  D.  D.  Canon  Refidenttary  of 
Hereford 9  and  Chaplain  to  the  Lord  Biihop  of  Hereford.  8vo. 
pp.  1 47..    3^.  6d       Rivingrons.     I7Q5- 

In  judging  of  the  merit  of  any  work,  it  i$  neceiTary  to  attend  to  the 
author's  particular  de/ign,  led  h<?  fliould  be  blamed  fan  not  having  ac- 
complifhed  what  he  never  intended,  it  is  eafy  to  conceive  that  a 
writer,  whofe  objcd  it  was  to  delcribe,  on  general  theoretical  prin- 
tiplcs,  the  charader  and  of^ce  oi  a  pi  l^'ic  inftruclor,  and  to  form  a 
creature  of  the  imagination,  like  Ciceio'5  perfe£k  orator  or  Zeoo's 
wife  man,  would  purfue  a  very  difTr^rMt  cr.iln  of  ideas,  and  produce 
a  very  di0*crent  work,  from  one  '  *:'>  had  folrly  in  view  the  pradical 
purpcfe  of  forming  a  religious  ti^.ichc.  according  to  eftabliihcd  prin* 
ciples,  and  for  a  ipecific  fr.uaiion.  Dr.  Napleton's  intention  being  to 
give  young  candidates  for  holy  orders  fuch  advice,  as  may  be  ofefol 
in  preparing  them  for  the  oftice  of  a  miniiler  of  the  gofpel  in  the 
Church  of  England,  the  higheii  encomium  which  he  can  wi(h  to  have 
.bedewed  on  bis  wurk  muil  be,  that  it  is  excellently  adapted  to  anfwer 
his  piupole;  and  to  this  praife  we  think  it  unequivocally  entitled. 

Thus  confidering  the  prefenc  publication  in  connedien  with  the 
author's  defign,  we  are  drack  with  the  peculiar  propriety  of  feveral 
things,  which,  in  a  work  conftrudled  on  a  broader  fcale,  might  appear 
liable  to  objcdion.  For  example ;  i:  was  highly  proper,  in  theootfet, 
to  im'prels  the  candidate  for  epifcopal  ordination  with  a  perfoafioa  of 
|he  fandiiy  of  the  clerical  oilice,  by  teachiug  him  that  he  will  be  fet 
apart,  not  by  inAitution  merely  civil,  bat  by  an  ordinance  of  heaveoly 
origin,  it  was,  on  the  fame  ground,  perfe^ly  reafpnable  tocoofioe 
his  courfe  of  preparatory  theological  reading  to  fuch  writings  at 
would  place  before  him  only  thofe  interprctauons  of  fcripture,  and 
thofe  explanations  of  the  dodrines  of  revelation,  that  are  confooant 
to  the  fvftfm  of  faith  which  he  is  officially  to  defend;  and  to  poiat 
cut  to  him  fuch  models  of  preaching,  as  will  be  moll  likely  to  prevent 
Any  unlucky  ir.confiilcncy  between  the  public  fervices  of  the  reading- 
deflc  and  the  pulpit.  It  was  :>lfo  a  meaforc  of  much  expediency  to 
caution  the  young  divine  a^ainll  tampering  with  the  writings  of  infi- 
dels,  hcretrc-,  and  fchiiinatics.  We  are  not  fure  that  the  \>t.\  foli- 
citudc  to  prelerve  the  integrity  and  tranquillity  of  his  pupil's  mind 
ifc/ent  too  far,  when  jt  led  him  to  difcouragc  an  acquaintance  with 
writings,  however  other. vife  excellent,  which  maintainor  iniinaate po* 
fitions  derogatory  or  diirn'ped.'ul  t»  revealed  religion,  or  to  any  doc- 
trine which  in  prefcribed  creeds  i'  declared  to  be  an  ciTeniial  part  of 
it.  We  are,  however,  apprcheiiTive  that  the  author's  tiindour  outran 
his  judgment,  when  he  veniured  to  put  into  the  hands  of  the  clcrioil 
fludeni  fo  dangerojs  a  boc-  as  Locke  on  the  Romans,  though  with 
this  cxprcfs  caution:  *  In  tranusting  and  expl?.ining  pailagcs  which 
have  rcfererce  to  the  divi:  i:y  cf  our  Lord,  and  the  affiilacce  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,  his  mind  fccms  10  be  under  a  bias,  and  his  opinion  ought 
rot  to  have  weight  with  you.*  Wc  k  Mr,  too,  that  it  may  not  b?  found 
the  moft  judicious  method  of  preventing  young  men,  who  (all  the 
WOjrld  kaows)  arc  fo&d  of  ror«ianct>j  fiom  jceping  into  the  heretical 

writirgs 


MoirrRtT  Catalogue,  RiHghef  and P^kmkaf,     si} 

wriciDgs  of  Dr.  Priedley,  to  profcribe  them  in  the  lump  under  lh« 
general  title  oi  theological  romances. 

From  the  precediag  inlUncea,  it  will  be  eafily  perceived  with  what 
fundable  exadoefs  the  author  of  this  trad  has  adhered  to  his  plaf)»  as 
^g^cfted  in  the  tide.  Nor  can  ive  imagine  that  any  reader  of  com- 
moo  candour  will  complain  that,  in  writing  with  this  particular  defign. 
Dr.  N.  did  not  extend  his  plan  in  the  manner  which  might  have  fuited 
thai;  philoibphical  preceptor,  whe,  not  being  himfelf  ihut  up  within  an/ 
endofure,  might  think  ir  his  duty  to  lay  open  to  his  pupil,  without 
referve,  the  whole  field  of  fpeculative  inquiry.  However,  if  any  one 
flioald  be  fo  captious  as  to  find  fault  wich  Dr.  N.  for  not  placing  his 
pvptl  in  the  way  of  hcrefy,  when  it  was  his  immediate  objed  to  prt« 
ferve  him  found  in  the  faith,  it  is  but  jullice  to  the  work  to  fay  that» 
though  a  great  pait  of  it  is  appropriated  to  the  peculiar  ufe  of  divi* 
lUtjT-ftudents  in  the  Englifh  Univerfitics,  it  contains  much  excellent 
wMot  with  refped  to  the  compofition  of  fermons  and  the  difchargv 
of  die  doties  of  a  Chrillian  miniflcr,  which  may  be  read  with  advan* 
taee  by  any  young  man  who  has  devoted  himfelf  to  the  profeffion  of  a 
rehgious  inftrudor.  It  mud  alfo  be  added  that  the  whole  piece  ia 
written  with  purity  and  perfpicuity  of  ftyle,  and  bears  «vident  marka 
of  good  fenfe,  corred  tafte^and  found  erudition. 

Aft.  35*     ObJir*vaticm  on  ibo  Principles  of  CBrifiian  Morality t   ^nd 
the  Jpo/hlic  Cbarader :    occafioncd  by  Dr.  Paley's  Views  cf  the 
Endenoes  of  Chriftianity.     By  the  Rev.  Peter  Roberts.   A.  M» 
.  9vo.     pp.  68.     If.  6d.     Owen.     1796. 

Revelation  has  been  eommonly  ur.derilood  to  comprehend  both  the 
^covery  of  new  truths,  and  the  prefcription  of  new  rules  of  condad»> 
The  letter  of  tbefe  Archdeacon  Paley  rcjeds,  on  the  gromid  that 
moraKty,  being  the  fubjed  of  human  experience,  does  not  admit  of 
Mcoveries.  This  notion  is  confidered  by  the  author  of  this  pam* 
phlet  as  a  novelty  injurious  to  the  honour  of  ChrilHanity  ;  and  thefc 
obfervations  are  written  to  prove  that  our  knowlege  of  onr  duty,  de« 
pending  on  our  knowlege  of  the  relations  which  fubiilt  between  man 
and  the  objeds  and  beings  around  him,  rs  capable  of  improvement, 
both  by  the  exercife  of  our  own  faculties,  and  from  divine  revelation. 
•  Of  relations,  on  which  moral  duties  are  founded,  fome,'  fays  Mr.^ 
Roberts,  *  are  fo  univerfal  and  obvious,  as  neceiTarily  to  produce  a 
degree  of  conformity  in  adion  ;  others  are  more  remote,  and  require 
great  labour  and  ingenuity  to  difcover  them  ;  and  in  thefe,  the  aflid- 
ance  which  revelation  has  afforded  is  a  great  blefling/  Befides  this, 
revelation,  heobferves,  has  difcovcred  new  relations  between  man  and 
the  Son  of  God,  as  redeemer,  head  of  the  church,  and  judge  of  all 
men  ;  and  it  has  not  only  confirmed  the  expedations  of  a  future  (late, 
but  fomiihed  new  principles  of  adion,  in  obedience  and  fubmHfion  to 
the  wiU  of  God,  univerfal  benevolence,  a  fenfe  of  human  depravity, 
and  reliance  on  divine  alTillance. 

ft  docs  not  appear  to  us  that  Mr.  R.'s  remarks  amount  to  a  refuta- 
tion of  Archdeacon  Palcy's  opini«3n,  that  the  gofpcl  makes  no  difco- 
veries  in  morals.  That  it  ftrcngthens  the  motives  to  moral  adion, 
in  the  feveral  ways  fpecified  by  Mr.  R.,  would  not  be  denied  by  the 
Archdeacon.  That  it  delivers  any  entirely  ^ew  precepts  of  mora- 
lity^ 


2l6  MOKTHLY  Ca1*ALOOU£,  PStiCgt 

Iity»  Mr.  R.  has  not  proved.  Some  of  the^xpreffions  which  he  hat* 
noticed  in  the  Hevj,  &c.  may  lie  open  to  objection  :  bat  we  do  not 
perceive  that  tne  author  of  that  valuable  work  has  made  any  dan- 
gerous conceifions  to  the  enemies  of  revelation.  The  queltioii  is  not* 
what  ground  has  been  taken  by  former  advocates  for  revelatirn,  bot 
what  ground  is  tenable ;  and>  perhaps,  the  more  fully  the  fubjeA  it 
invelligated,  the  more  ntfcefl*ary  it  will  be  found  for  the  defenders  of 
Chriftiaoity  to  cod  fine  themfelves  within  the  limits  marked  out  in  the 
Archdeacon's  judicious  treatife.  / 

POLITICAL,   b^C. 

Art.  34.  J  Letter  to  Thomas  Paine ^  in  Reply  to  his  Decline  and  Fall 
of  the  Engliih  Syftem  of  Finance.  By  Daniel  Wakefield.  8vo* 
pp.  1%,     IS.     Rivingtons. 

Proud  as  Mr.  Paine  fecms  to  be  of  the  fuppofed  difcovery  of  the 
ratio  by  which  the  expencesof  wars  increafe,  under  the  funding  fyftem> 
his  idea  is  evidently  chimerical^  and  will  not  fuAain  examination. 
We  concifely  hinted  at  this  in  our  account  of  his  pamphlet :  Mr. 
Daniel  Wakefield,  however,  has  thought  proper  to  expofe  its  abfur- 
dixy  in  general,  and  its  application  in  particular  to  our  public  debc» 
more  at  large ;  and,  by  bringing  ftubborn  fadls  into  the  field,  he  has 
noH  completely  pot  to  flight  Mr.  Paine's  ratio.  He  has  alfoihewii^. 
in  the  fubfequent  parts  of  his  letter,  that  there  fubfifts  no  fimilarity 
between  the  funded  debt  of  Britain,  and  the  paper  either  of  America 
or  France  ;  and  that  our  fituation  is  by  no  means  fo  gloomy  as  the 
enemies  of  Britain  reprefent  it.  We  entirely  agree  with  Mr.  W.  OD 
many  points,  and  deem  what  he  has  advanced  matter  of  pleafiog 
congratulation  :  but  at  the  fame  time  we  muft  honellly  give  it  as  oar 
opinion  that,  if  Mr.  Paine,  in  painting  our  fituation,  has  dipped  his 
bruih  too  much  in  the  blacking  pot,  Mr.  W.  on  the  contrary  hat 
thrown  too  light  and  lively  a  tint  over  his  pi^ure.  He  is  of  opinion 
that  the  Britifh  Syfiem  of  Finance,  fo  far  from  being  on  its  decline^ 
has  not  yet  attained  its  maturity  ;  and  that  the  credit^nd  refourcei  of 
the  country  are  now  in  as  flourifhing  a  ilate  as  at  any  period  fince  the 
commencement  of  the  funding  fyftem:*-*  but  how  can  thb  be?  Erro- 
neous as  Paine's  ratio  of  increment  is,  the  fa£l  that  wars  increafe  in 
cxpence  under  the  funding  fyftem  is  indifputable ;  and  it  is  difiicult 
to  conceive  how  the  credit  and  refources  of  a  country  can  be  as  flou- 
rifhing  after  this  fydem  has  been  profecuted  to  a  confiderable  extent* 
as  they  were  foon  after  its  commencement.  In  making  this  remark, 
we  would  not  be  fuppofed  to  defpair  of  our  national  refources :  for  we 
are  perfuaded  that  they  are  truly  great ;  yet  if  we  wildly  ru(h  into  ex* 
penfive  wars,  abfurdly  fuppofing  that  our  finances  are  infinite  and 
inexhauftible  (as  fome  are  ready  on  all  occafions  to  reprefent  them,) 
we  ihall  be  convinced  of  our  miftake  by  overwhelming  ruin  and 
widely-extended  mifery. 

Art.  ;  5.     A  RetroJ^e^  ;  illuftrating  the  Necejftty  of  an  immeiititt  Peact 

nuitb  the  Republic  of  France,     8vo.     iS.     Crofby.      1 796. 

The  good  intention  of  this  pamphlet  may  furnifh  fome  apology  for 

the  hafty  and  defuUory  manner  in  which  it  is  written.     The  author 

lakes  a  curfory  retroffeil  of  the  condaft  of  the  Britiih  government 

7  through 


HiKogh  the  prefent  century,  and  imputes  our  perilous  fituadon  to  tlie 
ifbiidfiig  fyftem ;  <othe  unconftitutional  change  of  the  duration  of  par- 
liaments from  three  to  feven  years;  and  to  the  precipitation  with 
which  we  have  nifhed  into  unnecefiary  wars,  and  the  pertinacity  with 
Which  we  have  perfevered  in  them.  From  a  view  of  the  calamities 
in  which  the  prefent  war  has  involved  the  country,  he  urges  an  im- 
iiiediate>  liberal,  and  unequivocal  negotiation  for  peace;  and  to  pre- 
vent the  ruin  of  the  nation,  he  advifes  a  reform  in  the  reprefentatioii 
cf  the  Commons. 

Art.  ^6.  ji  LittiT  to  the  Right  Htm,  William  Pitt,  fliewing  how 
Cnmcs  may  be  prevented,  and  the  People  made  happy.  By  John 
Donaidibn,  Efq  8vo.  pp.  24.  is.  Cadell  jun.  and  Davies. 
The  poUic  is  obliged  to  any  one  Who  devotes  his  time  and  talents 
to  its  intereft^  either  in  adive  lervices,  or  in  fpeculatioiis  and  project 
to  '  prevent  cribies  ind  make  the  people  happy.'  In  the  latter  wav, 
Mr.  Dofiaklfon  has  long  endeavoured  to  render  himfelf  ufeful  to  the 
tommdili^r.  In  the  prefent  pamphlet,  his  projeds  are,  the  tfUt  ott 
dogt,  td  idthn  theii*  number^  which  has  bc«n  introduced ;  the  pro* 
hil^noo  of  the  uAs  of  hidr-powder^  by  which  Mr.  D.  experts  a  faving 
of  two  milBolM  yearly ;  and  taming  the  powdering- room  into  a  family 
library :  iboie  other  regulations,  refpe6Hng  the  method  of  felling  pro^ 
▼ifioos;  may  deihrve  attention.  Mr.  D.'s  favourite  projed  of  ^  <««« 
fioMt  nomch  is  ftrongly  recomitiended  to  th»  Minifter ;  who  is,  pro- 
bably, too  bttfily  occupied  in  the  office  of  mafter- watch  man,  to  pay 
such  regard  tothefe  fubordinate  regulations. 

Art.  37.  ^biKightt  on  the  Antimonarchical  Tindencj  of  thi  Meafitres  of 
the  Briiijh  MiiHfier.  By  William  Adams.  8vo.  is.  Symonds. 
The  weapon  ot  irony  requires  fo  much  fkill  in  its  managements 
Aiat  the  wcmder  is  not  when  a  writer  faili  in  the  ufe  of  it,  but  when 
he  fucceeds.  The  author  before  us  (cems  better  calculated  for  direft 
invedive  tbati  for  covert  fatire.  He  fpeaks  fome  home  truths  in  bold 
language.  Inhere  is  no  great  difficulty  in  (hewing  that,  whatever 
may  have  been  the  defigns  of  the  prefent  miniftry,  the  meafures  which 
they  have  taken  have  produced  a  very  different  eifed  from  what  waa 
expe&ed  by  their  friends,  or  avowed  by  themfelves. 

Art.  38.     Rights  of  the  People ;  or,  Reafons  for  a  Regicide  Peace,  &c. 

&c.     By  William  Williams,  of  Gray's  Inn^  Student  at  Law ;  Author 

of  Redemption,  a  Sacred  Poem  *.  8vo.    is.  6d.     Jordan.     1796*, 

It  is  natural  enough  for  a  (ludent  in  law  to  commence  in  politics,  and 

try  his  hand  at  that  declamatory  rhetoric,  which  he  means  hereafter 

to  pradHfe  at  the  Old  Bailey  or  the  King's  Bench.     Mr.  W.  taking 

the  advantage  of  the  expe£lation    raifed  by  an  announced  work  of 

Mr.  Burke,  employs,  by  anticipation,  his  eloquence  in  counterading 

the  fuppofed  tenor  of  that  work,  and  in  laying  down  principles,  botn 

general  and  particular,  diametrically  oppofite  to  thofe  of  that  chanii- 

pion  of  eftabliihed  power.     Wc  think  it  unnecefTary  to  follow  him 

through  the  wide  range  which  he  has  taken,  from  the  origin  of  all 

government,  to  the  French  revelation,  and  the  circumllances  of  the 

•  See  p.  266  of  this  Review. 
Rir.  Oct.  1796.  Q^  prefent 


aid;  Monthly  C at ALOcuEf  P$StUak 

'^refeot  time ;  fince  we  find  nothing,  either  in  the  faBu,  or  in  Kh 
manner  of  reafoning  from  them,  which  can  induce  us  to  recommend^ 
Ills  publication  to  the  notice  of  our  readers. 

Art.  39,     Proceedings  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons  on  the  Slave  Trade,  and 
*  State  of  the  Negroes  in  the  Wclt-Indta  I  (lands  :  with  an  Appendix. 

By  Philip  Francis,  Efq.  8vo.  pp.  106.  2s.  6d.  Ridgeway. 
-  The  public  are  here  prefentcd  with  a  copy  of  Mr.  Francis's* 
ipeeches,  during  the  laft  Scffion  of  Parliament,  on  the  fubjeft  of  the 
(lave  trade.  Mr.  F.  ftrongly  fupported  Mr.  Wilberforcc*s  bill  for 
preventirrg  the  farther  importation  of  (laves  into  the  Britt(h  Colonie* 
in  the  Well  Indies ;  and  when,  notwithdanding  the  refolation  of  the 
JHoufe  in  1792,  '*  That,  from  and  after  the  firft  day  of  January  1796, 
it  (hall  not  be  lawful  to  import  any  African  Negroes  into  any  Briti(h 
Colonies  or  Plantations,''  Mr.  Wilberforce's  biiV  was  thro«VB:  out,- 
Mr.  Francis  moved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  the. better  rego* 
lation  and  improvement  of  the  fituation  of  the  negroes  ia  the  BritUh 
Colonies,  and  introduced  bis  motion  by  a  fenfible  and  animated  fpeech 
of  very  confiderabie  length.  Whether  an  a£l  for  regulating  and  im- 
proving the  fituation  of  the  negroes  might  not  indirectly  afford  coun- 
tenance to  a  trade  which  has  been  declared  contrary  to  the  principles 
of  judice  and  humanity,  and  might  not  retard  its  abolitioD,  nay  well 
defer  ve  the  con  fide  ration  of  ihoie  who  '  have  the  «aufe  of  the  negroes 
fcrioufly  at  heart.* 

Art.  40.  Authentic  Correjpeitdence  iiiih  M.  le  Brun',  the  French  Mf- 
niller,  and  otherf,  to  February  1793  inclufive,  publilhed  as  tn 
Appendix  to  other  Mati:r  not  lefs  important ;  with  a  Preface,  and 
explanatory  Notes.  By  W.  Miles.  ^\o.  6s«  fewed.  De-^ 
brett.     1796. 

Various  p:^mphlets  of  this  author  have  of  late  years  attraded 
no  inconrKlcrabIc  (hare  cf  public  attention.  The  ardor  of  his 
llyle,  the  courage  with  which  he  lays  bare  the  fores  of  rank  and 
efhce,  and  the  information  acquired  in  his  continental  excurfious  con- 
cerning the  interior  mechanifm  of  public  events,  have  feverally  coiv- 
tributcd  to  produce  this  interelK  His  political  views  are  not  very  in-^ 
telligiblc;  in  argument  and  preciHon  he  dots  not  excel;  and  he  has 
accordingly  bien  more  fuccrGFul  in  his  divitribes,  when  contented  to 
follow  than  when  auemf  tirg  to  lead  the  public  mind.  His  Expediency 
of  prcjcriblng  Bovriui  !o  the  R:i£ian  Emfire,  and  his  Letter  to  Earl  Stan- 
hope, were  little  hecued  in  comparifon  of  his  Letter  to  the  Prince  tf 
fi'alcs :  fee  Rev.  Vol.  xvii.  N.  S.  p.  337  ;  and  Vol.  xviii.  p.  226. 

The  work  before  us  conliils  of  a  preface  addre(rcd  to  the  author's 
daughtt'Ty  who  fervcs  for  the  Lodoil?xi  of  this  Englilh  Louvet ;  of 
fome  pr«Minnir.aTy  cbfcrvations  not  very  important;  of  a  review  of 
Mr.  riti'i  admiiuilraiif^n,  which  fcrir.s  the  bullc  oF  the  perforrrance  ; 
and  of  an  Appendix,  containing  a  correfpor.df'nce  wiih  M.  leBrun  and 
others.  Tl.is  lall  article  has  every  n  ark  of  authenticity,  and  ihro^s 
light  en  the  origin  of  the  war.  After  h.uin;j  perufed  the  m::ticr 
of  the  correfpcnQence,  it  would  be  difiicult  not  to  i'.ifcr  that  the  auihor 
was  at  fome  period,  by  no  means  remote,  a  fecret  agent  of  the  Eritifh 
govcrnmfnt.  Notwith Handing  fome  tendency  to  acrimony,  he  ap. 
pears  to  have  a:  heart  the  real  iutereds  of  mankiad. 

Art, 


Monthly  Catalooub»  F^litieal.  a/g 

Art.  41'.  ■  ji  Leturfrom  a  Chancellor  out  of  Office  to  a  King  in  Ponuer* 
Containing  Reflexions  on  the  Mtz,  of  his  prefenc  Majeity's  Accef- 
fion  to  the  Throne  of  his  Anceilors ;  on  the  War  with  America  ; 
the  Spaniih  and  Ruffian  Armaments;  and  the  prefent  War  witi^ 
France ;  Thooghts  on  National  Eftablitliments  ;  forming  an  En* 
quiry  into  the  immediate  Expediency  of  Reform,  political,  reli- 
giousy  and  moral ;  in  t,he  Cpurfc  of  which  are  examined  the  relative 
Points  about  which  Trinitarians  and  Unitarians  chiefly  differ,  as 
well  as  Thomas  Paine' s  AflTertions  concerning  Jefus  Chrift  :  laftly, 
on  the  Laws  that  were,  and  the  Laws  that  are  ;  irterfperfed  with 
occafional'  Rcirofpedives  of  Aflbciations,  National  Bankruptcy, 
Revolutions,  and  Univerfal  Patriotifm.  The  Whole  being  a  folemn 
Appeal  to  the  Jtiftice,  Benevolence,  and  political  Wifdom  of  oat 
gracious  King  George  the  Third.  8vo.  pp.  172.  3s.  6d, 
Eaton. 

Ta the  information  given  very  much  at  large  in  the  title,  concern- 
ing the  contents  of  this  ilUdigefled  pamphlet,  little  needs  to  be  added^ 
in  order  to  affift  the  reader's  conception  of  its  character  and  fptrit.  It 
is  a  confifed  mafs  of  bold,  rude,  and  vulgar  ulk,  if  not  wholly  with- 
out reafon,  certainly  without  much  difcretion,  on  the  various  topics 
which  might  be  fuppofed  to  call  forth  the  oratorical  powers  of  a 
flaming  mal-content  in  fome  political  club. 

Art,  42.  Sketch  of  a  Political  Tour  through  Rochefter,  Chatham^  Maid" 
flsnet  Grave/enJi  &c.  Inclading  Reflexions  on  the  Tempers  and 
Difpolitions  of  the  Inhabitants  of  thofe  Places  ;  and  on  the  Pro- 
greu.of  the  Societies  intlituted  for  the  Purpofe  of  obtaining  a  Par* 
liamentary  Reform.  -By  John  Gale  Jones.  Part  the  Firfl.  8vo* 
2S.  6d.     Jordan.     1796. 

The  travels  of  a  political  mifiionary  offer,  at  lead,  fomething  new; 
and  whether  their  purpofe  be  approved  or  condemned,  the  fludent  of 
men  and  manners  will  lind  fomething  in  the  relation  that  will  either 
amufe  him',  or  give  birth  to  more  ferious  reflexions.     This  citizen^ 
writer  is  abundantly  communicative  ;  and  we  may  regard  it  as  a  proof 
of  the  confcious  innocence  and  good  intentions  of  the  London  Corre- 
fponding  Society,  that  they  entrulled  with  their  intimate  concerns  a 
perfon  apparently  fo  little  verfed  in  the  praXice  of  political  intrigue. 
Indeed,  if  we  may  judge  of  t\\t  jM^rs  from  the/ent,  they  muft  be 
more  diftinguilhed  for  zeal  ihnn  wifdom.     The  work,  bating  fome 
occafional  frif>pery,  is  not  ili  written,  nor  deficient  in  entertainment. 
Art.  43.     Remarks  preparatory  to  the  Ijfue  cf  Lord  Mai mejlury^ i  Mijpon 
to  Paris.     8vo.     6d.     R.  White. 
Like  a  true  born,  found  hearted  Briton,  this  anxious  politician  flrc- 
nuoufly  exhort.i  us  to  refill  the  French  as  firmly  in  the  field  of  nego- 
tiation as  we  have  ever  done  in  the  field  of  Mars ;  and  rot  to  fufFer 
them  to  di£late  to  us  any  terms  of  peace  that  may  appear  in  the  leaft 
degree  to  aftVft  the  e^tenfion  of  our  commerce,  the  fecurity  of  our 
independence,  and  the  perpetuity  of  our  power.     He  is  very^ right: 
but  there  is  nothing  in  his  obfervations  that  wiil  net  readily  occur  to 
every  cofl?ec-hoofe  politician,  follicitous  for  the  honour  and  welfare  of 
Old  England. .   He  efpecially  confiders  K\st  pnffwillty  that  France  may 
ftfll  be  fufncienily  in/anexo  require  terms  (fucb  as  he  here  fuppofei)  to 

Qji  which 


ft20  MoHTHiT  Cat AhcmsMf  Ftnrf^  tfr. 

which  we  cannot*  for  a  moment,  liften ;  efpedally  after  the  eximphf 
•which  (he  has  lately  exhibited  to  the  world  in  her  treatict  with  Foreign 
PdA^ers.  He  therefore  ftrongly  nrges  us  manfoliy  to  antici[iat)e  ens 
foffihilityy  and  vigorooily  to  prepare  ourfelvei  for  kt  arrival  l-^Tbit 
A^ms  to  be  the  great  end  of  the  prefent  ^txj  brief  bnt  earooft  nddidt 
to  the  public. 

POETRY    and    DRAMATIC. 

Art«  44.  Tb9  Iron  Cheji',  a  Play,  in  Three  A&B.  Written  bf  George 
Colroan,  the  younger*  Firfl  reprefented  at  the  Theatre  Rofal, 
Drury  Lane.  8vo.  2».  Cadell  jun.  and  Daviei.  1796W 
Some  vtty  good  writing,  and  many  good  fentimenta,  are  here 
dirown  away  en  a  yrtry  unpleafant  and  ablurd  ftory,  extra£kdr  with- 
out improveaient>  from  Godwin's  Adiuniures  9/  CaU  WiUimm^. 
The  town,  it  (hould  (etmr  was  fomewhat  puzaled  between  its  ap^ 
Jobation  of  what  was  found  of  value  in  the  Iron  CheAyaod  its  jnft 
/diflike  of  its  other  contents.  Hence  the  play  waa  altcraaceljr  coo^ 
demned  and  reprieved  >  with  fome  appearance  of  caprice  io  the 
jndget  f  and  it  now  remains  to  be  feea  what  will  be  the  fame  ef  that 
.very  lingular  drama,  in  the  next  fiiremer'a  caopaigo.  Aa  to  lir» 
CoWa's  prefatory  attack  on  Mr.  Kemble»  on  account  of  hia  mamer 
of  performing  the  principal  chara£ter>  we  caa  fay  little  to  itrBOt  hav« 
ing  been  prefent  at  the  repreientation  :  but,  tD  that  gentleroao's  pev- 
formance,  the  refen^ful  author  afcribes  the  ill  fiiccefa  which  atttpded 
fbe  exhibition  at  Drury  Lane. 

Art.  45  •     Remarks  on  Mr.  CbIvuu^^s  Fnfa€9  r  al(o  a  CbmpMlli^  ef  the 

Play  of  the  iron  Chcft  with  the  Novel  of  Caleb  Williaau.    ^  » 

Gentleman  of  the  Middle  Temple.    8vo.     is.     Cawthome«ftc. 

The  principal  aim  of  thefe  ftri^ures  appears  to  have  been  the 

defence  of  Mr.  Kemble,  in  reply  to  the  charges  brought  hf  Mr* 

Colman  againft  that  defervedly  eminent  performer,  in  his  long  and 

vengeful  preface  to  the  Iron  Chell.    The  remarker  infifta  chat '  na 

one  can  attribute  the  condemnation  of  the  play  to  Mr.  Kea(|Ue»  fince 

the  bare  perufal  of  the  chara6ier  he  had  to  tuAain  will  convioe  him  thaa 

the  fineft  ador  that  ever  trod  the  ilage,  by  the  mod  powerful  exer- 

lions  of  his  talents,  could  never  produce^  from  fuch  a  fobjed,  aay 

dramatic  eff^^ts  on  the  mitids  of  an  audience.' 

Thefe  remarks  are  not  confined  to  Mr.  Colman's  *  virulent  pre- 
face*' but  are  extended  to  the  play  iifelf ;  and  the  critic  is  indeed  ex^ 
tremely  fevere  on  Mr.  C/s  performance.  A  coraparifon  (.as  the  title* 
page  expreifes)  of  the  play  with  Mr.  Godwin's  novel  is  fnbjoined. 
In  this  Summary,  the  remarker  endeavours  to  (hew  that '  there  never 
was  a  C9py  fo  mii^rably  varied  from  its  optptiml  as  this  i*  whether*  fays 
he,  '  it  proceeded  from  want  of  conception,  or  want  of  fkHl»  or  both, 
I  will  not  pretend  to  determine;  but  forely  there  can  be  no  ftronger 
ififtance  oi^  confummate  ienorance,  or  of  corrupted  taAe.'  Here  we 
think  our  brother  critic  is  by  much  too  hadh,  at  leafl  in  the  ex/r^bm  of 
hii  cenfure. 

*  Sae  an  acconnt  of  this  work*  Rer.  Oft*  1794^  P-^  145* 


Momnicr  CAtAL^duB,  A#/>7,  &V.  sir 

to  lits  Jffendix,ht  taket  fiotice  of  the  faccefsfttl  revival  of  the  Iron* 
Ollet  tt  the  antbor'i  own  theatre,  after  its  condemnation  at  Drufy  Lane. 
Tkat  foccefs  he  wb(^Iy  attributes,  withont  hefitation,  to  managerial 
imfhinei^  and  not  to  any  foperiority  in  the  a^iig,—a)thoogh  he  very 
Imerally  allows  the  merit  of  Mr.  £llifton«  who  fupplied  the  part  which* 
It  Drary  Lane^  had  fallen  to  the  lot  of  Mr.  Kemble  :-^fikit  we  aik 
p«rdon  of  oor  readers  for  fo  long  detaining  them  concerning  a  difpute 
■rbkb  the  remarker  himfelf  feems  to  confider  as  merely  <'  de  land 

Art*  46.  Fortimer;  or,  the  True  Patriot:  a  Tragedy.  By  Ab. 
Portal.  Hvo.  pp.  90.  as.  6d.  Kearfley.  1796. 
We  ihoald  deem  this  tragedy  a  tolerably  good  poem,  if  Horace 
Ind  not  denied  to  mediocrity  a  place  in  poetry.  At  lea  ft  the  ilyle  n 
liDOOth  and  elegant,  and  the  fentiments,  or  interfperfed  apophthegms* 
are  morally  praife-wor^y.  The  manners  are  faintly,  yet  not  untruly 
marked  %  and  the  poliihed  effeminacy  of  the  Britons  is  well  oppofed 
to  the  ovei^beariBg  hardihood  of  the  Saxons.  There  is  an  iiiftance  of 
juiachrooifm  in  the  alluiions  to  Hecate  and  the  Purie*  :  the  firitons  re* 
ceiyed  Cbrifiianitj  from  the  Romans  in  exchange  for  Druidifm,  and 
were  already  converted  to  it  in  the  time  of  Vortigern.  The  Saxons 
are  joftly  described  as  heathens.  The  plot  is  fnll  of  incident :  but  the 
motives  affigned  are  often  infufficient  to  account  for  the  conduct  pur- 
foitdi  and  the  charaders  are  of  the  ordinary  kind,  and  not  drawn  with 
predfion.  We  (hould  prefer  the  total  omiffion  of  the  6fth  ad,  and  the 
hippy  Cttaftrophe  which  precedes* 

Art.  47.     Ue^fey ;  a  Poem.    4to.     js.     Johnfon.     1706. 

The  place  celebrated  in  this  publication  is  a  gentleman's  (eat  near 
Warrington  in  Lancalhire,  at  which  town,  we  underhand,  the  author 
refides,— a  youth  only  nineteen  years  old.  The  piece  exhibits  no  in- 
conBderable  powers  of  fancy  and  defcription  ;  which,  matured  by 
•  judgment  and  pradice,  may  arrive  at  the  produdion  of  fomething 
that  may  claim  attention  beyond  the  narrow  circle  of  a  country 
neighbourhood.  We  would  not,  however,  be  underftood  to  encourage 
the  young  man  to  quit  any  ufeful  "  calling**  for  the  "  trade**  of 
poetry  ;  which,  if  not  an  **  idle**  one,  i|  at  leaft  very  hazardous  in  its 
iucceis,  and  barren  in  its  produ<5t. 

Art.  48.     The  Old  Serpentine  Temple  of  the  Druids,  at  Jivehwy,  in 
North  Wtltjhire.     A  Poem.     4C0.     as.  6d«     Seweli. 

We  are  informed  that  this  is  the  firft  poeticai  attempt  of  a  ^ttj 
young  man.  We  think  it  a  friendly  wifh  when  we  exprefs  a  hopo 
thai  it  may  alfo  be  his  laft. 

Art.  49.  The  Triumph  of  Innocence  \  an  Ode.  Written  on  the  Deli- 
verance of  Maria  Therefa  Charlotte,  Princefs  Royal  of  France, 
from  the  Priibn  of  the  Temple.  By  Kyles  Irwin,  £(q.  M.R.I.A. 
4to.     as.  6d.     Nicol.     1796, 

Amid  the  wonderful  fcenes  which  have  palTed,  and  are  ftill  pafling» 
the  event  here  celebrated,  though  pleafing  to  the  friends  of  humanity 
of  every  party,  feems  fcarcely  of  magnitude  enough  to  make  an  in« 
terefting  fubjed  for  a  Separate  poem  \  nor  has  it  appeared  in  fa6l,  at 
(bis  writer  wotdd  tnfioaate,  chat  the  UberatioD  of  ^e  Priaccfa  of  France 

0^3  wa^ 


%21  MOKTHLY  CATAteOVB,  P.Oitfy^  (^Cl 

was  intended  as  a  kind  of  peace-offerisg.from  that  nadon 'to  tile 
powers  combined  againft  her*  or  as  a  harbinger  of  her  retora  to 
former  fentimencs.  It  was,  in  reality,  an  exchange,  by  which  the 
French  obtained  the  deliverance  of  their  commi/Iioners  from  an  AoT- 
trian  dungeon,  in  return  for  the  liberty  of  an  innocent  orphan,  who  was 
of  no  fort  of  confequence  to  their  political  condition.  The  circum- 
(iance,  however,  has  afforded  Mr.  Irwin  an  occaiion  of  expreflisg  his 
attachment  to  the  caufe  of  royalty,  and  his  abhorrence  of  the  French 
convention ;  objedls  probably  more  in  his  view  than  any  acceffioo  of 
poetical  fame;  which,  we.  apprehend,  he  will  not  acquire  by  the  pre- 
ient  effort.  His  ode  is,  indeed,  principally  chara6lerifed  by  the 
ftiffnefs  and  obfcurity  which  ufually  diiUnguifh  that  fpcciesof  compofi- 
tion.  The  concluding  flanza  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  both  of  the 
poetry  and  the  politics. 

*  To  treaties  old  fhe  [Britain]  bow'd, 

No  Britifli  warrior  fwell'd  the  hoftile  crowd, 

'Till  France  aggrefaM,  and  conquefl  was  avow'd. 
The  hypocrite  unmafk'd. 
In  treachery's  funlhine  ba/k'd, 

Bafe  bribes  till  PrufTia  won,  and  Holland,  fear. 

But,  quickly  chcck*d  the  meteor's  courfe, 

Aurtria  refpires  with  doubled  force. 
Her  faithful  ally  near. 

O,  worthv  of  imperial  fway  ! 

Deal  to  Democracy  difmay  : 

To  his  old  bounds  the  Gaul  confine. 

Who  challenged  late  the  Alps  and  Rhine ; 
While  Britain  holds  the  balance  on  the  main. 
Her  flag,  the  olive-branch,  no  fhore  receives  in  vain  !* 

Some  notes  are  added,  to  explain  obfcure  allufions,  and  to  u(her 
in  certain  fragments  on  topics  conneftcd  with  tlic  fubjcd  of  the  ode. 

The  poem  is  given  to  the  world  with^  the  now  ui'ual  elegance  of 
paper  and  typography. 

Art.  50      The  Poetical  Monitor :  confiding  of  Pieces  Mt&,  and  ori- 
ginal, for  the  Improvement  of  the  Young  in  Virtue  and  Piety  :  in- 
tended to  fucceed  Dr.  Watts's  Divine  r.nd  Moral  Songs.     i2mo. 
•  pp.  154..     2s.  bound.     Longman.     1796. 

We  recommend  this  pleafing  volume  to  the  particular  notice  and  at- 
tention of  our  readers,  as  adapted,  with  excellent  judgment,  tothepur* 
pofe  of  furnifhingC!  ildren  and  young  perfons  with  proper  com  portions 
to  commit  to  memory,  or  frequently  to  perufe,  in  order  to  imprefs 
their  minds  with  pious  and  virtuous  fentiments.  Inequalities  mud  in 
courfe  be  found  in  a  colled'on  from  a  confiderable  variety  of  fources. 
Many  of  thefe  pieces  ars  excellent:  others  do  not  rife  above  medio- 
crity :  but  tione  are  fo  mean,  in  point  of  verfification,  as  to  difcredit 
the  lafte  of  the  compilers.  We  remark  with  pleafure  that  the  collec- 
tion, though  abounding  with  pieces  highly  devotional,  and  peculiarly 
Chriiftian,  does  not  bear  the  badge  of  any  particular  fcCt.  Several 
of  the  itymns  aie  appropriated  to  the  ufe  of  children  in  charity- fchooU. 
The  mircdUocoQs  articles  preferve  tl^c  leading  char^^dlers  of  .the  col- 

Ic^on  : 


le^km  :  if  foine  are  ainniiQg»  all  are  tnftriidlve.  Many  original  pro- 
-dodiions  are  introduced,  which,  if  not  highly  poetical,  are  corred 
«nd  harmonious.    The  following  lines  are  a  pleaimg  fpecimen : 

**  THE  PROPER   RETURK   FOR   MATERNAX  TSNOERNSSJ. 

^  Thy  Mother  honour— for  her  arms 
Secur'd  thee  from  a  thoufand  harms : 
When»  helplefs,  hanging  on  her  breaft^ 
She  footh'd  thy  infant  heart  to  reft : 
Thoughtful  of  thee,  before  the  day 
Shot  through  the  dark  its  riiing  ray; 
Thoughtful  of  thee,  when  fable  night 
Again  had  quench'd  the  beams  of  light; 
To  Heaven,  in  ceafelefs  pray'r  for  lhee« 
She  raised  her  hand,  and  bent  her  knee. 
Negle&  her  not,  when  feeblb  grown  ; 
Oh  i  make  her  wants  and  woes  thy  own^ 
let  not  thy  lips  rebel ;  nor  eyts. 
Her  weaknefs,  fraiky,  years,  defpife. 
From  youthful  infolence  defend : 
Be  patron,  hufband,  guardian,  friends 
Thus  (halt  thou  footh  in  life's  decline^ 
The  miseries  that  may  all  be  thine.* 

The  volume  dofes  with  a  variety  of  well-chofen  epitaphs.  A 
l>etter  coUe^on  df  religious  and  moral  verfes,  for  the  u(e  of  charity* 
fchools  and  private  families,  will  not  eafity  be  found. 

Art.  51.  StaH  tf  the  PaU:  an  Excentric  Poem.  lamo.  pp.48. 
IS.  Lowndes.  1796. 
Excentricity,  which  is  the  error  of  genius,  is  net  the  chara6ler  of 
this  poem,  its  fault  is  rather  that  of  creeping  along  in  one  regular 
tradt  of  eafy  and  pleafant  but  familiar  rhime,  raifed  only  one  ftep 
above  the  beaten  paih  of  plain  profe.  The  writer  exhibits  electioneer- 
ing charadters  with  fome  degree  of  humour.  The  ftyle  of  fatire  af- 
i^umed  in  thefe  verfes  will  be  exemplified  by  the  following  pafTage,  de- 
scribing an  ujtftd  fenator : 

*  Ye  Sons  of  Bufinefs,  who  purfue 

One  common  track,  the  twelvemonth  thro' ; 

Ye  Sons  of  Science,  who  explore 

Things  quite  unheard  of,  heretofore ; 

Ye  Sons  of  Toil,  who  fweat  all  day. 

And  liftlefs  fnore  the  night  awav  ; 

Ye  who  in  Arts  with  Freedom  foar 

Higher  than  your  fathers  did  of  yore. 

Oh  !  ye,  my  countrymen,  who  claim 

The  warmeft  tribute  I  can  name. 

Ye  little  know  what  toil  and  pains. 

And  how  much  racking  of  the  brains, 

]t  always  takes  to  conftitute, 

A  Senator,  or  loud  or  mute. 

Q.*     •  ■ •  '  .  To 


M4  MOKtHLY  CATALQ0Off,  P^ityif  tfft 

To  make  him  lear&'d  in  all  the  tricks 

That  appertain  to  politics ; 

To  place  him  on  a  par  with  tko& 

Who  manage  well  their  Aye's  and  No's; 

To  know  the  time,  or  thereabouts. 

To  join  the  Id's  and  join  the  Out -s ; 

And  having  i)yly  learnt  his  cae» 

To  mufler  coa rage  to  go  thro' 

Both  thick  and  thin  to  aid  his  pi^rtv. 

With  patriot  zeal  both  ftaunch  and  heartj; 

Heedlefs  of  any  thing  at  all 

But  that  which  Tome  Confidence  call. 

— Yesy  this  is  he,  O  !  chnfe  him,  hail  him^ 

Whofe  parts.  To  noted,  never  fail  liim  ! 

This  is  the  man,  who  knows  his  duty : 

0  !  chufe  himi  chair  him,  be  will  fuit  ye.' 

The  author,  though  evidently  no  (Irang^r  to  eleftioneeiing  intrigat| 
is  no  friend  to  parliamentary  reform. 

Art.  52.  Awiragus^  a  Tragedy.  (Never  performed.)  By  the 
Rev.  Wm.  Tafker,  A.  13.  lamp,  pp.60,  as.  R.  White, 
Piccadilly. 

We  do  not  find  in  this  dramatic  poem  that  Hrpqg  exhibition  of  cba* 
ra£ler  and  paflion,  nor  thofe  fplendid  poetical  erobellilhments,  which 
might  entitle  it  to  diftindlion  among  the  productions  of  the  Tragic 
Mufe.  The  fubje6l,  the  conceft  between  the  ant^ent  Britonf  and  me 
Romans,  terminated  by  the  marriage  of  Arviragus  with  the  daughter 
of  the  emperor  Claudius,  will  bn'ng  to  the  reader's  recoUedion,  not 
much  to  the  advantage  of  the  prefent  play,  the  Cymbeline  of  Shake* 
fpeare.  The  piece,  however,  is  not  deftitute  of  fancy,  as  the  reader 
will  perceive  from  the  following  emblematic  predidion  of  the  ^^ 
^leweUin: 

*  I  faw  the  Roman  eagle  foar, 

1  heard  the  Brltidi  lion  roar ; 
But  no  fure  aueury  from  hence 
The  myilic  deities  difpenfe. 

Again  I  flept  beneath  a  branching  oak. 
Near,  where  the  Druid- temples  rife 
All  open  to  the  facred  ikies; 

E'er  my  refreihing  flumber  broke. 
The  following  vifion  pafs'd  before  mine  eyes^-rr 

Young  eagles,  in  their  s^ry,  flept. 
While  unpcrceiv'd  two  dragons  crept; 
Aflaulted  in  th'  unguarded  rear 
The  frighted  eagles  fcream  and  tear. 
Fight  with  their  beaks,  an4  wound  the  air. 

While  lo  1  the  rocks  and  caverns  ringj 
As  either  dragon  flaps  his  wing. 
And  fierce  inflids  his  deadly  fting. 

The  birds  of  Jove 

AU  yainlv  ftrovCf 

Thea 


tiaiity  may  encourage  mm  to  cxpea.     4  nis  poet's  accounrof  him- 
fit  that  he  haa,  COnflandy,  from  his  youth,  been  tailing  a  f!ep  to 
mffai ;  that   *  he  has  fpared  no  pains  to  dimb  this  facred  mount 
;  fears  he  never  did  its  iumroit  r<acb ;' — yet  *  be  entertains  the 


Then  tom'd  to  fiiamefol  flight, 
Efeap'd  beaeath  the  (hades  of  night.* 

To  introduce,  into  the  dramatis  perfimf  of  a  plot  belonging  to  the 
^M  century,  aas^jwr  of  Winchcfter,  is  a  ftrange  anachroni/m.  \i  Mr. 
Taiker  properly  ellinated  his  own  taicots,  he  would  confine  himrdf  to 
fsch  excnrfions  as  he  has  formerly  attempted,  in  his  Odes  to  the  War- 
like Genius  of  Great  Britain*  and  to  the  Spirit  of  Alfred. 

^Art-  53.  Poetical  tffitfs  (Latin  and  BngliJbJ  intended  for  Injlruaita^ 
and  Amu/ementt  the  Prodadion  of  an  Adventurous  Mqfe,  in  the 
Moments  of  Contemplation,  Leifure,  Mirth,  and  Fancy.  By  the 
Rev.  William  W^inhoufe,  M.  A.  Re^or  of  Qadgworth,  near  Ax- 
bridge,  Somertec.  Small  8vp.  pp.  19a.  ^%,  ^Q^%.  pijlr. 
1796. 

Wnen  an  anxious  candidate  for  fame  condefcends  to  urge  his  own 
claims,  it  is  not  withuutregret  that  a  board  of  criticifra,-.-atwhich,  we 
traft,candourand  good-nature  are  no  Grangers, -^find  themfelves  obliged 
fo  beftow  their  applaufewith  a  lefs  liberal  hand  than  the  writer's  (elf. 
partiality  may  encourage  him  to  exped.  This  poet's  accounrof  him- 
felfisthat' 
Pamaflai ; 
bot 

fcooceit,  that,  at  times,. ^^ri/  of  genius  have  flaihcd  from  his //jv^ 
borfUng  from  the  fervour  of  hjs  mind,  or  the  animation  of  his  fub- 
jed.'  We  wilh  that  it  were  in  our  power  to  epho  this  judgment :  but 
'we  moft  own  that  the  fparks  of  genius  in  thefe  poems  have  hot  been 
fnffiqently  bright  to  attradt  our  dull  optics.  Many  of  the  Latin  verfes 
fuv  neatly  conllruded,  and  are  a  proof  of  the  author's  (kill  in  profody 
which  wUl  do  credit  to  his  grammatical  education :  but,  even  in  thdJe* 
we  find  little  of  the  nuns  di'vinior  of  the  genuine  poet ;  and  the  £n|r- 
lifli  verfe  we  muft  pronounce,  in  general,  ftill  more  deficient  in  poen- 
ical  excellence.  We  do  not  pafs  this  cenfure  be'^aufe  many  of  the  fub- 
jeds  arc  trifling:  for  it  is  the  province  of  pocfy  to  cmbelliih  and  digy 
nify  trifles ;  nor  becaufe  we  meet  with  fome  fentiments  which  we 
do  not  exadly  approve  ;  for,  befides  that  we  blame  no  man  for  dif- 
fering in  opinion  from  us,  many  falfe  fentiments  have  been  beautifully 
clothed  in  the  drefs  of  poetry  :  but  becaufe,  with  the  occafionai  ex- 
ception of  a  few  lines,  we  find  a  profaic  flatnefs  running  through  thefe 
pieces,  which,  notwithft^ding  the  writer's  facility  in  rhyming,  ob- 
liges Ui  to  charadlerife  the  work  as, 

niji  quod  pede  certo 

Differt  fermtmif  fermo  merus. 

fhe  following  verfes,  on  Friendfhip,  will  be  a  fair  fpscimcn ; 
'  How  fweetly  Friendftiip  cheers  the  penfive  hours 

Of  her  true  votaries  under  forrow's  fmart ! 
With  tender  (kill  the  balm  of  comfort  pours 

Into  {he  drooping  and  defponding  heart ! 
f  When  a  friend's  care  difpels  a  bofom  grief. 

Or  plucks  out  diiappointment's  deadly  fling. 
In  the  full  heart,  that  tafles  this  glad  relief, 

A  fadden  overflow  of  joy  wil}  fpring : 

.'  No 


tt6  MoNTRtr.CATALOGUE^  PcitTff  (ftm 

'  No  lefs  a  tranfport. fills  the  noble  mind 

Of  hioi  whoTe  fpiric  cold  diftrefs  can  warm : 
Thus  grateful  fentiments  and  adions  kind 
'  A  £ong  and  undilTembled  fricndlhip  form, 

«  Compliant  tempers,  matnal  Hx'd  efteem» 

Congenial  (boLs  in  clofeft  bands  unite: 
Thrice  happy  union  !  animating  theme ! 

The  very  thought  yields  cxquifite  delight, 

«  Pleafores,  imparted,  give  a  dooblq  zed  ; 

Fond  intimates  their  joys  together  (hare : 
Their  ibrrows,  the'  they  wound  the  troubled  breafl» 

Affedion  lefiens*  and  divides  their  care. 

«  In  thefe  fad  times  how  weak  is  credit  grown  i 

Old  Englilh  honefty — how  rarely  found  ! 
The  feeds  of  bafe  fufpicion,  widely  fown. 

Too  rankly  vegetate  in  Britifli  ground. 

«  How  many  ptrt  on  Friendfliip's  fair  outfide  ! 

Mark  their  fine  words,  and  fmiles  fcrenely  gay  ! 
In  your  affliction  let  their  truth  be  tried. 

Bright  flattery '5  funfhine  quickly  fades  away  ! 

«  Give  me  a  friend  that's  honcft,  gen'rous,  true. 
Who  can  the  little  pa  (lions  well  command  : 

My  virtues  praife,  my  faults  with  candour  view. 
And  open  in  didrels  his  heart  and  hand. 

*  Hail,  Friendfhip  !  fource  of  pleafure«  love,  and  mirth  1 
]  From  thee  all  focial  gifts  and  bleflings  flow, 

Tbat  man's  expanded  heart  enjoys  on  earth  : 
*Tis  Heav'n  alone  can  purer  blifs  bellow.* 

Among  the  pieces  contained  in  this  volume^  are  pleating  Latin 
^rerfions  of  Byrom's  •'  My  time,  O  ye  Mufes,"  Sec.  and  Fopc't 
Mefliah. 

Art.  54.  Redcmfiiou;  a  Sacred  P4)em  :  with  Note;,  Do6lrinaI,'Mo* 
.    jal,  and  Philofophical.     By  William  Williams,  Efq.  of  Gray's  Uoi, 

Student  at  Law.     4to.     is.  6d.     Dilly. 

Tlie  extreme  difficulty  of  exhibiting  religious  fnbjedls  in  a  poetical 
drefs  has  long  been  fecn  and  confefled.  The  prefent  writer  does  not, 
however,  appear  to  be  fufficiently  aware  of  this  difficulty  ;  otherwife 
he  would  not  probably  have  undertaken  the  work,  of  which  ihc Jirji 
igtk  is  here  publiflied.  We  can  find  in  thefe  verfes  litde  enconrage* 
inent  to  expert  that  he  will  be  able  to  reach  <<  the  height  of  this  great 
argument;"  and  therefore  we  muf^  not,  by  any  flattering  com- 
mendation,  furnifh  him  with  an  additional  inducement  to  purfue  his 
«•  adventurous  fong."  Thofe  who  have  read — and  who  has  not  read? 
•—Milton's  Paradife  lofl,  and  Paradife  Regained,  will  not,  we  fliould 
chink,  be  able  to  endure  fuch  a  •'  falling  ofP'  as  that  of  this  poem. 
The  following  lines,  defcriptive  of  the  firft  prefentation  of  Eve  to 
Adam  J  may  fervc  as  a  fpecimen  of  the  writer's  talent  for  the  Aiblime: 

'  fiat 


Monthly  Catalooub,  Pothy^  isfc.  atiy 

«  But  if  the  General  Sire  fuch  wobder  felt 
Diftend  his  grateful  bread,  when  he  beheld 
Mere  earihly  Paradife  ;  what  joy  fupreme  ! 
What  raviihment!  and  tranfport  infinite 
Thrilled  through  each  trembling  nerve ;  when  at  one  view 
The  very  charm  of  his  All-perfcA  bride^ 
Burft  in  full  blaze  on  his  enrapcur'd  fight ! 
No  fabled  Venus  then  before  him  ftood 
Such  as  Apelles'  breathing  canvas  feigned. 
No  Medicean  ftatue  then  difplayed 
Her  well  turned  limbs,  pride  of  the  fculptor'i  art. 
Had  thefe  been  there  no  fingle  thought,  not  even 
The  flighted  glance,  had  been  on  them  bellowed ; 
Their  faded  beauties  they  'd  not  dared  to  have  ihewn. 
But  to  a  humble  diftance  far  withdrawn. 
Veiled  in  dim  darknefs  their  diminifiied  heads.' 

SOy  the  (latue  and  the  pidure,  had  they  been  there,  would  have  mo- 
defUy  and  blulhingly  retired  into  dim  darkmfs  at  the  prefence  of  madam 
Eve !  —Now  for  a  touch  of  the  familiar,  addreifed  to  the  luxurious  de- 
votees of  pleafure : 

• ought  (aught)  ofhappinefs 

Do  you  ere  find  ?    You  know  not  what  it  is. 

The  intoxicating  madnefs  of  an  hour 

Is  all  of  joy  you  tafte.     Nor  is  it  joy. 

True  joy  confiils  in  reafon :  attribute  divine  ! 

Beftowed  by  God  on  man.     But  yoprs  confiils 

In  diflipating  thought.    Happy  you  are 

Merely  becaufe  you're  not  unhappy.' — 

Surely  this  poet  may  be  faid  to  write  verfe,  merely  becaufe  he  does 
not  write  profe. — The  notes  are  perfeftly  fuited  to  the  text.  The  au« 
thor  propofes  to  publilh  a  book  every  three  months. 

Art.  55.     The  Pleader's  Guides  a  Didaftic  Poem,  in  Two  Books,  con« 

taining  the  Condufiof  a  Suit  at  Law,  with  the  Arguments  of  Coun« 

fellor  Bother 'um  and  Counfellor  Bore'um,  in  an  Action  betwixt  John- 

a-Gull  and  John-a-Godgeon,  for  AiTault  and  Battery,  at  a  late  con* 

tefled  Elc£lion.    By  the  late  John  Surrebutter,  Efq.  Special  Pleader, 

and  Barridcr  at  Law.    8vo.    is.6d.  Cadell  jun.  andDavies.  1796, 

Some  "  wag  of  the  law*'  has  here  played  the  falfe  brother,  and  has 

made  a  piece  of  very  good  diverfion  out  of  the  technical  language  and 

proceedings  of  a  law-Tuit,  and  the  profcflion  of  a  fpecial  pleader.  With 

lefs  wit  than  the  inimitable  Butler,  but  with  a  more  cultivated  flrain  of 

humourous  y^xie^  and  with  much  appropriate  knowlcge  of  men  and 

things,  he  has  opened  a  vein  of  ploafantry,  which  will  probably  make 

his  profcfilonal  brethren  laugh  in  their  ileeves,  while  other  readers  laugh 

aloud.     The  firil  book,  which  alone  is  yet  publifhed,  contains  in  eight 

UQures  the  preliminary  proceedings  of  a  fuit  at  law,  with  fomc  hiftorical 

memoirs  of  the  perfonatcd  author,  Mr.  Surrebutter.     We  (hall  treat 

our  readers  with  the  feventh  le£ture>  giving  an  account  of  Mr.  S.'s 

coounencement  in  his  legal  career : 

9  •  Whoe'er 


tti  M0VT9tY  CATAft4MIOe»  f^itnf^  Vf; 

^  Whoe'er  has  drawn  a  Special  Plea, 
Has  heard  of  ok)  Tom  Tbwkesburt, 
Peaf  as  a  pod,  and  thick  as  Moftard, 
He  aimM  at  Wit,  and  bawlM  and  blafter'd, 
Aad  died  a  Nifi  frius  Leadeiw.  * 
That  Genius  was  ny  Special  PLBADEa-9 
That  great  man's  office  I  attended 
By  Hawk  and  Buzzard  recommended. 
Attorneys  boih  of  v^ondrous  ikiU 
To  pluck  the  Goofe,  and  drive  the  Quill ; 
Thrive  years  1  fat  bis  Tmoky  room  in. 
Pens,  papcfy  ink,  and  pounce  <fonfaming| 
The  fourth,  when  EJhign  pty  begun. 
Joyful  I  haii'd  th'  aufpicious  Sun, 
Bade  Tewkbsqury  and  Clerk  adieu, 
(•  Pnri6cation,  Eighty- two) 
Of  both  I  walb'd  my  hands ;  and  though 
With  nothing  for  my  ca(h  to  (hew» 
But  Precedents  fo  fcrawl'd  and  blurr'd, 
I  fcarce  could  read  one  (ingle  word. 
Nor  in  my  books  of  Common  Place 
One  feature  of  the  Law  could  trace. 
Save  Bu^szARo's  nofe  and  vifage  thin. 
And  Hack's  deficiency  of  Chin, 
Which  I  while  lolling  ac  my  tfafe 
(  Was  wont  to  draw  infiead  of  Picas ; 

My  chambers  I  equipt  complete. 
Made  Friends,  hired  Books,  and  gave  to  eat| 
If  haply  to  regale  my  friends  on. 
My  Mother  fent  a  haunch  of  Ven'fon, 
I  mod  refpe^tfuily  entreated 
The  choiceft  Company  to  eat  it. 
To  wit,  old  BuazARD,  Hawk,  and  Crow« 
Jum,  Tom  Thornbacr,  Siiark,  and  Co, 
Attorneys  all  as  keen  and  ftaunch 
As  e'er  devoured  a  Client's  haunch; 
Nor  did  I  not  their  Clerks  invite 
To  taile  faid  ven'fon  ha(h'd  at  night. 
For  well  1  knew  that  hopeful  Fry 
My  rifing  merit  would  defcry. 
The  fame  litigious  courfe  purfue. 
And  when  to  fiih  of  prey  they  grew, 
t  By  love  of  food  and  conteft  led. 
Would  haunt  the  (pot  where  once  they  fed ; 
Thus  having  with  due  circumfpeAion 
Form'd  my  profeiTional  connexion; 
My  deik  with  Precedents  1  ftrew'd, 
Turn'd  critic,  danc*d,  or  penn'd  an  ode, 


«  •  Puri/uofion^l  he  morrow  of  the  Purification  of  the  Blefied 
Virgin  Mary  is  one  of  the  return  days  of  Hilary  Term.* 
<  f  Bjgitamor  Dapis  at(|ue  Pugnae.  Hor.' 

Studied 


Studied  the  Ton^ .  ^ame  a  free 

And  cafy  man  of  Gallantry : 

But  if  while  capering  at  my  61ais» 

Or  toying  with  foine  fav'rite  La(s, 

I  heard  th'  aforefdkl  Hawc  a-comb^. 

Or  BuzzAR  D  on  the  ftaircaie  humimagy 

At  once  the  &ir  angelic  msud 

Into  my  Coal-hole  1  convey 'd» 

At  once»  with  ferious  look  profound 

Mine  eyes  commercing  with  the  ground, 

I  feem'd  like  one  eftrang'd  to  ileep»  * 

'*  And  fix'd  in  cogitation  deep»" 

Sat  motionleft,  and  in  my  hMd  I 

Held  my  *  DoSrina  Pladttrndi, 

And  though  I  never  read  a  page  in't. 

Thanks  to  that  flirewd  well-judging  Agents 

My  Sifter's  hufband,  Mr.  Shark* 

Soon  got  fix  Pupils  and  a  Clerk, 

Five  Pupils  were  my  ftint*  the  other 

I  took  to  compliment  his  Modier } 

All  round  me  came  with  ready  tmamty 

Like  Hybla  bees  furcharg'd  with  honey. 

Which «  as  they  prefs'd  it  ib  genteelly. 

And  begg'd  me  to  accept  fo  freely, 

Seem'd  all  fo  fond  of  Spbcial  PLBAOlir«, 

And  all  fo  cert^n  of  fucceeding, 

I,  who  am  always  all  compliance. 

As  well  to  Pupils  as  to  Clients, 

Took  as  genteelly  as  they  paid  it. 

And  freely  to  my  purfe  conveyed  k; 

That  I  might  pra^ically  fhew. 

And  they  m  fpecial  manner  know 

Ere  they  began  their  Pleas  to  draw. 

What  an  f  Assumpsit  meant  in  Law— 

7o  wit  for  divers  weighty  fums 

Of  lawfJ  cajb  at  Pleader's  Rooms, 

By  me  faid  Pleader,  as  was  prudent^ 

X  Had  and  received  to  ufe  of  Student ; 

•  •  DoSrina  Placitandi^  **  or  the  art  and  fcience  of  Special  Pleadings 
a  book  (o  entitled,  (hewing  where  and  in  what  Cafes  and  by  what  Per- 
fons.  Pleas,  as  well  real  as  perfonal,  and  mixed,  may  be  properly 
pleaded.*' 

'  t  AJfumpfit—k  form  of  Adion  fo  called.  When  one  man  becomes 
legally  indebted  to  another,  the  Law  implies  a  Promtfe  of  Payment, 
for  which,  what  is  called  indebitatus  affumpfit  lies.* 

•  X  The  aftion  for  money  had  and  recevved^  lies  only  for  money 
which,  rx  aquo  et  bon^,  DekndMt  ought  to  refund.  Com.  Dig.  tiu 
A^ion  on  the  Cafe— in  affumpfit,  a.  i. 

•  For  money  paid  by  raiHake  or  on  a  consideration  which  happens  td 

*  Jn 


230  MOHTHLY  CaTALOGOX,  Bdtl€att9li%  Cfa 

In  (hortj  I  a6led  as  became  nic# 

And  Where's  the  Pleader  that  can  blame  me? 

Not  one  of  all  the  trade  that  I  know. 

E'er  fails  to  take  the  Ready rino» 

Which  haply,  if  his  purfe  receive. 

No  human  art  can  e'er  retrieve. 

Sooner  when  Gillia's  credit's  flown 

To  feme  Utotian  world  unknown^ 

*  AsTRTEA  ihall  on  earth  remain 

The  lad  of  the  celeflial  train. 

To  tender  Affignats  at  Par 

Triumphant  in  the  Champ  de  Mar'' , 

And  when  their  deep-laid  projeds  fail* 

And  Guillotines  no  more  avail,  ^ 

Her  bafHed  Statefmen  (hall  excife 

Some  new  found  region  in  the  fkies» 

And  tow'ring  in  an  air  balloon 

Pluck  Requijttions  from  the  Moon  ; 

Sooner  the  daring  wights  who  go 

Pown  to  the  watery  world  below. 

Shall  force  old  Neptune  to  difgorge 

And  vomit  up  the  Royal  George, 

Than  He  who  hath  his  bargain  made 

And  legally  his  cafh  convey 'd. 

Shall  e'er  his  pocket  reimburfe 

By  diving  in  a  Lawyer's  Purfe.' 

We  queflion  not  that  the  lovers  of  humour  and  good-natured  rail- 
lery  will  join  us  in  wilhing  for  the  fequel,  which  is  to  appear  on  the 
condition  of  a  favourable  reception  of  the  fir  ft  parr.  Many  of  the 
notes  are  really  inftrudive  ;  at  leaft  they  have  proved  fo  to  us,  who 
lappily  are  little  converfant  with  the  modes  of  attack  and  defence  in 
legal  warfare. 

Though  well  fatisfied  on  the  whole  with  the  afuthor's  accuracy  of 
verfiiication,  and  particularly  with  a  corrednefs  in  his  rhymes  beyond 
that  of  common  writers  in  burlefquc;  we  were  fomcwhat  (hocked  with 
a  flrange  flip  in  a  man  of  fducation,  that  of  making  la*w  rhyme  to  ah^ 
lor.  This  muft  have  been  owing  to  a  grofs  provincialifm  prevail- 
ing in  fome  of  our  counties,  by  adding  r  to  the  end  of  words  termi- 
nating in  aw,  when  followed  by  a  vowel — as,  *'  the  lawr  of  the  land." 

EDUCATION,     SCHOOL     BOOK. 

Art.  56.     An  Appendix  to  the  Eton  Latin  Grammar^  confifting  of  Ex- 
planatory Notes,  and  other  ufeful  Additions  to  that  valuable  Work. 
8vo.     IS.  bound.     Hamilton  and  Co. 
This   may  be  an   ufeful   Appendix  to   the    Eton  Grammar:  but 

there  is  nothing  more  in  it  than  what  tstt^  Grammar  of  the  Latin 

tongue  ought  to  contain. 

Art.  57.     Tbt  PUa/ures  of  Re af on  :  or,  the  Hundred  Thought*  of  a 
fenfible  Young  Lady;    in   Englifh  and  French.      By  R.  Giller, 

«  •  Ultima  calicolum  Terras  Astra  a  rcFiquit,         Viae' 

Ledorer 


MtxHTHLY  CATALOGtrSy  Agritukmt.  131 

Ledarer  on  Philofophy  andF.  R.  S.    Small  izmo.    pp.  16%.  ^u 

fewed.     WalJis.     1796. 

Moral  maxims  and  fables  were,  it  is  well  known,  in  common  afir 
among  the  aotients,  as  modes  of  inflrudion ;  and  each  metiiod  has  iu 
diitind  advantage  ;  the  former  tends  to  fix  moral  truths  on  the  me- 
mory ;  the  latter,  to  render  them  interefting  and  amuiing  by  the  aid' 
of  the  fancy.  The  neat  litde  volume  before  us  is  not  unfuccefsful  ia 
the  application  of  both  thefe  methods  to  the  purpofe  of  female  in* 
ftru^Uon.  The  maxims  are  not  always,  indeed,  expreiTed  in  that 
concife  and  pointed  manner  which  this  kind  of  writing  feems  to  re- 
quire :  but  the  language  is  corre^^  and  perfpicuous  ^  and — which  it  of 
ilill  more  confequence — the  thoughts,  if  not  fo  perfectly  difUn^l  as  to 
be,  like  the  paragraphs,  an  hundred  in  number,  are  juft  and  im« 
portant,  and  peculiarly  proper  to  be  impre/red  on  young  minds* 
They  teach,  particularly,  the  value  of  intelle<ftual  and  moral  accom- 
plifhments,  the  necefTity  of  felf. command,  and  the  benefit  of  habltt 
of  refolution  and  indultry.  On  the  fubje^  of  friendlhip,  we  find  an 
excellent  obfervation,  which  wc  (hall  copy  ;:s  a  fpecimen : 

'  i  have  learned  to  dkllnguiih  three  kinds  of  Friend  (kips  :  that  of 
the  Mind,  among  perfons  that  amufe  each  other ;  that  of  Chara£ler, 
between  per(bns  who  pleaf;:  each  other  ;  and  that  of  the  Hcart,among 
perfbns  who  love  each  other. — In  the  fird,  I  find  thepleafureof  beins 
entertained  or  inflrufied ;  in  the  fecond,  that  of  being  fuffered  and 
borne  with :  but  in  the  third,  1  find  much  nobler  (entiments  which  in-, 
cereft  and  affed  me ;  I  find  in  it  a  fupport  that  I  (hould  feek  in  vain, 
clfewhere.' 

Under  the  divifion  of  Moral  Mifcellanies,  are  feveral  pleafing  and 
iaftrudive  fables  in  profe ;  and  both  in  fqntiment  and  kyl^t  this  is  » 
very  proper  book  to  be  put  into  the  hands  of  young  ladies. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Art.  58.     Fcre{^fr  Jgnat/fure  :  or,  an  E(ray  on  the  comparative  Ad- 
vantages of  Oxen  for  Tillage  in  competition  with  Horfes.     Being 
the  Refult  of  Pra^Ucal  Huibandry  by  the  Chevalier  de  Monroy,  of 
the  late  Corps   of  Chevaux   Legcrs  of  the  Ordinary  Guard  of. 
Louis  XVI.     Selefled  from  Communications  in  the  French  Lan- 
guage, with   aiiJitional  Noccs.      By    John  Talbot  Dillon,   Efq. 
M.  R.  1.  A.  Und?r  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  and 
Honorary  Member  of  the  Literary  and   Philofophical   Society  of 
Manchellcr,     8vo.     is,     Nicol,  &c.     1796. 
Gratitude  will  ever  excite  eilcem,  and  incline  us  to  think  favour- 
ably of  whatever  is  conceded  with  it.     M.  de  Monroy,  in  a  Dedica- 
tion of  this  Eflay  to  the  Prcfidcnt  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  fays, 
*•  I  am  prompted  to  lay  it  b;*fore  the  public,  folcly  with  a  view  of 
tcftifying  my  fenl'c  of  the  prctedlion  I  enjoy,  in  this  benevolent  coun- 
try.'*—Had  wc,  from,  this  declaration,  received   no  degree  of  pre- 
pofTcrfiion  in  the  rjjthor*s  favour,  v/e  (liould  have  gone  through  his 
paper  with  alacrity,  merely  as  being  defciptive  of  a  favourite  branch 
of  hu(bandry,  as  pradifed  in  a  foreign  country  ;— butvve  muft  confefs 
that,  although  we  have  received  through  thefe  means  confiderable. 
gratification,  wc  have  reaped  little  inllru^ion,  either  from  the  EflTay 

itfeU; 


iffelfy  or  from  the  notes  that  are  attached  to  it.  The  fobjeA,  (e  tif 
atcaltulations  and  argQments  go,  may  be  faid  to  be  exhaofted.  lii.; 
deed,  all  calculations  on  it  are,  in  a  derree,  vague,  if  ch«  ihdividMl 
^imals,  on  which  they  are  formed,  be  not  aceorately  fpidikd. 
Some  oxen  are  of  double  the  value  of  others,  in  regard  td  wbtk  |  tad 
Ift  horfes,  alio,  there  is  great  difparity. 

We  have  not  a  doobt  of  the  fuperiority  of  oxen>  properly  bred  and 
properly  managed,  ove#  horfes,  in  the  ordinary  works  of  agricalmre ; 
yet  we  are  of  opinioh  that  there  is  little  probability  of  their  being 
readily  introduced  into  thefe  works,  by  any  arguments  cbtl  can  be 
offered  in  their  favour. 

Ml  iCELtAStOV  Si 

Art.  eg.  Tbe  Peeper ;  a  Collcftion  of  Eflays,  Moral,  Biographieaf/ 
ana  Literary,  izmo.  pp*  347.  4s.  Boards.  Alien  and  Vfttu 
1796. 

A  volume  of  EfTays,  though  it  may  be  confidered  sfs  bekm^g  ftf 
the  clafs  of  ''  light  fummer  reading,"  feems  to  require  «  liiore  titan 
common  degree  of  cxeriion  in  the  writer.  If  very  profound  fpfccta- 
lation  be  not  fought  in  produ^ons  of  this  kind,  fomething  above  the 
ordinary  level,  both  in  fentiment  and  flyle,  may  reafonably  be  ex« 
pedled.  The  public  tafte  has  been  already  fo  much  refined^  hi  diii 
kind  of  writing,  by  the  eafe  of  Addifon,  the  terfenefs  of  Hiwkef. 
worth,  and  the  flrength  of  Johnfon,  that  it  relndlantly  fttopi  to  Hile- 
rior  entertainment.  We  are  forry  not  to  introduce  lirith  greater 
advantage  the  name  of  Mr.Wa:kin5,  announced  in  the  dedicatioo  as 
the  author  of  thefe  EfTays,  in  comparifon  with  thofe  of  his  predecef- 
ibrs.  The  general  ilyle  of  Kts  performance  is  not  msrked  witb  aay 
peculiar  charaders  of  elegance;  it  never  rifes  above  neatnefs;  it  it 
often  mean  and  flovenly  ;  and  it  is  fometimes  grammatically  ioacca- 
rate.     Of  the  latter  fault,  the  following  exprcfHons  are  examples: 

*  the  reader  fteeJ  not  go  far  ;' — *  men  may  be  prejudiced  ejMoify  £ti- 
/bolijb  againft  an  opinion,  &c.  ;'—*  from  that  period  (hooid  their  ftu- 

dies  be  tarned  towards  thofe  fubjefls  <7j  Ihall  bell  qualify  them«*  &e.;<-^ 

•  hanje  tiL\\xt\y  forgot .* 

Many  of  the  papers  on  moral  and  religions  fubjeds  differ  little  from 
the  ordinary  run  of  fermons ;  fcarccly  any  are  enlivened  with  ftroket 
■  of  wit  or  p'eafantry ;  the  reader  will  feldom  find  his  attention  arretted 
by  novelty  of  remark,  and  he  will  fometimes  be  offended  by  ftrong 
cxprcflions  of  religious  and  polrticid  bigotry.  Literary  papers  are 
announced  in  the  title :  but  we  find  only  one  paper  which  can  witir 
propriety  be  daffed  under  this  denomination  ;  this  is,  «'  On  tbe  riftf 
of  foreign  phrafes  in  writirg  and  converfation ;"  in  which  thii  fa« 
ihionable  practice  is  properly  cenfurcd.  The  befl  papers  are  tbcf 
biographical:  viz.  memoirs  of  Mrs,  Ann  Ayfcough*;  of  that  ex* 
traordinary  man,  John  Henderfon  of  Oxford;  and  of  our  qumUam 
able  coadjutor,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Badcock. 

— — ^ ■  ■  ■        1 

*  A  Proteflant  lady,  of  uncommon  and  exceflent  accomplifhments, 
who  was  inhumanly  racked,  and  afterwards  burnt,  for  her  religion, 
}Xi  the  reign  of  that  fina  dtfendtr  ofthefaitbi  Hemy  Ylil. 

Arlk 


MoNTHiLY  Catalogve^  MfaOmifmi*  \        ^3li  . 

Alt.  6o.     HiittsfirfromtingMBa  Society.    Sroa  '  6d.    Darton^uid  - 
Harvey.     1796.  . 
It  is  the  pnrpofe  of  the  benevolent  writer  of  this  little  trad,  whom  ; 
weanderfttnd  to  be  Dr.  Lettfom,  to  excite  the  attention  bo^h  of  the  . 
ceononiift  and  the  lover  of  natural  knowlege  to  the  pleafing  labours  « 
of  that  valuable  and  wonderful  inied  the  bee  ;  and  while  it  is  his  wiih 
to  render  them  et|aally  profiuble  and  amufing,  he  feems  defirqus  of  , 
aibrding  a  fervice  of  gratitude  to  the  indnflrious  little  workman  him-  .• 
{dU  by  pointing  oat  a  mode  of  obtaining  his  fpoils  without  at  tLe.^i 
fame  time  depriving  him  of  life.     The  author  obferves  that,  while  ^ 
bortkoltnre  is  increafed  to  fuch  a  degree  round  the .  metropolis,  the 
opportunity  which  it  offers  of  gaining  unbougbt  riches  from  the  pro-  . 
dnds  of  tht  hive  is  almoft  totally  oeglefled  ;  and  aft^  having  hinted^ 
in  a  few  words,  the  utility  which  might  refult  irom  a  fociety  oifrUnds 
u  fit  Mu,  he  defcribes  (with  the  aid  of  a  plate)  a  very  commodious 
aiftd  pleafing  Coluty  hive  for  thefe  infedb,  now  exifting  in  the  bed« 
chamber  of  a  Mr.  Lover;  which  we  cannot  but  warmly  recommend 
to  the  notice  of  our  curious  and  humane  readers.     We  fhall  add  that . 
we  have  been  favoured  with  fuch  an  ocular  proof  of  the  fuccefs  of  ^ 
this  tngemoos  contrivance,  as  leaves  us  no  room  to  doubt  of  its  fitnefs  . 
for  the  intended  parpofe. 

Art.  61.     tetters  from  Mr,  Fletcher  Chriftian,  containing  a  Narrative  * 
oftheTranladions  on  board  his  Majefty's  Ship  Bounty,  before 
ftiid  after  the  Mutiny,  with  his  fubfequent  Voyages  and  Travels  in  ' 
South  America.     lamo.     5s.6d.  fewed.    Symonds.     1796. 
This  publication,  for  the  authenticity  of  which  no  other  voucher  is 
ekered  than  that  of  the  writer,  aflbming  the  name  of  Mr^  Fletcher 
ChriAian,  pledging  his  hojiour,  is  evidently  manufadured  from  de- 
fcriptionli  uken  out  of  other  voyages,  with  the  addition  of  a  few  im* 
probable  and  unioterefUng  incidents,  written  apparently  with  no  other 
defign  than  the  hopes  of  profiting  by  the  credulity  of  the  public. 
Mr.  Edward  Chrillian>  brother  of  Fletcher  Chridian,  has  publicly 
denounced  the  impofiure,  by  an  advertifement  in  the  news-papers. 

ArL  62.  ^n  Addrefs  to  the  Ladies  from  a  Young  Man,  The  Second 
Edition,  iimo.  pp.100.  2s.  Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.  1796. 
The  office  of  c€nfor  of  feitiale  manners — an  office  of  great  import* 
4nce  to  the  public,  but  of  great  difHcuIty  and  delicacy— has  never 
been  ftatedly  occupied  fince  the  days  of  the  Spedlator.  A  few  writers 
have  occafiobally  afTumed  this  (lation :  but  they  have  been,  commonly, 
either  too  grave  to  amufe,  or  too  flippant  to  inflrud :  they  have 
wanted  that  happy  union  of  gogd-fcnie  with  eafy  pleafantry,  and  of 
e»idnefs  of  delineation  with  pertinency  of  remark,  which  introduced 
Addifon's  female  le^ures,  with  fo  much  credit  and  efiedl,  to  the 
breakfaft  tables  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 

We  cannot  fo  far  flatter  thlsleflureron  female  manners,  as  tocallhim 
a  fecond  Addifon.  The  prefent  mode  of  female  drefs,  indeed,  which 
mufl  be  allowed  to  approach  towards  indelicacy,  is  a  very  proper  fub- 
jed  of  ailimadverfion ;  and  this  fafhbnable  folly  is,  in  the  prefent 
addrefs»  cenfured  with  perfeA  decorum,  and  with  a  degree  of  refpe^ 
for  the  female  charader  whidi  is  highly  commendable.  Yet-^and 
KiY.  Oct.  1796.  R  let 


ij4  Moirrni^  CxTAioon^  Mffalbmm. 

let  tot  At  rtmark  be  oiiiftnied  hil0 uinproper  iodylfOKe.f  k^ 
mak  fraOty — we  cannot  bnt  tUak  that  tlM  yoongnuMi  hM  orcatcd  the 
tMeSt  (bmewhtt  toa-gravdf*  InAeadof  bemg  6f  o^Bie%  #itk  ill» 
aduior^s  friend  ntentioned  in  the  preface^  that  the  Afle  it  ifta  <rih>- 
quial,  we  ihouU  hare  bees  better  {deafedhad  it  been  Ma  kBOMSaatm 
poetical  alhiffon  and  oiiotacion^  and  been  rendered  mut  capttrath^ 
%y  deficate  and  playfm  hanMur.  However,  the  tendency  of  &e  piaea» 
we  have  faid«  if  good ;  and  its  effeft,  at  fJM*  as  it  attrafib  ••^^^f^frg 
■ittft  be  nfeM.  The  errors  of  modem  female  tdocatiaa  m  wdl 
rdprefented  in  the  following  paiage :  ^ 

*  Let  08  candidly  examine  in  what  rtfTptCts  the  edncatfea  of  a  «w» 
nran  qaaiiftes  her  for  the  performance  of  the  dnties  ofwtmtrpm^s 
IX)e8  me  learn  tbefe  dudes  at  the  boardina.fchool?  No»  fnrely :  Che 
principal  part  (I  had  almoft  faid  the  whole)  of  her  dme  itoocnpM  in 
learning  to  be  accmflijhuf.    Is  (he  the  heft  dancer,  or  mnficil  pta« 
ficient  ?  She  is  the  mifbefs's  darling,  the  devereft  |irU  thd  at9f  af 
her  fchool- fellows :  She  is  feldom  employed  in  reading  booka  of  Ut 
torical  infbrmadon,  or  moral  inftmdbon;  and  even  feoMle  virtae 
leems  to  be  incnlcated  more  from  a  fear  of  ihame,  than  at  a  priiic^>la 
of  morality.     At  fixteen  or  (eventeen  ihe  leayei  fehool*  aad  it  merf* 
duced  into  the  tucrid;  that  is,  Ihe  goes  to  every  roat,  aadtD  eveiy 
dance,  to  which  (he  is  invited ;  a  diflipation  of  thought,  a  rdUh  (of 
triftes,  and  a  habit  of  expence,  are  the  inevitable  confeqoeacei  i  flie 
cannot  marry  unlefs  fhe  marries  a  man  of  fortune  i  (he  is  mach«  very 
much,  attached  to  the  *'  dear  fellow/^  but  h^  muft  keep  her  acv- 
riage,  and  indulge  her  in  all  her  former  expences,  qr^  hfrmlmtp 
and  muft  endeavour  to  forget  him ;  the  conflidl  is  violent ;  but,  poor 
foul,  (be  muft  endure  it ;  her  duty  to  her  family  requires  it.— Is  this» 
oris  it  not>  a  fair  iUtemeni  ?    If  it  be,  good  heaven,  what  a  ichool 
is  this  mforld  for  wives  and  moihers  !    Is  it  to  be  expeded  that  die 
marriage-ceremony  is  a  charm  agatnft  the  inveteracy  of  habits  }    We 
fijod,  alas  1  that  it  is  not  :•— wonder  we  then*  that 
— —  •*  marriage  vows 
"  Are  falfe  as  dicers'  oaths  ?"*» 
Let  it  be  reported  that  a  marriage  is  to  take  place ;  is  it  enquired 
whether  the  difpofidoos  of  the  parties  concerned  are  conaenial,  or 
what  are  die  profpeds  of  happinefs  ?  No;  but  it  it  alked.  Hat  (he  a 
good  tfiabUJhmtmt  ?   Is  the  match  an  advatitagious  otu  ?    IXoi  they  i/r/ 
$lmr  cMrriagt  ? — But  I  have  done  ;  for  1  am  treading  on  dangerous 
groondf  andi  will  e*en  change  my  Kadon/ 

The  young  female  world  will  find,  in  this  addrefs  from  flieir  young 
male  friend,  many  kind  cautions,  and  much  good  advica,  which  we 
reoommend  to  their  foious  confidcration. 
Art.  63.     An  Apptal  to  Popular   Opinion^    againft  Kidnapping  aad 

IV^order ;  including  a  Narrative  ot  the  late  atrociqnt  Proceedngs 

at  Yarmouth ;  with  the  Statements,  Hand-bills,  ^u.  fro  H  €on% 

By  John  Thelwall.    Svo.     is.    Jordan.     1796. 

We  profefs  ourfelves  to  be  among  the  number  of  tboftj  who  think 
fhtt  employing  violence  to  controid  opinion  i^  one  of  the  greatell 

«  •  Shakefpcare'iHamlec' 

offhices 


\  tbtt  ctn  be  committed  againft  the  Spirit  of  a  free  conftitodon  ; 
aad  that  the  oatnge  i)eo(mic;i  infiaiietjr  jtnore  dan||;erous»  whten  iu  ia- 
Avments  are  the  armed^and  diTopKned  bodies  mainubed  for  the  pub- 
lic fecariqr.  We  caniiQ^  therefore^  but  look  on  tbe  late  attempt  on 
the  perfon  of  Mr.  Thelwall  at  yarmootb  (the  nature  of  wbidi  we  be- 
fieve  to  be  foficientljr  known  and  arow^)  as  a  vtry  criminal  and 
candalons  traniiiftion>  which  no  man  of  fenfr^  whatever  be  his  party^ 
jnll  regard  without  deteftatiom  That  in  the  bread  of  the  intetkded 
Mferer  himiiBlf  it  •flionld  excite  peculiar  indignation,  is  no  matter  of 
wonder ;  and*  if  hb  rhetoric  oa  the  OGcamm  fomcwhat  pafles  the 
JKmnds  of  good  tafte*  and  of  (bber  reprefeptation,  we  think  him  exr 
co(abIe  aa;i  man*  and  ihall  not  criikire  him  as  a  writer. 

An.. 6^  CMicbi/m  of  IMth:  for  the  Ufe  of  Schools*  and  fat 
PonefBc  Inftruaion.  By  B.  C.  twaSi^  M.  D.  Coonfidlor  fttd 
Phjrfidan  to  the  reigning  Count  of  Scbaomborgh  Lippe,  kc.  ^c« 
TranOafied  from  the  laft  German  Edition,  fiy  J.  H.  Bafle.  iimo. 
as.    DiOj* 

Nochmg  »  lefs  onr  inttnoon  than  to  difeoamge  tbqie  attempts  at 
cnlaiging  the  drcle  of  javenile  acquirements*  which  hare  of  lato 
^ean  C^^ly  conduced  to  the  real  improvement  offyftemsof  educa*- 
xioQ«  The  ftate  of  mankind  abfoluteiy  reiquires  this  extenfipn^  and 
they  iriio*  through  pride  or  prejudice,  obftioatel/  refnfe  to  accpmmo- 
jdate  their  methods  to  the  progrefs  of  opinion,  will  ind  themfelrea 
jeftlmhiod  in  difcredit.  jTet  it  is  obvious  that  there  muft  be  limits 
in  the ieledioo  «f  proper  fabjeAs  fore^arly  inftro^ion^  and  that  nolaft* 
ing  good  can  be  efie&ed  by  anticipating,  the  pe4ods  in  whL^h  the  mind 
^jqmnds  and  the  judgment  acquires  due  ftrength.  Perhaps  no  topic 
€OoId  ea£ly  be  fu^gefted,  which  u  lefs  adapted  fyr  children  thsMA  ;he 
Urindples  and  detail  of  medical  management  ;•— a  matter  either  ^  re- 
condite iuence  or  of  complicated  experience,  and  concerning  which 
«fren  profeifional  men  are  far  from  having  come  to  an  agreement.  A 
lew  fimple  rules  refpeding  their  condudi,  in  matters  neceflarily  left  to 
•their  own  difcretion,  might,  indeed,  ufefully  make  a  part  of  familiar 
and  domeftic  inftrufiion  :  but  what  have  they  to  do  with  regulations 
which  fall  under  the  province  of  the  parent,  ma/ler,  nurfe,  or  phyti- 
cian,  and  of  which  they  muil  be  the  objeds,  not  the  authors  ?  The 
prefent  work,  therefore,  appears  to  us  entirely  mif-named  or  mif-con- 
•ceived ;  it  is  rather  a  catedyfrn  for  parents  than  for  children  ;  and  to 
make  it  apart  of  theinflru^ion  of  the  latter  would  be  only  to  occupy 
their  minds  with  a  number  of  things  which  it  is  irapoilible  they  could 
properly  comprehend,  and  the  ufe  of  which  commences  at  a  much 
liter  age. 

The  author  is  evidently  a  man  of  knowlege  and  Humanity ;  too 
fond,  perhaps,  of  certain  notions  which,  under  the  plaufible  idea  of 
filknuirig  fuUure,  have  been  latterly  inculcated,  but  which,  without 
ndoai  experience,  may  lead  to  a  dangerous  dogmatifm.  Is  it  not, 
for  inSance,  an  imprudent  dedu&ion  from. the  general  dodrine  of  the 
benefit  of  expofure  to  cool  air,  to  aifert  that  *  from  the  hour  of  birth 
the  head  of  a  child  ought  to  be  kept  uncovered  V — and  is  a  man  of 
prudence  warriiatcd  to  dirc^  that '  all  infants  (hould  be  immerfed  in 

R  2  cold 


136         MoirTH&T  Catalooub,  ^Shgk  Simmu 

coM  water  ev^  day  V  Tt  woald  be  eafy  for  ot  to  poiot  out  any 
«ffertk>ns  and  diredions,  of  which  the  theoretical  trath*  or  the  pratt- 
ck\  propriety,  may  be  vtry  problematical ;  even  fettiiig  afide  the  ob* 
jefbon  of  their  erroneous  addrefs  to  children.     On  the  whole,  if  the 

ftarpofe  of  the  tranilation  be  to  promote  the  adoption  of  the  work  in 
he  education  of  youth  here,  as  has  be^n  done  in  Germany,  wddooot 
heiitate  to  fay  that^  in  our  opinion,  both  the  defign  and  the  execbtioQ 
are  injudicious :  but,  as  a  colledion  of  precepts  on  important  pcnnu  ia 
the  nurfing  and  rearing  of  children,  and  the  training  them  to  the  pofr 
feffionof  a  healthful  hoAy  and  found  mind,  we  think  it  may  nlefully 
be  confulted  by  thofe  who  read  with  due  caution  and  refledion* 

Art.  65.  Genealogical  Tables  of  the  Sovereigns  of  the  Worlds  from  the 
carlieft  to  the  prcfent  Period  ;  exhibiting  in'  each  Table  their  im- 
inediate  SuccefTors,  collateral  Branches,  and  the  Duration  of  their 
refpe£live  Reigns,  foconllrudted  as  to  form  a  Series  of  ChronoIoQri 
and  including  the  Genealogy  of  many  other  Perfonages  and  fa- 
milies diftinguifhed  in  (acred  and  prof;pine  Hidory  ;  particnlarl/  all 
the  Nobility  of  thefe  Kingdoms  dcfcendcd  from  Princes.'  Br  the 
Rev.  William  Betham,  of  Stonham  Afpel,  Suffolk.  Folio.  Com- 
mon Paper  3I.  13s.  6d.  Fine  Paper  4I.  i^s.  6d.  Boards.  Rob^ 
fon,  &c.  1795. 

Thcfe  Tables  muft  have  cod  the  indefatigable  compiler  prodigiotu 
labour  and  attention.  As  a  book  of  occafional  confultatipn  and  re- 
ference, it  will  rank  (we  imagine)  with  the  moll  efteemed  produc- 
tions of  the  kind.  We  fay  this,  prefuming  entirely  on  its  corredne(s^ 
of  which  we  have  no  doubt :  but  as  it  is  not  a  work  for  perufid,  Hlte 
a  hidory  or  a  diifertation,  a  reviewer  can  only  fpeak  from  general  ap- 
pearances ;  and  thefe  are  all  very  much  iri  favour  of  the  publication. 
Indeed  we  fcruplc  not  to  give  Mr.  Betham 's  work  the  preference  even 
to  Anderfon's  *'  Royal  Genealogiis  ♦,"  (the  mod  coniiderableofour 
former  compilements,  of  this  kind,)  on  account  of  the  greater  fim- 
i>Iicity  and  neatnefs  of  hib  method,  and  the  difcmbaran'ment  of  his 
performance  from  extraneous  hidorical  matter  :  we  have  often  found 
ourfelves>ather  confufed  than  enlightened  by  confuhing  Anderfon. 
The  volume  is  printed  with  uncommon  neatnefs,  and  with  every 
indication  of  accuracy  and  care.  In  a  ftiort  prefatory  advertife-i 
ment,  Mr.  Betham  gives  an  account  of  the  materials  of  which  he 
has  made  ufe  in  the  compilement ;  and  v.y  which  it  appears  that  he 
has  confulted  a!l  the  bed  authorities ;  viz.  the  Bible,  the  Univerfal 
Hidory,  the  Claffics,  Anderfon,  Rollin,  the  Peerages,  frc. — His 
chief  guides  in  chronology  were  Newton  and  Blair.4-Thc  work  is 
dedicated,  by  permidion,  to  the  Kjng. 

SINGLE     SERMONS. 
Art.  66.      Chrifti an  Philanthropy  %   preached  before   the   Aflbciate^ 
Friendly  Soceties  of  the  City  of  Bath,  May   i6»    1796.'  By  the 
Reverend  Richard  Warner,  Curate  of  St.  James's  Paiidi.     8vo. 
15.     Dilly. 

*  Printed  in  1731,  for  W.  Innys,  ^c.    Large  Fplio. 

A  fen- 


Monthly  Catalootxe,  SingU  Sermons.  %2f 

•  'Aienfible,  libera],  ?.nd  elegant  difcourfe,  in  which  the  ch^adev 
pf  Chrift  and  the  genius  of  his  religion  are  well  pourtrayed,  and  thq 
jgreat  Uw  of  Chriftian  benevolence  is  ftrongly  enforced.  Th« 
preacher  very  pertinently  applies  this  dodnne  to  the  circumftancei  of 
ids  aaditors ;  recommending  to  the  aflbciated  fodeties  the  reciprocal 
exerdfe  of  candour,  amid  an  anavoidable  ^irer^ty  of  political  and 
religions  opinions. 

^rt.  67.     The  goo  J  Man,  and  faithful  Minifter,  made  eminently  ufefid. 

A  Faneral  berroon,  preached  at  Stepney  Meeting,  June  19,  I7g6i 

occafioned  by  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Brewer,  fiky  Yeara 

Paftor  of  the  Independent  Church  in  that  Place,  who  departed  this 

Life  June  1 1,  1796-     Together  with  the  Oration  delivered  at  the 

InteriDent.     By  George  lord.     8vo.      is.     Mathews. 

This  difcourfe  is  written  in  the  ufual  manner  of  funeral  fermont 

f  moDg  the  Independents ;  pious  and  ai^e^ionate ;  orthodox,  and,  ia 

the  approj>riate  language  of  the  fefb,  evangelical;  and  fullof  fcrip- 

Uiral  allolions  and  quotations.     An  account  of  the  rdigious  experience 

and  minillerial  labours  of  Mr.  Brewer  is^  introduced.     The  oration  at 

.the  mve  is  in  the  fame  ftrain.-— Mr.  Brewer  was  a  perfon  of  confi- 

derable  eminence  and  refpedability,  particularly  among  the  diHentert 

of  (he  above- mentioned  denomination. 

Art.  68.  The  Principles  and  Duties  of  Chriftianity  inculcated  and  in- 
forced,  Prcachfd  at  Sunbury,  Middiefcx,  May  25,  1796,  beinr 
the  Anniverfary  Meeting  of  two  Friendly  Societies  of  poor  TradeU 
jnen  and  Day  Labourers  in  that  Farifh,  inllituted  for  their  mutual 
Support  in  cafe  of  Sicknefs,  Accident,  or  Old  Age.  By  James 
Cowe^  M.  A.  Vicar.     4to.     is.     Robfon. 

This  18  a  practical  difcourfe,  happily  fuited  to  the  occafion  and  to 
the  audience.  Without  defcending  to  low  familiarity,  Mr.  Cowe  in- 
ftmds  his  hearers,  with  great  plainnefs,  on  various  topics  of  Chriftian 
duty.  His  advice,  concerning  the  behaviour  which  ought  to  prevail 
with  refpedl  to  perfons  of  different  religious  fcntiments,  is  very  liberal 
and  candid ;  and  he  gives  his  audience  excellent  inilrui^ion  on  their 
condudl  towards  each  other  in  the  friendly  fodeties^  formed  for  their 
mutual  benc£t. 

Art.  69.     The  Social  Worfiip  of  the  One  Cod  agrccr.hle  to  Reafon  and 

Scripture  :  preached  in  the  Chapel  in  Prince's  Street,  Weftminfter, 

March  27,  1796,  on  undertaking  the  Palloral  Ofiice  in  that  Place. 

By  Thomas  Jervis.     8vo.     pp.  32.     is.     Robiofons. 

Rational  fcntiments  conpeming  the  Supreme  Being,  and  concerning 

the  obligation,  the  pleafure,  and  the  benefit  of  religious  worftiip,  are, 

in  this  difcourfe,  illuilrated  in  clear,  (Irong,  and  animated  language. 

The  preacher  has  preferved  the  due  medium  between  dry  argument 

and  flimfy  declamation,  and  has  prefcnted  the  public  with  a  judicious 

yet  popular  difcourfe  on  a  very  important  and  ieafonablc  topic.     Mr. 

Jervis  fpeaks  in  terms  of  very  high  but  certainly  defervcd  rcfpe<5l  of 

bis  predeceflbr,  the  late  excellent  Dr.  Kippis : 

•  A  name,'  fays  he,  *  which  will  not  be  mentioned  without  ex- 
citing in  your  breads^  as  vyell  as  my  own,  the  heartfelt  emotions  of 

12  friendfliip. 


titsAtap,  veneradon,  and  regret;  m  name^  wluch  iriU  faexeHtai- 
kered  in  die  world  as  long  as  manly  abilities^  fdid  katmng,  ilerKag 
wtonhf  and  iinaffeded  benevolence  fliail  continne  to  retain  «  place  im 
the  efteem  of  mankind.  In  him,  tbe  perjfonal  virtues  and  talaata  of 
tiie  .m»n  were  £o  adanirabfy  blended  with  the  acqaiieventa  of  tha 
iicholar*  and  tbe  elevated  fentiments  and  principles  of  tbe  Chiiiiaa» 
as  to  conftitttte  a  rare,  valoable^  and  accocnpUflied  charader.  la 
Umt  fctence  has  loft  an  om^meotj-  religious  liberty  and  truth  aa  tMf 
advocate,  and  humanity  a  difinterefted  friend. 


CoRR£SFONOENC£« 

We  have  received  tbe  followiog  benevolent  Propofal  from  a  Cor^ 
refpondent  who  figns  bis  letter,  which  accompanied  it,  Cliricus* 
We  are  happy  in  making  room  for  it,  [though  neceffarily  ibsewhil 
abridged]  heartily  wifhing  fuccefs  to  fo  excellent  a  defign  : 

<  PliOPOSAL  for  lending  Imall  Sums  of  Money,  for  a  (hort  Tbm^ 
without  IntcreQ,  to  virtaous  and  indvflrious  Perfons  kbamong 
under  temporary  Difficulties. 

^  T7ART0US  are  the  methods  which  hamanlty  hat  fuggeftcd  for  tbe 
^  relief  of  poverty  and  diftrefs,  while  too  little  attention  bat  been 
paid  to  plans  for  preventing  thofe  evils,  which  (b  large  a  pottipo  df 
mankind  Are  born  to  fuffer.  It  is  certain  that  the  unhappy  liranBtion 
^onv  competence  to  indigence  is  commooly  occaGoncd  bv  a  temporary 
•^Hfic^lty,  which  may  be  removed  by  a  fmall  afliftancc  from  tbe  band 
•of  the  t>cncvol^nt,  and  all  the confequent  mifery  avoided.  The  laboorer 
or  manufa^urer,  whofe  daily  induftry  is  barciv  fiafiiciem  to  fupport  a  nur 
Serous  fan-iily,  is  perhaps  laid  on  thejbed  of  ficknefs,  or,  withcmt  any 
jnilcpndufU  f^^c  a  (hort  time,  m^y  happen  to  be  unemployed}  hit  wife 
,snd  chikircn  immediately  want  bread  ;  and  fliortly  after  cot^et  an  UB- 
•leding  landlord,  who  fells  the  little  furniture,  and  turns  out  the  poor 
.wretches  either  to  ftarve  or  become  a  burthen  to  the  parifli.  This  iaet 
the  dciliny  of  the  unfortunate  family  for  the  whole  remainder  of  life ;  for 
though  there  n  a  laudable  pride  even  in  the  lowefl  individual,  which 
makes  him  abhor  the  idea  of  being  dependent  on  pari(h-rates,  and  ex- 
cites him  to  every  exertion,  left  the  dear  little  objed«  of  hit  aftc* 
tion  fliould  be  ftigmaiized  by  the  badge  of  paupers ;  ^et  when  he  fiodt 
the  diigrace  wholly  unavoidable,  and  his  name  is  once  regiCtered  in  tfie 
parochial  records  of  the  poor,  he  never  ftrives  to  regain  his  independence, 
bccanfe  he  thinks  hi.»  reputation  irrecoverable.  Too  often  alfo  it  hap- 
pens that  for  a  fmall  debt  the  poor  man  is  fhut  up  in  prifon  great  part 
«f  his  life,  and  rendered  ufelefs  to  his  family  and  the  public  :  and 
though  the  fociety  for  liberating  perfons  confintvl  for  fmall  debts  has 
been  much,  and  defer vedly  applauded,  yet  if  charily  (hould  begin  bcr 
god-like  work  a  little  earlier,  aod  prevent  thofe  unfortunate  men  from 
being  dragged  from  ufcful  employments,  and  the  arm^  of  ttteir  lament- 
ing famihes,  much  greater  good  would  be  done.  This  is  evident  on 
the  flighteft  confidcration;  for  when  the  father  is  committed  to  prifoo, 
the  children  mull  be  provided  for  by  the  parifh,  or  they  will  become 
vagrants  and  a  pell  to  the  public, while  the  wife  is  overwhelmed  by  their 
calamity,  and  perhaps  abandons  herfelf  to  defpair.  Tbe  prifoner,  in  the 
mean  whilf>  forgets  the  habits  of  indnAry,  and  learni  thofe  vices  which 

tbe 


ihi9  fflilmfte  iiftdoteBt  aieqtiRre  in  aril'  fitintloiiit  biit  pirtieulirly  Ui  tMr 
fchool  of  immoralityt  a  gaol.  Very  fcMom  Meed  h  bapfeils,  OM 
after  bciog  diicharged  from  confinement  he  eolledls  bis  fcattered£simil7» 
itAiaict  hii  former  dWltigf  aod  recovers  his  credit  at  an-  boniefk  and  tt- 

»ffioDt  man«  Now  eoold  occafional  relief  be  given  Co  fucb  a  perfon 
Ic  ftroggling  with  hit  adverfe  comlition^  he  might  not  only  cootinne 
to  be  the  rapport  of  hit  family.  6ut  in  all  probability  wonld  be  foon  able 
to  repay  a  (mall  famof  monevj  which  might  be  lent  him  from  a  fumft  if 
it  Iboald  be  fnftitoted  for  fucb  a  beneficent  porpofe*  And,  at  the  baOt 
of  fttch  an  infkitnlllon  mtift  entltety  depend  on  a  careful  difcrhuhiatiott 
of  charader^  the  Petfttonert  ftoold  come  wtell  recomtnended  liy  three - 
or  more  refpeAable  neighbour*  for  their  honefty  and  induftry,  and  aa 
bdog  peribna  who  will  probably  be  able  to  difebarge  the  hm  within 
moBtht.  At  there  muft  be  fome  debtora  to  tbta  inftitiition» 
fahofie  otiafortnnct  by  long  coatiouaoce  will  keep  them  iafolventy  it  will 
feeoceeflary  to  have  an  annual  foblcription  to  fnpport  it."**There  are  many 
beaevolebt  perlbnt  who  are  not  rendered  fo  giddy  in  the  vortex  of  plea* 
ffktt  OOr  lb  deafened  by  fbe  clamour  of  poUttchbut  they  can  ftmliear  tho 
cty  of  human  diftreft,  aiid  are  ready  to  give  «f  ery  poffible  fticeoof  .  T6 
fate  only  it  tbia  propofid  addrefitd»  and  they  are  eirneftly  requelked  to 
siTe  it  a  mature  coafideration,  and  not  hafttlj  difmifli  it  dn  aecount  of 
mne  apparent  objeAions.  The  propofer  tr  ienfible  that  fome  diffieul- 
tict  wond  attend  the  eaecntion  of  thrt  plan*  but  he  doeanot  think  thena 
iafaperablet  and  Xurely  the  benefit  to  be  derived  froin  it  to  the 
virtuooa  aod  induftrious  poor,  is  of  fuch  importance  aa  would  well 
juftify  an  experiment  how  far  it  is  pradicable.  The  common  objec- 
tion will  be,  that  few  will  be  able  and  willing  to  repay  the  money  they 
HM  borrow  from  fnch  fbndt ;  but  if  a  proper  regard  be  paid  to  cha« 
radcr,  it  to  fikely  thit  wiH  not  be  fonnd  true.  But  eVeii  fup^fiofl^ 
thb  to  be  the  cafe»  certainly  it  ia  not  a  ftrfficient  reafon  for  rejeAing 
tbn  jirbpoial.  For  Iboold  a  colli derable  part  of  the  fuma  thur  ad vaooed 
be  lunk»  it  muft  be  allowed  that  charity  can  never  be  eseerdfed  in  » 
nore  beneficial  manner.  The  afltftance  we  give  the  poor  is  generally  l»y 
alms  to  thofe  who  either  receive  parifhpayt  or  live  in  a  ftate  of  indolence 
and  vagrancy,  and  whofe  impudence  makes  them  intrude  on  and  ba- 
raft  the  benevolent.  By  Aich  perfons  the  money  is  ufwtUy  m\(stp^ted 
to  the  porpofei  of  intemperance»  or  unneceifary  iodulgence  ;  or  at  belt 
afibrdt  but  a  (hort  relief.  For  much  more  difcretion  <ftid  economy  in 
the  ihanageroent  of  alms  cannot  be  expected  from  thofe  whofe  impru- 
dence  and  extravagance  have,  perhaps,  contributed  to  reduce  them  to 
their  unhappy  fit  nation.  But  now  if  the  money  fo  beftowed  Ibould 
bi  applied  to  extricate  fober  and  diligent  perfons  embarrafied  b^  cafual 
diflRculf  ies,  the  efftrA  would  be  very  different ;  for  we  may  lay  it  down 
as  a  rule,  that  where  there  is  no  profpeA  but  that  of  cpoAant  want,  a 
temporary  relief  will  be  tranfieot  and  ineffedual,  but  if  the  want  be 
only  temporary,  alfiftance  will  be  attended  with  the  moft  happy  con- 
{cqoences. — 

•  Should  thefe  ideascoincide  with  the  fentimentsof  thofe  perfons,  who» 
like  the  Divine  Founder  of  Chriftiantty,  are  a^uated  by  that  genuine  phi- 
lanthropy which  (hewi  itfelf  by  doing  good,  the  authar  of  thit  addrefa 
will  think  hi mfcif  greatly  obliged  if  they  will  be  kind  enough  to  let  him 
know  to  what  extent  Aich  ari  inftitution  (hould  receive  their  (iipport }  ami 
they  are  humbly  requefted  at  the  fame  time  to  favour  him  with  their  opi- 
nion on  this  fubjedt,  and  give  him  fome  hints  for  improving  this  Ichemr, 
aad  guarding  againfl  its  abufcs.    Be  pleafed  to  dire^  to  the  Rev.  M.  H 

tn 


240  Cbtt  KtST6vbkU'CE. 

to  he  l^ft'Dvlth  Mr.  C.  Huckton,  Printer,  3S,  Great  Pulteaby-ftrecty 

Golden  Square^  London.*  ^  .  [ 

We  beg  leave  carneftly  to  recommend  the  chaHty  propofcd  by  tUi 
unknown  Correfpondenty  as  it  appears,  in  evefy  Vievir,  to  be  ene  of 
the  moft  bfeFol  kind,  and  may,  poffiblvj-  become. one  of  the  moft  ex-  \ 
tenfive.  Dean  Swift  appropriated,  in  a  fimilar  manner,  ,fit)m,his  own 
siicOftiej  a  confiderable  Turn ;  and  it  is  well  known  that  much  good 
was  efFeded  by  that  mode,  *'  To  infure  the  reward  of  bduilry  u  to 
beilow  a  benefit  at  once  on  the  individual  and  on  the  public^.'* 


We  have  received  letters  from  cur  old  correfpondetit  A.  Z.  and 
fiom  a  friendly  uiiter  who  iigns  C.  D.  refpeding  the  variouf  opinioni 
entertained  of  the  moral  charadter  of  Qui^en  Elizabeth  and  Muj '. 
Queen  of  Scots ;  Occafioned  by  fome  remarks  on  that  fobjeA;  wfaicK, 
occurred  in  our  review  of  Mr.Norgate's  Eflkys.  (See  Rev.  for  Septi) 
We  ffluft  decline,  however,  any  profecutioo  of  an  argument  which  . 
<(pet  not  appear  fufceptibic  of  decifion ;  and  concerning  which»  there^  : 
iore>  various  opinions  will,  after  all,  be  enceruin^d. 

Clytandir  will  fee  that  we  have  availed. ourfelves  6f  his  obliging 
€orre6tion  of  an  inadvertency.  We  thank  him  alfo  for  hii  inform* 
atioD, 

-  -      »  ■,  I    i  III 

We  are  informed  that  the  price  of  Mr.  Bryd(bn's  tieraldic  work  was* 
mifprinted  in  our  laft  number.     It  fhould  be  los.  6d.  inAead  of  6s«. 

W.  H.  refrefhes  our  memory,  in  a  cafe  in  wldch  we  confefs  there 
has  been  fome  negled. 

W.  R.*s  letter,  we  are  fdrry  to  fay,  has  been  accider.taify  over, 
looked,  till  it  Was  too  laie  tc)  aiToiJ  it  proper  notice  in  this  Number* 


Mr.  Wanfey's  letter  is  received  ;  and  proper  attention  will  be  paid 
to  it. 


Hifioricus  is  informed  that  the  Contimuaion  of  our  General  Indtx^, 
bringing  that  work  down  10  :hc  end  of  the  8  ill  vol.  or  fir  ft  Scries  of 
the  Review,  is  juil  publilh<:d.  in  one  vol.  8vo. 

In  the  Rev.  for  Sept.  p.  49. 1.  27.  put  a  femicolon  2ihtr*  preceding'^, 
p.  53.  1.  II.  for  *  Oxjlriij    r.  CatHbridge^ 

In  the  Appendix,  p.  494.  -^^rt.  V.  1.  11.  for  •  performed  on,*  r« 
performed  in;  p.  520.  1.  26.  dele  the  words  <  our  poetry  i'  p.  ^^\. 
1.  1 2  from    bottom,  for  '  though  Icfs,'  r.  which  are  lefs. 

♦  Hawkcfvvorih's  Life  of  Swift. 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For   NOVEMBER,    1796. 


Art.  I.     Studies  d/ Nature.   By  James- Henry- Bernard! n  de  Saint* 

Pierre.    Tranflatcd  by  Henry  Hunter,  D.  D.  Minifter  of  the"  Scots 

Cbarch,  London- Wall.     5  Volt.    8vo«     il.  los.  Boards.    Dilly. 

1796. 

iniTE  have  had  repeated  occafion  to  bear  our  willing  tefti- 

^^    mony  to  the  merit  of  the  ingenious,  amiable,  and  pious 

Saini'Piem*     His  work  in  defence  of  the  goodnefs  of  Gody 

entitled  Le  Plan  de  Dieu  envers  Us  Hommes^  &c.  was  noticed  in 

our  Rev.  Vol.  Ixxviii.  p.  238.  where  we  recommended  it  to  our 

readers,  as  abounding  with  rational  and  delightful  fentiments, 

exprelled  in  clear  and  forcible  language,  and  as  evidently  dic- 

lited  by  a  mind  fincerely  and  zealoufly  defirous  of  promoting 

Ac  ioterefis  of  religion  and  humanity. 

The  work  of  which  a  tranflation  is  here  prefented  to  the 
public  was  announced  foon  after  its  firft  appearance  in  1785, 
.in  our  Ixxvth  Vol.  p.  522,  as  a  produdion  of  great  originality 
and  merit.  As  this  valuable  performance  is  now,  through  the 
well-beftowed  induftry  of  Dr.  Hunter,  rendered  acceffible  to 
the  Englifli  reader,  it  may  ferve  to  attract  farther  attention  to 
an  excellent  defence  of  religious  belief,  if  we  briefly  give  a  con- 
lie£ted  view  of  the  contents  of  the  volumes. 

The  great  objeA  of  the  work  is  to  furnifh,  from  the  adual 
contemplation  ot  nature,  a  feries  of  proofs  of  an  univerfally  ex- 
ifting  order,  and  a  fuperintending  providence.  In  purfuit  of  this 
obje^,  the  author  takes  a  wide  range  ;  examining  and  refuting 
the  various  objeftions  which  have  been  raifed  againft  Provi- 
dence, from  partial  views  of  the  works  of  nature.  In  the  firft 
part,  in  which  the  writer  replies  to  | the  objeftions  founded  on 
the  disorders  of  the  globe,  he  advances  feveral  new  hypothefes  : 
be  controverts  the  Newtonian  doilrine  of  centripetal  and  cen- 
trifugal forces  ;  he  afcribes  the  dire£lion  of  the  chain  of  moun- 
tains on  the  Continent  to  the  regular  winds  which  blow  over 
the  ocean  ;  the  pofjtion  of  iflands  to  the  confluence  of  the  Teas 
and  rivers  ;  the  conftant  fupply  of  fuel  to  volcanos,  and  to  the 
bituminous  depofits  on  the  (hores  ;  and  the  currents  of  the  feas. 
Vol.  XXI.  S  and 


242    Hunter'/  TranJktUn  $f  St.  Pkrre'j  Studla  rf  Natun. 

and  motion  of  the  tides,  to  the  alternate  freezing  and  melting 
of  the  polar  glaciers.  This  latter  theory,  though  it  has  not 
difpUcod  the  Newtonian  explanation  of  .the  tides  from  the  at« 
tradlion  of  the  moon,  is  fupported  with  great  ingenuity. 
*  M.  de  St.  Pierre  next  refutes  the  objcdlions  againft  Pro?i- 
deiKe  which  refpeA  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms,  by 
(hewing  that  we  cannot  account  for  their  various  produdions 
and  phenomena  by  mere  mechanical  laws,  and  that  they  afford 
indubitable  proofs  of  a  direding  intelligence  in  the  wife  adap* 
tation  of  means  to  ends,  A  great  variety  of  curious  fads  in 
natural  hiftory  are  colIe<Sted  in  this  part  of  the  work.  The  in* 
telligence  bellowed  by  nature  on  the  animal  creation  is  happily 
illuttrated  in  the  following  paragraph  :  (Vol.ii.  p.  I2.) 

*  The  torpedo  defended  himfelf  from  his  enemies  by  means  of  the 
eleflric  fhock,  before  Academies  thought  of  making  experunenti  ia 
eledtricity  ;  and  the  limpet  underftood  the  power  of  the  preflure  ef 
the  air,  and  attached  icfelf  to  the  rocks,  by  forming  the  vacuum  with 
its  pyramidical  (hell,  long  before  the  air-pump  >vas  fet  a  going.  The 
<]uails  which  annually  take  their  departure  from  £arope»  on  their 
way  to  Africa,  have  fuch  a  perfed  knowledge  of  the  autumnal  Eqoi- 
nox,  that  the  day  of  their  arrival  in  Malta,  where  they  reft  for 
twenty-four  hours,  is  marked  on  the  almanacks  of  the  ifland^  aboot 
the  22d  of  September,  and  varies  every  year  as  the  Equimnr*  The 
fwan  and  wild  duck  have  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  latitude  whcie 
they  ought  to  flop,  when,  every  year  they  re-a(cend,  in  Spring*  to  the 
extremities  of  the  North,  and  can  find  out,  without  the  help  of  com- 
pafs  or  o^ant,  the  fpoc  where  the  year  before  they  made  their  nefii. 
The  frigat  which  flies  from  Eaft  to  Weft,  between  the  Tropics,  oter 
vail  Oceans  interrupted  by  no  Land,  and  whicn  regains  at  oight»  at 
the  didance  of  many  hundred  leagues,  the  rock  hardly  emergmg  oat 
of  the  water  which  he  left  in  the  morning,  poA'efles  means  of  afcer- 
taining  his  Longitude,  hitherto  unknown  to  our  mofi  ingemoat 
Aftronomers. 

'  Man,  it  has  been  faid,  owes  hi«  intelligence  to  his  hands ;  hot  die 
monkey,  the  declared  enemy  of  all  induftry,  has  hands  too.  The 
fluggard,  or  floth,  likcwife  has  hands,  and  they  ought  to  have  fag- 
gelled  to  him  the  propriety  of  fortifying  himfelf:  of  digging,  atleaft» 
a  retreat  in  the  earth,  for  himfelf  and  for  his  pofterity,  expofed  as 
they  are  to  a  thouland  accidents,  by  the  (lownefs  of  their  progrefiioD. 
There  are  animals  in  abundance  furninied  with  tools  much  more  io- 
genious  than  hands,  and  which  are  not,  for  all  that,  a  whit  more  in- 
telligent. The  gnat  is  furnifhed  with  a  probofcis,  which  is  at  once 
an  awl  proper  for  piercing  the  fle(h  of  animals,  and  a  pump  by  which 
it  fucks  out  their  blood.  This  probofcis  contains,  befidcs,  a  long  faw» 
with  which  it  opens  the  fmall  blood- vefTels  at  the  bottom  of  the  woand 
which  it  has  made.  He  is  likcwife  provided  with  wings,  to  tranfport 
him  wherever  he  pleafrs  ;  a  corflet  of  eyes  iluddid  round  his  lictJe 
head,  to  fee  all  the  objeds  about  him  in  every  direclion ;  uloqi  fo 
iharp.that  he  c^n  walk  on  polifhed  elafs  in  a  perpendicular  direQion; 
feet  fupplied  witf)  brufhes  [or  cleaning  himfelf;  a  plume  of  feathers 


Hunter*!  Traajltat^i  §fSt.  Pierno^i  SHi4liH$fNaiwr9.    243 

00  hit  forehead  1  and  ao  inftruncDt  anAvering  the  purpofe  of  a  tram* 
pet  to  proclaim  his  triarophs.  He  it  an  inhabitant  of  the  mat,  the 
earth,  and  the  water,  where  he  is  born  in  form  of  a  worm,  and  where, 
before  he  expires,  the  eggs  which  are  to  produce  a  future  generation 
are  depofited. 

'  With  all  thefe  advantages^  he  frequently  falls  a  prey  to  infe£lt 
imaUer,  and  of  a  much  inferior  organization.  The  ant  which  creeps 
only,  and  is  fumiiied  with  no  weapons  except  pincers,  is  formidable 
HOC  to  him  only,  but  to  animals  of  a  much  larger  fize,  and  even  to 
qnadrapeds.  She  knows  what  the  united  force  of  a  multitude  is  ca- 
pable of  effeAing;  Qie  forms  republics;  ihelays  up  (lore  of  proviiions; 
ihe  builds  fnbterraneous  cities ;  (he  forms  her  attacks  in  regular  mili- 
tary array  ;  (he  advances  in  columns,  and  (bmetimes  conftrains  nun 
)iimielf,  in  hot  countries,  to  furrender  his  habitation  to  her.' 

From  the  inferior  animal  creation,  the  author  proceeds  to 
■iia,  in  order  to  prove  that  the  greater  part  of  the  ills  which 
epprefs  the  human  race  are  to  be  afcribed  to  the  defe(As  of  our 
modes  of  education,  and  of  our  political  inftltutions,  and  not  to 
thofe  of  nhture. 

Inftead  of  following  the  principles  of  pbyfical  fcience,  which 
tend,  in  hi|  opinion,  to  make  us  lofe  fight  of  intelieflual  ends 
in  the  order  of  nature,  the  author  has  recourfe  to  what  he  calls 
fi»JiiUimi  inftifUf  dffinHment ;  by  means  of  which  we  perceive 
the.correfpondencies  and  harmonies  that  govern  the  world.  The 
law  of  rMtwiitfif^,  conformity,  or  the  exad  adaptation  of  one 
thing  to  another,  which  furnifhes  the  principal  argume;it  for 
the  being  of  God,  is  largely  and  beautifully  illuftrated  by  a 
variety  of  natural  fads,  in  which  a  defigned  relation  between 
|be  feveral  parts  of  nature  is  apparent.  From  this  moft  inter'* 
efliog  part,  we  fball  feled,  out  of  a  vafl:  mafs  of  valuable  mat-^^ 
ter,  two  or  three  ftriking  pafTages :  (Vol.  ii.  p.  362.  (5*  feq.) 

*  There  is  feen,  on  the  (hores  of  India,  a  large  and  beautiful  bird, 
white  and  fire-coloured,  called  i\it  flamingo,  not  that  it  is  of  Flemijb 
cxtradion.  but  the  name  is  derived  from  the  old  French  v/orA  flamhant, 
(flaming)  becaufe  it  appears,  at  a  diftance,  like  a  flame  of  fire.  He 
generally  inhabits  in  fwampy  grounds,  and  fait  mar(hes,  in  the  wateA 
of  which  heconftru&s  his  ncft,  by  raifing  out  of  the  moifture,  of  a  foot 
deep,  a  little  hillock  of  mud,  a  foot  and  a  half  high.  He  makes  a 
hole  in  the  fummit  of  this  little  hillock ;  in  this  the  hen  depofits  two 
eggs  and  hatches  them,  with  her  feet  funk'in  the  water,  by  means  of 
Che  extreme  length  of  her  legs.  When  feveral  of  thefe  birds  are  fiu 
ting  at  the  fane  time  on  their  eggs,  in  the  midft  of  a  fwamp,  you 
woold  uke  them,  at  a  diftance,  for  the  flames  of  a  conflagration, 
bnrfting  from  the  bofom  of  the  waters. 

<  O&er  fowls  prefent  contra(b  of  a  different  kind  on  the  fame 
lliores^  The  pelican,  or  wide  throat,  is  a  bird  white  and  brown,  pro- 
vided with  a  large  bag  under  its  beak,  which  is  of  exceflive  length. 
Out  he  eoea  every  morning  to  ftore  his  bag  with  fi(h  :  and,  the  fuppiy 
of  thr  Wf  having  been  accomptifhed,  he  perches  on  fome  pointed 

f  %  rock. 


$44    Httntet'i  TranJUtthn  9/  St.  Fierre'i  SiuHis  9/  HHtire. 

rock,  on  a  level  with  the  water,  where  he  (lands  immoveable  till  the 
evening,  fays  Father  Du  Tertre^r  **  as  in  a  ftate  of  profoaad  forrow, 
«*  with  the  head  drooping,  from  the  weight  of  his  long  Ml,  md  eyes 
«!  fixed  on  the  agitated  Ocean,  at  motionlefs  as  a  ftatae  of  marble/* 
On  the  dufky  (Irand  of  thofe  feas  may  frequently  be  diftiogvifiied 
herons  white  as  fnow,  and  in  the  azure  plains  of  the  flcy»  the  paillenoi 
of  a  filvery  white,  flciroming  through  it  almoft  out  of  fight:  he  is 
fometimes  glazed  over  with  a  bright  red,  having  likewife  the  two 
long  feathers  of  his  tail  the  colour  of  fire,  as  that  of  the  South-Seas. 

*  In  many  cafes,  the  deeper  that  the  ground  i>,  the  more  briUtaotare 
the  colours  in  which  the  animal,  deftined  to  live  upon  it,  ia  arrayed. 
We  have  not,  perhaps,  in  Europe,  any  infed  with  richer  and  gayer 
clothing  than  the  (lercoraceous  fcarab,  and  the  fly  which  bears  the 
fame  epithet.  This  lafl  is  brighter  than  bumifhcd  gold  and  (led  ; 
the  other,  of  a  hemifpherical  &rm,  is  of  a  fine  blue,  iacHniag  to 
purple :  and  in  order  to  render  the  contrail  complete  he  exhales  % 
firong  and  agreeable  odour  of  roul*c.' — 

*  Nature  has  bellowed  at  once,  in  the  <;o]ours  of  iDnoxioos  aniaab, 
contrails  with  the  ground  on  which  they  live,  and  confonances  with 
that  which  is  adjacent,  and  has  fuperadded  the  inftind  of  emplmrin^ 
thcfe  alternately,  according  as  good  or  bad  fortune  prompts,  'thfoc 
wonderful  accommodations  may  be  remarked  in  moH  of  oar  fotll 
birds,  whofe  flight  is  feeble,  and  of  ihort  duration.  The  gray  lark 
linds  her  fnbfiilence  among  the  grafs  of  the  plains  ?  Does  any  thing 
terrify  her  ?  She  glides  away,  and  takes  her  llation  between  tnro  fittle 
clods  of  earth,  where  Hi?  becomes  invifibie.  On  this  pofl  (he  rettaiBS 
in  fuch  perfe^  tranquillity,  as  hardly  to  quit  it,  when  the  foot  of  th« 
fowler  is  ready  to  cruih  her. 

*  The  fame  thing  is  true  of  the  partridge.  I  have  no  doobt  that 
thefe  defencelefs  birds  have  a  fenfe  of  thofe  contrafts  and  correfpood- 
encics  of  colour,  for  I  have  remarked  it  even  in  infe6ls.  In  the 
month  of  March  I  all,  I  obferved,  by  the  brink  of  the  ri  volet  which 
wafiics  the  Gobelins t>  a  butterfly  of  the  colour  of  brick,  repofing« 
with  expanded  wings  on  a  tufc  of  grafs.  On  my  approaching  him, 
he  flew  ofF.  He  alighted,  at  fome  paces  di (lance,  on  the  gronnd, 
which,  at  that  place,  was  of  the  fame  colour  with  himfelf.  I  ap- 
proached him  a  fecond  time ;  he  took  a  fecond  flight,  and  perched 
again  on  a  fimilar  flripe  of  earth.  In  a  word,  I  found  it  was  not 
in  my  power  to  oblige  liim  to  alight  on  the  grafs,  though  1  madt 
frequent  attcmpc!>  to  chat  efrecl,  and  though  the  fpaces  of  earth  which 
feparated  the  turfy  foil  were  narrow,  and  few  in  number. 

.  *  This  wonderful  indinfl  is,  likcwiie,  confpicuoufly  evident  in  the 
cameieon.  This  fpecics  of  lizard,  whole  motion  is  extremely  ilow» 
18  indemnified  for  this,  by  the  incomprchenfible  faculty  of  afliiming, 
at  pleafure,  the  colour  of  the  ground  over  which  he  moves.  With 
this  advantage,  he  is  enabled  to  elude  the  eye  of  his  purfaer,  wbofc 
fpeed  would  foon  have  overukcn  him.     This  faculty  is  in  his  will, 

«  •  Hiflory  of  the  Antilles.' 

«  f  Afmall  village  in  the  fuburbs  of  Paris,  noted  for  its  inano6c« 
lures  in  fine  upcftry,  and  fuperb  mirrors.  H.  H.* 

&r 


Hunter*!  Tranjktion  of  St.  Pierre*/  ^tudttsof  Natun.    245 

tor  \&%  Ikin  is  by  no  means  a  mirror.  It  refledls  only  the  colour  of 
•bjeds,  and  not  their  form.  What  is  farther  fingularly  remarkable  in 
thM»  mnd  perfedly  afcertained  by  Naturalifts,  though  they  afCgn  no 
feafon  for  itj^he  can  aflTume  all  colours,  as  brown,  gray,  yellow,  and 
especially  green,  which  is  his  favourite  colour,  but  never  red.  The 
candeon  ha^  been  placed,  for  weeks  together,  amidft  fcarlet  fluffs, 
withoot  acqoirincr  the  flighteft  (hade  of  that  colour.  Nature  fcems  to 
Itave  with-held  from  the  creature  this  Ihining  hue,  becaufe  it  could 
ierveonly  to  render  him  perceptible  at  a  greater  diflance;  and,  far- 
ther, becaufe  this  colour  is  that  of  the  ground  of  no  fpecies  of  earth* 
er  of  vegetable,  on  which  he  is  designed  to  pafs  his  life. 

*  Bat;  in  the  age  of  weaknefs  and  inexperience,  nature  confounds 
the  cbloor  of  the  harmlefs  animals,  with  that  of  the  ground  on  which 
Chey  inhabit,  without  committing  to  them  the  power  of  choice.  The 
JOQO^  of  pigeons,  and  of  moft  granivorous  fowls,  are  clothed  with  % 

.greemfli  Ihaggy  coat,  refembling  the  mofles  of  their  neils.  Cater* 
pillars  are  blind,,  and  have  the  complexion  of  the  foliage,  and  of  the 
CMU-lu,  which  they  devour.  Nay,  the  young  fruits,  before  they  come 
to  be  armed  with  prickles,  or  inclofed  in  cafes,  in  bitter  pulps,  in 
hard  (hells,  to  proted  their  feeds,  are,  during  the  feafon  of  their  ex- 
paafion,  green  as  the  leaves  which  furround  them.  Some  embryons* 
sc  it  trae,  fach  as  thofe  of  certain  pears,  are  ruddy  or  brown  ;  but  they 
are  then  of  the  colour  of  the  bark  of  the  tree  to  which  they  belong. 
When  thofe  fruits  have  inclofed  their  feeds  in  kernels,  or  nuts,  fo  as 
CO  be  in  no  farther  danger,  they  then  change  colour.  They  become 
fellow,  blue,  gold-coloured,  rt^^  black,  and  give  to  their  refpedivp 
trees  their  natural  contrafts.  It  is  ftrikingly  remarkable,  that  every 
fmit  which  has  changed  colour  has  feed  in  a  ftate  of  maturity.* 

The  fame  fubjed  is  purfued  at  great  length,  in  thecondder- 
ation  of  the  confonancies  which  appear  in  humar)  nature  ;  and  of 
the  harmony  of  plants  with  the  fun,  with  the  water  and  air,  with 
vegetables,  animals,  and  man ;  illuftrated  by  numerous  derails 
which  aflFord  the  naturalift  much  entertainment.  We  (hall 
give  an  extrad  from  the  chapter  which  treats  of  the  harmony 
of  plants  relative  to  man.^    (Vol.  iii.  p.  294.) 

<  It  is  in  the  countries  of  the  North,  and  on  the  fummit  of  cold 
mountains,  that  the  pine  grows,  and  the  fir,  and  the  cedar,  and  moft 
part  of  refinous  trees,  which  Iheltcr  man  from  the  fnows  by  the  clofc- 
tiefs  of  their  foliage,  and  which  furnifh  him,  during  the  winter  feafon, 
with  torches,  and  fuel  for  his  fire- fide.  It  is  very  remarkable,  that  the 
leaves  of  thofe  ever-green  trees  are  filiform,  and  extremely  adapted, 
by  this  configuration,  which  pofrefles  the  farther  advantage  of  rever- 
berating the  heat,  like  the  hair  of  animals,  for  refinance  to  the  im- 
petuodty  of  the  winds,  that  beat  with  peculiar  violence  on  elevated 
situations.  The  SwediQi  naturalifts  have  obferved,  that  the  fatted 
pines  are  to  be  found  on  the  dryeft  and  moflfandy  regions  of  Norway. 
The  larch,  which  takes  equal  pleafure  in  the  cold  mountains,  has  a 
very  refinous  trunk. 

•  Matbiola,  in  hisnfeful  commentary  on  Diofeorides,  informs  us,,  that 
there  iff  no  fubHanee  more  proper  than  the  charcoal  ofthefe  trees,  for 

S  3  promptly 


246    Hunlet'i  TrMAfiafton  of  St.  Plerre'i  StmBis  $f  NMmri,^ 

fTomipi\y  melting  the  iron  xmneralt,  in  the  vicinity  of  frhicli  ihef  pe* 
caliarly  thrive.  They  are,  befides*  loaded  with  moflfest  fome  fpeoet 
of  which  catch  fire  from  the  (lighted  fpark.  He  relates,  thmt  oeing 
obliged,  on  a  certain  occafion,  to  paft  the  night  in  the  lofty  aoonuuna 
of  the  Strait  of  Trento*  where  he  was  botanizing,  he  fomd  there  a 
great  quantity  of  larches  (larix)  bearded  all  over,  toafe  hit  own  es* 
preflion,  and  completely  whitened  with  mofs.  The  ihepherds  of  the 
place,  willing  to  amufe  him,  fet  fire  to  the  mofles  of  fome  of  thoft 
treeff,  which  was  immediately  communicated  with  the  rapidity  of 
gun-powder  touched  withy  the  match.  Amidft  the  obfcurity  of  the 
night,  the  flame  and  the  fparks  feemed  to  afcend  up  to  the  very 
keavens.  They  difFufed,  as  they  burnt,  a  very  agreeable  perfbae* 
He  farther  remarks,  that  the  bed  agaricum  grows  upon  the  larch,  and 
that  the  arquebaiiers  of  his  time  made  ufe  of  it  for  keepine  np  £ic» 
and  for  making  matches.  Thus  nature,  in  crowning  the  fummtt  of 
cold  and  ferruginous  mountains  with  thofe  vaft  vegeuble  torches,  hat 
placed  the  match  in  their  branches,  the  tinder  at  their  foot,  and  the 
fteel  at  their  roots. 

'  To  the  fouth,  on  the  contrary,  trees  prefent,  in  their  foliage,  fanty 
umbrellas,  parafols.  The  latanier  carries  each  of  its  leaves  plaited  at 
a  fan,  attached  to  a  long  tail,  and  ifimilar,  when  completely  difplayed, 
to  a  radiating  fun  of  verdure.  Two  of  thofe  trees  are  to  be  fees  in 
the  Royal-Garden.  The  leaf  of  the  banana  refembles  a  long  and 
broad  girdle,  which,  undoubtedly,  procured  for  it  the  name  of  Adas't 
fig-tree.  The  magnitude  of  the  leaves  of  feveral  fpccies  of  trees  ia* 
creafes  in  proportion  as  we  approach  the  Line.  That  of  the  ooom* 
tree,  with  double  fruit,  of  the  Sechelles  1  Hands,  is  from  twelve  to  fif- 
teen feet  long,  and  from  feven  to  eight  broad.  A  /ingle  one  it  faffi- 
ctcnt  to  cover  a  numerous  family.  One  of  thofe  leaves  is,  likewife, 
to  be  feen  in  the  Royal  Cabinet  of  Natural  Hiflory.  That  of  the  ta- 
lipot of  the  Ifland  of  Ceylon  is  of  nearly  the  fame  fize. 

'  The  intereding  and  unfortunate  Roicrf  Knox,  who  has  given  the 
beft  account  of  Ceylon  which  1  am  acquainted  with,  tells  as,  that  one 
of  the  leaves  of  the  talipot  is  capable  of  covering  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  perfons.  When  it  is  dry,  continues  he,  it  is  at  nnce  ftrong 
and  pliant,  fo  that  you  may  fold  and  unfold  it  at  pleafure,  being  raco- 
jrally  plaited  like  a  fan.  Jn  this  flate  it  is  not  bigger  than  a  man's 
arm,  and  extremely  light.  The  natives  cut  it  into  triangles,  though 
it  is  naturally  round,  and  each  of  them  carries  one  of  thofe  fe6kioot 
over  his  head,  holding  the  angular  part  before,  in  his  hand,  to  open 
for  himfelf  a  paflage  through  the  buihes.  The  foldiers  employ  this 
leaf  as  a  covering  to  their  tents.  He  confiders  it,  and  with  good  rea^ 
ion,  as  one  of  the  greatell  blellings  of  Providence,  in  a  country  burnt 
up  by  the  Sun,  and  inundated  by  the  rains,  for  dx  months  of  the 
year. 

^  Nature  has  provided,  in  thofe  climates,  parafols  for  whole  vil- 
lages; for  the  fig-tree,  denominated,  in  India,  the  fig-tree  of  the  Ba- 
nians, a  drawing  of  which  may  be  feen  in  Taventitr,  and  in  feveral 
ether  travellers,  grows  on  the  very  burning  fand  of  the  fea-(bore, 
throwing,  fropi  the  extremity  of  its  branches,  a  multitude  of  (hoots, 
which  drop'te.  the  |;roaadj  there  take  root,  and  form,  around  the 

principal 


Hunter'/  TrtmJUnUn  d/8t.  Pierre's  Studies  ofNatur$.    ny 

principal  trunk*  a  great  number  of  covered  arcadei*  whofe  ihade  ia  im- 
pcnrious  to  the  rays  of  the  fun. 

<  Id  our  temperate  climates*  we  experience  a  fimilar  benevolence 
on  the  part  of  Nature.  In  the  warm  and  thirfty  feafon*  (he  beftows 
upon  OB  a  variety  of  fruits,  replenifhed  with  the  mod  lefrefhing  juices, 
foch  at  cherries,  peaches,  melons  ;  and,  ai  winter  approaches,  thofe 
which  warm  and  comfort  by  their  oils,  fuch  as  the  almond  and  the 
walnut.  Certain  naturalifls  have  confidered  even  the  ligneous  (hells 
of  thefe  fruits,  as  a  prefcrvative  againft  the  cold  of  the  gloomy  feafon ; 
bot  thefe  are,  as  we  have  feen,  the  means  of  floating  and  of  navigat* 
ing.  Nature  employs  others,  with  which  we  are  not  acquainted,  for 
preierving  the  fabftances  of  fruits,  fromi  the  imprefions  of  the  air. 
For  example,  ihe  preferves,  through  the  whole  winter,  many  fpecies 
of  apples  and  pears,  which  have  no  other  cowering  than  a  pellicle  fo 
very  thin,  that  it  is  impoflible  to  determine  how  fine  it  is. 

'  Nature  has  placed  other  vegeubles  in  humid  and  in  dry  fitoations, 
the  qualities  of  which  arc  inexplicable  on  the  principles  of  our  Phylics, 
but  which  admirably  harmonize  with  the  neccffities  of  the  men  who 
inhabit  thofe  places.  Along  the  water-iide  grow  the  plants  and  the 
trees  which  are  the  dryed,  the  lighted,  and,  confcquently,  the  heft 
adapted  to  the  parpofe  of  croiCng  the  dream.  Such  are  reeds,  which 
are  hdlow,  and  ruflies,  which  are  filled  with  an  inflammable  narrow. 
It  requires  but  a  very  moderate  bundle  of  rufhes  to  bear  the  weight 
of  a  very  heavy  man  upon  the  water.  On  the  banks  of  the  lakes  of 
.  the  North  are  product  thofe  enormous  birch-trees,  the  bark  of  a 
fingle  one  of  which  is  fuflicient  to  form  a  large  canoe.  Thfs  bark  is 
fimilar  to  leather  in  pliancy,  and  fo  incorruptible  by  humidity,  that, 
in  Rttflia,  I  have  feen  fome  of  it  extraded  from  under  the  earth  which 
covered  powder  magazines,  perfectly  found,  though  it  had  lain  there 
from  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great,* 

Man  is  confidered  by  our  author  as  poflefled  of  two  oppodte 
powers,  — the  one,  animal, — the  other,  intellcftual  ;  which,  by 
their  union,  conditute  human  life.  The  varieties  in  human 
exiflence  are  referred  to  thefe  fources;  and  hence  the  ncceffity 
of  focial  and  religious  affedions  to  the  happinefs  of  a  human 
Being  is  dcmonftrated.  The  evils  of  fociciy  are  fhewn  to  ori- 
ginate, not  from  nature,  but  from  wrong  education,  and  ab- 
furd  inftitutions  and  cultoms.  In  conclufion,  the  author  pro* 
pofes  various  projeds  for  the  improvement  of  human  life. 

In  thefe  volumes,  with  fome  ingenious  theories,  which  may 
at  lealt  ferve  to  amufi:  the  reader,  wit!  be  found  a  large  collec- 
tion of  phyfical  and  moral  fa»a$,  all  tending  to  cftablilh  the  firft 
principle  of  religion.  As  a  caveat  againit  atheifm,  this  work 
is  of  gieat  value  ;  as  a  mifcellany  of  natural  hiftory,  it  is 
highly  entertaining;  and  the  Knglith  public  is  mueh  indebted 
to  Dr.  Hunter  for  giving  a  tranflation  of  it. — The  fifth  volume 
is  fupplementaLt  and  contains  two  amuGng  works  of  fancy,  the 
well  known  and  much  admired  tale  of  Paul  and  Virginia,  and 
Arcadia. 

S  4  Art« 


(  M  ) 

A«T.  II.  Letters  from  Scandinavia,  on  the  paft  and  prefent  State  of 
the  Northern  Nations  of  Europe.  8vo.  2  VoU.  pp.  470  in 
each»     14s.  Boards.    Robinfons.     1796. 

HTHfi  ncceffity,  or  even  the  propriety,  o^  pn^aas^  intra JuSfiinSj 
**-  or  adverilfiments^  has  fometimes  been  difputed,  and  the  pre* 
valence  of  the  cuftom  has  been  ridiculed.  In  a  book  of  any  con- 
fequence,  however,  fome  prefatory  information  feems  almoft  as 
defirable  as  the  ufual  form  of  exchanging  names,  when  ftrangers 
are  introduced  to  each  other  in  company.  We  do  not  mean  to 
fay  that  the  name  of  an  author  Ihould  every  where  be  given  to 
his  reader  :  for,  agreeable  as  the  information  might  be  to  the 

latter,  we  are  aware  that  very  allowable  motives  may  induce 
the  former  in  many  cafes  to  withhold  it :  but  we  think  that 
the  reader  of  fuch  a  work  as  that  which  is  now  before  ms  re- 
quires that  fome  ^ia;^^/ -  fome  itsn  introdudiory  lines-^lhould 
inform  him  of  the  nature  and  pretenGonsof  the  gueft  whom  be 
is  about  to  admit  to  his  defk :  without  obliging  him  to  icck 
that  fatisfa£lion  from  an  intimacy  which  he  may,  afterward, 

.regret  that  he  has  cultivated.  On  this  point,  however,  let 
every  man  judge  for  himfelf. 

The  prefent  volumes  commence  their  epiftolary  details  with- 
out any  other  preface  than  the  fhort  title-page  itfelf  affords. 
The  ftyle  in  which  they  are  written  is  eafy  and  animated,  but 
inaccurate ;  and,  when  the  author  confines  himfelf  to  the  de* 
fcription  of  what  he  has  feen,  he  is  in  general  entertaining  and 
inftruflive  :  but  his  refle(£lions  are  too  long,  and  occur  too  fre- 
quently :  many  of  thofe  which  are  of  a  political  tendency  (hew 
too  little  refpedl  for  the  feelings  of  mankind  ;  and  the  greater 
part  of  his  obfervations  confift  of  truifms^  with  erroneous  or 
jnconfideraie  dedu£lions.  The  letters  are  chiefly  written  from 
Peterfburgh,  and  relate  principally  to  the  manners  and  cuftoms 
of  the  RufHans,  Finlanders,  &c.  which  are  already  well  known 
to  us.  Details,  alfo,  of  the  late  naval  combats  between  the 
Ruffians  and  the  Swedes  are  inferted. 

In  the  firfl  letter,  is  an  account  of  the  office  of  Knout- mij/lfr 
general  I  from  the  dread  of  wfaofe  corre£lion,  neither  fortune 
nor  rank  affords  exemption  : 

«  I  have  been  told,  (fays  the  writer,)  that  when  this  officer  is  or- 
dered to  Mofcow,  which  fomecimes  happens,  as  mod  of  the  difafFe^ed 
or  difappointcd  nobles  have  their  winter  refidence  there,  his  appear- 

.  ance  operates  like  ihe  bieaking  o-uof  the  plague.  The  pablic  places 
are  (hut  up ;  focial  intercourfe  is  almoll  wholly  fufpended,  and  the 
city  vvaitiiig  in  fearful  expei:Ution  where  the  blow  is  to  fall ;  for  it  is 
weh  known  that  the  knouc-meiiler  never  makes  fucUjoumeys  in  vain. 
(jenfuip  1/  totally  inadequate  to  fuch  a  villanous  police.  Read  the 
account  of  it,  ^nd,  with  inC|  thank  Heaven  that  you  wti[c  kw^  ?n 

.  £nglilhaian  ;' 

We 


Letters  frem  Scandinavia,  fjfc.  249 

We  could  not  help  feeling  fome  indignation  when  the 
author,  in  the  next  letter,  endeavoured  to  palliate  this  deteftable 
kind  of  difcipline  ;  and  too  frequently  we  had  occafion  to 
notice  a  want  of  liberality  and  juftice  in  his  reflections.  Of 
this  caft  are  his  remarks  on  the  generpficy  of  the  Empreft 
to  the  Wolkots,  two  eminent  adors,  and  men  of  very  con fi- 
derable  merit.  Sometimes,  however,  we  meet  with  obferva- 
tions  that  feem  to  flow  from  a  different  and  more  happy  difpo- 
fitioQ  of  ideas.  The  hiftory  of  the  political  (late  of  Poland  in 
the  fecond  volume,  though  wanting  method  in  the  arrangement, 
argues  a  mind  more  matured  than  when  the  earlier  letters  weic 
produced. 

Ruffia  aiFordS'One  of  the  ftronged  inftances  of  the  certain  pro* 
grefs  towards  civilization  and  improvement,  which  the  intro- 
dudiion  of  commerce  and  letters  invariably  produces.  Though 
ftill  fubjed  to  the  moft  perfedl  defpotifm,  yet,  fince  the  time 
of  Peter  the  Great,  the  author  obferves,  the  government 
has  in  every  reign  been  more  mildly  adminiftered  than  in  the 
reign  preceding  :  an  amendment  more  to  be  attributed  to  the 
gradual  alteration  in  the  charader  and  manners  of  the  nation, 
than  to  the  different  difpofition  of  the  fovereigns.  *  Were 
Peter  the  Great  to  rife  from  the  tomb  and  feize  his  former 
feeptre,  his  courtiers  and  officers  would  not  fubmit  to  be  pub- 
licly  beaten  by  him  without  refiftance.*  l^be  (ituation,  how- 
ever, of  fome  of  the  lower  claflfes,  particularly  of  the  peafants, 
is  moft  deplorable :  not  only  the  poor  man,  but  his  wife  and 
family,  may  be  commanded  by  their  mafter  (the  proprietor  of 
the  land)  to  perform  any  fervice  which  he  pleafes  to  command 
them  to  execute.  ^  If  the  children  are  to  be  taught  a  trade, 
the  mafter  orders  what  that  trade  (hall  be;*  and  without  the 
permiffion  of  the  mafter  they  may  not  marry.  *  The  mafters 
may  order  their  flaves  to  be  knouted  by  the  public  executioner 
without  affigning  my  reafon  but  their  own  pleafure.  The  no^ 
bility  and  gentry  make  their  attendants  wait  with  their  carriages 
wherever  they  go,  for  one,  or  for  ten  hours,  as  it  happens,  let 
the  cold  be  ever  fo  violent.  The  miferable  grins  of  thefe  half 
frozen  wretches  convince  me  it  is  not  their  choice  :  the  coach« 
men  are  fometimes  frozen  to  death  upon  their  boxes.*  By  a 
regulation  of  their  police,  however,  *  the  theatres,  and  all  places 
of  public  amufemenr,  are  (hut  when  the  cold  is  fcventeen  de- 
grees of  Reaumur.* 

Of  their  food,  the  author  writes,*  the  poor  people,  in  fummer, 
cannot  afford  to  live  upon  beef;  and  the  fifli,  at  this  feafon,  are 
dearer,  too,  than  in  winter.  The  peafantry,  as  fubftitutes,  ufe 
vegetables,  efpecially  the  cucumber,  which  they  eat  with  black 
bread.'  After  a  pidure  of  fo  much  mifery,  we  little  expeded 
to  meet  with  a  comparifon  between  the  fituation  of  the  Britifli 

and 


ajo  Savage  V  Armiw* 

and  that  of  the  Ruffian  peafamt ;  in  which  the  preference  ii 
given  to  the  latter,  with  the  following  curious  remark  :  *  if 
ihe  Ruffian  peafantry,  forming  the  mafs  of  the  nation,  are  fe 
well  provided  for,  &c.  what  advantage  from  a  frtt  conftitutioD, 
when  the  fituation  of  the  mafs  of  a  nation  we  call  ilavet  if 
f  roved  to  be  more  agreeable  and  happy  than  our  own  V 

Notwithftanding  thefe  and  many  other  abfurditiet,  the  readiag 
of  tbefe  letters  (from  whatever  fources  derived)  affords  both  in« 
formation  and  amufement.  The  writer^s  partiality  for  the 
Ruffians,  indeed,  has  inclined  him  to  praife,  too  indifcrimiaatdjs 
every  thing  belonging  to  their  nation.  The  charaOer  which 
he  has  given  of  the  prcfent  Emprefs,  Catharine  II.  as  far  as  re- 
lates to  the  adminiftration  of  the  interior  coircerns  of  the  na- 
lion,  (he  appears  to  have  merited.  Many  inftances  are  rebtcd 
of  her  moderation,  and  of  her  regard  for  the  welfare  and  bappi- 
nefs  of  her  countrymen.  '  In  the  emancipation  of  the  pealants 
on  the  crown  lands,  ihe  has  fet  an  example  which,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  many  of  the  Ruffian  gentlemen  will  foon  follow  ;*  and, 
fays  the  author,  ^  the  hrit  objed  in  her  mind,  in  times  of  peace, 
and  next  perhaps  after  that  of  foreign  conquefl^  is  the  diffufion  of 
liberty  and  equality  among  the  f ubjeds  of  her  vaft  empire/  How 
much  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  qualities,  which  might  be  and 
are  fo  produdive  of  benefit,  fhould  be  counterbalanced  by  that 
vulgar  vice  of  fovereigns,  the  love  of  dominion  ;  for  the  irra- 
tional and  indefenfible  gratification  of  which,  fuch  widely  ex« 
tended  ruin  and  mifery  are  fo  unjudly  and  fo  unfeelingly  iiH 
Aided ! 


A  A  T.  III.  Sermons  en/tveral  Evangelical  and  PraSlical  Suhjecit.  By 
the  late  Revrrend  and  learned  5amuel  Morton  Savage,  D.  D. 
To  which  are  prefixed^  Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  the  Author.  8.vo. 
pp.  3^2.     6s.  Boards.     Johnfon.     1796. 

^N£  worthy  author  of  thefe  fermons,  though  not  known  to 
^  the  world  by  any  other  pubiicaiions  than  a  few  iingle  dif- 
courfes,  is  entitled  to  biographical  honours  on  account  of  his 
lefpcflable  talents  and  charadler,  and  of  the  important  ftaiion 
which  he  occupied  as  an  academical  preceptor.  From  the  me- 
inoirs  prefixed  to  this  volume  we  fhall  extradl  a  few  |>art>« 
culars. 

Dr.  S.  was  born  in  London,  July  19,  1721.  His  family  was 
related  to  Dr.  Boulter,  the  Lord  Primate  of  Ireland  ;  and  Hu 
g.  confideired  bimfeU  as  not  only  the  dire£l  lineal  defcendantof 
.John  Savage,  the  firft  Larl  of  Rivers  of  that  family,  by  Maty 
ijtettgbtcrot  Thomas  Ogle,  Efq.  his  fccond  wite,  but  alfo,  all  the 
.  Bule-heirs  of  the  firft  marriage  having  failed,  as  undoubted 
.)ieir  nale  and  reprcfeiiutivc  of  the  family, 

•  His 


Savage'i  Strwums*  251 

«  Hli  fHendt  had  t  defign  to -place  him  in  the  dmich/  ondcr  ths 
patronage  of  the  Lord  Pninate  of  Ireland :  hot  this  iotention  waa 
^ropt  in  deference  to  his  own  fentiinenu,  which  determined  him 
againft  conformity  to  oor  eftablifliment,  and  led  him  to  take  his  loc 
aoiong  the  diflenters:  particularly  as  his  mind  revolted  from  the 
thoaght  of  fob(cribing  articles  of  feith,  withoat  previoas  flody  and 
€onvidion  of  their  tmth.  After  his  grammar  learning  was  finiflied^  . 
he  fpent  a  year  or  two  in  the  hoofe  of  an  nncle^  Mr.  Toulmin,  aa 
eminent  apothecary,  in  Old  Gravel  Lane.  Wapping.  But  the  bent 
of  hit  mind  to  the  miniftry  renderd  this  fituation  unplei(ant  to  him» 
and  he  introdaced  himfelf,  having  no  friends  or  connedions  to  aflift 
has  wiflies,  by  a  letter  to  the  ^reat  and  excellent  Dr.  Watts,  foliciting; 
kit  friendihip  ;  who,  on  receiving  it,  fent  for  him ;  and,  difcovering 
in  convcrfauon  the  ftrong  traits  oi  learning,  genius,  and  ferioofnefs^ 
engaged  to  fecond  his  views,  became  his  patron,  and  honoured  him 
wiu  an  intimate  friend(hip  to  the  day  of  his  own  death. 

«  £ncoiiraged  and  affifted  by  Dr.  Watts,  he  quitted  his  uncle,  and 
entered  on  academical  ftudies  under  the  learned  Mr.  Eames,  the  prin- 
cipal tator  of  a  feminary  in  London.  On  whofe  death,  in  1744,  Dr, 
|>avid  Jenninga,  being  chofen  divinity  profeflbr,  made  it  a  condition 
of  his  oiling  that  poft,  that  Mr.  Savage,  who  bad  not  then  fini(hed  hia 
academical  coorfe,  (hould  be  his  colleague,  to  lecture  on  mathematics* 
Batoral  philofophy,  and  other  branches  of  literature  and  fcience.  He 
fapported  this  province  with  repuutioo  till  1762,  when  Dr.  Jennings 
<Ked,  and  the  feminary,  under  the  diredion  of  Mr.  Coward's  truftees, 
afliimed  a  collegiate  form,  and  was  removed  to  Hoxton.  Mr.  Savage 
was  placed  in  the  divinity  chair,  and  had  for  his  colleagues,  in  other 
branches  of  fcieace.  Dr.  Kippis  and  Dr.  Reef. 

*  In  i7^2»  he  was  chofen  afliftant  to  the  '' juftly  elleereed'*  Mr. 
Samuel  Price,  uncle  to  the  late  Dr.  Richard  Price ;  and  afterwards 
was  ordained  co-paftor  with  him  in  the  congregation  of  proteflant 
diifleniers,  in  Bury-ftreet,  St.  Mary  Axe.  On  Mr.  Price's  death  in 
1756,  he  became,  January  2,  17574  the  fole-pailor;  which  office  he 
held  with  various  aflidants  in  the  pulpit,  till  he  refigned  it,  after  a 
connection  of  five  and  forty  years,  at  ChriUmas,  1787.'-— 

*  At  Midfummer  1785,  Dr.  Savage  quitted  the  academy,  <'  not 
of  ncceflity,"  as  he  exprr/Ted  it^  **  but  of  choice,  chiefly  to  have  my 
time  to  myfelf  to  employ  it  now  late  in  the  evening  of  life  (above  64) 
in  iludies  for  my  own  perfonal  fatisfadlicyn  and  improvement."—^ 

'  The  degree  of  Bachelor  in  Divinity  was  conferred  on  him,  at  the 
^efire  of  Dr.  John  Chalmers,  principal  and  firft  profeiFor  in  the  CoU 
l^g<^9  hy  the  Royal  College  of  Aberdeen,  April  28,  1764.  Within 
a  frw  years  this  compliment  was  followed  by  the  grant  of  the  bigbtfi 
academical  honour  from  the  Marifchal  college  of  the  fame  univeriity* 
who  created  him  Dodtor  in  Divinity  in  November  1767.  This  de- 
lerved  mark  of  refped  to  his  literary  character  he  acknowledged  in  an 
handfome  Latin  letter.' — 

«  Ciofe  application  and  ftudies,  in  the  earlier  periods  of  life,  protra£le4 
beyond  midniebt,  greatly  afFeded  the  health  of  Dr.  Savage,  and  io- 
JQfed  his  conlUtution ;  which  yet,  being  in  itieif  of  the  firmed  tone, 
held  our  to  an  advanced  }>eriod.    Towards  the  dofe  of  life  his  health 

gradually 


t^f  SavageV  Sermons. 

f  radually  declined ;  bat  his  death  was  occafioned  by  a  peculiar  difeafe. 
This  was  a  fin^ular  obflrudlion  in  his  throat,  thought  by  the  pbyfidan 
who  attended  him  to  be  an  interaal  Avelling  of  the  CEfophagas:  which 
gave  the  painful  apprehenfion,  that  he  mod  be  ftarved  to  death.  The 
CEfophaguSy  gradually,  became  fo  contracted,  that  he  was  anable  to 
fwallow  any  nourifhment>  except  by  fingle  drops :  fo  that  his  family 
and  friends  had  the  mortification  of  feeing  him  dying  by  inches,  and 
at  length  reduced  to  a  ikeleton,  and  literally  flarved  to  death.  He 
was  at  laft  fo  emaciated,  that  the  bones  abfolutely  fretted  the  (kin  to 
Ibrenefs,  and  all  but  came  through  it  *,  He  died  February  21,  1791, 
in  the  feventieth  year  of  his  age.' — 

'*  His  own  religious  principles  were  thofe  of  a  moderate  lndepeo« 
dent,  free  from  tiSe  bigotry  of  the  high  Calvinills,  and  gaided  by 
candour  in  his  intercourfes  with  his  brethren  of  all  denomioatioos. 
without  fuffering  himielf  to  be  tranfported  with  the  warmth  of  maoy 
of  them*."— 

<  His  charader  was,  peculiarly,  marked  by  '«  the  most  Arid  and 
inflexible  integrity,  in  which  he  was  confirmed  by  a  noble  indepen- 
dence of  fpirit,  that  would  never  fufFer  him  to  iloop  to  flattery,  or 
any  thing  he  thought  mean  or  bafc,  whereby  he  might  have  advanced 
iris  foitune  and  glided  through  the  world  with  fewer  rubs  than  a  man 
of  fuch  a  temper  ay  his,"  it  was  juftiyobfcrved,  ••  mutt  expe^  to  meet 
witht"  Every  appearance  of  deceit  and  duplicity  infpired  him 
with  difilain  and  roufed  his  indignation :  which  would  often  exprefs 
itfeif  in  flrong  cenfures  of  perfons  whom  he  thought  chargeable 
with  it. 

*  The  unjufl  afperfions,  which  it  has  been  the  fafhion  of  the  day  to 
cafl  upon  the  whole  body  of  diifenters,  certainly  did  not  apply  to  his 
name.  An  early  attachment  to  the  Houfe  of  Hanover  feems  to  have 
^iifpofed  him,  at  afl  times,  to  view  the  meafures  of  its  cabinet  in  the 
SDoft  favourable  light,  and  to  vindicate  thofe  which  many  true  friends 

.  of  the  conAitution,  both  in  the  cdablifhed  church  and  out  of  it,  have 
been  ready  to  confider  as  not  mod  reconcileable  to  its  fpirit  and  prin* 
ciples.  But  Dr.  Savage's  judgment  on  political  meafures  was  tbat  of 
the  upright  man,  uninfluenced  by  court  favour,  which  he  fcomed  to 
toKcit.  He  has  often  flrongly  expreffed  an  honed  and  patriotic  ab- 
horrence and  contempt  of  any  application  of  the  rtyal  bouutj^  as  it  haa 
been  called,  to  fcrve  miniderial  purpofes  and  to  carry  an  ele^on  de» 
fign.»^ 

*  In  his  capacit)'  as  a  tutor ,  befides  the  many  ads  of  friendfhip 
which  he  performed  for  particular  Uudent.*,  as  their  neceifities  might 
require,  or  their  merit  recommended  them  to  his  patronage,  he  aded 
with  a  truly  liberal  fpirit.  As  the  friend  of  truth  he  encouraged  fr^e 
enquiry,  and  throw  no  difficulties  in  the  way  of  thofe  who  honeftly 
porfued  their  enquiries,  though  they  embraced  views  of  Chriflianity 
different  from  his  own.  It  may  be  confidered  as  a  proof  of  his  wifhet 
to  difpofTefs  the  young  mind  of  all  improper  biades,  and  of  bis  love 
of  impartial  difcufTion,  that  he  fixed  on  Dr.  Watts'  chapter  concerning 

*  •  Gentleman's  Mag.  Feb.  1791.  p.  191/ 

•  f  Gentleman's  Magazine,  p.  190.' 

S  «•  Prejudices," 


Landor'x  Totmt.  a5j 

«•  Frejodicei,^  in  his  Logic ,  as  the  fubjc^l  of  i  cia^al  cxtrciCe,  a|^ 
powcing  it  to  be  traoflatcd  into  Latin  by  his  pupils. 

•  His  OAH  courfe  of  reading  was  (rte  and  un retrained  :  but  wifh- 
ing  to  kt  every  difficulty  f^lved,  and  every  objedion  obviated,  he  was 
ibmecimes  brought  into  a  (late  of  (ludluation  between  the  different  ar- 
guments on  controverted  points ;  and  this,  notwithftanding  that  his  na- 
taral  abilities  were  above  the  common  fize,  his  apprehenfion  quick, 
bis  iDemory  retentive,  and  his  judgment  diicrimtnatlog.  His  literary 
atuinments  were  a  treafure.  He  was  po^Tenid  of  a  valuable  library^ 
and  he  made  a  proper  ufe  of  it.  His  reading  was  careful  and  diU- 
gent ;  and  his  books,  by  the  references  and  remarks  written  in  the 
mar^n,  bore  on  almoin. every  page  ftrong  proofs  of  the  care  and 
judgment  with  which  they  were  perufed.' 

Of  the  Sermons  here  publifhed  we  cannot  give  a  charaGer 
more  confonant  to  our  own  judgment,  than  that  which  Dr« 
Toulmin,  the  writer  of  the  memuits,  has  prefixed: 

^  At  a  preacher.  Dr.  Savage's  difcourfes  were  diftingoiihed  by 
good  fenfe,  perfpicuity,  precifion,  and  accuracy.  A  fer'ous  evan- 
gelical fpirit,  according  to  his  ideas  of  the  Chri^ian  fcheme,  diftufed 
jt(elf  through  tksm.' 

In  fentimenty  without  any  appearance  of  bigotry.  Dr.  S/a 
Jifcourfcs  have  a  tincture  of  what  is  called  orthodoxy  j  they  arc 
very  well  charaderifed  in  the  title  by  the  epithets  evangelical 
and  pradical.  In  method,  they  follow  the  pra(9ice  of  the  di- 
vines of  the  old  fchool,  in  arranging  the  diilin(!l  thoughts  un- 
der feveral  heads  numeri.cally  diftinguifhed.  It  may  not  be  im- 
proper to  add  that  the  editor  aiTures  the  reader,  that,  in  carry- 
ing thefe  fermons  through  the  prefs,  he  has  fcrupuloufly  adhered 
to  the  author's  copies,  and  has  by  no  means  wiHied  to  fupprefs 
fentiments  repugnant  to  his  own.  Only  three  of  the  fermont 
here  publifhed  have  before  appeared  in  print. 


Art.   IV.      Ti>e  Poims  of  JVtzlur  Savage  Landcrm      Crown  8vo. 
pp.217.     4s.  Boards.     Caddi  jun.  and  Davics.     1795* 

'T'His  volume  contains  the  *  Birth  of  Poefy,'  in  three  cantos— « 
-"-  •  Apology  for  Satire'—*  Pyramus  and  Thifbe' — '  Abe- 
lard  to  Eloife'— *  An  Ode  on  the  Departure  of  Mary  QaeeQ 
of  Scots  from  France* — another  ode  *  to  General  Wafliing- 
ton,'— fome  *  occaiional  Verfes/  epigrams,  imitations  from 
Catullus,  Latin  Poems,  &c. 

To  deny  that  there  are  many  fmooth  lines  tn  the  <  fiirth  of 
Pocfy'  would  be  unjuft  ;  yet  we  cannot  compliment  the  aa* 
thor  by  faying  that  he  poffedcs  any  great  portion  of  poetic  ge- 
nius. His  imagination,  though  frequently  wild  and  eccentric, 
does  not  appear  to  us  to  be  ftrong  and  vigorous  ^  nor  is  it  always 

dlreaed 


t54  Landar^  Antcr* 

dtre£led  hj  judgment.    Our  readers  may  form  fine  idei  ef 
the  general  verfification  of  tbia  poem  by  the  following  extraA: 
«  Then  thoa,  O  Linus  !  o'er  thy  pupils  gone 
Did  ft  pour  melodioas  thy  faneral  moan. 
Within  the  temple's  confecrate  abodes 
Thou  thus  appealed^  to  the  cruel  Gods : 
««  Ye  Gods  !  direding  all  terrene  affairs 
From  pure  Olympian  domes,  devoid  of  cares ! 
Lo !  to  your  (hrine»  oppreft  by  grief  I  come, 
Fromflrong  Alcioes'  and  fweet  Orpheus*  tomb! 
Where,  heavenly  Powers  !  O  where  were^  when  died 
lify  tender  care,  jour-  progeny  and  pride : 
From  thee,  O  Jove  !  the  valiant  Hero  fpmng,   ' 
The  tuneful  poet  from  the  God  of  Song. 
Well  I  remember  in  my  yonihful  years 
The  joys  they  gave,  now  equall'd  by  my  tears ! 
Well  1  remember,  too,  the  warlike  dance. 
The  founding  bow- firing,  and  the  quivering  lance. 
Thro'  Time's  dark  mift  and  Sorrow's  baneful  dewy 
Our  friendly  fhife  for  Glory  dill  in  view  :-^ 
But  thee,  my  Orpheus!  thee  I  hear  rehcarle 
Our  Argonautic  deeds  in  deathlefs  verfe. 
O  cruel  Mufes  !  playing  on  what  hill. 
Or  dancing  heedlefs  near  what  favoured  rill. 
Were  ye,  6  where,  when  Death's  dark  cloud  difpread 
Around  your  child,  your  Orpheus'  hallow'd  head  I 
Or  whom  now  deem  ye  worthy  to  fucceed 
With  beauteous  lip  to  blow  th'  unequal  reed  I 
For  thai,  at  lead,  in  yonder  grott  remains, 
Tho'  mute  and  joyleis  to  the  drooping  fwains  : 
O  may  his  lyre  in  heav'n  obtain  a  place 
To  chiarm  the  Gods,  and  tifeir  abodes  to  grace. 
For  thee,  O  Bard  I  the  tear  (hall  duly  flow. 
The  nymp)i8  around  thee  vernal  honors  ftrow. 
When  my  cold  alhes  fhall  forgotten  lie. 
And  all  of  Linus,  but  the  liame,  (hall  die- 
In  didant  ages  be  it  only  faid 
Tiff  lafi  regards  to  Orfbeus  hi  has  faid. 
My  gholl  (hall  wander  theH  from  troubles  frtt^ 
Then  gladly  fly  to  Hercules  and  thee. 
While  they  who  follow  our  purfoits  on  earth. 
Shall  fing,  bold  Hero !  thy  flupendous  worth : 
Thy  fatal  pow'r  exulttngly  fhall  (ing 
O'er  every  monfter,  every  lawlefs  king. 
Thus,  thro*  the  vifloof  ten  thoufand  years. 
If  once,  perchance,  the  dreaded  form  appears} 
Their  impious  fury  (lands  by  (ilence  checkt. 
Nor  palaces,  nor  dens,  can  hide  them  or  proted/ 

The  Apology  for  Satire  is  a  very  unequal  imitation  of  one  ^ 
Pope's  Satires ;  iu  objefis  are,  ths  War  ;  and  its  Aoro* 

10  CAT£S. 


Landor'i  Perns.  255 

CATES.  In  the  ftory  of  Pyramusand  Thifbe,  from  OWd,  wc 
meet  with  fome  alterations,  which,  we  conceive,  might  well 
have  been  fpared :  the  verfification  is  in  general  feeble.  That 
Mr.  Pope's  admirable  Epiftle  of  Eloifa  to  Abelard  (hould  ex« 
cite  fome  emulation  among  fucceeding  poets  is  not  furprifing : 
bat  it  might  be  fufpeded  that  thofe  who  have  attempted  to  rival 
his  fame,  by  writing  an  Epiftle  from  Abelard  to  Eloifa,  have 
been  rather  injudicious.  Every  one  who  is  acquainted  with 
the  kifiory  of  thofe  unfortunate  and  celebrated  lovers,  muft 
know  tkat'all  the  love  was  on  the  fide  of  Eloifa.  Abelard  was 
cold,  vain,  and  felfifh ;  little  fufceptible  of  the  tender  paffions  ; 
and  perhaps  incapable  of  any  warm  or  generous  emotion  *• 
Of  all  the  epiftles  from  Abelard  to  Eloifa  that  we  have  feen, 
Mr.  Cawthorne's  is  the  beft. 

Of  Mr.  L.'s  pretentions  to  wit  and  fatire,  we  wiH  lay  before 
mar  readers  the  following  fpecimens,  from  hit  lighter  firains : 

IKVOCATIOM    TO    THE    MUSB. 

<  Tho*  Helicon !  I  feldom  dream 
Afide  thy  lovely  limpid  ftream. 
Nor  glory  that  to  me  belong 
Or  elegance^  or  nerve  of  (bog. 
Or  {lay ley's  cafy-^ambling  horfe^ 
Or  Peter  Pindar's  comic  force. 
Or  Mafoa's  fine  majeltic  flow. 
Or  aught  that  pleafes  one  in  Crowes- 
Yet  thus  ^/aucyfMpp!mfgi  *bard ! 
I  court  the  Muife's  kind  regard. 

0  whether,  Mufe !  thou  pleafe  to  give 
My  humble  verfes  long  to  live  ; 

Or  tell  me  Tbe  dccrcti  of  Fate 
Hofvt  orJer^d  them  ajhorter  date^*^ 

1  bow :  yet  O  may  every  word 
Survive,  however,  George  the  Third ^* 

Of  Mr.  Landor's.  (kill  in  Latin  poetry,  the  following  ex* 
tra£l  will  enable  the  learned  reader  to  judge: 

'    Dfi  POETARUM    IKFORTUNXIS* 

*  Eheu  !  va  tibi !  ija  tibi !  O  Poeta  ! 
^i  curanfe  vel  icfllmationi 
ve  Diss  ejfe^  mifelUy  pr^edkaris, 
OUm^'va  tibi !  *u<p!  Senex  Poeta! 
JE^utfanQa  Poefis  ac  StruBus 
jEqui  nunc  inopes  jacentm     ^id,  or§p 
VaUnt^  ingeniumt  jocif  iepores, 
Lu/us,  delici^,  dicacitates, 
Jtqyg  omms  chorus  EUgantiarum 
Slu4t  molli pede  qullubet  vaganturf 
Dum  tu,  quojubet  illa/ava  Diva 
lUa  qu/e  regit  j^nfium,  vagaris^* 


Vide  Berriogtoa's  Life  of  Abelani. 

AaT* 


(    as6    ) 

Ar  T.  V.  Thi  Story  of  Doojhiuanta  and  Sakoontalu,  Tranflatcd  from 
the  Mahabharaca,  a  Poein  in  the  Sanfkreet  Language,  by  Charici 
Wilkins,  Efq.  Originally  publiflied  in  the  Orieotal  Repertory  by 
i^.  Dalrymple.     lamo.     pp.  115.     3s.  fewed.  Wingrave.  179^. 

THE  late  Sir  William  Jones  fome  years  ago  favoured  the 
public  with  a  tranflation  of  an  Hindoo  play,  called  Saaih^ 
tala^  or  the  fatal  ringy  from  the  original  Sanfcric  of  Calidu, 
the  Indian  Shakfpeare,  which  was  reputed  by  the  Pandits  to  be 
his  mafter-piece  *.  The  fame  fub}e£t  is  here  drefled  up  10  the 
form  of  a  ftory  or  novel,  although  the  original  MababbirMtm  it 
called  a  poem.  A  fliort  introdu£lion  on  Hindoo  mythology 
by  Mr.  Oalrymple  is  prefixed. 

The  fum  of  Doofhwanta's  ftory  is  this.-^He  was  a  valiant 
prince»--the  prote61or  of  the  earth-«a  great  conqueror— and  a 
juft  fovereign.  In  his  days  there  was  no  fear  of  thieves,  lio 
dread  of  poverty,  no  apprebenfion  of  difeafe.^-The  clouds 
rained  in  due  feafon,  the  fruits  were  full  of  juice,  and  the  earth 
abounded  with  every  precious  thing. — ^The  king,  in  mighty 
refembled  Wifhnoo  \  in  glory,  Bafkhara  :  he  was  undaunted  as 
the  ocean,  and  patient  as  the  earth  :  he  reigned  over  a  people 
made  happy  by  ads  founded  on  religion  and  juftice. 

It  one  day  happened  that  he  went  to  hunt  in  a  thick  forell, 
attended  by  thoufands  of  horfemen  and  elephants.— The  foreft 
was  delightful,  yet  uneven  and  choaked  up  with  rocks ;  without 
water  and  human  inhabitants,  but  infefted  with  lions  and  other 
beads  of  prey.  Among  thefe  Dooibwanta  and  his  heroes 
made  a  dreadful  havoc,  and  ftrewcd  the  foreft  with  arrows  and 
dead  carcafes. 

From  this  foreft  they  proceeded  to  another ;  which  was  en- 
dowed with  all  the  beauties  of  nature.  There  was  not  a  tree 
without  fruit  or  flowers,  not  one  that  bore  thorns,  nor  one  that 
was  not  covered  with  birds  or  bees.  As  the  king  was  viewing 
the  beauties  of  this  foreft,  he  efpied  a  confecrated  grove  and 
hermitage.  It  was  the  refort  of  the  Mooruis  \.  Thither  he 
refolved  to  proceed,  but  caufed  his  retinue  to  halt  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  grove.  •*  1  am  going  (faid  he)  to  vifit  the  hermit 
•*  Kanwa\  tarry  here  until  1  return.'*  On  entering  the 
grove  he  was  loft  in  pleafure :  he  forgot  hunger  and  thirft :  he 
fancied  himfelf  in  the  regions  of  the  bleil.  At  length  he 
reached  the  hermitage.  The  hermit  was  not  within:  but 
*'  a  damfel,  beautiful  as  the  goddefs  SrteX^  hearing  one  call, 
**  came  forth,*'  drcfted  in  the  habit  of  religious  aulierity,  and 


•  See  Rev.  Vol.  iV.  N.  S.  p.  121. 

t  Hiadoo  faints  or  prophets.  X  The  Hindoo  C#m. 


ba4c 


Wilkins'x  Tranjlattcn  of  the  Stcry  of  Dcojhwanta.       257 

bade  him  welcome,  b'-ought  him  a  feat,  and  ferved  him  wiih 
refrefliments.  Doofliw^tnt^,  charmed  wiih  her  mnnncr,  ex- 
claimed, **  Who,  and  (»f  whom  art  thou.  Fair-one  !  and  for 
"  what  purpofe  art  thou  cf)me  to  this  forcfl  ?  I  long  to  know 
•*  ihy  ftory — thou  haft  alreajy  ftolcn  away  my  heart.** — *•  I 
"  am  regarded,  (faid  fhe,)  as  the  daughter  of  Kan  wa.'*  "How 
•*  becamefl  thou  A/V  daughter  ?"  replied  the  princt*.—**  Attend, 
<^  (faid  SakoontalaJ  and  thou  fbalt  hear  me  relate  all  things 
«*  relative  to  my  birth,"  Here  flie  gives  a  long  narrative  of 
her  origin,  as  fhe  had  heard  it  relited  by  her  fuppofed  father 
Kanwa.  TYit  goA  Sakra^  otherwifc  called  Etndra*,  jealous 
of  the  high  fandlity  of  Feermanueira  f^  entreated  the  nymph 
Mttiakaxo  "tempt  him  wi:h  youth  and  beauty,  with  honey- 
"  words,  with  graceful  airs  and  bcwi:ching  fmiles,"  and  fo 
divert  him  from  his  fuper-eminent  devotions*  The  wanton 
nj-mph  played  her  part  fo  well,  that  the  faint  was  overcome; 
and  the  fruit  of  his  amour  was  a  daughter,  whom  Mcnaka 
l^re,  and  left  on  the  banks  of  the  Maleene.  There  (iie  was 
found  by  Kanwa^  furrounded  by  a  flock  oi fahozntas^  (a  fpecies 
of  vulture,)  who  had  defended  her  from  beads  of  prey;  for 
which  reafon  he  called  her  Saiooniala;  and  he  adopted  her  for 
his  oirn  child.  "  Such  (faid  Sakoontala)  is  the  ftory  of  my 
"  birth  :  and  in  this  manner,  O  king  of  men,  am  I  the  daugh- 
^  terof  the  pious  Kan wa." — "  It  is  evident,  (faid  Doofti- 
**  wanta,)  that  thou  art  born  of  the  regal  order:  confent,  fair 
**  damfel)  to  be  my  bride — yield  to  be  my  wife,  and  my  whole 
^  kingdom  fhallbe  thine.  Come,  beautiful,  timid  maid,  let  us 
"  be  united  by  the  gandharva  X*^  Sakoontala  confents  with- 
out much  reiuAance,  on  condition  that  her  child  (hall  be  heir 
to  his  dominions*  To  this  he  agrees  ;  and  they  are  inftantiy 
*^  united  in  the  bands  of  mutual  love/'  When  he  has  ap- 
peafed  her  troubled  mind,  he  takes  his  leave,  repeatedly  aflijring 
her  that  he  would  fend  an  efcort  to  condu<Si  her  to  his  pahcc. 

Three  complete  years  after  his  departure,  Sakoontala  was 
Jdivcred  of  a  fon,of  inconceivable  ftrength  and  beauty.  At  llx 
Tears  of  age,  he  could  bind  lions  and  tigers  to  the  trees  about 
the  hermitage.  It  was  now  thcu^^ht  full  time  to  fend  him  and 
his  mother  to  Uooihwanta.  Sakoontala,  approaching  the  kitig, 
iddrclles  him  in  the  following  words :  ^^  i^et  the  ceremony  of 
••  fprinkling  with  holy  water  be  performed  on  this  hoy,  O 
"  king !  as  a  folemn  introduction  to  the  dignity  of  Tozuva- 
**  rfljjtf  §  :  for  this  myfon,  folikea  divinity,  is  the  offspring  cf 

•  God  of  the  vifible  heavens.         f  An  ancient  Indian  king. 
t  The  gandbam)a  is  the  private  union  of  a  inuvjuliy  Icvir.g  pair, 
without  the  ceremony  of  prayer  or  invocation. 
§  Apparent  heir  to  the  ttironc. 
Riv.  Nov.  1796,  T  *'  cur 


2$  8      WilLios^i  Tranflaiini  of  ibi  Surj  cf  Doojhwanta. 

*<  our  mutual  love.  Proceed  according  to  ^hine  own  engage* 
**  ment— it  was  in  the  facred  groves  of  KanwaJ**  Although 
Doofl)wantt  well  remembered  all  this,  be  exclaimed :  **  1  have 
*^  no  remembrance  of  thee  !  who  art  thou,faire  piTerim  !  I  have 
**  no  recolle£iion  of  any  nuptial  union  with  one  like  thee*." 
-—At  thefe  words,  the  prous  mother  ftood  motionleftf  She  pon« 
dered  for  a  while,  and  then,  cafting  her  eyes  direAly  oo  her 
hufband,  (he  thus  gave  vent  to  her  afflidion^ 

**  O  mighty  King>  why  doll  thou,  wictiDgly,  and.  like  fimie  Tulgar 
wretch 9  fearlefs  of  reproach,  make  this  dedaratidn  fo  cootrary  to 
truth  ?-«-1n  this  affair  confult  thine  own  breall,  which  it  the  repo6corr 
of  truth  and  falfehood ;  declare  that  which  is  jail,  and  do  not  deTpm 
thy  foul,  and  the  Monitor  who  is  within  it  !^Thou  befiereft  chyielf 
an  independant  being,  and  feemeft  ignorant  of  that  ancient  and  holy 
fpirit,  who  is  within  thee,  and  who  is  the  difdofer  of  the  fioner^i  evil 
ways,  in  his  prefenee  thou  doeft  evil.  When  thoa  coounilteft  a 
crioe,  thou  thinkeft  no  one  percetveth  thee ;  but  the  ]>ivinitie«»  and 
the  inward  man  perceive  thee. — Tama  Fi*va/wata  is  the  Divinity  wht 
blotteth  out  the  tranfgreffions  of  him^  with  whom  the  divine  fpiritf 
who  is  the  witdefs  within  him,  is  well  pleafcd ;  but  he,  iaUke  naDoer« 
punifheth  that  evil  do/r,  with  whofe  aeeds  the  faid  fpirk  it  not  lanf- 
fied*  The  Gods  will  not  be  propitious  to  him.  whofe  foul  is  .not  as 
objed  of  their  favoor.  O,  do  not  defpifc  me,  thy  dutiful  wife,  whom 
thou,  of  thyfelf,  didd  choofe  !  why  dofl  thou  not  (hew  (bmc  regard 
for  me  thy  lawful  wife,  who  am  worthy  of  thy  atcentioo  I  why  deft 
thou  thus  flight  me  in  the  midft  of  this'  ai&mbly,  as  though  I  were 
fome  fbw-born  wretch  ?  Surely  1  am  not  uttering  my  complaioti  is  a 
defert  1  Then  why  doll  thou  not  hear  me  ?  If,  O  Doojkwamm,  tbon 
wilt  not  anfwer  me,  who  am  thui.  thy  petitioner,  I  fed  that  my  dif- 
trailed  head  will  prefenily  burft  in  pieces !'' 

She  then  quotes  many  common-^place  fayings  from  andent 
bards,  and  continues  thus  : 

*'  Then  fuffer  this  boy,  who  gazeth  on  thee  with  (6  much  affetfoo, 
to  embrace  and  touch  thee,  fince  there  is  pot  in  nature  a  fenlatioD  ia 
pleafant  as  the  touch  of  a  child.— -From  thy  members  proceeded  this 
child  :  from  one  man  is  produced  another  man.  As  in  a  clear  foun- 
tain, beheld,  in  this  thy  fen,  thy  fecond  felf !  As  from  the  domeftic 
hearth  is  brought  .i  i'park  to  kindle  the  facriScial  6re,  fo  ibis  boy  ii 
but  a  divided  portion  of  thyfelf.  Ai^as !  A  fportfman,  wandeni^ 
about  in  purfuit  of  game,  caught  me,  a  virgin  in  my  father's  peace* 
ful  cell  !  Oorva/ie,  and  Pocr^'acheiUe,  and  Sabajanya^  and  MemaJ^St 
with  Vecpwacbeii  and  ^rectackie^  are  fix  great  ones  among  ^tAfikt'i»\ 
but  of  all  thefe,  ihe  whofe  name  is  Minaka  is  the  greatcil,  being  oJF 
the  race  of  Brahma,     Thi^  yip/ara,  quitting  the  heavens,  defcended 

•  This  part  of  the  (lory  is  more  natural,  but  it  is  alfo  more  craeU 
than  that  of  the  Drama  of  Cdlidas.  There  ths  kin|(  has  forgciiten 
every  thing :  here  he  remembers  every  thing,  but  a&ewh  ig.ioraaer, 
f#r  reafons  of  ^te. 

Bfon 


l^tf$  Lee'/  AUfujia  %  a  Trcgtip.  2^ 

«pon  <  tke  -  earthy  and  by  Veefwameftra  conceived  and  bore  me. 
She  was  delivered  of  me  upon  the  £de  of  the  mountain  Heema* 
^9mi\  where,  deflitute  of  natural  afFedioo,  (he  left  mey  as  if  1  bad 
not  been  hers,  and  went  her  way  !  Alas  !  what  evil  deeds  .did  I  for- 
floerly  comitiir,  in  my  pre-exi(lan6e,  that  I  ibould  have  been  aban« 
doned  by  my  parents  in  my  infancy,  and  now  a^ain  by  thee !  But 
fteiog  I  am  thus  forfaken  by  thee,  if  it  be  thy  will,  let  me  return  tD 
iNf  peaceful  hermitage ;  but  it  doth  not  become  thee  to  abandon  this 
■ly  thild*  who  is  thine  bwn  fon." 

Doofbwanta  is  ftill  inexorable,  abufes  her  and  her  mother^ 
Md  bids  \itt  go  whither  inclination  leads  her.  Sakoontala 
unakel  t  wi^m  reply,  vindicates  her  own  and  her  mother's  ho- 
sour^  and  tells  him  that,  even  without  his  aid,  her  fon  (hall 
feign  over  the  world.  She  is  now  about  to  depart,  when  the 
voieeof  an  incorporeal  being,  ifluing  from  the  heavens,  declares 
that  Ibe  has  fpoken  the  truth,  and  that  her  fon  is  the  fon  of 
I>ooAwanta. — On  this  the  king  faid  to  his  attendants  :  <^  Ye 
••  hear  what  the  meflcnger  of  the  Gods  reveals.  I  knew  fuH 
^  well  that  this  boy  was  mine  own  offspring ;  but  had  I  re- 
^  ceived  htm  as  fuch,  up6n  bare  aflertion,  the  people  migh^ 
**  have  dovbted ;  and  he  might  have  been  deenled  of  fpurious 
^  birth«'*-*^Such  is  the  cataftrophe  of  this  little  ftory;  which, 
io  Tome  refpeds,  we  cannot  help  thinking  fuperior  to  the  Drama 
of  Galidat.     The  tranflation  may  be  judged  by  the  extradls. 

Aar.  VL  Ahmydat  ^tt*  of  Granada,  A  Tragedy  in  Five  A£tff» 
V^j  Sophia  Lee.  As  performed  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Drury-Lanc. 
Svo.     2S.     Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.     1796. 

THIS  tragedy  is  not  written  with  the  tamenefs  of  the  mo- 
dern fchool :  the  heroes  can  love  and  hate,  can  hazard 
visions  of  the  fublimeft  generofity  and  crimes  of  the  deeped  die: 
the  fituations  are  often  fine  and  fometimes  new  ;  and  it  dft- 
ferves  to  be  improved  into  a  ftock-play.  The  ftory  is  this  : 
Ramirez  king  of  Caftile  has  tenderly  educated  bis  captive, 
Almcyda,  heirefs  of  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada,  and  is 
about  t6  relinqui(h  her  perfon,  having  concluded  a  peace  with 
her  country.  Abdallah,  the  Moorifti  regent,  unwilling  to  re- 
(ign  his  authority  to  the  young  queen,  projeds  her  marriage 
with  his  fon  Orafmyn,  and  defigns  to  continue  ruling  in  their 
name*     Almeyda  is  in  love  with  Alonzo,  a  fon  of  Ramirez. 

At  this  period  the  play  opens.  The  introductory  fcene  be- 
tween Ramirez  aqd  his  daughter  Victoria  is  too  long  :  as  thefe 
^rfonages  are  dropped  in  the  progrefs  of  the  poem,  they  (hould 
arreft  attention  as  little  as  pofHble.  The  feparation  of  Almeyda 
from  her  friend  V  iAoria  might  have  put  in  vibration  afofter  chord. 
The  Moorjih  proccffion,  invefting  her  with  the  diadcmi  clofea 

Ta  the 


t6o  Mif%  Lee'i  Almejid\  a  Tragedy. 

the  firft  a£l  by  a  Sfine  pageanf.  The  fcene  between  Abdaltah  an^ 
Orafmyn  well  contrails  two  vigorous  chara6^crs  j  difplayingtbe 
undifTemblingprofligate  ambition  of  the  fatherland  the  impetuous 
Tentimental  generofity  of  the  fon.  His  interview  with  Almejda, 
alfo,  is  well- imagined  :  her  fcorn  for  a  lover  whom  ihe  fup- 
pofes  to  difdain  her  confent,  and  his  gallant  regret  that  policy 
£bould  have  indicated  him  as  her  fuitor,  which  (he  miftakes  for 
t  threat  of  compulfion,  form  an  eihtc  embarraflment  which  if 
very  intercfting. 

In  the  third  a<El,  Alonzo  arrives  in  difguife,  and  obtains  ao 
interview  with  Almeyda,  but  they  are  overheard  by  AbdaUab^ 
who  feizes  and  imprifons  the  rival  of  his  fon.  Almeyda  at- 
tempts, with  her  attendants,  to  liberate  Alonzo, — which  is  de« 
grading ;  and  to  obtain  a  private  interview  with  him  in  prifon, 
which,  being  obvioufly  imprudent^  is  fomewhat  improbable. 
By  afTuming  the  queen,  ihe  might  equally  have  obtained 
accefs. 

The  fourth  zQ,  produces  Abdallah  offering  life  to  Alonzo  ob 
the  condition  of  his  refigning  Almeyda,  which,  with  cmlm  dig-* 
nity,  he  refufes.  Then  follows  the  mafter-pieceof  the  poeteft^ 
the  truty  heroic  fcene  between  Alonzo  and  Orafmyn,  in  which 
the  latter  facrifices  his  national  enmity,  his  ambition,  his  filial 
deference,  and  his  love,  to  the  pure  pleafure  of  prefefving  a  rival 
hero,  a  fellow  pupil  of  virtue.  In  the  greeting  of  Alonzo^ 
Che  barfh  expreffion, 

•  Why  would 'ft  thou  know  a  name  ITfec  thine  renowaM, 
But  oh  !  unlike  thinCy  never  ft  cdrCd  <witb  murder,* 

fhould  be  effaced  ;  and  of  feveral  paflages  the  ^StO,  might  be 
much  heightened.  After  the  efcape  of  Alonzo,  Almeyda  vifiis 
his  dungeon,  and  fuppofes  him  murdered  :  Abdallah  furprifes  her 
there.  Of  this  whole  fcene  the  efre6^  is  not  altogether  attribuuble 
to  the  poetefs ;  and  the  loquacity  of  Almeyda's  grief,  the  narration 
ofherdieam,  thefuddennefsof  her  infanity,  and  its  obftinacy, 
give  room  for  ccnfure.  When  the  warm  Orafmyn  tells  her 
that  Alonzo  lives,  why  does  he  not,  to  complete  the  proof,  tell 
her  that  he  himfclf  had  attended  his  efcape^  in  order  to  obtain 
thorough  belief,  at  leaft  for  a  time,  and  receive  a  clafp  of  grate- 
ful exultation  from  the  heroine  i  Such  tranfitions  of  feeling  are 
the  moments  that  eledrify  an  audience. 

In  the  fifth  a<^,  Abdalhh  has  induced  Almeyda  to  refign  the 
rrown^  and  the  Cortes  of  Granada  to  accept  it  under  pretext  of 
her  infanity.  When  (he  finds  that  Abdallah  is  the  heir  at  law, 
not  Orafmyn,  fhe  breaks  off  the  ceremony  :~this  is  a  fine  mo- 
ment. The  reft  is  a  common  cata&ropbe^ — the  vindidive  Ab« 
dallah  poifons  her  and  himfclf. 

8  Of 


Mlf$  LceV  Alnieyda ;  a  Tragedy.  261 

Of  the  paflages  omitted  in  the  reprefentation,  there  are  few 
whkh  contribute  to  the  pleafure  of  the  reader. — The  change 
of  fcene  is  unneceflartly  frequent.— The  fpeeches  of  Almeyda, 
previouHy  to  her  frenzy,  are  in  the  beft  ftyle  of  tragedy ; 

*  Hamct. — Yet  be  ad vi fed— fwcet  Princcfs  quit  thij  phwc  I 
Alnuyda  (preffing  her/onbiod  vaguely) 
Wilt  thoa  then  kill  me/ 

Hamtt.     Rather  would  I  favc— -^ 
—Time  will  dry  up  thcfe  tears-^reftore  yoor  peace 
And  make  you  joy  in  fafety — ^  • 

'   AInuyda  ( turning  *wUb  horror  to  the  chafm,) 
Look  there — look  there  ! 
Then  talk  to  me  of  peace,  of  joy,  of  fafety.— 

Hmmet.     The  favage  who  dares  wound  his  fov 'reign's  hearty 
Would  lacerate  each  vein  of  wretched  Hamet's— 
For  my  fake  then,  if  not  thine  own,  fweet  QueeD>  • 
fly  hence  1  «- 

AInuyda  (njiiitb  increafing  dtUrium*) 
Say'ft  thoQ  to  heav'n  ? 

Hamut.     Alas  !   alas ! 
Her  reafon  furely  wanders !  hark,  I  hear  him. 
—By  all  the  namelefs  agonies  you  feel ; 
Oh  !  pity  him,  deflroyM'  by  pitying  you ! 
-  Ahttiyda.     Hence— he nce«» whoe'er  you  are-^I  will  not  go ! 
But  feign  forever  here !  fopreme  in  forrow  I 
—The  fun  no  more  (hall  vifit  thefe  fad  eyes. 
Nor  the  wan  moon  prefent  one  foft  refledton— «-— 
Winter  no  more  ihall  chill-— or  fummer  warm  me; 
*  Nor  innocence,  nor  heav'n  itfelf  fupply* 
One  moment  of  delight !  —but  damp,  cold,  drops. 
Thus  petrify  my  heart !  and  night  eternal, 

(Jhivering  and  looking  up,) 
Make  vain  the  fenfe  of  fight!— now  come,  Abdailab, 
Behold  in  me  Alonzo's  monument ! 

Hornet.     Abdallah  comes  indeed  !  —  his  voice  refoands— *- 

It  grows  upon  my  ear— one  chance  is  mine 

— Could  I  regain  the  cleft  that  lately  hid  us. 
He  might  pafs  on — and  I,  in  flight,  find  fafety ! 

(He  treads  on  the  torch,  andjfies  h4iflily,) 
Almeyda    (in frenzy.) 
How  fuddenly  the  night  falls !  -Oh,  my  heart ! 
Will  no  one  knit  thy  loofen'd  ilrings,  and  flaunch 
The  vital  blood  yet  flo^ving  ?— yes  one  hand— — 
.-—Ah!  no—Ramirez  will  to  death  abhor 
Almeyda's  fatal  name —         [Ouards  light  in,  andfoHomi)  AidaHnh.^-t 

Tlie  retreat  of  this  play  from  the  ftage  feems,  in  fome  de- 
gree, a  proof  that  tiagedy  is  not,  at  pretent^  countenanced  by 
ihe  public, 

T  3  Art. 


(    a62    ) 

jliiT.  VII.  The  Life  of  gliomas  ^Ru^diman^  A.  M.  the  Ke«(>er,  for 
almoft  fifty  Years«  dt  the  Library  belonging  to  the  Faculty  of  Ad- 
Tocates  at  Edinburgh  :  To  which  are  fubjoined  New  Anecdotes  of 
Buchan^.  By  George  Chalmers,  F.R.S.  S.A.  8to.  pp.  467. 
6s.  Boards.     Stockdale. 

BIOGRAPHY  1$  in  general  a  moft  pleating  as  well  at  in* 
(IruAive  branch  of  literature.  When  properly  and  bo* 
neftly  written,  it  unveils  man  to  man  ;  it  difcovers  the  virtues 
and  the  vices,  the  noblenefs  and  the  meannefs,  of  which  he  is 
capable  ;  and  it  fhews  how  the  original  famenefs  of  human  na« 
ture  is  varied  by  the  operation  of  external  caufes  into  ten  ibou« 
find  different  fliapes,  s^nd  aflfumes  as  many  (hades  and  hues. 
Man,  to  be  known,  mull  be  viewed  in  every  iitaation  }  and 
whenever  he  is  fairly  exhibited,  whatever  may  have  been  bis 
rank,  ftation,  or  circumftances  of  birth  or  fortune,  a  valuable 
addition  is  made  to  fcience.  Whether  the  record  refpeds  tbe 
Aruggles  of  talents  and  worth  through  the  chilling  regions  of 
obfcurity  and  penury,  up  to  the  glittering  eminences  of  famt 
and  reward ;  or  whether  it  details  the  operations  of  pride  and 
ambition  on  minds  born  to  wealth  and  power:  it  prefents  an  ufe« 
ful  leflbn,  which  thofe  who  are  expofed  to  exertion  and  virtue 
will  not  read  in  vain.  It  ibould  be  remembered,  however,  that 
the  utility  of  biography  muft  depend  on  the  integrity  aRd  gooA 
fenfe  of  the  biographer.  He  (bould  confiderthat  he  is  not  ua* 
dcrtaking  a  panegyric,  but  a  life\  that  he  (bould  aiTume  a 
fiyle  adapted  to  his  (trbjefl,  and  gi^ard  againft  the  temptation 
of  fwelling  it  to  an  undue  importance.  Sometimes  friend(bip, 
and  fometimes  the  vanity  of  authorfhip,  diives  ibe  biographer 
on  thefe  rocks. 

In  our  opinion,  Mr.  Chalmers  has  not  been  fuffictently  at« 
tenlive  to  thefe  points,  in  the  volume  before  us.  Much  pains^ 
we  are  ready  to  allow,  have  been  taken  in  its  compofition  \ 
and  it  abundantly  evinces  Mr.  C.'s  abilities,  learning,  and  loy- 
alty \  but  there  was  no  neceffity  for  iu  being  fo  much  pro- 
trailed  \  nor  was  it  requifite  that  the  narrative  of  Ruddiman 
the  grammarian,  printer,  and  librarian,  who  occupied  no  very 
brilliant  fituation,  ibould  be  written  with  fo  much  JohnfoDian 
pompofity.  Here  the  ftatcly  march  of  fyHables,  and  the  ftf- 
qulpeialia  verha^  ibould  have  been  reje£led.  Yet  here  we  nnd 
a  Itudied  imitation  of  Dr.  Johnfon,  throughout  the  volume  $ 
and  no  opportut)ity  of  fporting  a  Johnfonian  period  is  negle£ked. 
"We  have  '  paucity  of  fcholars,*  *  numerofity  of  foes,'  and '  effiuxM 
of  years  ;*  of  one  newfpaper  we  are  told  that  *  it  conti- 
nued it!»  hebdomadal  round  ;*  and  of  others  that  *  they  were  fent 
abroad  to  inflame  by  their  vehemence,  or  to  concilUte  by  their 
9  wiii 


Cbalmen*/  Ltfi  9/  Ruddiman.  26] 

wit;  to  convince  by  their  argument,  or  to  delude  by  tbeir  fo- 
phiftry/  and  the  trivial  circumitance  of  an  engraving  being; 
prefixed  to  the  thle  of  a  book  is  narrated  in  this  pompouf 
phrafel  *  Splendor  was  added  to  ufefulnefs!*  We  could  not  but 
I'mile  at  the  attempts  of  the  biographer  to  elevate  common  and 
ordinary  events  to  peculiar  notice,  by  the  folemnity  <s(  di£lion 
and  the  glitter  of  metaphor ;  or  by  divipg  to  recondite  reafoni 
in  order  to  account  for  them«  After  having  mentioned  Dr. 
Pitcairoe's  advancement  in  fcience  and  medical  pradlice,  Mr.C. 
gravely  telfe  us  that^  *  while  he  was  wal Icing  on  thefe  emi^ 
ncnces,  be  caft  his  eyes  on  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Colonel 
James  Hay,  of  Pitfour,  whom  he  married  ;'  refpe£ting  Ruddi-^ 
mtii^  Mr.  C.  acquaints  us  '  that  with  all  his  propenfion  to 
ftudybe  was  fond  of  matrimtny  /  and  that,  though  unable  po(i^ 
threly  to  account  for  ^ojingular  a  fondnefs,  he  (Mr.  C.^  thinks  . 
he  has  difcovered  two  reafons,  one  of  which  muft  have  urged 
his  hero  to  it ;  it  muft  have^rifen,  he  thinks,  *  either  from  a. 
dcfire  of  the  fociety  it  gives,  or  from  a  conviAion  of  the  ufe* 
lulnefs  it  brings/  When  Ruddiman  grew  old  and  thought  of 
ifattiiog  bis  affairs,  Mr.  C.  thus  notices  the  circumftance : 
^  The  ilmi  had  meantime  arrived,  when  Ruddiman  was  to  tura 
ftom  the  contefts  and  amufements  of  literature  to  more  ferious 
obje£b  ;'  and  after  having  informed  us  how  Mr.  R.  difpofed  of 
his  property,  which  was  by  no  means  in  an  uncommon  way,  he 
adds,  *  Such  was  the  fettlement  of  Ruddiman  !  and  fuch  a  fet* 
element  every  wife  man  will  make,  before  that  period  approaches, 
when  fruition  can  no  longer  pleafe,  and  hope  looks  forward  to 
brighter  joys.'  In  one  place  he  fpeaks  of  a  clergyman  be- 
ing made  a  Bifliop,  and  then  gravely  informs  us  *  that  this  pro* 
oiotion  did  not  prevent  ficknefs  from  falling  on  him.' 

Many  little  circumftances  are  here  collected  refpedingRuddi- 
SDan  and  his  family.  Mr.  C.  tells  us  that  James  Ruddiman  (the 
father)  when  he  heard  of  the  demife  of  Charles  II.  (bed  many 
tears ;  that  Thomas  Ruddiman,  our  hero,  remembered  thi« 
bvrft  of  loyalty  in  his  father ;  that,  through  a  K)ng  life,  he  had 
a  fuccelSon  of  dogs  which  were  invariably  called  Rafcal ;  that 
they  were  fpringing  animals;  that  he  loved  a  chearful  glaft, 
(but  was  never  drunk,}  yet  was  not  fond  of  clubs ;  that  he  rofe 
early,  and  retired  from  dinner  at  four  o'clock,  when  tea  was  fent 
to  him;  that  he  played  chefs\  that  he  lived  chiefly  in  his  li- 
brary ;  and  that  he  ufcd  a  c6mmoo-place  book  on  all  occaiions, 
and  did  not  approve  of  the  Revolution. 

*  His  drefs  of  ceremony  is  defcribed  to  me  as  follows,  by  the  Rev. 
David  Love,  who  faw  Ruddiman,  in  Aagufl  1747*  at  the  examina- 
tion of  hit  lather's  fchool,  fitting  between  George  Logan,  who  was 
0  little^  neat,  nias»  and  profeflbr  Mackie,  who  was  tall^  and  thin :  ho 
■       '  T4  had 


^6|.  .Chalmers'/  Life  of  Ruddiman. 

had  on  a  grizzle  wig,  which  was  much  curled,  and  bat  Highdjr 
fprinkled  with  powder.  His  coat  was  of  cloth  and  of  a  mixed  orange 
^olcur ;  his  waidcoat,  like  tiie  waillcoat  cf  Johnfon,  when  he  atiendcd 
bis  irene,  was  of  fcariet  cloih»  and  decorated  with  broad ^old  lace. 
His  fhirt  was  ornamented  with  very  deep  rufflss.' 

Let  it  not,  however,  be  fuppofed  that  this  Life  of  Ruddi« 
man  contains  nothing  elfe  than  trifling  incidents  exhibited  in  elc« 
yated  language.  Little  things  properly  form  a  part  of  the  nar* 
l-ative  of  a  man  who  was  in  the  common  rank  of  life  ;  and  it  is 
only  to  be  lamented  that  the  learned  author  did  not  reflefi  that 
fhe  (ly\p  of  Johnfon,  which  he  fo  frequently  imitates,  wau  not 
|he  beft  adapted  to  the  occafion. 

The  Life  of  Kuddiman  (who  was  born  OiSober  1674,  and 
died  January  9,  1757)  includes  an  important  period  of  Scottifll 
billory  ;  and  it  is  but  juflice  to  fay  that  Mr.  Chalmers  has  been 
indefatigable  in  his  endeavours  to  illuflrate  it,  to  trace  the  pro- 
grefs  of  literiture,  which  is  interwoven  with  the  life  and  la- 
bours of  his  hero,  and  to  throw  as  much  light  as  poffible  pa 
vthe  controverfy  refpcding  Buchanan  and  Buchanan's  hiftory, 
which  Ruddiman  for  many  years  fuflvined.  Perhaps,  by  the 
generality  of  readers,  he  may  be  thought  to  fpin  out  this 
theme  to  a  tedious  prolixity,  but  in  Scotland  it  may  dill  inte- 
reft.  Mr.  Chalmers  regularly  follows  Ruddiman  through  all 
the  periods  or  memorable  epochs  of  his  life,  as  a  (ludent,  as  a 
teacher  at  a  grammar  fchool,  as  a  grammarian,  as  an  editor, 
as  a  learned  printer,  as  a  librarian,  and  as  the  proprietor  of  a 
nevvfpaper  ;  he  particularly  notices  his  feveral  publications,  and 
warmly  vindicates  the  part  which  he  took  as  a  controveriial 
Vrriter.  It  appears  that  Ruddiman  was  accuftomed  to  calcu- 
late, from  time  to  time,  the  (late  of  his  finances  ;  and  his  bio^ 
grapher,  wifely  thinking  that  thtfe  proofs  of  the  cfFe*3s  of  dili- 
gence, prudence,  regularity,  and  form  a  mod  inftruAive  lefiba 
to  the  nfing  generation^  records  them  with  peculiar  fatUfa&ioiu 
|ic  obftrves  that 

*  The  prudence  of  Ruddiman,  which  was  equal  to  his  induftry»  was 
meantime  careful  to  accumulate  for  his  family  what  he  had  acquired, 
during  i'eterat  years,  by  his  labour.  He  grew  rich,  without  the  lols 
pf  character,  in  proportion  as  he  extended  his  indudrious  occupatioos. 
Ijy  the  niinuic  ccccunt,  which  he  made  up  of  his  affairs,  on  the  iftof 
Offlobcr  1735,  it  appeared,  thit  he  was  then  worth  1882I.  5s.  a^. 
flerling.  His  opulp.ic^  ^vas  ?.t  that  period  in  a  yitxy  increaiing  pro- 
grefs  :  for,  when  he  took  a'n  account  of'  his  riches,  on  the  ao^n  of 
May  1736,  he  found  his  wealth  had  incrcafed  to  1985I.  6s.  3d.  ftcr* 
ling.  And  it  is  to  be  recoUcdled  tl^t,  when  he  fettled  hU  debts  and 
his  credits  in  1710,  he  valued  his  worldly  goods  at  no  more  than 
a4l-  14s-  94*  flerling.  He  had  in  the  meantime  maintained  his  fa- 
ipilvy  educated  his  childrer^  an^  fuUaine4  t|ie  yfu^  loff^  of  ponpU- 

«tQ4 


X^halm'en'i  Lift  tf  Ruddioian.  265 

cited  bofinefs.  I  have  exhibited  thefe  (latements  of  confiderable 
riches,  at  that  period,  for  the  benefit  of  ihoiV,  who  may  folloiv  the 
track  pf  Ruddiman,  from  dependent  penury,  through  the  paths  of 
honeil  diligence,  and  careful  aiicniion,  to  independent  opulence.' 

Interwoven  with  the  account  of  Ruddiman  as  the  printci'of 
a  newfpaper,  the  reader  will  find  (in  the  Appendix,  No.  4.)  an 
amufing  and  inftrudive  hiftory  of  the  origin  and  eftahlifhoient 
of  thefc  ufeful  vehicles  of  intelligence,  botlv  in  the  northern 
and  fouthern  parts  of  Great  Britain.  Here  Mr.  Chalmers,  af- 
fociating  them  in  his  mind  with  the  idea  of  his  tea  and  coffee, 
talks  of  the  luxury  of  a  newfpaper.  No  doubt  newfpapers  are 
a  fource  of  general  pleafure  and  information*  To  many  thejr 
are  a  real  luxury,  and  to  fuch  this  account  will  be  amuiing* 
Indeed  the  hiftory  of  newfpapers  is  conne6led  with  that  of  th« 
progrefs  of  knowlege ;  and  in  the  invefligation  of  this  fubjed 
Air.  C.  has  taken  great  pains. 

Befides  the  Life  of  Ruddiman,  various  biographical  (ketchef 
of  other  perfons  are  occafionally  introduced  :  but  to  no  one  has 
our  author  fo  much  diredied  his  attention  as  to  Buchanan,  whom 
he  has  exhibited  fomewhat  at  length,  but  not  in  the  moft  aoiia^ 
ble  colours.  Of  that  writer's  talents  and  literary  acquirements^ 
hefpeaks  with  fuflicient  admiration  ;  while  his  heart  and  condu^ 
are  depicted  as  worthy  of  execration.  Mr.  C.  accufes  him  of 
the  bafeft  ingratitude  towards  the  unfortunate  Mary,  his  kinji 
benefa6)refs,  in  attempting  to  convidt  her  of  murder  ;  and  of  fo 
far  entering  into  intrigues  againfl  her  as  to  offer  to  fwear  that  this 
well-known  letters,  fonnets,  and  contrads,  were  of  Mary's  hand* 
writing,  though  he  knew  them  to  be  forgeries  ^  and  of  becom- 
ing afterward  the  inftrument  of  Elizabeth's  deceit  and  MurrayV 
villanies.  Mr.  Chalmers  obfcrvcs*  rhat  *  they  who  cannot 
with  Ruddiman  admire  Buchanan's  abilities  as  a  writer,  yet  at 
the  fame  time  defpife  his  character  as  a  man,  have  many  pre- 
judices of  party  to  conquer,  and  many  leflbns  of  morality  tot 
jcarn.* 

To  this  pair  of  portraits  is  appended  a  comparative  eftimats 
of  the  charaders  of  the  two  perfoas  depicted.  1  he  work  fioiflies 
ivith  obferving  that 

'  If  we  were  to  inftitute  a  comparifon  between  Buchanan  and  Rud<« 
^ii)an,  as  to  their  moral  characters,  an  accurate  eilinnate  would  pro- 
duce a  remarkable  diverfliy.  Enough  has  been  already  ftated  to 
prove,  that  the  reputation  of  Buchanan  has  equally  to  apprehend  the 
tattle  of  an  injudicious  friend,  as  the  refearches  of  an  unpropitious  ad- 
vcrfary.  Like  other  virtuous  men,  Ruddiman  may  be  injured  in  his 
name  by  the  follies  of  a  friend,  but,  fuch  was  his  life  !  that  his  worth 
has  nothing  to  fear  from  the  fcrutinies  of  an  enemy.  It  is  tho 
|>ecuii^  privilege  of  troth,  aB4  the  comfortable  re^c^ion  of  inoo^ 


ccnce, 


f 


7t6  Vincent— /A#  Grui  Verb  anafyfuL 

€ence,  that  they  need  dread»  neither  the  inquiries  of  cht  pfefcBl^  M| 
the  dete&ons  0/  the  future — 

*  Truth  laughs  at  death, 

And  terrifies  the  killer  more  than  kfllM. 

Integrity^  thus  armlefs^  feeks  his  foes. 

And  nevei  needs  a  target,  or  a  fword, 

Bovy,  or  envenomM  fhiifts.''. 

Some  will  prol^ably  think  that  Mr.  Chalmerf  Is  too  fercrc  on 
Buchanan,  and  too  enthufiaftic  in  bis  shioniraiion  of  Ruddiman  \ 
but  it  muft  be  cojifcfTed  that,  in  con,iafti|tg  the  objeA  of  our 
love  with  that  of  our  hate,  abfolute  tg;ipartiality  is  nevly  as 
jmpoflibility. 

In  the  Appendix,  copies  of  curious  papers  and  many  intereft* 
ing  particulars  occur,  which  prove'that  Mr.  C.  has  fpared  no 
trouble  in  collcdling  materials  for  the  work  which  he  under* 
took. 


An  T.  VIII.  The  Greek  Verhanalyfed.  An  Hypothcfis;  in  which  the 
Source  and  Structure  of  the  Greek  Language,  and  bf  Langoige 
in  general,  is confidered.  By  W.  Vincent,  D. D.  Svo.  pp.  fid. 
23. 6d.     Ginger.     1795. 

^£  have  already  taken  notice  of  this  little  ingenious  work 
in  another  fornn,  and  under  another  titje.  (See  Rer. 
vol.  xviii.  N.  S.  p.  308.}  It  is  here  new-modelled,  improvcil^ 
and  confiderably  enlarged. 

It  had  been  objeded  to  the  author  that,  although  his  appli* 
cation  of  scj,  in  the  formation  of  Greek  verbs,  (nould  be  ad*- 
mitted,  yet  the  inflexions  of  so  itfelf  are  ftill  a  myftery.  This 
led  him  to  the  contemplation  of  eo?  and  ei/Ld  in  their  firft  fonDj 
and  he  trufts  that  he  has  not  centemplatcd  in  vain.— His  fyfiem 
Is  briefly  this: 

Taking  it  for  granted  that  Exijfence  is  the  primary  idea  of  the 
'mind,  and  confequently  the  element  of  the  verb,  he  infers  that 
the  expreffion  of  that  idea  mufl  be  thefimpleft  found  which  Na- 
ture can  produce.  He  next  alTumes  that  the  found  exprefled  bv 
the  vowel  £  is  the  mod  fimple  of  all  founds,  and,  as  fucb^ 
the  mod  fuitable  to  exprcfs  the  primary  idea ;  and  now  he  nbt 
only  afTumes,  but  afl'crts,  that  '  the  Greek  epfilon,  whatever 
be  its  found,  is,  fingly,  the  bafis  lor  enunciating  the*  idea  cf 
cxiftence : 

*  Let  it  be  here  obfcrved  that  I  feek  for  a  bafis  in  natare,  and  the 
ufage  of  all  the  languages  I  am  acquainted  wixh,  confirms  this  ail> 
famption.     The  Hebrew  •  ^^n  becomes  p^n  H^HK  Haia,  Heie, 


W^ 


•  G.t»harp<u-    And  Artick  Philology,  in  the  EAcyctopsdiaOrit*' 

£heie» 


Viaccot— /i&4  Griti  Verb  analyfed.  2^f 

Eiicte»  where  we  pronounce  the  i  like  an  £ngii(h  t.     The  Perfiati 
•u  SHVU,   £1,  EST.      Latin,  efTe.      Italian,  efTere.     French «  etre« 

Engiiiht  is,  be.     Saxon,  eom,  which  is  pure  Greek. 

'  In  the  mention  of  thefe  J  do  not  feek  for  derivation,  but  fimU 

larity  of  found  ;  but  if  I  wereobiiged  to  recur  to  a  Hebrew  origin,  \t 

ihould  not  be  n^H  which  Dr.  Sharpe,  and  the  author  of  the  article* 
'  Philology,  in   the  Kncyclopzdia  firitanmca,  have  aiTumed,  bat  \ff^ 

wliich, without  points,  is  our  £nglt(b,  is;  wiih  points,  the  E£AI  of 
the  Greeks;  the  es,  esse  of  the  Latins.  A  word,  fays  Bythner» 
0mnis  gtneris  et  per/on^ 9  Pfalm  vii,  ver.  4.  A  property,  which  gives 
it  a  better  title  to  becoiae  an  univerfal  baOs,  than  any  I  can  difcover. 
But  I  feek  not  for  caufes  of  derivation  from  foreign  origins,  hoping 
fo  find  my  fources  clear  in  the  language  1  have  aflumed.' 

Wc  confcfs  that  wc  are  at  a  lofs  to  perceive  the  force  of  this 
collateral  fort  of  reafoning.  There  is,  no  doubt,  fome  fimi* 
larity  between  the  Hebrew  £IE  and  the  Greek  £12,  but  none 
at  ail  between  the  latter  and  the  Perfian  Shum,  or  the  Arabic 
Chan.  Will  it  be  faid  that  thcfe,  alfo,  are  the  fimplefl',  or 
among  the  (impleft  founds  that  Nature  can  produce?  What 
tben  wall  we  think  of  the  finDplicity  of  fuch  founds  as  Olmak, 
DuRMAK,  BuLUKMAK,  and  fimilar  Oriental  fubftantive 
^erbs?  which,  however,  if  the  fubftantive  verb  be  *  a  natural 
bafit  of  exigence,'  have  as  good  a  claim  to  the  appellation  as 
file  Greek  Epjilon. 

Having  afl'umed  the  letter  E  for  bis  natural  bafis  oi  extflenciy 
Dr.  Vincent  pow  afTumes  the  le^er  O,  as  the  next  in  fim- 
plicity  to  £,  for  his  bafis  of  caufe ;  and  he  then  falls  to  work 
tfaus: 

*  I  fay  EH  reprefents  the  bafis  of  two  ideas,  cavsb,cxistenc£; 
I  want  to  exprefs  thefe  two  ideas  without  reference  to  patt  of  fpeech* 
Language  does  not  allow  this;  and  therefora  I  mud  adopt  a  folecifin« 
aad  at  prefent  tranflate  en  by  thefe  two  words,  causb,  B£.  Here 
lioguage  lays  roe  under  another  difficulty,  for  b  b  is  an  anomaly  a% 
well  as  a  folecifm,  and  1  ufe  be  for  am,  as  I  mud  continue  to  do« 
|iJ)  I  have  condrufked  my  verb. 

*  But  it  will  be  aiked  from  whence  I  acquire  my  notion  ^^Caufk 
being  univerfal  in  the  Greek  verb.  ]  anfwer  from  thofe  verbs  in 
which  it  is  ftill  expreffed,  nATX2,  BAlNn,  OAlNa.— QAYn,  I  caufe 

another  to  Ceafe,  as  II.  <I>,  314,  r;^^  Trai/^rcf^y  ay^toy  ai»l>oL.      IIAYOMAU 

I  caufe  myfelf  to  ceafe.  11.  0,  295*  l^r^  l\f»%,^\<i  yi  ir«^iri-«-naucfi«u 
that  i5|  in  a  neuter  fenfe,  /  aafe.  Apply  this  now  to  the  primitive 
bafis ;  EH,  I  caufe  to  be.  EOM  AI,  1  caufe  myfelf  to  be  ^  that  ls»  in 
a  iKuter  fenfe,  I  am.  Explain  this  by  the  verb  Exift^^  it  will  appear 
Aill  more  evidently  ;  EH,  1  caufe  another  to  exilt ;  £0MA1«  I  cauf& 

'  *  Stephens  fays  in  his  Thefaurus,  HN^  ens^  noo  existbn). 
I  do' not  underdand  him  :  for  though  1  can  render  ens  being,  and 
%.H^  £Xisi^  J  jtc>bctiKg  in  exigence  i  lean  afe  them  mutually  for  each 
other.' 

myfelf 


t6S  Vincent— /A^  Gresi  Verb  analyfid. 

myfelf  to  exifl;  that  is,  in  a  neuter  fenfe,  I  exijl.  I  (htll  prcfendy 
(hew  ID  whac  refpe^k  eomai  and  EIMI  are  che  fame,  but  1  now- 
afiert,  that  in  every  tenfe  where  MaI*,  IaI,  Tai,  arc  ieriiiinatioDf» 
they  areconllanily  the  objedlof  the  adion  expred'ed  in  the  verb;  ai 
the  perfon  is  the  caufe  whence  the  adlion  originates.  Thefe  termiaa- 
tionsare  only  the  reprefentatives  of  mk,  1£»  t;  they  are  the  foan- 
tain  of  the  paffive  verb,  and  the  middle  verb  vani&es  out  of  the  Ian- 
foage. 

*Xet  tts  now  examine  how  EOMat  (lands  in  its  llrudare;  £»  extil- 
ciice ;  O,  ^caofe ;  M  or  MAT,  me.  I  fay  M  or  MAI,  becaufe  I  doubt 
of  the  property  of  ai,  and  (hall  neele£b  it  for  the  prefent.     The 

verb  therefore  appears  in  this  form,  be"^Mfr^e  i  whoii  thecaofc; 
1.  What  is  the  adlion  of  which  I  is  the  commencement  ?  be.  Wb(s 
or  what  is  the  objeift  ?  me.  Now  pot  thefe  together,  EOM  ;  I  am 
the  caufe  that  exijfence  [be]  i^io  mey  1  caufe  exiAence  to  me^  I  caufe 
mt  bei  1  caufe  me  to  be.' 

We  really  cannot  help  wondering  at  this  metapbyfical  ftruc- 
fureof  a  verb,  which  is  fuppofed  to  reprefent  the  ii;ioft  fimple  of 
all  ideas.  Is  it  in  the  fmalleft  degree  probable  that,  when  men 
began  to  articulate  words  which  fhould  be  expreffive  of  their 
ideas,  (i.  e.  their  fenfations,)  they  would  form  them  by  a  pro- 
cefs  like  this?  We  believe  quite  the  contrary.  Dcf  (partes 
thought  that  he  had  traced  logic  to  its  ultimate  fource,  when  he 
got  to  his  cogtto^  ergo  fum:  but  he  might  have  rcafon«d  u 
foundly,  and  much  more  naturally,  if  he  had  (M  fgntio^  erj^ 
Jum\  or  moveg^  ergo  fum.  Indeed,  if  there  be  in  Nature  any 
primitive  idea,  from  which  the  fubftantive  verb  is  tobedcrived, 
motion  fecms  to  bid  the  fairefl  for  that  privilege  ;  and  we  fufpe^ 
that  £Q  in  Greek,  as  well  as  EO  in  Latin,  had  originally  that 
meaning :  in  which  refpedl  we  are  not  unwilling  to  let  theni 
both  have  a  part  in  the  formation  of  tenfes  at  leaft :  but  that 
the  two  letters,  of  which  they  are  compofed,  exprefs  caufi  and 
€ffecU  appears  to  us  fuch  a  paradox  as  even  the  ^^  jQiield  of  by* 
pothcfis"  can  never  fairly  defend. 

Dr.  V.  himfclf  allows  that  the  Greek  verbs  rtmrta^  >cyft?>  &c, 
are  not,  in  their  prefent  form,  the  real  roots;  and  this  we  deem 
certain  :  but  then  is  it  not  more  natural  to  think  that  the  real 
roots,  fuppofe  tv^,  Xiy,  are  changed  from  nouns  into  verbs,  by  the 
fimpie  addition  of  another  noun  or  pronoun,  (give  it  any  term,) 
either  prefixed  or  a/Bxed,  than  by  fuch  fubtle  operations  as  our 
author  employs  ?  Fcr  our  part,  we  have  no  doubt  that  the 
Greek  verb  is  formed  in  the  fame  manner  as  tl)e  Hebrew, 
Chaldee,  and  Arabic  verb,  and  that  in  the  moft  (imple  manner 
pofTiblc  ;  naofiely,  by  the  combination  of  two  founds,  expreifin^ 
two  ditlind)  ideas  or  things  ;  one  of  which,  at  leaft  in  the  fir 

'  *  M  for  Ml.  is  in  reality  the  object,  and  AI  inttmtive :  bat  1  fpcak 
at  prefent  accordiLg  to  common  ufagc.* 

an4 


Vinc«nt— r/;^  Greek  Veth  analyJeL  iSy 

and  fecond  perfons,  is  always  what  we  call  a  pronoun,  either 
joined  in  its  full  length,  or  (born  of  fome  of  its  part^. 

With  regard  to  pronouns  themfelves,  although  we  cannot 
think  with  Dr.  V.  « that  they  came  late  into  language,'  we  can 
eafily  conceive  a  language  to  have  at  firft  exifled  without  them. 
Infants  ufe  therti  not,  and  favages  rarely  : — but,  as  foon  as  any 
language  began  to  be  cultivated,  we  believe  that  language  fooii 
had  pronouns  :  at  lead  we  know  not  of  any  language  without 
them,  from  the  earlieft  period  of  its  being  a  written  one.  Hour 
were  firft  formed,  we  pretend  not  to  fay :  were  we  to  build  an 
hypotheGs,  it  would  be  very  different  from  that  of  our  author. 
His  fyftem  is  this : 

«  Firft  per  foil,  0;:e,  cr/rfi, 

•  Second  perfon,  Tavo^  ot  fecond,  or  doulU. 

*  Third  perfoo,  That  man  or  perfon. 

*  The  firft  perfon  is  reprefented  by  iota,  I;  and  if  I  (hall  not  be 
thought  fanciful,  1  will  fay,  \  is  the  baGs  of  the  idea  exprefied  by  the 
word  UNITY.  Nay  it  rpprefents  an  unit  in  all  the  writings  I  am 
acquainted  with,  except  Greek,  in  which  t|)e  letters  become  numo* 
raU  in  their  order.  Still,  however,  in  Greek*  infcriptions,  we  find 
I  at  expreffing  an  unit.  The  Latin  f  numerals  ukea  from  the  Do-' 
rick  or  iEoIic-ic  ftock  confirm  this,  and  explain  the  word  ^rifAara^iit 
better  than  any  Greek  evidence  remaining.' — *  I  tm  now  only  endea* 
▼ourbg  to  ptove  that  1  was  ufed  to  indicate  an  unit;  and  the  next 
ftep  is  to  introdace  it  into  the  language.  This  is  ready  done  to  my 
bands  in  the  word  m\'rA  or  ll^NFE  the  original  Dorick  form  oom- 
pofed  of  1  one,  nN  being,  TE  or  FA  truly^  namely^  Namely  the  §ng 
exifling ;  or,  the  firft  txtjiing  ;  that  is,  the  firft  per  Ion.  I  now  repeat 
that  o,  the  cauje^  is  not  a  fragment  of  \m\yok  or  Ryo;;  bat  ufed  ante- 
cedent to  either,  fimp!y  as  the  Caufe\  and  I  think  in  the  place  of  all 
the  three  perfons.  1  add,  that  insTA,  compounded  as  it  is,  ac- 
counts for  the  r  in  Em,  ErnrE,  and  amNTE.  But  if  I  has  a  de- 
rivation, and  is  not  a  bafis;  it  is  to  be  found  in  Eir,  the  participle 
of  ElMf,  and  fignifies  the  fame  as  above,  the  txlfting,  the  o;ff ;  and 
EIS,  the  one,  he\  lA,  the  one,  y56^;  EM,  the  one//;  declined  thus, 
dill  as  an  adjective;  and  Eii,  EISA,  EX,  as  the  participle,  which  is 
the  fame  inflexion ;  for  the  1  in  e1z:a  is  an  interloper,  as  will  be 
ftiei»n.  EII,  FE,  HN,  EimN',  Ern.v,  EFH  arc  therefore  cxaflly 
the  fame  as  inNTE.  I,  namely,  being  the  firll;  namely,  1  the  ^x^p 
perfon.* 

This  is  certainly  as  fanciful  a  theory  as  the  former  ;  and,  ia 
our  opinion,  it  is  equally  unfounded,  in  no  antient  language 
docs  i  reprefent  unity,  except  in  the  Latin  :  but,  if  it  repre-^ 
fcnted  unity  in  every  language,  we  cannot  fee  how  that  would 
fcrvc  the  author's  purpofc.     How  often  foever  the  Do<Slor  may 

*  ♦  Marb.  Choifeul  GouGiir,  by  Barthclemy,  page  41,  i>ee  alf<i 
Herodiarus  dc  numcris.' 

'   f  Sharpc's  Structure,  page  55.* 

lepeat 


270  Vincent — th  Greti  Vtrh  analyfitU 

repeat  that  d  in  the  Greek  verb  is  not  a  fragment  of  iiy^^  but 
a  cattfe  anteadtnt  to  either \  we  perfiR  in  believing  that  il  is  iio« 
thing  elfe  than  iy<ji  ipjijjimum^  abridged  :  one  of  ihofe  winged 
fvords  which  fly  too  Uit  to  leave  a  permanent  imag^  of  lU  its 
component  parts. 

Vlx^fecond^xhw  the  DoSor  derives  from  ATO  or  ATH,  turn: 

•  Who  is  the  fecond  caufc?  Thou.  AY*,  rr,  and  in  Latin  tu 
approaching  nearer  than  £Tt  to  ^Y,  from  its  Doriclc  origin  TY*  ftill 
in  afe.  I  find  the  fecond  caufe  of  an  adion  to  be  the  fecood  periba« 
and  as  it  was  lefs  eafily  underflcod  or  referred  to,  by  the  quelioo. 
Who?  fo.is  it  more  untverrally  introduced  into  the  veib,  as  EI£# 
thou  be;  where  £  is  as  clear,  as  THOU^^in  Englifh. 

The  reader  will  now  probably  exped  to  find  the  third  peribn 
derived  from  r^iv;'^'  and  this  is  indeed  what  we  imagined;  but 
no:  * 

•  Illd  perfon,  oi>  does  not  exiA  in  the  nominative  of  the  pro- 
noun fobftantive,  either  Greek  or  Lann  ;  but  is  found  in  the  adjec* 
tive,  *0£,  fuus ;  the  rcafon  is  plain  in  all  languages.  Try  it  ia 
£ng1i(h :  He  felf  faid  of  hinifelf :  U  quite  as  (Irange  as  ^  netmi  unnm* 
Or  if  there  were  fuch  a  nominative,  in  Lattn>  Ai  dicit  de  fe.  But,  is 
dixit  ilejetm^y  be  (Irengthened  by  yr;  as,  ip/e\  dixit  de  fi.  And 
kere  we  may  obferve,  by  the  way,  that  as  the  Latin  firft  and  fecond 
perfon  are  merely  Greek,  fo  the  third  perion,  fui,  is  mvi^ly  OY,  with 
the  afpirate  ^  inilead  of '  or  h.  Sibi  is  ot,  with  the  fubftitnte  B,  for 
V,  or  w,  the  i^olick  digamma,  and  the  old  Latins  wrote  fuoves  for 
fuos,  and  Ubi  for  fuovi,  from  *OFI,  or  in  old  letters  UOFJ  %.  The 
progrefs  of  this  word  runs  ot,  hoi,  foi ;  ot,  oFi,  hoi,  foi,  fowi,  (obi, 
£bi ;  which  to  thofe  who  are  acquainted  with  the  power  of  the  di- 
gamma, is  felf-evident ;  for  in  the  initial  afpirate  of  m  we  find  an  f, 
as  in  mp,  fuper ;  and  in  the  middle  digamma  we  find  a  Wf  a  v,  or  a 
B,  ad  libitum. 

'  But  as  we  have  no  nominative  cafe  for  the  third  pronoun  fab« 
Hantive,  we  muft  apply  to  its  fubilitute,  0£»  the  pronoun  adjedive; 
jand  I  find  that  OZ,  ufcd  either  as  an  article  relative.  Pronoun  fnb* 
ilantive,  or  adjedive,  is  exadly  the  fame  word,  o,  ONS,  caufa  quae 
eft ;  who  is  the  caufe  ?  the  perfon  ?  lUe  qui  eft.  Then  O,  ONZ,  the 
article  relative,  is  ^t&'r  U  uIq^.  Dion  was  [o,]  the  perfon  whom  1  faw 
[ONTA,  axifting,  being,]  o,  ONX  the  pronoun  fubftantive,  if  it 
were  extant,  would  be,  lUe  qui  eft,  llle  Ens,  the  fame  as  the  pronona 
adjcdive.* 

This  conclufion^  the  author  thinks,  *  puts  an  end  to  the 
whole  difpute  of  grammarians,  whether  J^cri  is  [be]  an  article 

•  •  By  the  intervention  of  z.' 

•  t  Is  per /e 9  is  the  etymology  of  fome  grammarians.  And  io  m 
Greeks  aurc?  ipfe,  for  o^.' 

•  X  See  Gruter,  509.  Index  Gram.  Q^  Sanflius,  950.  Vof&us 
in  N4M?.  Gruter's  Infcrip.  Prxior  quom  fovets  viatoribus.  Prxtor 
cum  ftti^  yiatoribus.    See  alio,  Terentianus  Maurua  Digamma. 

relative^ 


Browne*!  Hirmet  UnmaJk^Ar  t^c 

fdative,  or  a  pronoun  •/  and  in  a  note  he  thus  analyfes  it : 
*  J^/  is  xai  o;  quis  yt,ai  o$;  and  uoli  may  be  al^vays  rendered  : 
Ligi  Ciaronem  qui  dicit :  I  read  Cicero  koli  o,  and  he  fays.'  We 
grant  that  in  this  and  fimilar  inftances  qui  may  be  exprefTed  by 
Mfidhe  :  but  we  can  by  no  means  allow  that  it  may  always  be  fo 
cxpreiled*  In  ^ifit  Meatnas^or  Et  quisfuit  ille^  and  in  & 
thonfand  fuch  examples,  can  we  refolve  the  qui  into  xai  o,  or 
tbcftf/i  into  xcu  o(?  Indeed  we  are  as  firmly  perfuaded  that 
fui$  and  qui  are  the  Greek  Ti$  and  n,  as  that  quinque  is  ttcvte^ 
mm^  fuatuor  rtrrapa.  We  arc,  moreover,  clearly  of  opinioa 
that  the  Greek  articles,  as  they  are  commonly  called,  or  pro- 
nouns as  they  (hould  be  called,  S  and  iS,  art  nothing  more  nor 
Ids  than  the  Hebrew  t^^7^  and  JTH* 

Although  we  think  Dr.  V/s  bafis  a  fanciful  fubftrudtire^ 
we  acknowlege  that  he  has  raifed  on  it  an  ingenious  fyftem: 
bis  remarks  on  the  permutation  of  letters,  and  the  applicatioa 
ef  his  tv  and  r^  to  account  for  the  Unfis  and  mooJty  manifefi: 
m  mind  capable  of  deep  thought  and  fubtle  combination^  The 
pbiiologift  will  certainly  profit  frqm  reading  this  book,  what- 
ever he  may  think  of  its  principles  ;  and  therefore,  though  we 
concur  with  the  Dodor  in  fcarcely  any  of  his  aiTumptions,  and 
certainly  not  in  many  of  his  conclufions,  we  recommend  it  to  the 
^IfpDtion  of  all  Greek  fcholars  ;  fome  of  whom,  perhaps,  ma/ 
rriiih  bis  bypothefis. 

Aar.  IX.  liermis  Unmajked\  or,  the  Art  of  Speech  founded  on  the 
Aflbdatioo  of  Words  and  Ideas.  With  an  Anfwer  to  Dr.  Viaceat's 
Hypothefis  of  the  Greek  Verb.  By  Captain  Thomas  Gunter 
Browne.     12010.     pp.  iz8.     zs.  6d.  fewed.     Payne.     1795* 

AftT.X.  HermesUHmaJktd'ylitittrilW. andlV.containingtheMyi^eriet 
of  Metaphy  fics.  With  an  Anfwer  to  M.  Le  Prefident  de  firoffes's 
Syilem  of  Imitative  Sound.  By  Captain  T.  G.  Brov^e.'  lamo, 
pp.  72.     If.  6d.     Ridgway.     1796. 

ON  reading  thefe  curious  pamphlets,  we  were  ready  to  ex- 
claim, in  the  words  of  a  Cardinal  to  Ariofto,  Dove  diavcUi 
JUfffir  Thomafo,  avete pigliate  tante  coglonerief    The  facetious* 
Captain,  quitting  here  his  regimentals,  afllimes  the  garb  of  a 
literary  merry-andrew  ;  and,  in  that  chara(9er,  he  plays  ofF  hit 

artillery  with  dexterity  and  fuccefs. This  little  work  is  caft  in 

the  form  of  letters,  addreflcd  to  James  Greene,  Efq.  In  the 
lirft.  Captain  Browne  endeavours  to  fhcw  that  there  is  in 
reality  but  one  part  of  fpeech  ;  and  that,  originally,  there  was 
no  diftioAion  between  the  Noun  and  the  Verb ;  a  diftin<ftion 
which  Mr.  Horne  Tookc  fcemed  to  admit.  Man,  he  imagine?, 
at  firft  oxprefled  all  bis  fcnfations  by  mere  Involuntary  founds  : 

thefe 


272    -  BrowneV  Hennes  tJnmnJked* 

Aefe  mtift  have  been  various;,  according  to  the  ftrength  or  pc- 
culiar  formation  of  the  individual  ;  and  hence  the  fame  inftru* 
ment,  afling  with  equal  force  on  two  men  of  different  fcnfibi- 
litjr,  would  produce  difFtrent  founds  :  but  this  d  iTcrence  con- 
liiled  in  tone,  not  in  articulation  :  a^  the  inarticu'atc  groans  of 
a  perfon  in  pain  differ  from  the  inarticulate  fount^^i  nf  the  fame 
perfon  in  an  cxtacy  of  delight.  The  interjection  oh  !  in  all  lan- 
guages, fignifies  either  pain  or  plcafure ;  and,  as  fnr  as  the  ear  is 
concerned,  its  different  fcnfes  can  he  afcertaincd  only  by  the 
tom  with  which  it  is  uttered.— Ci»ptain  13.  think*  it  probable 
that  al!  words  were  once  monoryllables,  fpoken  and  underftood 
by  the  a(I()ciation  of  ideas  ;  par:iy  by  tone^  partly  by  articu/ati$m^ 
and  partly  by  aHion,  This  power  of  ali'ociation  the  favage  had, 
before  he  could  attempt  to  fpeak  a  fentence  ;  the  fame  power 
the  child  muft  have,  before  he  can  begin  to  converfe. 

•  Let  us  try  the  art  of  fpcech  by  this  tcfl  of  uflLciaiiioQ — firft  ia 
the  woods  and  wilds,  and  afct^r wards  in  the  nur/ery. 

'  1  imr.gine  that  any  found  or  word,  well  aOiiled  by  tones,  and  bf 
the  aftldn  of  the  hands,  eyes,  and  legs,  might  rcpn-fcnt  to  an  irrclli- 
gent  favage,  either  the  fiijure,  or  the  H6icn,  or  the  voice  of  any 
thin^^  or  pcrrfon,  which  he  had  fi^rnicrly  fecn  and  obferved,  althougk 
the  man  uiiglit  not  be  fo  div-ne  niinJrd,  or  fo  religious,  as  fome  ra- 
vages have  been  fur pofcd.—  Such  is  the  force  of  the  affbciatioD  of 
ideas ! 

•  Thus  it  appears,  that  the  f:me  word  will  do  the  office  of  a  noun 
in  one  fcntenct,  c*nJ  of  a  vcjI.  in  another  ;  i))ur  is,  when  it  is  ufed  to 
exprefs  the  full  and  comf  Uce  icita  of  a  thing  altogether,  it  is  thf n  faid 
(by  grammariani)  to  be  a  nruLi ;  but  when  it  is  ufed  to  exprefs,  and 
to  transfer  to  ar.(;ihtr  word,  {ciuc  particular  properties  cr  adlionsonly 
of  the  thing ;  the r,  they  uc*  id  (.  j!l  it  a  verb,  or  an  adje«5live,  or  an  ab- 
ftradl  word  of  icjrc  iort.— I,  ^..^t  ki/  part,  call  it  a  metaphor,  whea 
ufed  in  this  abflrai,^  inar.ner. 

«  Now  for  a  nurftry  fLcn. — The  cliild  begins  to  talk,  long  before 
his  power  of  aflcciatif'nii  as  llrcrr;  .^^  hib  fiiv.i^'c  forL* father'*  wa>,  when 
he  began  in  tlie  uooo*- — tht  chil^  bc^ln'*  to  talk  before  hi?  mind  is 
fully  (locked  with  iiicas.  '1  lit  i.iirepean  child  is  the  hot-hcufc  planlj 
the  favage  is  a  fcr;.!^  tric. — 'li.'.^  will-:»ught  mother  does  for  her 
child  what  pure  natuic  old  i'or  ihc  firfl  talkers  in  the  defcrts. 

•  The  mother  is  thj  c?  :ia  cf-vncll  in  the  child's  fight ;  the  mother, 
when  (lie  (hews  hcrAlr  10  !.im,  rurwofcly  founds  the  word  Ma! 
Ma  !— and  many  p  Or.v:  f .  i  r  »i:.:in;'  to  the  m<  thcr,  and  founding  the 
fame  word,  cnconrr'^'-.s  the  b  rbj  to  cry  Ma  I  l\i\\  ! 

•  Hence  the  cliild  r.cvcr  fc?i  the  n.oiher,  hut  the  found  or  word 
Ma  1  is  excited  by  ofib  .iation  in  hi^  mind  ;  and  if  he  wants  to  excite 
the  fame  ideaelfewhcr^,  he  crits  Ma  !  Ma! 

•  Again  .  the  mother  poii.-irg  u  the  fire,  repeatedly  founds  the 
word  Fire  ;  and  the  ciiild  Uicr.cc  auociaics  the  fci.nd.  Fire,  with  the 
appearance  of  iljat  clcniji.t.—  It  is  probable  likcwifc  thai  he  afTociatet 
the  appearance  of  the  iroi'.  graic,  wiih  ilie  foLr.d  or  word  Fire ;  for  the 

two 


Browne'/  Hirmes  Vnmajkidk  27} 

two  things  tr«  joined  together,  and  he  cannot  difUngulfh  one  from  tho 
other— (Oh  fatal  fource  of  error  !}* 

8uch  is  our  author's  theory ;  and  his  general  concluGon  is 
that  verbs,  even  the  fubflantive  verb  itfelt,  are  no  more  than 
the  ntmes  of  things^  or  nouns,  metaphorically  ufed. 

In  the  fecond  letter,  he  attacks  Dr.  Vincent's  Analyds  of - 
the  Greek  verb,  and  turns  that  gentleman's  hypothijis  into  ridi« 
cule  by  argument  and  irony.  His  arguments  nearly  coincide 
with  thofe  which  we  ufcd  in  reviewing  that  work  *.— -As  H 
fpecimen  df  his  irony,  we.  (hall  give  his  refledlions  on  what  Dr* 
Vincent  fays  of  the  Greek  augment,  and  of  the  future  teafe. 

*  In  the  name  of  common  fenfe,  what  are  we  to  underiland  by  all 
this  ?^The  prefent  h(ai,  the  future  wt  and  the  perfe^k  wea*  are  all 
from  iw ;  yet  the  ft,  in  nfu  is  merely  euphonic ;  the  a  in  t^t,  u  the 
leprefcntative  of  a  hard  breathings  he  knoWs  not  why ;  the  x  in  nx* 
is  parely  epenthetic;  and  he  allows,  be  thinks  lightly  of  every  change* 
of  vowels.    This  is  wonderful  indeed  ! 

'  In  page  yi  and  72,  the  Doflor  fays  what  is  tantamount  to-  m 
conntry-dance  of  words— ^Hand  here  the  bafis  !  Cad  o!E  the  caufe ! 
Qnick  with  a  fragment !  Here  the  augment  I  K  euphonic  1  Now 
the  digtmma  in»>  figma !  T  epenthetic !  Now  iigma  into  theta  I 
Change  the  vowels  !  Bar  colliiion  1— -And  now^  behold  !  Any  word» 
aqy  fenfe*  any  tenfe  you  pleafc !' 

In  the  fecond  parr,  which  cdnfifts  alfo  of  two  letters,  the 
author  gives  a  whimfical  account  and  farcaftic  defence  of  the 
Af^ftmts  •/ Metaphjfics  t  putting  it  in  the  mouth  of  acobler  of 
Laputa.  There  is  much  archnefs  in  the  remarks  of  this  pre- 
tended fon  of  Crifpin  ;  with  a  number  of  allufions  to  our  own 
ftate  politicians,— not  much  to  their  honour. — The  foHowing^ 
extraAs  will  give  our  readers  a  fufiicient  idea  of  the  author's 
manner : 

«  Two  fooliih  fellows  were  once  difputing  a  point  in  Crifpin's  hear- 
ings when  one  of  them  faid  to  the  ochcr>  with  an  affeftation  of  can- 
dour>  **  It  is  by  the  collifion  of  fentiments  that  we  may  expedl  to  dif- 
covcr  the  truth  at  lallj" — upon  which  the  Cobler,  who  was  very 
ftrong  in  the  arms,  laid  hold  of  their  two  noddles,  and  battered  them 
well  together  for  fome  minutes ;  — this  is  the  mod  powerful  fort  of 
collifion,  fays  he  ;  now  let  us  fee  the  truth.  The  men  begged  re- 
peatedly to  be  releafed  ;  but  finding  the  Cobler  was  refolute,  thejr 
both  confefled  they  knew  nothing  of  the  matter.  Bravo !  faid  the. 
Cobler,  J  never  got  fo  near  the  truth  before. 

'  Indeed  his  comments  on  the  (Irangenefs  of  this  word  truth  were 
'very  remarkable,  and  I  think,  on  the  whole,  preferable  to  Dr« 
Beattie*s ;  at  lead  they  are  more  intelligible  ;  for,  faid  he,  there  are 
not  two  men  or  women,  in  either  of  the  cities,  who  have  annexed,  or 
will  annex,  the  fame  ideas  to  this  word  truth ;  although  it  is  in  evor/ 
body's  mouth. 

♦  See  Rev.  vol.  xvtik.  p.  308.  and  the  preceding  article  in  this  N'. 
&«v.  Nov.  1796.  U  \  fiver^ 


tj4  Thomfon'j  ParaM/e  %fTafiu 

*  Every  body  extols  it  to  the  (kies ;  every  body  ttlk«  of  the  betityj 
tlie  b$liMt/si  iht  JimplUityt  and  the  iMmuiabilitj  of  trmth  ;  9xA  yet  it  is 
known  to  have  coil  the  two  cities  more  battles  and  bloodflied  than  any 
word  in  the  two  languages.'— 

*  Moll  of  the  comments  on  this  word  truth  were  hetcrodoor*  and 
Cnnnot  therefore  be  inferted  with  propriety  in  my  iiettcrs* 

«  It  happened  that  one  of  the  Cobler's  friends  was  pro(ecated  for 
pobUihing  fomc  political  opinions^  exaAly  fimilar  in  fobfance  to  chofe 
Ibrnnerlv  pobliihed  by  the  MiniAers  who  were  then  piofccadng  him.^ 
Upon  which  Crifpin  remarks,  that  it  is  fcarcely  poflible  to  write  or 
fpeak  twenty  fentences  together,  which  may  not  oe  deemed  crinunal 
by  an  ingenious  (Iring  of  Tnnaendosi  by  the  rules  of  a  good  poKticd 
gramnur ;  or  what  in  fome  irtt  countries  is  called  citfiruOhn  tttnfiw 
— /.  e,  a  malicious  and  far-fetched  affKtatiou^  framed  in  the  imnginf 
tion  of  the  profecator. 

*  Nay,  faid  he»  a  fingle  word*  ajman*  a  hifs,  or  an  exdamatioi 
of  any  kind,  might  be  dangerous*  it  the  Court  kwyert  of  a  oqmcij 
were  good  hands  at  the  trick*  and  well  fee*d  by  their  empl^^en. 

*  Befides*  faid  he,  when  the  Miniller  of  a  free  country  does  not 
think  it  pmdcnt  to  proceed  puhliely  againft  a  book,  be  need  QBljfri* 
Hfotely  employ  a  public  periodical  critic  (whom  he  keens  in  pay)  m 
atfquote  and  mifreprefent  the  work,  under  the  ma(k  of  candour^  pa- 
triotifm,  and  religion ;  and  the  book,  ambits  author*  will  be  fnie  m 
be  treated  accordingly,  by  all  men,  who  are  taught  to  fiuicy  them* 
Iclves  friends  of  the  church  and  Hate  cilablifliments.' 

The  laft  letter,  a  very  (hort  one,  is  an  anfwer  to  Prefideot 
D§  Br§ffi^s  Syftm  of  ImitMiivi  S9und\  or  rather  a  barter  on  me- 
taphymal  gramniar. 

On  the  whole  there  is  a  large  portion  of  good  fenfe  and  good 
reafonihg  in  this  work,  buty  furely,  dref&d  too  much  in  the 
'  of  Harlequin. 


AUT*  X.     Tbt  Paradifi  of  Tafte,      By   Alexander  Thomfoo.  Efq. 

Anthorof  Whi(l*a  Poem*.    410.    pp.  130.     6s.  Boards.  Cadcll 

Jan.  and  Davies*     1796. 

'l/OLTAlftE's  very  elegant  TempU  du  Gp£t  feems  to  have  fug« 

^   gefted  the  plan  of  this  performance;   which,   however,  is 

piuch  ou>re  comprehenfive  in  its  objeQs,  and  more  fanciful  in 

its  ^iflbn*     The  general  idea  is  that  of  a  vifionary  jooroey 

Chroii^  m,  fertes  of  aUegoricai  regions  or  compartments,  in 

which  are  placed  the  i^oft  celebrated  of  antient  and  modeni 

foetSt  together  with  a  few  profe- writers.     Like  Dante,  the 

writer  is  accompanied   by  his  (hadowy  guide,  who  condufis 

him  from  place  to  place,  and  explains  the  wonders  which  fuc- 

oeffively  rife  to  view.     The  dylc  and  meafure  of  the  verfe  in 

the  narration  cbasi^  according  to  the  fubjed ;  a  deviation 

•  Sec  Rev.  vol.  vi.  N.  S.  p.  401. 

from 


ThonfonV  Pmrmiifi  ef  Tafii.  175 

froB  imlfbrmitj  which  produceSy  perhaps^  on  the  whole,  1  good 
^cA«  chough  wethifik.it  might  have  been  more  happily  ma« 
naged. 

The  poem  it  diviiied  into  Cantos :  of  which  the  firft,  entitled  . 
Thi  Ukrmry^  it  rather  aukwardly  detached  from  the  plan  of  the 
worky  Being  lotecedeot  to  the  commencement  of  the  vifioiiary 
tonr.  It  is  merel  v  a  brief  furrev  of  the  fe?eral  dafles  of  books 
which  compofea  library,  cfaaramrifcd  in  fliort  varying  clauica^ 
in  which  the  changes  c^  ftrain  and  meafure'arey  to  Mr  peic^ 
lions,  rather  fatiguing  than  ajmeable. 

Cinto  II.  is  entitled  Tbi  nfim^  and  is  employed  in  the  ufual 
definriptioQ  of  the  natural  and  lupematnral  circumftances  of  one 
of  diofe  poetical  vifications.  The  P9mir§fTafli  appears  to  the 
poet  under  an  angelic  form,  and,  after  fome  bandfome  compli- 
Mnta  00  his  early  ftudies  and  his  dirpoTition  tomords  mental 
improremenCt  thus  dedares  the  purpofe  of  his  own  prefience : 

*  Tho*  inach  of  me,  my  oatare»  and  1117  laws, 
b  varfoas  noter  my  taoefol  foni  have  fang* 
Not  one  has  yei  coacdv'd  the  bold  deiign 
To  trace  my  progrefs  from  Creanoo'a  birth 
Thro'  all  the  chaogiog  fceoes  of  place  and  tlme^ 
And  lead  lus  free  and  animated  llrain. 
With  equal  vigour*  thro*  the  drcliog  mase 
Of  Manners  and  of  Art.— For  thee  alone 
Was  this  great  theme  referyM— nor  flxaU  the  taik 
Be  wholly  left  to  thy  unaided  powV ; 
For  I  will  didate  tp  thy  Uft'ning  Mufe* 
And  prompt  thy  fpirit  wi^  the  daring  fong. 
But  come  with  me— for  I  will  (how  thee  firft 
The  various  wonders  of  my  bright  domain/ 

It  is  to  be  obferved  that  the  plan  here  Iketched  out  is  vaftly 
more  extenfive  than  that  which  the  author  has  really  executed  % 
for  which  deviation,  indeed,  he  makes  an  apology  in  his  preface. 

Taking  him  by  the  hand,  the  Power  then  inftantly  conveys 
his  votary  to  a  vaft  wall  of  adamantine  rock,  having  one  only 
gate,  the  entrance  to  the  fcenes  hereafter  to  be  defcribed.  It 
fpens  fponuneoufly  at  the  will  of  the  guide,  and  gives  theoa 
admiffion.  All  this  canto  is  written  in  blank  verfe,  for  which 
Mr.Thomfon  appears  to  have  but  an  indifferent  tafte.  Nothing 
can  be  more  monotonous  than  the  common  run  of  the  lineSy 
which  have,  with  very  few  breaks,  a  ftop  or  paufe  at  the  end  of 
each. 

Canto  III.  begins  the  proper  fubjed  of  the  work,  or  that  de« 
fcriptive  arrangement  of  authors  and  their  performances  which 
is  difiated  by  tafte.  This  word  iqfte  is  undoubtedly  very  vague 
in  its  (ignification :— its  principles  are  by  no  means  fettled  i  not 
is  there  any  realon  to  believe  that  they  can  ever  be  rendered  (o 

U  a  i^lCc 


tj6,  Thomfon'i  P^r^Mfi  of  Ttjtii 

precife  aijd  eonvinctng^  at  Co  produce  any  thing  neJr  tn  vb}* 
Ibrmity  of  fcntiment  on  the  fubjeAs  with  which  it  is  eonverfanu 
At  prefent,  literary  tafte  may  be  loofely  confidered  as  the  ag* 
gregate  of  the  opinions  of  perfons  liberally  educated,  and  at- 
tached to  ftudy^  on  topics  of  literature:— >but^  though  there  is 
a  kind  of  general  agreement  in  ibefe  points,  yet  it  is  probable 
chat  no  two  nen  exadly  agree  in  their  talle  as  to  Mdiridaal 
authors,  nor  would  make  a  perfeflly  fimilar  arrangement  of  iheir 
charaderiftics  and -relative  merits.  This  is,  therefore^  one  of 
Che  fubjcds  in  which  free  allowance  ought  to  be  given  as  well  as 
taken ;  and  however  we  may  difitr  }n  many  particulars  from 
Che  author  before  us,  we  (hall  be  far  from  magifterially  corrcd- 
iag  his  judgment  by  ours*  '. 

After  this  preliminary  remark,  we  proceed  tafay  that  the  title 
ef  this  canto  is  7%#  GartUn  ofBeamtjj  reprefented  as  one  of  tbe 
divtfioBS  of  the  Paradife  of  Tafte.  A  rapturous  dcfcriptioR  ef 
the  charms  of  this  enchanted  place  leads  to  a  view  of  its  inha- 
bitants, who  are  moftly  arranged  by  pairs.  This  arrangement, 
however,  feems  in  feme  meafure  founded  on  contraft  as  well  as 
refemblance ;  otherwife^  Terence  and  Fonuine  would  fearcelj 
compofe  the  firft  couple.  Theocritus  and  Oefner,  Aoacicoa 
and  Catullus,  Taflb  and  Guariniy  Racine  and  Rowe,  Horace 
and  Metaftafio,  and  Virgil  and  Pope,  are  the  other  poetical  pairs 
in  this  garden  :  but  the  uniformity  of  claflificatbn  H  broken  bj 
a  quatrain  of  pfofe  writers,  Xenophon,  Cicero,  AJdifon,  and 
Voltaire.  This  canto  is  chiefly  verfified  in  ten-fyllable-rhymr, 
which  Mr.  T.  manages  with  fufficient  harmony  and  ea(e.  Tbe 
following  lines  will  ferve  as  a  fj^tecimen  both  of  bis  painting 
and  his  verfe : 

'But  now  the  {;;1orioos  cavalcade  was  pafl» . 
And  we  the  dillant  river  gain'd  at  laft. 
To  which  no  torrent  gave  unwonted  force. 
Nor  rugged  rock  detain'd  its  gentle  courfe» 
But  fmooth  as  glafs  the  peacerul  waves  appear. 
For  ever  (ilcnt,  and  for  ever  dear. 
Acrofs  the  dream  one  fimpfe  arch  was  fltingt 
And  o'er  the  fTood  in  flendcr  beauty  hun^» 
Full  in  the  midll  of  which  we  pausM  awhile. 
And  turning  to  the  left  beheld  an  ide-— 
A  charming  ifle — which,  tho*  of  fmalleft  fiie. 
Yet  fixM,  and  lone  detained  enr  wond'ring  eyes  ^ 
For  lavilh  Nature  had  aflembled  there 
Whate'er  was  coHly,  brilliant,  rich,  and  rare; 
With  fweet  relu£Unce  there  the  baihful  rofe 
AppearM  her  virgin  beauties  to  difclofe. 
While  the  bold  tulip,  flaunting  by  her  fide, 
DifplayM,  unafk'd,  her  many-colour'd  pride ; 

Tliert 


} 


Mthcf 


Tbomroh^f  Paradifi  tf  T^JIt.  ^jy 

There  too  the  orange  fpread  Its  golden  blooni^ 
And  fili'd  the  circling  air  with  rich  per/ume ; 
Ard  there  the  gorgeous  peacock,  proud  and  vain« 
Show'd  the  broad  fpleodor  of  his  (larry  train  : 
Two  graceful  fwans,  in  pureft  white  array'd# 
Around  the  ifle  their  filver  circuit  made. 
And  Iris  over  all»  for  ever  yooag. 
Her  bright  unfading  arch  of  glory  flung* 
In  this  delicious  fpot,  by  Fate  confined, 
Paft  their  fweet  hours  two  Tuscan  Bards  refined : 
The  man  who  firfl  array 'd  in  tragic  haes 
The  fimpte  features  of  the  Paa'ral  Mufe, 
And  raifing  next  his  voice  to  war's  alarms. 
Sung  the  fuccefs  of  Godfrey's  pious  arms, 
AndT  A  N  c  a  t  D  's  lucklefs  Iove»  and  fair  A  ft  m  i  o  a*s  charms 
He  too  was  theriu  who  taught  his  Faithful  Swaxv 
A  Isnguaee  foreign  to  the  rural  plain ; 
And  whole  refinement  decked  each  brilliant  part 
M^ith  mjuch  of  nature^  but  with  more  of  art. 
Which  always  charmed  the  ear,  and  fometimes  reach 
,         heart.' 

7%t  Vali  ofPitf  is  the  title  of  Canto  IV.  It  is  charaaerifti- 
rally  written  in  the  elegiac  meafure,  and  prefents  elegant  por- 
traitures of  the  following  groupes  and  fimple  figures— Sappho, 
Tibuilus,  Petrarch,  and  Shenftone  \  Offian  alone ;  Euripides 
and  Otway ;  Sophocles,  Soutberne,  and  Crebillon ;  Sterne 
alone ;  Richardfon,  Roufleau,  and  Gothe* 

Canto  V.  Mcribes  Tbt  ffotife  of  RiJiculi.  It  is  chiefly  writ- 
ten in  the  fiiort  meafure  of  Butler  and  Swift,  and  aims  (we 
chink,  with  little  fuccefs)  at  the  broad  doggrel  of  the  one,  and 
the  natural  familiarity  of  the  other.  The  inhabitants  of  this 
houfe  are  Ariftophanes,  Plautus,  and  Rabelais ;  Martial  and 
Congreve ;  Juvenal  and  Boileau  ;  Lucian  and  Swift ;  Butler 
and  Prior  j  Cervantes,  Moliere,  and  Fielding.  We  confefs 
that  we  admire  this  the  lead  of  any  of  the  compartments  of  iafli; 
and  furcly  the  author  was  himfelf  little  under  its  influence,  when 
be  feated  the  firft  three  of  his  comic  heroes  to  a  mefs  of  hot 
porridge,  which  they  amufe  themfelves  by  throwing  into  each 
other's  face.  We  (hould  defire  to  know,  too,  were  the  queftiont 
worth  aflcing,  how  he  makes  Chlo^  rhyme  to  joy^  and  what  au- 
thority he  has  for  the  pronunciation  of  philofipbic  F 

Thi  MpuHtaln  of  Sublimity  fuccecds,  in  Canto  VI.      It  is 

Gropled  by  Statius  and  Young,  Lucan  and  Corneille ;  Plato, 
emofthenes,  and  Longinus ;  Lucretius,  Thomfon,  and 
AkenGde  ;  Pindar,  Dryden,  and  Gray  ;  Homer  and  Milton. 
Thefe  perfonages  are  chara6terifed  with  more  good  fcnfe  than 
poetry,  the  writer's  flat  blank  verfe  being  a  vtry  unfavourable 
vehicle  for  the  fublimity  of  conception  which  would  naturally  ad- 

U  3  here 


here  to  the  fubjed.  We  Ihall  take  the  libeitr  of  foggdBng  thit 
the  term  ruffiJ  is  not  properly  applied  to  Lucan%  verfe;  for, 
though  be  is  often  jrxtravagant  In  bis  conceptions,  and  barfh  in 
his  conftrufiion,  his  verfification  is  ufuall j  fmoodi  and  correft. 
Th^  writer^  idea  of  poetical  excellence  makes  him  rife  in  a 
climax  from  the  beautiful  and  fublime  to  the  fiinctful ;  and  his 
Vllth  and  laft  canto  is  entitled  Th  Ifiani  •fFmia.  Of  this  be  has 
snade  a  very  pleaiing  allegorical  fcene,  exhibited  in  the  ftansa  of 
Spenfer.  The  poet  and  his  guide  are  wafted  bj  t  Uving 
winged  bark  to  the  wondrous  fpot.  We  (hall  copy  fome  of  the 
defcription : 

«  Encourag'd  thas*  away  my  fears  I  threw. 
And  faw»  withoat  dtfmay*  the  ftrangeft  fight 
Was  ever  yet  reveai'd  to  mortal  view ; 
Two  Sons,  at  once,  in  Heaven's  meridian  heigbtS 
Of  eaual  fpleodor  and  of  eoua!  mieht*- 
Boc  oh !  what  tongue  can  all  the  gbriet  tell* 
With  which  their  inflocnce  clothed  that  land  of  Bght» 
Or  from  each  bnmiog  orb  what  ardors  fell. 
Where  Heat's  whole  ftreagth  appeared  omnipotent  to  dwdl  f 

*  No  common  warmth,  indeed,  had  equal  been 
To  tinge  the  grafs  which  there  loxuriant  grew. 
Not,  as  in  other  lands,  of  vulesr  green* 

But  painted  rich  with  many  a  briHiant  hue. 

From  the  fierce  crimfon  to  the  gentle  bine. 

Nor  lefs  of  wonder  did  each  fiew'r  dtfclofe 

That  met  our  eyes,  of  fliape  and  colour  new ; 

The  lily  there  in  purple  beauty  glows, 

Jjid  there,  with  thorns  unarmed,  appears  the  aanre  refe. 

«  Nor  were  the  trees  like  thofe  of  other  foils ; 
Eadi  barren  branch  wasTOugh  with  golden  ore. 
And  each  prolific  blnih'd  with  precious  fpoils ; 
The  pluni  with  fapphire  fruit  was  cover'd  o'er. 
And  emeralds  the  vine  and  rubies  bore ; 
Each  auiv'riog  leaf  was  a  melodious  toneue. 
That  Kill  untir'd  the  fweetcft  notes  could  pour ; 
And  ev'ry  bird  that  on  the  branches  hung. 
Accordant  to  the  found,  in  human  accent  fungf* 

•  The  rivers  here  no  vulgar  boons  beftow'd  ;^ 
Some  taught  their  yellow  wares  with  gold  to  (hine. 
While  fome  with  honey,  milk,  and  neair  flow'dt* 
And  others,  rolling  down  the  richeft  wine. 


«  *  K«i  fb»  o^<x» f4oi  ^vo fof  iSxui/f  ^o««.    Euripides,  BACCH.916.' 

<  f  Vola  fra  gli  altri  un  cbe  le  piume  ha  fparte,  &c. 

Tasso,  GiBR.  Lib.  C.  xvi.  St.  13.* 

<  \  Flumina  jam  laAisj  jam  flumioa  nefiaris  ibant. 

QviD.  Mbt.  Lib.  I.» 

Supplied 


ThamfotCs  PafttUfi  rfTufii.  179 

Supplied  their  happy  Lords  with  draughts  divine. 

Nor  lefs  the  moantatns  huge  did  our's  itirpsfs; 

One  feemM  of  glictVing  gold  a  folid  mine. 

Of  iron  one,  and  one  of  burnt(h*d  brafs. 

Of  ragged  diamond  fome,  and  fome  of  polifh'd  g1a(&. 

'  Thus  far  had  Fancy  wild  her  frolics  play'd 
Withb  the  range  of  Matter's  lifclefs  reign; 
But  wonders  wilder  fttll  we  now  furvey'd^  i 

'  Encircled  fudden  by  chat  endlefs  train 
Of  monftrous  (hapes  which  ancient  fables  fefgn. 
Extended  there  the  hideous  Hound  of  Hell 
Pour'd  from  his  triple  throat  reproaches  vain ; 
There  (hook  their  fnaky  curls  the  Virgins /ell  *9 
And  made  each  Uving  lock  with  deadljr  venom  fweli. 

*  To  meet  us  next  a  motley  monfter  came. 
The  Lion»  Goat  and  Snake  in  one  combin'4 ; 
The  brutal  Bull  here  (harM  the  hnman  frame; 
And  with  his  Rider  there  the  Horfe  was  join'd. 
Another  Steed  of  Nature's  genuine  kind 

In  th^efe  flrange  dimes  my  chief  attention  drew ; 
But  while  my  feet  a  near  approach  deHgn'd, 
He  ftretch'd  two  pinions  wide»  and  upward  fleWf 
And  (bar'd  among  the  clouds,  beyond  my  dazzled  view. 

*  But  now  to  human  forms*  we  tumM  our  e/tos. 
Of  (hape,  and  fize»  and  fubfhmce  manifold ; 
The  Prince  immoveable  with  marble  thiehs  t» 
The  Groom  of  f!»*-n«  refiftlefs.  iron  mold. 

And  the  fierce  Carle  composed  of  pureft  gold  ; 

The  Pygmies  there  we  faw  in  dwarfiih  bands. 

And  all  the  haughty  brood  of  Giants  old. 

From  him  in  whofe  broad  front  his  lone  eye  (lands. 

To  him  who  threatens  Heav'n,  and  waves  his  hundred  hands  %.  * 

The  human  perfonages  with  whom  he  meets  in  the  ifland  are 
Ovid,  Ariofto,  and  Spenfer;  ^fchylus,  Dante,  Lee,  and 
Collins ;  and  finally,  Shakfpeare  alone.  That  Lee  (hould  be 
honoured  with  a  place  here,  merely  for  ranting  the  mad  Alex- 
ander, will  probably  furprife  the  reader :  but  that  the  climax 
of  pc«tical  powers  (hould  finifh  with  Shakfpeare,  will  gratify 
every  true  Englifliman.  The  reafon  for  which  the  author 
has  feated  our  great  bard  in  the  ifland  of  Fancy,  rather  than  on 

'  *  CaaBBRVs  and  the  Gorgons  are  here  alluded  to,  and  in  the 
next  ftanza  are  introduced  the  Chimara,  the  Minotaur,  and 
the  Centaur  of  antiquity,  along  with  the  Hippogri?  of 
Ariosto.' 

*  t  For  this  Prince  fee  the  Arabian  Talbs;— for  the  Man  of 
Iron,  the  Fairy  Quebn,  B.  v.  C.  i.  St.  12.— The  Golden  Man 
is  alfo  from  Spensbr,  B.  ii.  C*  vii.  St.  40/ 

'  t  PoLTFHBMUs  and  BaiARBUS/ 

U4  the 


98o  Holi'i  View  of  the  Jgrtculture  $f  Lancajbtre. 

the  hill  of  Sublimity,  or  in  the  regions  of  pathos,  is  given  by 
the  poet  in  thefe  lines ;  which  nnay  be  regarded  as  his  criticiJ 
profe /Hon  of  faith  :    . 

*  For  every  line  illum'd  by  Fancy's  ray 

Muft  ftill  be  priz'd,  by  thofc  of  genuine  tafte. 

Beyond  the  fprightly,  fwect,  or  lofty  lay. 

And  ev'n  from  raflion's  page  will  bear  the  palm  away.' 

Another  (lanza  difmifles  the  vifion,  and  ends  the  work ;  and 
we  (hall,  likewife,  dofe  our  account  of  it,  by  briefly  obfenr- 
ing  that  it  has  on  the  whole  afForded  us  much  cntenainmenr, 
and  imprefTed  us  with  a  very  rtfpeSful  idea  of  the  talents  and 
learning  pf  the  author ;  though  we  cannot  fafely  rtcommend 
him,  either  from  his  judgment  or  his  execution,  as  a  fupreme 
arbiter  of  tafte.  Be  it,  however,  repeated  and  remembered  that 
this  is  only  opinion  ver/us  opinion,  in  a  fuit  in  which  final  feo'* 
tence  is  not  likely  to  be  pronounced.  Though  Tafte  may 
have  acknowleged  laws,  it  has  a  fupreme  court  of  appeal,  in 
which  the  votes  are  too  numerous  ever  to  b?  cotledcd  i  for  it 
confifts  of  every  human  being, 

A  a  T.  XI.  General  Vienv  ef  the  Agriculture  tf  the  County  tf  Lancafter  : 
with  Obfervations  on  the  Means  of  its  improvement.  Drawn  op 
for  the  Confider^tion  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  internal  Im- 
provement, from  the  Communications  of  Mr.  John  Holt*  of  Wal- 
ton, near  Liverpool;  and  the  additional  Remarjcs of  fe vera!  re- 
fpe£lable  Gentlemen  a^d  Farmers  in  the  County.  8vo.  pp.  241. 
5s.  fewed.     Nicol.     1795. 

THIS  being  the  firft  of  a  feries  of  publications  oh  the  fame 
fubjed«,  and  on  the  (ameplan,  it  requires,  at  our  hands, 
more  than  ufual  attention. 

Though  the  inftitution  of  a  Board  of  Agriculture  was  de« 
voutly  t6  be  wifhed,  yet  we  had  but  flcnder  expedation,  when 
the  plan  was  firil  agitated  in  Parliament,  that  it  would  have  been 
•  fo  readily  and  fo  abruptly  carried  into  effedt.  Wheels  within 
wheels,  however,  and  caufes  of  various  kinds,  but  with  which 
literary  critics  have  no  concern,  brought  the  fcheme  to  bear  { 
and  fetting  afide  all  intriguing  or  party  motives,  let  every  man, 
who  has  the  permanent  welfare  of  his  country  at  heart,  lend  his 
bcft  fupport  to  this  fociety. 

The  objcft  of  an  inftitution  of  this  nature,  we  conceive,  is 
fwofold  ;— that  of  ^fcertainirg  the  political  ftate  of  thecountrv 
in  rcfp^ft  to  its  rural  aflTairs,  with  the  intent  of  being  enabled, 
asoccafions  may  require,  to  farni(h  Parliament  with  data^for 
.  their  deliberations ;— and  that  of  examining  into  its  acricultural 
ftate,  in  order  that  the  theory  and  pradlice  of  agrictilture  naj 
if  prt)aiOted  with  greater  facility  ^nd  effefl. 

T# 


Hoh*i  FiifV  ifihi  Agrlcnkwn  9/  LuncaJKn.  %t  i 

'To  forward  thefe  intentions,  the  Board  was  wife,  we  thinks 
at  the  outfet,  in  endeavouring  to  collect  fa£ls,«*-for  their  own 
government,  in  the  iirft  inftance ; — for  the  information  of 
Parliament,  or  the  executive  power,  whenever  the  occaflons  of 
ftate  may  call  for  them,  in  the  fecond  ; — and,  in  the  end,  for 
the  ufe  of  the  prafiical  farmer. 

The  firft  ftep  taken  by  the  Board  was  to  put  into  the  hands 
of  intelligent  praAical  men,  if  they  could  find  fuch,— or  inta 
thofe  of  other  intelligent  individuals,— certain  inftru^ions,  and 
a  lift  of  inquiries  to  be  made  in  the  different  counties  of  the 
united  kingdoms :  from  each  of  which,  we  underftand,  (a 
very  few  excepted,}  they  have  confequently  received  a  nport. 
Thefe  feveral  reports  have  been  prmted,  for  the  ufe  of  the 
Members  of  the  Board,  and  for  the  purpofe  of  diftributing  in 
the  counties  to  which  they  refpedively  appertain  ;  and  they  are 
at  preient  re»printing  for  public  perufal.  Thefe.  publifhed 
re«prints  are  what  now  demand  our  attention. 

The  primary  objeft  of  our  confideration  is  the  Plan  of 
thefe  reports ;  for  we  are  told  that  <  the  other  reports  will 
be  re*printed  in  the  fame  manner.*— We  can  readily  conceive 
that  the  labour  of  fyftematizing  a  fubjeA  fo  extenfive  as  that 
which  the  Board  have  admitted  within  the  pale  of  their  plan» 
and  this  without  any  affiftance  from  prior  writers  on  the  fame 
fubje^ty  muft  be  extremely  arduous )  and,  under  circumftances 
fo  embairaffing,  we  could  have  beftowed  fome  praife  on  the 
plan  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  as  a  firft  attempt  t-^ 
but  how  the  Board  could  adopt  ffuch  a  deformity  as  the  plan 
which  they  here  expofe  to  public  view,  while  they  doubtlefa 
had  before  them  a  regular  whole,  which,  to  our  knowlege^ 
has  now  ftood  the  teft  of  nearly  twenty  years,  and  to  which, 
we  believe,  no  objection  has  yet  been  made,  we  are  at  a  lofs 
even  to  conjedure.  This  part  of  their  undertaking,  the  plan 
of  furveying  by  di(lri«Sls,  is  evidently  that  on  which  Mr.  Mar- 
ihall  has  been  employed  for  many  years ;  and  the  chapters  and 
fe£lions  of  their  plan  of  publication  are  likewife  adopted  from 
his  works. 

In  the  geographical  defcription  of  the  county,  the  Board 
have  retained  Mr.  M.'s  fubdivifions.  On  the  management  of 
cftates,  too,  as  contra- di(lin£t  from  agriculture,  we  recognize 
many  of  his  fubjeds ;  with  the  chapter  on  implements  mixed 
among  them*  Next  follow  arable  lands  and  grafs,  and  after 
ihem  woodlands  and  plantations*  After  thefe,  the  fedions  on 
manuring,  weeding,  and  watering,  are  inferted.  Next  follows 
the  chapter  on  livcrftock  ;  and,  after  this  chapter  xiv.  Rural 
Economy  I  compnfin^  labour^  firvants^  labourers^  hours  of  labour^ 
^c,  here  placed  far  away  fiom  impUmints^  and  the  operations 

oi 


•f  agriculture !«» Whether  we  fliould  foiile  firft'  at  the  arrange* 
snent,  or  at  the  title,  of  this  chapter,  it  would  be  difficult  to 
fay.  If  an  unlettered  farmer,  or  one  of  his  workmen,  had 
conceived  that  there  was  fome  fort  of  affinity  or  relationfliip 
between  rural  economy  and'  rural  frugality  t  an  excufe  would 
readily  have  been  granted  to  him  :--but  it  is  fcarcely  poffible 
that  a  committee  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  couM  fall  into 
fuch  an  error;  unlefs,  indeed,  they  have  confounded  rw^l 
economy  with  domeftie  economy, — the  arrangemma  and  aM- 
mtgimmt  of  an  houfehold  with  the  inrangimnits  and  mmtagnmnt 
of  a  landed  eftate, — of  a  fuite  of  woodlands  and  plantations,— 
or  of  a  farm.  Even  this  is  not  probable.  We  therefore  con- 
clude that  the  title  of  this  fubaltern  chapter  has  fome  meaning 
in  it  which  does  not  readily  appear  to  the  mind  of  the  reader* 

From  the  general  plan,  we  now  pais  to  the  particular  report 
before  us.  Should  not  the  Board  have  favoured  the  public  with 
fome  account  of  the  pretenfions  of  their  furveyor,  to  the  arduous 
taik  which  he  has  undertaken  ?  All  that  we  can  colleA,  from 
the  volume  itfelf,  does  not  fatis^  us  that  he  has  either  an  ex- 
tenfive  praSical  knowlege,  or  an  enlarged  theoretic  compre* 
henfion,  of  any  ooc  of  the  three  principal  branches  of  rural 
economy  on  which  he  has  undertaken  to  convey  informatioa. 
In  Horticubun^  it  (hould  feem,  the  furveyor  has  had  fome  es« 
perience ;  and  we  meet  with  feveral  remarks,  by  a  Mr.  Harper, 
oo  ^griiubwri^  which  appear  to  be  the  refult  of  cxtenfive 
prafiice. 

In  endeavouring  to  convey  to  our  readers  fome  idea  of  the 
«laim  which  the  volume  under  review  has  to  public  attention, 
we  win  firft  point  out  a  few  of  its  more  ftriking  defeds,  and 
then  endeavour  to  do  juftice  to  the  more  valuable  partt  of  its 
contents. 

As  a  fpecimen  of  the  editorial  pretenfions  of  this  literary 
produfiion,  we  copy  the  two  following  pailages,  which  occupy 
parts  of  the  fame  page  (the  26th),  being  feparated  only  by  a 
few  lines : 

«  Theory  and  praAice,  it  mud  be  confeHed,  are  perpetoally  at  va- 
riaiice>  as  well  in  Agriculture  as  many  other  purfoics.  It  might  at 
irft  fight  appear*  that  the  cuAom  of  granting  leaf^s  for  three  lives  (a 
tenure  that  ^ivei  fuch  probable  fecurity  to  a  tenant)  would  exdte  a 
degree  of  fpirit  of  imprpvement  amoBgtt  the  holders  of  thefe  ceonrei. 
Experience  however  proves  the  co|>trary  fad — For  leafeholds  upon 
lives  are  generally  under  the  moft  wretched  cultivation.  Eafy  rents 
may  have  produced  a  carelcfs  indolence,  and  hence  an  averfion  to  ea- 
tcrprize.' — 

•  The  ancient  cuflom  of  granting  leafes  for  three  lives  is  beginaiag 
to  difappear :  It  Ihould  feem  probable  that  this  tenare,  whicb  graatt 
fo  much  fecurity  to  the  tenant,  would  naturally  excite  a  liberal  aad 

enterprifijig 


Holt'i  FUm  9fibi  JpiailiMin  rf  Unatjtin.         183 

'  fpirit  of  balbaadiy:  fA  however  prove*  the  reverie  of 
the  piopofitoD;  thp  aodenc  leaiehold  eCbtet  being  ahfloft  univerfall^ 
ift  0  wretched  fUti  of  culdvation*  beyond  all  comparycm  lefs  produc- 
tive thin  thofe  held  npoa  (horter  tenurei.  fiafy  renu»  fecure  poC- 
ftfion,  and  good  land>  have  lulled  the  leafeholderi  into  a  cardefs  in. 
Arfenee,  aa  averfion  to  enterprise.* 

We  have  noted  other  pidEigei  of  a  (imllar  nature,  but  noiur 
Aat^ftruck  us  fo  fbrdblj  at  the  above.  Such,  however,  ia 
the  eSimation  of  a  reviewer,  are  venial  defers,  compared  with 
that  of  a  total  want  of  every  means  of  reference :  there  is  no 
tMi  rf cmUnts^-^no  running  l/liSr,— no  index!  to  affift  him  in 
his  bbours,  and  alleviate  his  toil ;  which,  to  comprehend  fully 
the  chaotic  mafs  now  under  analyfis,  is  aJmoft  intolerable*  If 
we  paft  over  the  other  volumes  of  the  intended  feries  more 
nightly  than  fimie  of  our  readers  may  think  we  fliould,  the  dif- 
ficulty of  a  more  clofe  infpeAion  muft  plead  our  excufe. 

The  fblIowin|  extrafis,  from  the  chapter  on  Grafs^  wiQ 
ihew  how  little  %e  countv  of  Lancafter  1%  calculated  to  affohl 
Taloablc  fsAs  to  the  Board  of  /gncultun: 

<  Although  there  is  a  aixtore  of  arable  and  grafs  land,  yet  the 
latter  mnft  greatly  preponderatej  and  that  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  it 
has  been  fiequencly  aflerted,  that  the  com  raifed  in  Lancalhire  P'oold 
.not  fiipport  .the  inhabiunts  more  than  three  monthi  in  the  year ;  fo 
that  the  eafieft  way  of  obtaining  corn,  until  the  county  is  improved^ 
is  to  porchafe  it  at  other  markets. 

'  The  lands  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  great  towns  are  chiefly 
employed  in  paftiirage ;  at  a  remoter  difbince*  in  paftarage  and  mea- 
dowa  lomenie  qoantides  of  hay  being  requiGte  for  the  number  of 
horfes  and  cows  kept  therein.  Near,  fome  places*  fuch  as  Bolton^ 
befides  the  demand  tor  lands  under  hay  and  grafs,  a  great  number  of 
meres  are  occupied  as  b]eachin|;  grounds ;  and  throughout  the  whole 
of  the  county  there  are,  in  different  places,  many  acres  of  rich  land« 
covered  with  yam,  or  cloth,  under  various  operations.' — 

«  At  this  ^riod  (17^5)  the  diminution  of  arable  land  is  likely  to 
become  a  fenous  calamity  to  the  nation  at  large.  The  converfion  of 
and>le  land  into  gtafs  in  this  county  may  be  imputed  cofeven  caufes.— 
1  ft.  The  enormous  and  immoderate  wages  to  be  obtained  in  the  ma« 
BofaAories,  wUch  has  wrefled  the  arm  of  induftry  from  the  plough.-^ 
ad.  The  conieqnent  encreafe  of  the  poor  rates,  becaufe  the  manufac* 
tones  do  not  fnpport  their  own  poor ;  and  the  maoufadurers,  if  out 
of  empbyment,  when  fick,  or  infirm,  or  aged,  are  fupported  by 
Smxis  u^itd  ufm  agriiuhurg. — 3d.  By  all  capitals  being  veded  in-  the 
fvorking  ctiCton  blead  of  raifing  corn.«— 4th.  To  the  stry  abfurd  ro« 
tation  of  crops  ofed  throughout  the  county. — 5th.  To  the  barbarous 
caftom  of  keeping  the  fame  land  too  long  under  the  plough.' 

How,  then,  could  the  refpeftable  Board  feleA  this,  from  the 

either  counfies  of  £ngland,  to  be  fent  into  the  world  as  the 

barbioger  of  their  fu^efsful  Jabours  ?  Lancafhire  has  long  been 

11  a  celebrated 


aS4  flolt'i  ViiW  o/thi  Agrtcuhun  of  Lmuaflnn^ 

A  celebrated  feat  of  mmivfa^uri  .'—but,  except  in  the  culture 
of  potatoes, 'it  has  never  ftood  forwards  in  any  branch  of  culU' 
witUn ;  and  its  pretenfions  as  a  grazing  county  will  appear  ia 
tht  following  (hort  e>ctra£l  from  p.  184  : 

<  The  principal  fatting  didriAs  in  this  county  ar^  from  Claoghtoa 
to  Hornby,  a  rich  pafture  there  called  the  Holmes,  and  from  thence 
tkroagh  that  fertile  vale  as  far  as  Kirkby  Lonfdate*  ;  alfofome  gen- 
tlemen's parks,  and  private  xnclofures,  but  the  whole  of  theic  amOoat 
to  a  mere  trifle,  compared  to  the  confumption  requifite.  The  dei- 
ciency  ts  made  up  from  the  counties  of  Weflmoreland,  Durham, 
Yorkfhire,  Lincolnfhire,  Derbyfhire,  and  Shropfhire;  the  principalicy 
of  Wales,  the  kingdoms  of  Ireland  and  Scotland  are  alio  applied  te, 
to  fopply  the  county  of  Lancafter  with  beef  and  mutton.  The 
county  itfelf  furniflies  a  stxy  fmall  proportion  of  the  bread  and  meit 
a£^ually  confuroed  there.  Nay,  the  poultry  and  the  pigeons  are  fup- 
plied  from  diftant  parts/ 

We  will  next  produce  a  fpecimen  or  two  of  what  fttlt  within 
the  departnnent  of  authorfliip.  In  a  prefixed  advertifeoienti 
the  Board  difclaims  all  refponfibility,  in  the  following  words: 
^  It  i»  proper  at  the  fame  time  to  add,  that  the  Board  does  not 
confider  itfelf  refponfible,  for  any  {zOl  or  obfervation  contained 
in  the  Reports  thus  re-printed,  as  it  is  impoflible  toconfider 
them  yet  in  a  perfed  ftate.'  If  the  Board  be  not  refponfiblCi 
CO  whom  (hall  the  public  look  for  refponfibility  ?  If  the  work 
bey// imperfed:,  when  may  the  public  expcA  to  fee  it  other- 
wife  ?  The  furveyor  may  be  faid  to  be  refponfible  to  the  Board 
for  his  own  maniifcript,  but  certainly  not  to  the  puhHo  for  the 
reft  of  the  compilation.  The  publication  is  profcfTcdlv  that  of 
the  Board  ;  from  whom,  as  men  of  fcience,  the  following 
round  aflertions  might  not,  perhaps,  have  been  expe£)ed: 
(P.  125.)  '  Hereforddiirc  is  all  marie;'  (P.  126)  *  Corfe 
Lawn  and  the  Forell  of  D<.an,  in  Gloucefterfhire,  are  all 
snarle.'  Now  in  He  re  ford  (hire,  and  round  Corfe  Lawn,  there 
is  much  red  clay,  which  is  cnlUd  marie,  and  feme  of  it  is  of  a 
calcareous  nature:  but  very  little  of  it  indeed  is  fufSciently  fo 
to  entitle  it  to  the  name  of  marie,  fuch  as  is  found  in  Norfolk 
and  Lancafhire  (which,  with  many  others,  are  here  con- 
founded). Corfe  Lawn  itfelf  is  moftlv  lime-flone;  fupplying 
the  country,  many  miles  round,  with  lime  for  the  ufes  of  buf- 
bandry:  on  the  Foreft  of  Dean,  too,  there  is  much  lime- 
Aone:— but,  \\  it  were  becoming  to  make  broad  aflertions,  u« 
would  fay— there  is  not  a  load  of  nalmarU  in  the  foreft. 

'  *  A  calculation  has  been  made  by  two  perfons,  who  IceiD  com- 
petent for  fuch  work,  by  knowing  every  farm,  its  fize,  and  nearly 
the  number  of  flock  kept  on  each  ;  and  their  account  is  a«0C0  head  ojf 
horned  cattle,  and  5,000  of  iheep.' 

Thf 


HoI(*i  View  tf  thi  Agrltuhwri  0/  Loneafinfi.         AS j 

The  Board  (for  we  muftconfider  it  as  rerponfible,)  is  equal- 
ly unfortunate  in  the  Specimen  of  Botany.  A  lift  of  eight 
gemrM  of  grades  is  printed ;  as  the  <  nahies  of  the  grades  mod 
common  m  the  hay  grafs  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Oldham  y 
given  by  two  members  of  the  BotsCnical  Society  there  ;'p-^page 
230}  and  alfo  of  fivcgemra ;  fome  of  which  are  *  very  com<* 
mon,'  others  *  not  very  common/  in  the  ^  paSure  lands'  of  the 
fame  neighbourhood  ;— without  identifying  the  fpiciti.,  OC 
the  genus  atuboxanthum^  it  is  true,  we  have  only  one  fpecies, 
and  of  Jaffylisj  bolcusy  and  hlium^  only  two  fpecies  each  :  but 
of  t%aftftuca^  bromus^  and  avena,  various  are  the  fpecies,  and 
various  their  properties  in  agriculture.  The  genus  fe/tucJ^  for 
inftance,  contains,  among  a  variety  of  others,  the  bard  ftfcut 
or  black  couch,  (a  mean  herbage,  where  any  thing  elfe  will 
grow,)  the  nuadow fefcnt^  gne  of  our  bed  meadow  grades,  and 
the  fitte  fijiue^  in  whofe  praifemuch  has  been  written  with  pro* 
priety.  Vet,  which  of  thefe  three  fpecies, — or  whether  any 
one  of  ihem  oc  not, — is  found  very  common  in  the  hay 
grounds  of  Oldham,  we  know  only  by  conjedlure.  it  is  not 
printing  any.  thing  and  every  thing  that  '\%  fenc  to  it,  which  can 
cftabliu  the  reputation  of  the  Board  in  the  C6utts  of  Literature^ 
or  render  their  labours  beneficial  to  the  public. 

Enough  of  blemilhes,  however,  to  which  thettl' might  be  no 
end.  We  therefore  proceed  to  examine  the  fairer  fide  of  this 
prodaflion. 

It  was  on  the  culture  9f  the  potatoe,  as  we  have  before  in- 
timated, that  we  were  1^  to  exped  ufeful  information  in  a  re- 
port of  the  agriculture  of  LaAcafhire;  and  in  this  refpedl  we 
have  not  been  difappointed* 

In  the  feAioti  on  C%'ifK7//<  we  Arid  the  following  curious  in- 
formation refpcAing  the  fotdt'dei  which  has  here  reached  a  re^ 
finement  of  cuhure  ;  and  wht<ih',  in  earfy  fpring.  Would  feem, 
from  the  prices  then  given  for  Ut  to  be  an  article  of  luxury. 

'  The  follop^g  particylacs  wcfe  taken  from  the  meoioranda  of  D. 
Daulby,  Efq.  Birch  Houfe«  Liverpool,  refpe^ting  fome  articles  pro-> 
doced  on  the  grounds  of  Mr.  Hill,  of  WaJlafey,  in  Chefliire,  about 
three  onilet  from  Liverpool.  The  articles  mentioned  were  for  the 
Liverpool  market,  the  dates  correfponding  to  the  two  days  in  the 
week  on  which  the  market  is  held,  Wednelday  or  Sziturday.  It  may 
be  worthy  of  remark,  that  there  is  a  general  llrife  betwixt  the  Kirk* 
dale  and  Wallafey  gardeners,  who  can  produce  the  firfl  early  pocatoa 
at  Liverpool  market.  They  generally  fucceed  both  on  the  fame  day. 
In  the  year  1 790  the  Chef^re  gardener  had«  however,  the  liart  b/ 
nearly  a  whole  week. 

•    EARLY    POTATOES. 

1766.  June  7,    20 lb.  fold  for  5y.  and  6/.  per  lb. 

1767.  June  69      3  lb.  fold  for  14^.  in  the  whole. 

1769. 


a86         HfAest^um$ftUj^naikkti$fU9taf^ 

1768.  Mty  i4»  81b.  fold  /or  4/.  8A 

1769.  May  13,  2  lb.  fold  for  i  /• 

1770.  Majr  23>  2  lb.  for  3/. 

1771.  May  i8»  fib.  for  ix. 
1772*  May  139       lib.  fotzu6d. 

•  N.  ^.— From  this  period  the  early  potatoes  have  been  regolarff 
fold  for  is.6d.  per  lb.  when  firft  hrbaght  to  market. 

•  After  thif  period  the  Regifter  was  expended  to  the  following  ar- 
ticlea;  namely* 

ASPARAGUS.  POTATOBS.  GOOSIMKAHS. 

1774-  3»  50.  9- 

177c.  I.  19.  Apruao. 

1776.  6.  17.  May  2. 

1777.  4.  24.  12. 

1778.  II.  1^4  g. 

1779.  March  S7*  3.  April  lO, 
1780*         April  15.                         20«  Mav  6. 

1781.  March  31.  14.  April  21. 

1782.  May  4«  May  XI.  May  i8. 

1783.  AprB  12.  i»  Anril  30. 

1784.  May  8.  I7»  May  u. 
178c.        April  23.                         14.  i8. 

1786.  22.  I3»  lO. 

1787.  March  28.  April  it.  April  28. 
1788*         AprOig*                May  II.  May /« 

1789.  1 8.  9.  9.      ' 

1790.  3*  April  3.  April  24. 

1791.  9*  16.  2j. 

1792.  7.  t$.  If.      ' 

1793.  May  I.  May  11.  May  tfg. 

1794.  April  19*  April  la.  April  b8» 

•  From  the  above  Regifter  kippcarsj  that  die  diSmiicc  between 
an  early  or  Utefpring  is  not  le(s  than  fix  weeks  t  i*g. 

ASPARAGUS.  rOTATOBS.         QOOSSaBRftlBS.    . 

1789.      March  27.  April  3.  Aprjl  so. 

1784.  May  8.  May  ty.  May  sa« 

•  From  thb  Regifter  may  alfe  be  traced,  tbe  improved  cnldtradon  of 
the  early  potatoe  opon  common  groond :  bot  the  potatoe  at  prefent 
may  be  truly  fiud  to  be  raifed  the  whold  year  throoghodt*  by  tJie  new 
method  of  headng  the  ftoves  with  fteam.  Mr.  Botler»  gardener 
to  the  Earl  of  Derby,  at  hu  feat  at  Knowfleyt  has  pradifed  uia  tee 
time  s  and  Mr.  Collins,  late  his  lordfliip's  gardener,  who  has  gronnd 
near  Liverpool,  had,  under  glaftfcs,  forced  by  the  lieat  of  fteam* 
Chriftmas,  1794»  nearly,  as  he  calcinated,  one  cwt.  of  potatoes,  ready 
to  take  up.  But  he  obferved,  that  the  procefs  by  fleam  was  ttx>  ejc« 
penfive  to  afford  any  profit  at  the  price  they  were  ufually  fold. 

'  it  wilt  at  this  day  fcarcely  be  cretditcd,  that  when  potatoes  begad 
to  be  brought  to  market  fo  early  as  June,  the  gardeners  were  under  the 
neceility  of  bringing  the  ftems  adhering  to  the  potatoes,  for  without 
this  no  purchafer  could  be  obtained. 

«  A  gentle- 


Hd^s  Vim  9fth€  HgrmAmre  rfLamttJtirt.  287 

*  A  mdeman  who  has  been  particalarly  iittentive  to  this  fabjed, 
bbTenrea  that*  in  this  northern  diftrid»  aotumnal  feeds  reqoire  to  be 
conmitted  to  the  earth  one  fortnight  ac  lead  earlier  than  is  recon- 
ineDded  by  Mawe,  in  his  Kalendar.' 

In  the  fefiion  on  Coitagis^  we  have  an  account  oF  a  method 
(an  old  one)  of  laying  the  young  fhoots  of  pptaioiSf  by  fprending 
cbero  on  the  furface,  and  covering  them,  from  time  to  time, 
with  foil :  thus  multiplying  the  number  of  roots. 

In  the  article  Potatoesy  the  ordinary  culture  is  given  in  detail. 
We  find,  little,  however,  here,  that  is  new,  or  that  requires 
notice;  except  that,  in  the  fubdivifion  produa^  we  find  the  foU 
Ipwing  account  of  r^ijmg  early  potatoes.  As  it  appears  to  be 
new,  we  copy  it : 

«  Upon  the  fame  ground,  from  which  a  crop  has  uTready  been 
taken*  the  early  feed  potatoes  are  in  fome  places  afterwards  planted  { 
which,  after  being  got  up  abont  November*  are  immediately  cut  up 
into  lets,  and  preferved  in  oat  (hells  *,  or  faw-duft,  where  they  re- 
main till  March*  when  they  are  planted,  after  having  had  one  fpit 
taken  off,  and  planted  with  anotner*  of  a  length  fuffiaent  to  appear 
«Aiove  gronnd  in  the  fpace  of  a  week. 

*  Bat  the  moil  approved  method  is*  to  cat  the  fets,  and  pet  them 
OD  a  room-floor*  where  a  ftrongr  current  .of  air  can  be  introduced  ac 
pleafure,  the  fets  !aid  thinner*  viz.  about  a  lays  in  depth,  and  covered 
with  the  like  maierials*  (fhells  or  faw-duft)  abQut  2  inches  thick: 
tUs  fc'reeas  them  from  ihe  winter  frofb,  and  keeps  them  moderately 
warm,  caniing  them  to  vegetate ;  but  at  the  fame  time  admits  air  to 
ftrengthen  them,  and  harden  their  (hoots*  which  the  cultivators  im* 
prove  by  opening  the  doors  and  windows  on  tvtry  opportunity  af- 
forded by  n.iid  foft  weather:  they  frequendy  examine  them,  and 
when  the  (hoots  are  fprung  an  inch  and  a  half*  or  2  inches,  they  care- 
lolly  remove  one  half  of  their  covering*  with  a  wooden  rake*  or  with 
the  hands*  taking  care  not  to  diftarb*  or  break*  the  (hoots..  Light 
is  reqnifite  as  well  as  air*  to  ftrengthen  and  e(labli(h  the  (hoots  ;  on 
which  account  a  green -houfe  has  the  advanuge  of  a  room,  but  a 
rcKMB  anfwers  very  well  with  a  good  window  or  two  in  it,  and  if  to 
the  fun  ftill  better. — In  this  manner  they  fuffcr  them  to  remain  till  the 
l^anting  feaibn*  givine  them  alPthe  air  poffible  by  the  doors  and  win- 
ifo-vs,  when  it  can  be  done  with  fafety  fromifroil:  by  this  method  the 
flioOts  at  the  top  become  green,  leaves  are  fprung,  and  are  moderately' 
hardy.  They  then  plant  them  in  rows*  in  the  ufual  method*  by  a 
fetting-flick*  and  carefully  make  up  the  cavities  made  by  the  fetting- 
iHck  ;  by  this  method  they  are  enabled  to  bear  a  little  froft  without 
iojary.  The  earlieft  pcia.  .  is  the  fuperfine  white  kidney  f;  from 
this  fort*  upon  the  fame  <; round*  have  been  raifed  4  crops;  having 
lets  from  the  repofitory  ready  to  put  in  as  foon  as  the  other  were 

^  I  -  L__l_.  !_-- ' 

*  •  Vulgarly  called  iiual  fliudes.' 

*  t  The  early  pc^atce  h  a  diflin^  (pecics',  of  which  thpre  are  yet 
great  varieties.' 

taken 


aSB         Holt'x  FiiU)  oftbt  Agrleultutt  •fLtrntaJbiru 

taken  ap  ;  and  i  fifth  crop  it  rorociimes  raifed  from  the  fame  lac^i 
the  fame  year^  of  tranfplanted  winter  lettuce.  The  firil  crop  had  the 
advantage  of  a  covering  in  frofty  nighu. 

'  The  above  excellent  information  was  communicated  by  J.  BIod« 
^el!»  Ormlkirk,  and  has  hitherto  been  known  only  amongft  a  very  izm 
fi^rmers.^ 

Under  the  head  Improvement  of  Moffit^  rome  interefting  paN 
ttcuhrs  rcfpeding  the  cmrl  of  the  pttatoe  occur  2 

•  By  a  change  of  his  potatoe  fets  from  this  mofs»  to  his  old  inclofed 
lands,  Mr.  Chofley  preferves  his  cl'ops  from  the  d^/.— His  feta  art 
become  (aoioas  on  that  account^  and  readily  purchafed  fOr  the  pur* 
p^fe  of  planting  by  his  neighbours. 

'  It  is  with  regret  we  add,  chat  the  curl  ii  a  genlSral  complaint  this 
year  (179s ) »  that  there  is  greater  appearance  uf  this  difeafe  aooogft 
t|ie  potatoe  crops  than  have  been  obferved  for  fome  years  paft.— '•fU- 
courfe  mud  at  lafl  be  had  co  the  feed  for  renewal ; — bulbous  roots,  it. 
has  been  found  by  experience,  decay  afier  a  certain  number  of  years*- 
**  Ranunculus  in  twenty-iivej  anemone  in  tifteen,  and  hyacinths  id 
«<  twenty-'fix  years*.'*  After  which  period,  no  art  and  pains  caa 
preferve  them,  though  a  change  of  foil  in  the  mean  time  is  ufeful.* 

In  the  chapter  on  Gardens  and  Orchards^  we  have  fome  cu- 
rious particulars  refpeding  the  ^0£/i^/rrjf  of  Lancafliire;  which^ 
though  fomewhat  foreign  from  the  fubjed  of  this  volume,  majf 
^ot  be  uninterefting  to  general  readers : 

•  The  horticulture  of  this  country  is  in  many  inftances  fuperior  til 
its  agriculture.  The  mechanic  is  generally  furnifhed  with  a  fmal! 
piatch  of  ground  adjoining;  hi&  Cottlge  ;  and  from  this  little  fpot  is 
extraded  noc  only  health,  buc  derived  picafure,  and  which  Inay  not  i 
lictle  contribute  to  fobrie ty  i  intemperance  not  unfreqoently  proceed* 
lAg  from  want  of  recreation  to  fill  up  a  vacant  hour.  Thisfmall  fpace 
is  devoted  to  nurturing  his  yoUng  feedltngs,  trimming  his  tnore  ma-* 
cured  plants,  contemplating  new  varieties,  in  expectation  of  hononri 
through  the  medium  of  gained  premiums.  Thus  ftartingat  intervals 
from  his  more  toil  fome  labours,  the  mechanic  finds  hts  (lagnating 
fluids  put  in  robtion,  and  his  lungs  refre(hed  with  the  fragrant  breese* 
whilft  he  has  been  thus  raifing  new  flowers  of  the  auricula,  carnation* 
polyanthus,  or  pink,  of  the  moft  approved  qualities  in  their  feveral 
kinds,  and  which,  after  being  raifed  hare,  have  been  difperfed  ove^ 
the  whole  kingdom. 

'  Not  only  flowers  but  fruit  have  been  objefls  of.  their  attention* 
The  bed  goofebcrries  now  under  cultivation  had  their  origin  in  the 
county  of  Lancaller ;  and  to  promote  this  fpirit,  meetings  are  annu- 
ally appointed  at  different  places,  at  which  are  public  ejchibidons  of 
dlRVrent  kinds  of  flowers  and  fruits,  and  premiums  adjudged.  Thefe 
meetings  are  encouraged  by  mafter-tradefmen  and  gentlemen  of  the 
county,  as  tending  to  promote  a  fpirit  which  may  occaiionally  be  di- 
verted into  a  more  important  channel. 

•  •  »ee  Madosi's  Florift's  Dircaory,  p.  91.* 

'  At 


Hblr'i  Ftifv  cfthi  AgrUultun  of  Lancajhlre^         ^89 

■  At  thcfc  meetin;;!,  goofcberrle?  have  bepn  produced  which 
litTe  weighed  finely  15  dwts.  10  grain?,  r.  g,  Lomax's  FiSiery** 
Wt9dvtard*s  Smdii?  ^  hsLS  weiohed  17  dwts. ;  and  the  Rtyal  So*vf' 
reigm  •,  grown  by  Georg<r  Cooke  of  Afhton,  near  Prcilon,  ac  a  meet- 
ing held  I794f  weighed  17  dwts.  18  grains. 

*  A  fingU  goofeberry-trce,  the  Manchedcr  rough  red,  in  a  garden 
belonging  to  Mr.  J.  Sykes,  in  Gateacre,  in  the  year  1792*  yielded 
twenty-one  quarts  of  fruit  in  their  green  {!ate,  when  they  are  fold  at 
yi.  per  quart.  The  whole  quantity  weighed  twenty-eight  pounds 
avoirdupoi)  f.  The  fpace  this  tree^occupie?  was  three  yards,  and 
allowing  an  equal  fpace  to  walk  roand,  and  fuppoiing  an  acre  of  eight 
yards  to  the  rod  planted  with  the  fame  kind  of  trees,  and  producing 
the  fame  quantity  gf  fruit,  and  fold  at  the  fame  price,  the  produce 
would  amount  to  /.  426.  16/. 

'  Requiring  but  little  attention,  the  goofeberry  has  lefs  paid  to  it 
thaii  it  defer ves ;  and  the  frni^  being  rendered  in  fuch  abundance, 
with  fo  little  trouble,  makes  it  of  trifling  eftimation.  But  fince  it  may 
be  unproved  in  flavour,  increafed  in  quantity,  and  its  duration  pro- 
longed, by  being  allowed  a  folitary  corner  in  a  wall,  e,  g.  on  each  fide 
the  neAarihe  or  peach  whilll  in  their  infancy,  and  they  only  occopy 
a  finall  fpace ;  the  goofeberry  may  be  nailed  down,  trimmed,  and 
trained  as  their  cortipanions ;  but  removed  as  foon  as  ever  they  ap- 
pear CO  incommode  thofe  ancient  tenants  of  the  walls ;  for  the  firfl 
coil  of  a  goofeberry-tree  is  fo  trifling,  that  it  is  not  worthy  of  notice. 

*  Thefe  finds  have  been  already  proved  by  Daniel  Daulby,  Efq.of 
Jterdi  Hoafe,  near  Liverpool,  who  for  fome  years  has  had  them 
nbated  againft  the  walls,  befides  his  other  plantations  of  ftandards. 
befides  the  advantages  above  noticed,  the  fruitage  feafon  may  be  ad- 
vanced or  prolonged  according  to  the  diBFerent  afpeds  of  the  walls ; 
andaaincreafe  of  crop  was  thoroughly  proved  by  this  treatment  in  the 
year  1793,  when  there  was  a  general  failure  throughout  the  kingdom, 
and  goofeberries  fold  at  the  advanced  price  of  6^.  per  quart.  Thofe 
trees  which  had  the  advantage  of  walls  were  loaded  as  fully  as  in  the 
mod  plentifol  years.' 

In  fpeaking  of  marling,  which  has  long  been  a  favourite  and 
fuccefsful  operation  in  this  county,  (notwithftanding  the  infe- 
rior quality  of  the  Lanca(hire  marie,  as  appears  by  the  analyfis 
f>f  Mr.  Kenwick,  of  Liverpool,)  we  are  furnifhed  with  the  fol- 
lowing anecdote,  which  we  copy  for  the  ufe  of  thofe  whom  it 
nearly  concerns. 

*  Talking  over  the  fubjed  of  marling  one  day  in  company,  the  fol- 
lowing llory  was  told,  which  ought  to  be  prefcrved. 

*  •  Names  of  goofeberries.' 

*  +  To  afcertain  the  weight  of  this  fruit  in  different  ila^es  of  i:s 
growth,  the  purveyor  made  the  following  experiments  upon  the  Man- 
chcfter  red  goofeberry.-— 1 79.J.,  May  3,  one  ale  quart  weighed  18J 
ounces  imy. — July  25,  again  from  the  fame  tree  20  ounces. — July  1 5. 
aij  ounces. — July  29,  22  ounce*. —Auguft,  21^  ounces. — N,  B,  He 
has  to  regret  that  he  did  not  number  the  fruit.' 

Rev.  Nov,  1796.  X  '  A  Laq- 


290         Hoh*i  Fiiw  o/tbt  Agticubun  o/LancaJbtn. 

*  A  Lancaihire  farmer,  on  obiierving  the  great  advantage  that 
night  be  obtained  from  the  ufe  of  this  article  in  a  county  where  ici 
yfe  was  not  know^n*  after  fome  deliberation  hired  a  farm,  with  intent 
to  improve  it  by  marie  at  his  Ovvn  expence.  Having  obtained  m  faf- 
ficient  length  ofteafe  to  be  reitnbtirfcrd,  he  began  the  operation  at  the 
propsr  feafon ;  but  the  pra^ice  was  fo  novel  in  toat  neighbourhood^ 
as  to  attrad  the  attention  of  by-llanders,  and  was  foon  conveyed 
to  the  ears  of  the  (leward,  who  immediately  came  over  to  ftop 
fuch  proceedings.  Arguments  were  In  vaiu ;  for  what  fervtce  coold 
Mpt  laid  upon  Mrt  prove  I  beHde^  the  injury  done  to  his  lord's  landa 
by  the  digging  of  holes,  which,  as  a  good  fervant  to  his  mailer,  it  was 
his  dnty  to  prevent. 

*  The  (lory  concludes,  as  the  farmer's  defigns  were  thus  fruftrated» 
he,  for  fome  trifling  contideration,  obtained  a  releafe  from  his  cob- 
tra£l,  and  left  the  county/ 

On  the  Improvement  of  Mofles,  this  volume  contains  feme 
particulars  which  may  be  worthy  of  the  notice  of  thofe  who 
have  lands  of  that  defcription  to  improve;  and  fome  expert* 
ments  on  manures,  by  Mr.  Henry  Harper,  late  of  Bank  Hallp 
(whofe  death  is  to  be  regretted^)  are  ftill  more  worthy  of  atten- 
tion : — but  the  detail  is  much  too  long  for  our  infertion. 
■  Some  remarks,  at  confiderable  length,  on  the  Threfhing 
Machine,  are  alfo  given  :  but  from  Lancafhire,  where  that  ma^ 
chine  is  yet  a  mere  ftranger,  the  Board  could  not  exped  to  find 
authentic  and  valuable  information Tefpe£iing  this  ufeful  iitveii* 
tion.  To  the  borders  of  Scotland,  where  it  had  its  origini  anl 
where  its  ufe  is  eftablifhed,  we  muft  h)ok  for  inftruAion, 

On  Cowkeeping,  we  find,  as  might  be  expected  rn  a  popu* 
lous  manufacturing  county,  fome  interefting  particulars  :  witb 
a  defcription  of  a  la£fometer^  for  trying  the  quality  of  milk  :  aa 
invention  of  Mr.  Dicas,  maihematical  inArument  maker  in 
Liverpool.  It  is  very  ingenious,  and  will,  we  doubt  not,  be* 
come  an  ufeful  indrument.  In  this  great  metropolis,  we  think, 
alTayers  of  milk  would  not  be  lefs  ufeful  than  afiayers  of  gold^ 
or  even  of  bread  itfelf. 

Befides  a  plate  to  affift  in  the  explanation  of  the  la£lometer,  wc 
have  in  this  volume  four  other  plates  reprefentrng  a  '  Lancaihire 
bull,'  a  '  Lancafbirecow,'  a  *  Lancafhire  mare,*  and  a  *  Lan- 
cafhire  hog.*  The  bull  and  the  cow  certainly  bear  fome  con- 
fiderable  refemblance  to  the  bulls  and  cows  of  every  county^  ia 
which  the  long- horned  breed  is  prevalent :  but  they  are  not  at 
all  chara^eriftic,  ihe  cow  more  efpecially,  of  the  Lancafinn 
breed.  The  mare  is  juft  one  of  ihofe  half  bred  mongrel  brutes^ 
which  we  fee  in  the  bands  of  the  lower  ranks  of  farmery  in  aU 
moft  every  corner  of  the  kingdom.  The  hog  is  profefledly  of 
a  mongrel  breed.     What  is  the  value  o^ fuch  plates  i 

If  the  Board  of  Agriculture  would  devifc  the  means  of  col* 

leAing  the  fuperior  individuals  of  the  animals  themfelves^  and 

13  of 


Midical  ExfraSfs.  29 1 

0f  promoting  an  ea(y  intercourfc  between  the  different  parts  of 
the  kingdom,  with  regard  to  the  improvement  of  thefe  ufeful 
quadrupeds,  fuch  a  meafure  would  confer  honour  on  their  deli- 
benttons ;  and,  by  an  aflbciation,  properly  conduced,  and  li- 
berally fupported,  this  and  numberlefs  other  public  advantages 
aright  doubtlefs  be  produced. 

It  is  under  a  full  conviAion  of  this  truth,  that  we  again  call 
on  every  man,  who  has  the  lading  prosperity  of  his  country 
at  heart,  to  give  his  fupport  to  the  prefent  Board ;  and  to  en- 
deavour to  preferve  its  exiftence,  until  fome  more  favourable 
circumftances,  than  thofe  which  at  prefent  attend  it,  (hall  en- 
able it  to  produce  the  mofl  beneficial  cflTeds. 

AftT.  XIL  Midieml  Extraas.  On  the  Nature  o(  Health,  with 
pradical  Obfervationi :  and  the  Laws  of  the  Nervous  and  Fibrous 
Syftems.  By  a  Friend  to  Improvements.  8vo.  3  Vols,  (with 
Plates)  6s.  eacbj  Tewed.     Robinfonsy  &c.  1796. 

DumiNC  the  progrefs  of  difcoveries  and  new  fyftems,  while 
the  genuine  philofophcr  keeps  a  careful  guard  over  his 
mind,  that  it  may  not  be  hurried  away  by  extravagant  exped- 
itions and  premature  conviAions,  there  are  never  wanting 
others,  whofe  enthufiaftic  ardour  cannot  keep  pace  with  the 
lowprocefs of  inveftigation;  andwho,  greedily  imbibing  allfplen- 
did  novelties,  merely  bccaufe  they  are  novelties,  and  little  foli- 
citous  about  their  confiftency  with  each  other,  are  forward  dif- 
ciples  of  every  bold  fpeculatift  who  dazzles  their  imagination. 
With  fuch  are  often  aflbciated  perfons  who  feek  a  ready  road  to 
fame  by  allying  themfelves  with  the  leaders  of  a  new  fed,  and» 
with  much  parade,  adopting  their  principles,  and  lending  petty 
lid  to  their  attempts.  Subaltern  writers,  either  through  de- 
fign  or  want  of  judgment,  contribute  by  pompous  epithets  and 
etaggerated  praifes  to  lift  thefe  fecondaries  into  confequence  ; 
and  thus  modeft  fcience  is  made  the  inflrument  of  trivial  vanity 
or  diflioneft  pretenfion.  By  thefe  proceedings,  the  truly  inge- 
nious are  ihocked  with  fulfome  encomiums  perpetually  at- 
tached to  their  names,  and  flili  more  with  feeing  equal  com- 
mendations lavifhed  on  perfons  who  are  remarkable  .only  for 
mediocrity. 

We  are  forry  that  thefe  reflexions  (hould  be  called  forth  by 
a  work  which  is  t^  no  means  deftitute  of  merit  and  utility, 
but  which,  in  eur  opinion.  Angularly  exemplifies  moft  of  the 
faults  at  which  we  have  above  hmted.  Its  great  purpofe  is  evi« 
dently  that  of  efFeding  an  union  between  the  Brunonian  and 
the  pneumatic  fyftems  of  medicine,  and  on  that  ground  eredting 
1  |4iiIofophical  pradice  of  phyfic,  which  (hall  fuperfcde  the 

X  2  flov/ 


29^  MaRcal  Extraffu 

flow  and  often  contradidory  indudipns  of  particular  ezpe- 

liencc.  That  this  converfion  of  medicine  from  an  art  to  a 
feience  is  a  very  defirable  thing,  no  one  will  deny  :  but,  if  ever 
efFeded,  it  will  certainly  not  be  by  that  eagcrneU  which  hafiily 
feizes  every  pretended  fa£l  that  feem$  to  coincide  with  a  fa- 
vourite hypothefis,— that  paflioR  for  novelty  which  gives  an 
indant  prefecence  to  everything  new, — and  that  fpirit  of  parade 
which  fees  off  in  glaring  colours  every  thing  on  which  it 
touches,  whether  trifling  or  important.  In  the  extraordinary 
publication  before  us  all  i&  o(lentation,-^the  language,  compo- 
lition,  accompaniments,  and  even  the  mode  of  printing.  The 
matter,  too,  is  ftrangely  heterogeneous ;  betraying  in  many 
parts  great  want  of  judgment  and  of  true  tafte,  not  without 
flrong  fymptoms  of  the  art  of  Book -Mating.  Neverthelefs,  ai 
we  before  faid,  the  work  has  confiderable  value;  and  we  (hall 
therefore  not  pafs  it  over  without  giving  our  readers  more  par- 
ticular information  as  to  its  contents. 

Vol.  I.  begins  with  the  Progre/s  of  Chemijlry  i  an  entertaio- 
ing  though  flight  cflTay,  and  chiefly  direfted  to  the  dodrinei 
relative  to  air,  and  their  introdudion  into  medical  theory  and 
pradlice.  A  flcetch  is  given  of  all  the  late  difcoveries  in  pneu- 
matic chemiflry,  and  of  their  termination  in' the  cftabliflimeiit 
of  the  new  or  t  rencb  theory.  With  this  is  Angularly  conne£ked 
an  account  of  the  exhibition  of  calomel  infeven,  attended  with 
afledion  of  the  liver — a  pra£tical  fa£^  which  appears  to  ftand 
very  much  apfrt  from  the  application  of  faflitious  airs,  and  cer- 
tainly was  not  derived  from  any  conclufions  refpefling  tbeoi. 
J  Summary  of  the  Pneumatic  Cbemifiry^  entitled  Part  i.  fuc- 
ceeds ;  which  is,  in  truth,  an  ingenious  and  ufeftil  abftra£l  of 
all  the  revived  do£trines  and  difcoveries  relative  to  heat,  air, 
water,  and  animal  and  vegetable  matter.  Part  ii.  treats  of 
the  Agency  of  oxygene  Air  in  the  animal  Body^  and  the  Camft  rf 
vital  and  involuntary  Adfion.  It  begins  with  a  concife  view  of 
^he  whole  animal  economy ;  which,  perhaps^  might  as  well 
have  been  fpared,  fince  it  is  chiefly  diftingui/hcd  by  its  aflfeded 
and  rhetorical  flyle.  Then  proceeding  to  the  particular  fubjed 
of  the  Part,  it  firft  relates  the  flory  of  the  black  hole  at  Cal- 
cutta, touches  next  on  the  flave  trade  and  its  horrors,  and 
brings  various  other  fa£)s  to  prove  the  neceffity  of  a  confiaot 
fupply  of  freih  air— a  ms^tter  which  furely  needs  no  additional 
proof !  The  dodrines  of  the  chemical  changes  undergone  by  air 
refpired,  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  of  the  office  of  the 
lungs,  of  animal  heat,  of  voluntary  and  involuntary  motion, 
and  of  tone  in  the  fibres,  afford  abundant  topics  for  the  remain- 
der of  the  volume. 

IS  Vol. 


MedUai  Extra^f.  293 

Vol.  IL  .contains  the  third  Part,  which  treats  of  th^  Natun 
€fHiahh  andthi  Laws  of  the  Fibrous  Syjiem^  Ic  fuitably  begiqs 
with  a  developenoenc  of  the  Hallerian  do£)rines  of  fenlibility 
and  irritability^— the  true  foundation  of  the  Brunonian 
theory  of  flimyli,  which  immediately  follows.  This  is  dif- 
played  in  a  manner  that  is  on  the  whole  curious  and  intereft- 
ing«  under  the  heads  of  heat  and  cold,  light,  air,  exercife,  food, 
doching,  the  external  fenfes,  the  paflions,  and  habit.  Yet 
there  is  much  in  the  volume  that  may  juftly  be  termed  farrago  ; 
*  and  the  long  details  of  the  plague  in  London,  and  of  the  late 
peftilential  fever  of  Philadelphia,  ferve  for  little  elfe  than  to  eko 
out  the  book.  Some  poetical  quotations,  too,  might  as  well 
have  been  omitted. 

Vol.  III.  proceeds  with  Partiii,  on  the  Nature  of  Healthy  and 
ibi  Laws  of  organic  Lift.  In  this  is  formed  the  connection  be* 
fween  the  Brunonian  doArine  of  excitement,  and  the  late  no- 
lions  concerning  the  part  which  oxygene  air  a£ts  in  the  animal 
fyflem.  The  laws  of  the  former  are  diftinclly  treated,  and  oc* 
cafiooal  references  to  the  doctrines  rek*;ve  to  the  latter  are 
interpofed.  Many  curious  obfervations  from  various  authors 
are  introduced,  which  will  intertain  if  they  do  not  convince  the 
reader  : — but  the  long  abftrad  of  Captain  Bligh's  narrative  of 
bis  voyage  after  the  mutiny  on  board  the  Bounty,  occupying 
nearly  80  pages,  will  be  thought  ftrangely  difproportionate  to 
its  purpofe, — that  of  illuftrating  the  eiFedts  of  hunger.  The 
recovery  of  drowned  perfons,  and  the  different  cafes  of  afphyxia, 
€>ccupy  the  remainder  of  the  volume  ;  which,  like  the  former, 
is  a  fingular  compound  of  fadls  and  opinions  from  a  great  va* 
riety  of  fources,  fome  applicable  to  the  purpofe,  others  wide  of 
it.  To  each  volume  is  prefixed  a  fynoptical  table  of  contents, 
the  moft  minute  that  we  ever  remember  to  have  feen  \  being 
indeed  a  repetition  of  all  the  matter  of  the  book  in  an  abridged 
form.  lu  tScSk  is  often  that  of  giving  a  ludicrous  importance 
to  trifles ;  and  it  appears  to  us  much^  more  oftentatious  tbaa 
ufeful. 

On  the  whole,  we  have  feldom  feen  a  work  which  affords 
fuch  a  mixture  of  contents  to  praife,  and  to  blame.  That  the 
writer  is  capable  of  improvement,  and  that  he  will  improve 
when  judgment  gafns  the  afcendancy  over  fancy,  and  when  a 
wholcfome  philofophical  fcepticifm  takes  the  place  of  credulity 
and  the  appetite  for  novelty,  we  do  not  queilion. 

A  fourth  volume  is  announced  for  publication  in  January 

1797- 

X  1  Art. 


(    294    ) 

Art.  Xrn.     PhilofophUa!  Tran/aaieus  of  the  J^t^d  ^0€Uty  tf  Lmdm^ 
for  the  Year  1795.     Part.  II.    4to.     15  s.  fewcd.     Elmflj. 

Astronomy. 
Difcription  of  a  Forty  FeU  RepRtng  Telefcope.  By  Dr.  HerfelicL 
1^  o  adequate  idea  can  be  formed  of  the  curiout  and  coin|dU 
^^  cated  machinery,  minutely  defcribed  in  this  paper,  with- 
out having  recourfe  to  the  author's  own  account  cf  it,  snd  td 
the  plates  that  are  annexed.  As  his  defcription  extends  throngk 
63  pages,  and  the  number  of  plates  is  19,  an  abridgment  of  ic^ 
within  our  limits,  would  be  impradicab!e,  and,  without  the 
aid  of  the  engravings,  unintelligible.  The  conftrudion  of  the 
telefcope,  and  of  the  apparatus  bt longing  to  jt,  was  begun  ia 
the  year  1785  ;  and,  though  40  workmen  were  occafiooallj 
employed  at  the  fame  time,  it  wa$  not  completed  till  Augiin 
1789,  when  the  author  obtained  an  immediate  recompence  for 
his  time  and  Ubour  by  the  difcovery  of  a  fixth  fatelHte  of  Sa* 
turn. 

Without  purfuing  Dr.  H.'s  defcription  in  detail,    we  (hall 
fele£^  ihofe  parts  of  it  which  more  immediately  refer  to  the  ftruc* 
ture  of  his  telefcope,  and   to  the  mode  of  applying  it.     The 
form  of  the  tube  of  this  intlrument  is  cylindrical.    Its  length  is 
39  f  et  4  inches,   its  diameter  is  4  feet  10  mcbes,  and  everv 
part  f.f  it  is  made  of  iron.      f  he  author  preierred  iron  to  wood, 
becaufe  it  is  more  dura'.'le,  and  becaufe  the  weight  of  a  wooden 
tube  mud  have  exceeded  one  of  iron  at  lead  3000  pounds.   The 
body  of  the  tube  is  made  of  rolled  or  (beet  iron  i  and  the  fmall 
iheets,  which  compofe  the  large  one  of  the  requifite  dimen- 
fions,  are  3  feet  jo  inches  Iop^,  and  about  23^  inches  broad: 
they  are  joined  together  without  rivets,  by  a  kind  of  Teaming, 
which  is  well  known  to  thofe  who  make  iron  funnels  for  ftovcs. 
When  th*»  cylindnca]  form  of  the  tube  was  (ecure,  (the  procefs 
foraccomplifliipg  which  the  author  has  particularly  dd'cribed,) 
he  gave  ii  3  or  4  good  coats  o\  paint,  both  within  and  with- 
out, in  order  to  prefcrve  it  from  the  damp  air  to  which  it  was 
to  be  fxpoft  d.    As  we  cannot  attempt  to  deirrihe  the  apparatus, 
nor  the  operations   by  which   the  tube  was  fixed  m  iis  proper 
polition,  and  by  which  it  was  prepared  f>r  receiving  the   mir- 
ror;  we  proceed  to  mention  that  this   mirror  is  of  n.etal,  49} 
inches  in  dsameter ;  and  that  the  concave  fide  of  it  is  reduced 
bv  an  offset  on  the  rim  to  a  diameter  of  48  inches  of  poliflied 
furface.     It  is  about  3J  inches  thick,  and  its  weight,  when  it 
came  from  the  cafi,  though  it  was  afterviard   fomcwhat  dimi* 
ni(h^d  bv  p'Otfliing.   was  2118  pounds.     The  fpeculum  is  pre- 
ferved  »rcm  damp  ♦^y  a  flat  C(»ver  of  tin  foldered  on  a  rim  of  iron, 
the  diamcLcr  of  which  is  equal  to  that  of  the  iron  ring  which 

holds 


PiibfipUeMl  Trmt/aSfMt  $fthi  R.  8.  Part  IT.  firijgs*    295 

lioUs  the  fpeculum  ;  and  this  cover  Is  eafilj  fixed  in  its  phce* 
or'removed^  hy  a  contrivance  which  the  author  has  defcribed. 

The  method  of  obferving  with  this  telefcope  is  by  what  the 
author  calls  the  front  view  ;  and  the  f^ze  of  the  inftrument  ad- 
mits of  a  convenient  feat  fixed  to  the  end  of  it  for  this  purpofe. 
This  feat  is  moveable  from  the  height  of  i  foot  7  inches  to  2 
feet  7  inches,  in  order  to  adapt  it  to  the  alteration  which  is  re- 
quired at  different  altitudes,  and  which  amounts  to  nearly  one 
foot*  At  the  opening  of  the  telefcope,  near  the  place  of  the 
eye-glafs,  is  the  end  of  a  tin  pipe,  to  which  a  niouth- piece  is 
k>  adapted,  that  it  may  conveniently  come  to  the  mouth  of  the 
obferver,  while  h's  eve  is  at  the  glafs.  This  pipe  runs  down 
to  the  bottom  of  the  telefcope,  and  thence  it  pafTes  into  a  turn* 
ing  joint ;  afterward  into  a  drawing  tube  ;  and  out  of  this  into 
another  turning  jc»int,  from  which  it  proceeds  by  a  fet  of  fllding 
tubes  towards  the  front  of  the  foundation  timber.  It  then  di- 
vides itfelf  inxo  two  branches,  which  aktnd  through  the  floor; 
one  of  them  paiBng  into  the  obfervatory  and  the  other  into  ihe 
work-room,  and  each  of  them  terminating  in  the  ufual  fhape 
of  fpeaking  pipes.  By  thefe  pipes  the  obferver  may  communi- 
cate any  neceilary  information,  without  extraordinary  exertion; 
notwithftanding  the  numerous  inflexions  of  the  pipes,  and  alfo 
their  length,  which  is  not  lefs  than  1 15  feet. 

The  whole  apparatus  refts  on  rollers ;  and  the  foundation 
in  the  ground  coofifts  of  two  concentric  circular  brick  walls. 
Id  the  centre  is  a  large  pofl  of  oak,  framed  together  with 
braces  under  ground,  and  walled  faft  with  brick-work  fo  as  to 
make  it  fleady.  Round  this  centre  the  frame  is  moved  hori* 
zontally  by  means  of  feveral  rollers,  a  proper  aflbrtment  of  ropes 
and  pullies,  and  a  machine  adapted  to  the  purpofe.  By  other 
contrivances,  a  vertical  motion  is  given  to  the  telefcope ;  fo 
that  it  may  be  fet  to  any  altitude  up  to  the  very  zenith.  With 
the  afliftance  of  thefe  motions,  and  of  a  third  lateral  motion 
which  the  author  has  defcribed,  he  was  able  to  obfcrve  Saturn 
feveral  time^,  in  the  year  1789,  two  or  three  hours  before  its 
meridian  paflage,  and  to  keep  it  in  view  with  the  greateft  faci- 
lity till  two  or  three  hours  after  the  paflage ;  and  one  perfon 
was  fuflicient  to  continue  both  the  horizontal  and  vertical  mo- 
tions at  the  command  of  the  obferver. — For  a  variety  of  other 
particulars,  relating  to  the  ftruAure  and  ufe  of  this  ex  raordinary 
apparatus,  we  mult  refer  to  Dr.  H.'s  own  elaborate  and  minute 
deicription. 

Mathematics  and  Philosophy^  &c. 
Thi  Binomial  Tbeonm  (Umonjircted  by  the  Hrincipiei  of  Multipli- 
cation.    By  Abram  RoDertlon,  M.  A*   ot  Chrilt  Ctiurch, 
Oxford,  F.R.S. 

X  4  The 


2g6    PbiUfiphUalTr4infiah9u rftbi  ILS.  PartlLfit  179;« 

The  importance  and  utility  of  the  binomial  theoreni  are  fufi* 
ciently  known  ;  aod  therefore  every  attempt  to  demonftraie  it, 
on  fimple  and  obvious  principles,  is  highly  meritorious.  It 
will  be  fufficient  to  obferve,  without  entering  into  a  minute  de- 
tail of  the  contents  of  this  paper,  that  the  author's  method  of 
demonftration  is  very  intelligible  to  perfons  accuftomed  to  ma* 
thematical  proceflTes,  and  will  be  found  equally  fatisiadory.  He 
begins  with  invefiigating  the  theorem,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  the 
raifing  of  integral  powers,  and  then  proceeds  to  the  more  ope- 
rofe  part  of  his  plan  ;  which  is  to  demonftrate  the  theorem,  tt 
it  applies  to  the  extraction  of  roots  or  the  raifing  of  powers, 
when  the  exponents  are  vulgar  fradions.  The  firft  part,  as  he 
luftly  obferves,  might  be  inferred  as  a  corollary  firom  the 
diminution  of  the  fecond.  1  he  paper  admits  of  no  abridg* 
meRt. 

jln  Account  of  the  Trigonometrical  Survey  carried  on  in  the  Tean 
^79^»  *792»  '793»  ^"^  *794»  h  Order  cfhis  Grace  the  Duko 
of  Richmond^  late  Mafttr  General  of  the  Ordnance.  By  Lieat. 
Col.  Edward  Williamf^,  and  Capt.  William  Mudge,  of  the 
Royal  Artillery,  and  Mr,  Ifaac  Daiby. 

\Ve  have  already  noticed  the  progrefs  of  this  furvey,  .from 
its  commencement  to  the  death  of  General  Roy,  with  whom  it 
fceated  to  terminate.  Sec  Rev.  vol.  Ixxv.  p.  217,  vol.  Ixxvii, 
p.  l80)  vol.  Ixxviii,  p.  31.  Rev.  new  feries,  vol.  iv.  p.  406* 
vol.  vi.  p.  I  J.  Though  it  was  the  more  immediate  objed  of 
bis  furvey  to  determine  the  diftanre  between  the  Ohfervatories 
of  Greenwich  and  Paris,  yet  the  fituations  of  many  places  were 
afcertained,  which  woulJ  fcrvc  to  facilitate  the  execution  of  the 
morecnlargcd  plan  of  furvey ing  the  v.  hole  iflaniJ  of  Great  Britain, 
The  profecution  of  this  important  bufinels  was  difcontinued  for 
a  confiderable  time  ;  and  it  has  been  lately  undertaken  princi« 
pally  at  the  fuggeftion  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond.  The  pper 
before  us,  of  177  pages,  contains  an  account  of  the  inflru-* 
ments  employed  in  the  execution  of  this  defign,  of  the  ftations 
feleded,  the  various  operations  performed  in  thefe  feveral  iU- 
tions,  and  the  general  refult,  as  far  as  the  bufinefs  has  pro* 
cecdcd.  In  thejfr/?  fcflion,  we  have  an  account  of  the  mea- 
furement  of  the  bafe  on  Hounflow  Heath,  with  an  100  feet 
fleel  chain,  in  the  fummer  of  1791-  The  apparatus  provided 
for  this  meafurement  is  dcfcribcd,  and  the  particulars  of  it  are 
exhibited  in  arable.  The  y^r^;?^  contains  an  account  of  tbo 
improvement  made  by  Mr.  Ramfden  in  his  great  theodolite,  and 
a  relation  of  the  progrefs  of  the  furvey  in  1792,  1793,  and  1794, 
together  with  the  angles  taken  in  thefe  years.  The  feveral 
ftation^^  which  it  would  be  tedious  to  recount^  are  marked  by 

ftakei 


BMkfophitfdTun^aaims  $fibi  Jt  $.  Part  IL  f$r  1 795.    297 

ftalces  tnd  ftones,  in  fuch  a  manner  that  they  will  ferve  on  foine 
future  occafion  in  aid  of  the  particulars  recorded  in  this  paper, 
for  forming  correA  m^ps  of  the  countries  over  which  the  tri- 
angles have  been  carried. 

In  the  /ibir//re£tion,  we  have  a  recital  of  the  operations  per- 
formed for  accurately  meafuriiig  'theBifeof  Verification' on  Sa- 
lifbury  plain,  with  a  fieel  chain  of   100  feet,   in  the  fummer  of 
17949  ^nd  the  particular  refults  are  exhibited  in  a  table.     Ths 
/Srtrr/i^  contains  a  calculation  of  the  fides  of  the  principal  tri-- 
angles,  which  are  diftributed   into  4  difterent  clafles  according 
to  the  fituation  of  the  places  which  they  comprehend.     The 
fifth  afcertains  the  diredion  of  the  meridians  at  Dunnofe  and 
Beachy  Head,  and  the  length  of  a  degree  of  a  great  circle, 
perpendicular  to  the  meridian  in  latitudt:  50°  41%  which,  by  a 
variety  of  calculations,  is  determined  to  be  61182,3  fathoms* 
From  this  meafurement,  feveral  conclufions  of  coniiderable  im-» 
portance  in  eftimating  both  the  figure  and  the  magnitude  of  the 
earth  are  deduced.     The  fixth  contains  an  account  of  the  dif- 
tances  of  the  ftations  from  the  meridians  of  Greenwich,  Beachy 
Head,  and  Dunnofe,  and  alfo  from  the  perpendiculars  to  thofe 
meridians,  together  with  the  method  of  inveiligating  them.    In 
xYitfiVintb  we  have  the  fecondary  triangles,  in  which  two  angles 
only  have  been  obferved.    I'he  eighth  (hews  the  dillances  of  the 
objects  interfefked  in  thecourfe  of  the  furvey  from  the  meridians 
of  Greenwich,  Beachy  Head,  and  Dunnofe, and  from  the  perpen- 
diculars to  thofe  meridians;   with  their  bearings,  at  the  feveral 
fiations,  from  the  parallels  to  the  meridians;  and  alfo  the* lati- 
tudes and  longitudes  of  thofe  objefts.     The  ninth  gives  us  the 
heights  of  the  ftations  and  the  mean  terreftrial  retra6iions  in  fe- 
veral tables,  to  which  are  fubjoined  a  variety  of  curious  and 
ufefu]  remarks. 

The  firft  objefl,  which  the  ingenious  condu£lors  of  this  fur- 
vey had  in  view,  was  to  determine  the  fituations  of  the  principal 
points  on  the  fea>coail,  and  thofe  objects  which  are  near  it ;  and 
this  important  purpofe  having  been  accomplifhed,  they  have 
been  able,  by  the  interfe6iions  of  churches  and  other  edifices,  to 
lay  down  the  whole  coaft  from  Fairlight  Head  to  Portfmouth. 
They  farther  -propofe  to  carry  on  a  feries  of  triangles  to  the 
Land's  Jbnd ;  and  with  this  view  they  have  feleded  five  new 
ftations.  We  have  reafon  to  expert,  from  the  abilities  and  ap^ 
plication  which  have  been  already  manifefted,  both  in  the  ob<« 
fervations  which  they  have  made,  and  the  calculations  which  the/ 
have  purfued,  that  a  furvey  of  the  fea-coaft  will  foon  be  completed, 
and  lead  to  an  interior  furvey  of  the  country  ;  to  which  objed 
the  gentlemen  concerned  propofc>  as  fpeedil^.  as  poffible,  to  di« 
red  their  attention. 

Obfervation^ 


99^   PbihfipbUalTraHfaHioni  of  the  R.  Si.  Part  tl  fir  179;. 

Obfirvatiom  on  tbi  Influence  wbicb  excites  the  Mufeles  of  Ammde 

to  contraft^  in  Mr.  Ualvani'i  Experiments.      By    William 

Charles  Wells,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S. 

Thefe  obfcrvations  arc  defigned  to  furniffi  anfwers  to  the 
following  qucftions :  **  Docs  the  incitement  of  the  influence 
which,  in  Mr.  Galvani*s  experiments  occafions  the  mufcies  of 
animals  to  contrad,  either  wholly  or  in  part  depend  upon  any 
peculiar  property  of  living  bodies?  What  are  the  conditions 
jicceflary  for  the  excitement  of  this  influence?  Is  it  eleArical  ?'* 
In  reply  to  the  firft  of  thefe  queftions,  the  author  obfervcf,  in 
confequence  of  feveral  fa£ts  which  he  has  recited,  that,  if  the 
aiutual  operation  of  metals  and  moii^ure  be  fully  adequate  to  the 
excitement  of  an  influence  capable  of  occafioning  nniifctef  to 
contradi,  it  muft  follow  that  animals  a£l  by  their  moifture  alone 
in  giving  origin  to  the  fame  influence  in  Mr.  G.'s  experiments, 
unlefs  we  admit  more  caufes  of  an  eflTrd  than  xre  fufficient  for 
its  produ£lion.  In  the  difcuiSon  <  f  the  fecond  queftion,  Dt* 
W.  maintains  that  metals  are  not  the  only  fubAances  capable, 
by  their  application  to  parts  of  animals,  of  exciting  the  influ- 
ence which  in  thefe  experiments  occafions  the  mufeles  to  con- 
trad.  Charcoal  pofleflfes  the  fame  property :  but  this  influeooe 
is  ntver  excited,  when  two  metals,  or  one  metal  and  charcoal^ 
are  neceflary  for  this  purpofe,  unlefs  thefe  fubftances  touch  each 
other,  and  are  alfo  in  contaft  with  fome  of  the  fluids  that  are 
adapted  to  produce  the  efFe£l.  In  order  to  excite  this  influence, 
it  is  necefiary  to  form  a  communication,  by  means  of  fome  good 
conduflor  of  eledricity,  'between  the  two  quantities  of  fluid  to 
which  the  dry  exciters  are  applied  ;  bef:des  that  which  takes 
place  between  the  fame  quantities  of  fluid,  when  the  dry  ex- 
citers are  brought  into  contact  with  each  other.  I'he  author 
conceives  it  probable,  *  that  motions  are  in  no  cafe  produced 
by  any  thing  pafling  from  the  dry  exciters  through  the  mufeles 
and  nerves,  but  that  they  are  occafioned  by  fome  influence,  na- 
turally contained  in  thofe  bodies  as  moifl  fubftances,  being  fud- 
denly  put  into  motion  when  the  two  dry  exciters  are  made  to 
touch  both  them  and  each  other,  in  like  manner  as  perfons,  it 
is  faid,  have  been  killed  by  the  motion  of  thcij*  proper  quantity 
of  the  tlt£)ric  fluid. ^  He  proceeds  to  (hew  that  it  is  not  always 
neceifary  to  employ  two  dry  exciters,  that  is,  two  metals,  or 
one  meoal  and  charcoal,  in  order  to  occafton  contradiions. 
Mufcular  motion*,  be  aflercs,  have  been  produced  not  only  by 
a  fingle  metal,  but  like  wife  by  charcoal  alone,  in  the  fequel^ 
it  appears  that  very  flight  accidents  may  give  the  power  o^  ex- 
citing contia£lions  to  a  finglc  metal,  which  had  rt  not  before. 

As  to  the  nature ^of  the  influence,  to  which  the  obfcrvations 
and  expel iments  in  this  paper  refer)  the  author  agrees  with 

others 


PKhfopbiiolTranfaeisonsoftbiR.  S.Pan  II.  fit  ijgi.  299 

others  in  allowing  it  to  be  eledrical,  on  the  ground  that  its 
conduAors  and  thofe  of  elcflricity  are  altogether  the  fanoe;  aiid 
be  replies  to  the  objedions  of  chofe  few  perfons  who  have  dif* 
puted  the  identity  of  the  two  influences. 

Obfervatlons  on  the  heft  Method  of  producing  Afiificial  Cold.     By 
Mr.  Richard  Walker. 

The  congelation  of  quickfilvcr,  which  is  an  intercfting  phaBU 
nomenon,  add  the  point  for  ascertaining  which  on  the  fcale  of 
the  thermometer,  viz.  39*^,  is  as  determined  as  the  freezing 
point  of  water,  is  a  very  eafy  and  certain  procefs  by  the  metboa 
defcribcd  in  this  paper.  Nothing  more  is  necefTary  than  to 
procure  ice  in  a  fit  form  for  this  purpofe:  and  this  our  author 
obtains  by  firft  freezing  water  in  a  tube,  and  afterward  grinding 
it  into  very  fine  powder.  His  apparatus  is  fimple,  and  the  pro--^ 
cefc  very  expeditious  :  for  the  particulars,  we  refer  to  the  paper 
before  us,  and  to  the  annexed  plate,  Mr.  W.  fubjoins  an  ac- 
count of  a  very  expeditious  method  of  freezing  water  by  the 
evaporation  of  vitriolic  ether.  The  temperature  of  the  air  be- 
ing 71%  he 

'  Sank  a  thermometer ,  the  bulb  being  covered  with  line  lint  ded 
over  it,  and  clipped  clofe  round,  by  dipping  it  in  ether,  and  fanning 
it,  to  26° ;  then,  by  cxpofing  the  thermometer  to  the  brifk  thorough 
mir  of  an  open  window,  to  20°;  and  again,  by  ufingfomeofthe  fame 
ctker,  bot  which  had  been  purified  by  agitating  it  with  eight  times 
its  weight  of  water,  applied  cxaAly  as  in  the  laft  experiment,  the 
thermometer  funk  to  12^.  Water  tried  in  the  fame  manner,  at  the 
fame  temperature,  funk  fhc  thermometer  to  56'*.  A  whirling  mo« 
tion  was  given  to  the  thermometer  during  each  experiment.  The 
liot  was  renewed  for  each  experiment,  and  the  bulb  required  to  be 
dipped  into  the  ether  thrice ;  the  firll  time  fulHcicntly  to  foak  it;  after 
which,  the  thermometer  was  held  at  the  window  till  itceafed  to  fink; 
then  a  fccond  quick  immcrfion,  and  likcwife  a  third,  expofing  the 
thermometer  in  like  manner  after  each  immerfion.  In  this  manner, 
m  little  water  in  a  fmall  tube  may  be  frozen  prefently,  by  good  ether 
not  purified^  at  any  time,  efpecially  if  a  fmall  wire  be  ufcd  to  fcratck 
or  fcrapc  the  fides  of  the  lube  below  the  furfacc  of  the  water.* 
Obfervations  on  the  StruSfure  of  the  Eyes  of  Birds.  By  Mr. 
Pierre  Smith,  Student  of  Phyjic. 

The  ftrufturc  here  noticed  is  an  irregular  Appearance  of  that 
part  of  the  fcleroiica,  which  immediately  furrounds  the  cornea, 
and  which  is  generally  flar.  1  his,  on  minute  examination^ 
appeared  to  confift  of  fcales  of  a  bony  hardncfs,  lying  over  each 
other,  and  capable  of  motion.  Tendinous  fibres  were  difco- 
vered,  fpreading  over  the  fcales,  and  terminating  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  four  redi  mufclcs  belonging  to  the  eye ;  fo  that,  on 
the  contradion  of  thefe  mufcles,  a  motion  of  the  fcales  would  be 
produced.    The  ufe  of  this  ftrudure  is  thus  defcribed : 

*  Thefe 


300  PbihfiphicelTranfaaiomoftbiR.  5.  Pari  II.  for  1795. 

*  Thefe  fcalcs  lying  each  partly  over  the  next,  fo  at  to  allow  of 
■  jJ!Otion,  Vi\\\  on  the  contradion  of  the  redli  mufcles  inferted  into,  and 
covering  them,  move  cvtr  each  other,  an  J  cf  courfc  the  cornea, 
^hich  is  immediately  uiiliin  the  circle  n^adc  by  tliefc  fcalei^  will  ht 
|>re(rcd  forwards,  or  in  other  words  rendered  more  convex,  and  thus 
|he  focus  of  the  eye  becomes  altered,  its  axis  being  eloogaied.  'fbif 
«:onftrudlion,  and  conftquent  convexity  of  the  cornea,  muft  render 
fmall  objeds  near  the  animal  very  dillinft.  On  thc(e  mufcles  rtlax- 
-S»g,  the  clafticity  of  the  fcjerotic  coat  will  redore  tl^c  cornea  10  m 
original  fiatnefs.  It  thus  becomes  fitted  for  viewing  objeds  placed  at 
a  greater  diftance  from  the  eye,  and  this. will  be  in  proportion  to  the 
degree  of  relaxation.* 

On  welding  Caft  Steti    Bv  Sir  Thomas  Frankland,'  Bart, 

V.  R.  S. 

It  has  been  generally  funpofed  impoflible  to  weld  caft  ftcel, 
or  bar-fteel  refined  by  fufioi),  either  to  common  ftcel  or  iron; 
and  the  reafon  is  that,  in  a'  welding  heat,  it  runs  awav  under 
the  hammer  like  fand:--biit,  though  caft  fteel  in  a  welding 
beat  is  too  foft  to  bear  being  hammered.  Sir  T.  Frankland  has 
found,  by  repeated  experiments,  that  caft  fteel  in  a  tvbiti  biMi^ 
and  iron  in  a  welding  heat,  unite  completely.  When  that  pro* 
cefs  is  intended,  the  iteel  and  iron  wuik  be  heated  feparately, 
and  the  union  of  the  parts  propofed  to  be  joined  muft  be  effed* 
ed  at  a  fingle  heat. 

Experiments  and  Obfervertiom  to  invefiigate  the  Nature  of  a  Kind 
of  Steely  manufHured  at  Bombay^  and  there  called  Wootn: 
with  Remarks  on  the  Properties  and  Compofition  of  the  differeni 
States  of  Iron.     By  George  Fcarfon,  M.  D.  K.  R.  S. 

The  fubftance  exan)ir.ed  in  this  ingenious  paper  is  in  high 
efteem  among  the  Indians,  and  confidcred  by  them  as  a  kind  of 
fteel.  It  admits  of  a  harder  temper  than  any  thing  known  in 
Bombay,  and  is  employed  for  covering  that  part  of  giui-lockt 
which  the  flint  ftrikes,  for  cutting  iron  in  a  lathe,  for  cutting 
ftcnes,  for  chizzels,  files,  and  faws,  and  for  every  other  pur* 
pofe  which  requires  exceflive  hardnefs.  It  can  only  bear  a  very 
itight  red  heat,  and  it  is  incapable  of  being  welded  with  iron  or 
ilccl.  Hence  the  working  with  wootz  is  fo  difficulty  that  it 
is  a  fcparatc  art  from  that  of  forging  iron.  The  magnetical 
power  may  in  an  imperfe«5t  degree  be  communicated  to  tbisfub- 
iiance.  buch  is  the  account  of  it  tranfmitteJ  by  Dr.  Scott  of 
JBonibay  to  the  Prefidcnt.  Dr.  Pearfon  has  very  minutely  exa- 
mine^i  and  recited  its  mechanical  and  obvious  properties,  and 
has  fubjcdied  it  to  a  variety  of  experiments  with  fire,  with  (ire 
9nd  oxygcne  gas  conjointly,  with  diluted  nitrous  acid,  and  with 
diluted  fulphuric  acid  ;  whence  he  infers  that  wootz  is  at  leaft 
principally  iron.     In  order  to  afiertain  the  particular  fiate  of 

iron. 


Thrte  Dialogues  $n  the  Amufeffunts  ofXlirgpntiu      JfM 

troiu  called  wootz.  Dr.  P.  recites  the  properties  and  explaijns 
the  interior  ftrudureof  the  principal  different  metallic  ftates  of 
iron^  which  are  the  three  fjllowinp,  viz.  wrought  or  forgjed 
iron»  fteeU  ^nd  cad  or  raw  iron.  From  this  inveftigation,  lie 
concludes  that  wootz  approaches  nearer  to  the  (late  of  Reel  thmi 
of  iron,  although  it  poflcfTes  fome  properties  of  this  lad  fud><«' 
ftance :— >but  it  is  diftingui£hed  from  ftecl  by  the  fmaJI  proper* 
tion  of  oxygene  which  it  contairs.  Dr.  Scott  has  given  no 
account  of  the  proccfs  for  making  wootz.  Dr.  P.  howe\ier 
apprehends  that  it  is  made  dire£^ly  from  the  ore,  and  has  ne\«r 
been  in  the  ftatc  of  wrought  iron.  The  ufcs  of  this  fubftarlce 
may  be  partly  afcertained  by  its  compofition  and  known  prop-tr-> 
ties;  and  they  may  be  farther  difcovered  by  an  cxtenlive  uiiaf 
of  it  in  the  various  arts  which  require  iron. 

The  other  papers  contained  in  this  volume  are  the  followitg, 
vit.  Ohfervations  on  the  Mode  of  Generation  of  the  Kangurho^ 
tvith  a  particular  Defcription  of  the  Organs  them/elves^  by  Kvenar  J 
Home,  £fq.— 0«  theConverJion  of  Animal  Subjlances  into  ofuttf^ 
Jldatter^  much  refembllng  Spermaceti^  by  G.  S.  Gibbes,  B.  A«— 
Ohfervations  en  the  Grafting  of  Trees^  by  Thomas  Andrew 
Knight,  Efq*. — And  an  AbJlraSf  of  a  Re?ifter  oftheBarcmeOer^ 
Tbirmmuter^  and  Rain,  at  Lyndon^  in  Rutland^  by  I'homas 
Barker,  £fq. 


Art.  XIV.     Three  Dialogues  on  the  Amiifements  of  Clergymen,    CfOWJi 
8vo.     pp.  224*     3s.  6d.   levved.     MefTrs.  White.     17^6. 

rpACH  of  the  liberal  profefilons  ha<;  its  artificial  appendages, 
^  aiTumed  for* the  purpofe  of  attracting  vulgar  admiration^ 
which,  to  the  difcriminatingcye  of  phiio(ophy,  muft  cither  ap- 
pear ridiculous  mummery  or  contemptible  cratt.  It  mlift,  aC 
the  fame  time,  be  owned  that  to  each  of  thcfe  pro:eCions  be- 
longs a  certain  appropriate  gravity  and  dignity  of  behaviour, 
which  cannot  be  forfakcn  without  incurring  the  cenfure  cf  in- 
.  congruity,  and,  in  fome  degree,  rendering  the  profcffion  itfclf 
Icfs  refpcdtable.  Thifi  is  particularly  true  wrch  rcfpedt  to  the 
clerical  charadler.  I  he  amufcn.ents  cf  clergymen  ought  cer- 
tainly to  be  under  the  reft  fictions  of  confiftcncy  and  decorum  s 
the  fubje£i:  well  delervcs  difcuflion  ;  and  in  the  dialogues  no# 
before  us  it  isdifcufied  with  good  fenfe  and  good  humour. 

The  original  MS.  of  this  publication  is  fatd  to  have  been 
written,  towards  the  clofe   of  the  laft  century,  by  Dr.  Jofi^h 

•  This  article  contains  many  curious  general  rcinaikson  gr;ififhg, 
founded  on  experiments.  We  fear  that  there  is  too  much  truth  ia 
Mr.  K.'s  obfervaiion,  that  the  culture  of  orchard -treei  is  '  ill  under- 
flood  in  diu  country^  aisd.worfe  pra&fcd.* 

.    "  Fraropton, 


2p2       nra  Dlat^Mis  9n  tbt  Amufifmnts  tfCUrgfrnni. 

Fnoipton,  and  to  have  been  found  among  the  papers  Tn  hif 
library,  fold  about  the  year  1730.  The  dialogues  are  given 
as  real  converfations  between  Dean  Stillingflret,  the  author  of 
Origines  Sacra^  and  Dr.  Frampton.  We  fliail  not  inouirt 
why  the  MS.  has  been  fufFered  to  remain  fo  long  unpubliiAed, 
nor  examine  whether  the  Oyle  and  the  circumftances  of  the  dia- 
logue perfedily  fuit  the  time  at  which  thefe  converfations  are  faid 
to  have  happened.  It  is  a  fufficient  recommendation  of  the 
work  that  it  1  elates,  in  eafy  and  natural  language,  a  lively 
converfation  on  a  practical  fubjecSt,  which  does  not,  perhaps^ 
teceive  attention  in  proportion  to  its  importance. 

The  good  Dean  advifes  his  young  friend  to  avoid,  as  wholly 
inoonfiftent  with  the  clerical  charaSer,  the  cruel  diverfionsoiF 
buiting,  (booting,  and  angling  with  worms.  Without  carnr* 
ing  tendernefs  in  taking  away  life  to  a  ridiculous  extreme,  the 
cruelty  of  thefe  amufements,  and  their  peculiar  inconfiftencjr 
with  the  proper  temper  and  ch;ira£ler  of  a  Chriftian  divine,  are 
forcibly  reprefented.  The  argument  is  enlivened  with  ftroket 
of  pleafantry,  and  with  pertinent  anecdotes. 

'  *  I  remember/  faid  the  Dean,  <  a  clergyman  in  a  neighbourhood, 
where  I  once  lived,  who  had  two  benefices ;  bat  he  fpent  little  dme 
at  either  of  them,  becaofe  neither  happened  to  be  in  a  fporting  coon- 
try.  The  hunting-feafon  he  always  fpent  near  a  fquirc  in  the  parilk 
next  to  mine,  whofe  difciplined  pack  was  famous.  With  this  gen* 
tleman.  and  his  hounds,  he  lived  on  terms  of  the  ereateft  intimacy. 
Indeed  both  the  fquire  and  his  dogs  looked  up  to  him  as  their  ableft 
leader.  Though  he  was  a  miferable  prracher,  he  wax  uncommonly 
mufical  in  the  field;  and  could  cheer  and  animate  his  fonoious  friends 
with  an  eloquence  beyond  the  hantfman  himfelf,  whofe  affociate  he 
always  was,  and  whofe  place,  on  any  emergency,  he  could  amply 
fnpply.  He  was  much  readier  at  finding  a  hare,  than  a  text  of  fcrip- 
ture ;  and  though  he  was  fcarce  acquainted  \^ith  the  face  of  one  of  his 
paridtioners,  he  knew  exactly  the  charadler  of  every  hound  in  the 
IqQire's  pack  ;  and  could  run  over  their  nan)es  ^ith  much  more 
readinefs  than  thofe  of  the  twelve  apoAIes*.  He  had  at  length  the 
misfortune  to  break  his  nfck  at  the  end  of  a  fox-chafe^  but  not  till  he 
had  firil  broken  the  hrart  of  a  very  amiable  woman,  who  had  unhap* 
pily  a>nne6led  hcrfelf  with  him. 

*  Such  a  clergyman,  faid  i,  is  hardly  to  be  paralleled  in  a  cen- 
tury. But  in  an  inferior  degree,  1  fear,  there  are  many  ef  our  bre- 
thren, who  allow  themfelvcs  great  indulgence.  I  remember  a  hunt- 
ing-clergyman, who  received  a  vtry  proper  rebuke  from  one  of  his 

«  •  Oh  laugh,  ^or  mourn  with  me,  the  rueful  jeii, 
A  caffock'd  huntfman  !■ 
He  takes  the  field  ;  the  mader  of  the  pack. 
Cries,  Well  done,  Saint — and  claps  him  on  the  back. 
Is  this  the  path  of  fandtity  ?     Is  this 
To  ftand  a  way -mark  in  the  road  to  blifs  ? 

CowFsa.' 

brethren; 


Thru  DiaUguis  en  tbi  Jmufemints  of  CUrgpniU.      303 

luretkren ;  sad  which  I  have  reafon  to  believe  was  of  Service  to  him 
as  kmg  as  he  lived.  He  had  been  lamenciog  his  uniortunace  lot,  in 
being  ftationed  m  a  country  where  there  was  no  buncitig.  The  other 
lodknig  him  full  in  the  face,  faid  with  great  gravity  of  countenance, 
and  in  a  deliberate  tone  of  voice ;  ^*  Ac  the  great  day  of  accounts* 
the  queftioo  will  not  be»  nnbere  have  ^on  lived ;  bat  bow  have  yoa 
lived  ?"-«All  this  however  is  carrying  amufement  to  excefs,  fiuc 
fiippofe.  Sir,  when  you  are  riding  out,  you  happen  to  hear  the  bounds, 
is  there  any  harm  merely  in  taking  a  little  exercife  with  them,  if  yoa 
do  not  join  in  the  riot  of  the  chafe  ? 

*  I  hate,  faid  the  Dean,  to  fee  a  man  do  any  thing  by  halves.  Is 
it  right,  or  is  ic  wrong  ?  If  it  be  right,  do  it  boldly.  If  it  be  wrong, 
euro  your  horfe  another  way,  and  take  your  exercife  in  a  contrary 
4ireQiam  Never  go  to  the  edge  of  a  precipice.  You  can  hardly 
help  going  a  little  farther  than  you  intended.  I  remember  hearing  a 
fiory  of  a  clergyman,  who  was  not  remarlcable  for  negle£ling  at  leaft 
the  outward  part  of  his  duty ;  but  once  unhappily  forgot  it  througfi 
hit  )oye  §ot  hunting.  He  was  eagerly  engaged  ip  a  fox-chafe,  when 
the  fox  took  to  earth,  as  they  call  it :  on  which  he  cried  out,  <«  Gen* 
tieizien,  I  mull  leave  you:  This  puts  me  in  mind,  that  Ijiave  a 
corpfe  to  bury  at  four  o'clock  this  evening;  and  1  fc^  I  (hall  be  aa 
hoar  too  late."-— Befidcs,  continued  the  Dean,  yo\i  cannot  well  avoid, 
in  this  field  of  riot,  at  lead  if  you  are  often  feen  in  it,  making  an  ac* 
qaaintance  with  feveral,  to  whom,  for  your  charader's  fake,  yo« 
IWM1I4  not  wifh  to  be  known.-r-But  indeed,  ai  I  obferved,  to  mix,  in 
any  degree,  in  thefe  fcenes  of  cruelty,  and  riotous  exultation,  is  ua* 
becoming  the  clerical  profcnion.— -Farther  ftill,  (to  clofe  my  argu- 
ment with  fcripture,)  I  (hould  wifli  you  to  coniider,  that  as  many  good 
people,  as  well  as  I,  difapprove  a  clergyman's  mixing  in  thefe  riotoui 
amafements,  fo  of  courfe  it  will  give  offence  to  all  thefe  good  people. 
No  man  therefore,  who  has  the  honour  of  his  profe[?ion  at  heart, 
wonld  give  offence,  where  the  matter  in  qaeffion  is  of  fo  little  confe- 
qaence  as  a  mere  amufement.  Let  him  confider  how  (Iridl  St.  Paul 
was  in  matters  of  this  kind.  St.  Paul*^  example  is  certainly  not  very 
faOiionable;  but  with  a  clergyman,  1  (hould  hope  it  might  have  fome 
weight.  He  gives  us  many  hints,  which  come  home  tvo  the  point  wc 
are  now  difcufllng.  Hunting  wa3  out  of  the  qaedlon.  He  would  not 
certainly  have  permitted  Timothy  or  Titus  to  hunt,  if  they  had  been 
fo  difpofed.  fiut  he  forbids  us  to  give  offence  in  matters,  that  are  of 
much  more  concern,  than  mere  amufement.  I/meat»  fays  he,  fnakt 
my  hrothtr  to  offinti,  I  wi/I  eat  nofiejhy  njohlle  the  luorld  ftandetb^  lejl  I 
make  my  brother  to  offend,^ 

In  theclafs  ofamufetnents  vrhich  the  Dean  calls  trifling  and 
reducing,  he  reckons  card-playing.  Some  of  the  remarks  on 
this  fubje<Sl  may,  perhaps,  in  thefe  liberal  times,  be  thought 
rather  too  ftrait-laccd  ;  yet  there  is  ceruinly  good-fenfe  in 
what  theDodor  fays  concerning  thee(Fe£l  of  the  general  prac* 
tice  of  card-playing,  as  diftinguiChed  from  what  is  firidlly 
called  gambling,  to  occafion  a  laviOi  wade  of  time,  to  prevent 
coaverfation»  and  to  foficr  the  fclfifh  paffions.  Playa-^and  pub- 
lic 


iic  aflemblies,  as  at  present  managed,  the  Dean  alfo  exctndei 
from  his  lift  of  clerical  amufementie.  VVe  recommend  hii 
fentiments  to  the  confideration  of  the  clergy,— particular! j  ihe 
more  juvenile  part  of  that  order. 

Art  .  XV.  T/je  Hiftory  of  Cat  aline*  s  Con/piracy  :  with  the  Fbur  Ora- 
tions of  Cicero. — To  which  are  added  Notes  and  Illnftrations  ;  de- 
dicated to  the  Earl  of  Lauderdale.  By  George  Frederic  9jdney. 
8vo.     pp«  283.     5s.  Boards.     Longman.     I795. 

Tn  our  Review  for  Augufl  1751,  vol.  v.  p.  ^04,  our.readerp 
^  will  find  an  account  of  a  much  approved  tranflation  of  Sal* 
luft  by  the  late  Doclor  (then  Mr. )  Rofe ;  who  waa  too  |tood  a 
fcholar,  and  pofleded  a  taftc  too  corrc(!l,  not  to  be  fenfibleef 
the  difficulty  of  tranflating  the  concife,  energetic,  and  fome* 
times  obfcure  writings  of  this  Roman  hiftorian.  He,  therefiDre^ 
took  great  pains  fo  preferve  the  due  medium  between  -a  verbal 
and  a  paraphrafKic  verfion  ;  and  he  executed  the  taflc  fo  well, 
that  (we  imag^ine)  his  tranflation  will  not  foon  bedifplaccd  by 
a  better.  We  have  made  a  comparifon  of  that  performance 
with  the  prefent,  and  we  are  of  opinion  that  Mr.  Sydney,  if 
that  be  the  tranflator*s  rc:il  name,  is  not  a  very  fuccefsful  rM 
of  Mr.  Rofe.  To  give  bis  author's  fentiments  accurately,  and 
to  adhere  to  his  language,  as  far  as  was  confident  with  eafy  ex* 
preflion  and  idiomatic  propriety,  was  a  tafk  rather  too  difficult 
for  this  gentleman.  The  utmcft  that  he  has  attempted  \it% 
been  to  give  a  diffufe  and  defultory  reprefentation  of  his  author'l 
meaning;  and  even  this  he  has  not  always  executed  faithfully, 
for  his  tranflation  has  both  omiifions  and  redundancies.  A 
fliort  extradt  from  the  prefent  work,  with  the  correfpoodent 
paflage  from  Mr.  Rofe,  will  enable  the  claflical  reader,  by 
comparing  them  with  the  original,  to  perceive  whether  our  deci* 
iion  be  julK     We  ihali  felc£t  a  paragraph  from  Caefar's  fpcecb: 

Mr.  Sydney's  Tranflation.  Mr.  Rofc's  Tranflation. 

'  It  may  be  faid,  who  will  ob-  ''But  you  will  fay,  who  will 

jefl  to  a  decree  againll  the  enemies  find   fault  with   any   puniflimcfil 

of  their  country  ?  The  anlwcr  is  decreed  againfl   traitors    to    the 

obvious ;  time  may  engender  dif-  (late  ?    I  anfwer,   time   may,  io 

content ;  a  future  day  may  con-  may  fudden  conjundures  ;    and 

demn  the  proceeding ;  unforefeen  fortune   too,    that    governs-  the 

events,  and  even  chance,  that  with  world    at    pleafure.       Whatever 

wild  caprice  perplexes  human  af-  punifliment  is   inflided  on  thefe 

furs,  may  give  as  reafon  to  re-  parricides,  will  be  juftly  inflided. 

9ent.  The  punifliment  of  traitors.  Bat  uke  care,  confcript  fatherf. 

RHvever  fevere,  cannot  be  more  how  your  prefent  decreet    may 

ban  their  flagitious  deeds  de-  afFed  poflerity.      All  bad  pre- 

CJrve ;    but  it  behoves  us,  con-  cedents  fpring  from  good  bf gin- 

fcrijpc  nio^s; 


Sydney  V  Hijlory  of  Catiline'j  CoKfpiracy*  305 

(cript  Fatherly  to  weigh  well  the     nings;   but  when  the  adminidra- 

comieqiieDCca  before  we  proceed 

tojndgment.     AQiiof  (late  that 

fpruDg   from   policy,    and   were 

perhaps  expedient  on  the  fpur  of 

the  occafion,    have   grown   into 

precedents  often  found  to  be  of 

cvt]  tendency.     The  adminiftra- 

tum  may  fall  into  the  hands  of 

igaorance  and  incapacity,  and  in 

that  cafe»  the  meafure,  which  at 

£rft  was  juft  and  proper,  becomes 

bf  mifapplication  to  other  men 

and  other  times,  the  role  of  bad 

fofiqr  and  injuitice. 

*  Of  this  truth,  the  Lacxde- 
Boniant  have  left  us  a  ilriking  ex- 
ample :  they  conquered  the  Athe- 
Biaoi»  audi  having  ellablifhed  a 
fflprene  council  of  thirty,  intro- 
duced a  new  form  of  government. 
Tkofe  nagiftrates  began  their  ca- 
reer by  ienting  the  loofe  and  pro- 
figattj  and,  without  a  regular 
inalj  fending  them  to  immediatt 
dccadon.  The  people  beheld 
the  fccnc  with  exultation,  and  ap- 
plaaded  the  proceeding.  But  ar* 
kicrary  power,  tlius  eilabliihed, 
knew  no  bounds :  honeft  men  were 

fdaed  without  didindion,  and  put  '. 

to  deaih  with  the  vile  and  infa- 
mon.  The  city  of  Athens  was 
cotered  with  confternation,  and 
the  people  had  reafon  to  reper.tof 
their  folly,  in  not  forefeeing  that 
llUcretion  is  the  law  of  tyrauis.' 

If  our  readers  inquire  what  has  induced  this  writer  to  atterrp^ 
anew  tranflation  of  Salluft,  and  oi  the  four  Orations  of  Cucn 
againft  Catiline,  the  dedication  and  notes  will  furnifh  the  an 
firer.  The  writer's  objefl  has  been,  not  to  explain  and  illulhat» 
cither  Salluft  or  Cicero,  but  to  bring  an  odium  on  the  patty  sir 
prefenC  in  oppofition  to  adminiftration,  by  comparing  their  ct- 
forts  towards  reformation  with  the  Catiiinanan  confpiracy. 
Lord  Lauderdale  is  the  principal  object  of  his  attack,  and,  as  it 
Aould  feem,  his  Catiline  ;  while  Mr.  Pitt  is  the  Cicero  of  mo- 
dern times,  and  the  faviour  of  his  country. 


tion  is  in  the  hands  of  wicked 
or  ignorant  men,  thcfc  prece- 
dents, at  firft  juft,  are  traniferred 
from  proper  and  dcferving  ob- 
jedls,  to  fuch  aj>  are  not  fo. 

"  The  Lacedemonians,  when 
they  had  conquered  the  Athe- 
nians, placed  thirty  governors 
over  them ;  who  begun  their 
power  by  putting  to  death,  v^iih* 
out  any  trial,  fuch  as  \^erc  rr- 
markably  wicked,  and  univerfaliy 
hated.  The  people  were  highly 
pleafed  at  this,  and  applauded  th  j 
judice  of  fuch  executions.  Bui 
when  they  had  by  degrees  clta 
bliflied  their  lawlefs  authority, 
ihcy  wantonly  butchered  ho:h 
good  and  bad  without  diiiinc- 
tion  ;  and  thus  kept  the  llate  in 
awe.  Such  was  the  I'cvere  pu- 
niQiment,  which  the  people,  op- 
preifed  with  flavery,  fuffered  for 
their  foolifh  joy."  ^ 


Rev.  Nov.  1796. 


Art. 


(    306    ) 

Art.  XVI.  Two  Letters  aidrejjed  to  a  Member  of  tb$  prefini  Psfia/^ 
ment,  on  the  Propofals  for  Peace  with  die  Regicide  Diredory  of 
France.  By  the  Right  Honourable  Edmand  Burke.  Sto.  pp.  1  Sit 
3s.  6d.  fewcd.     Rivingtons.     1796. 

Art.  XVII.     Thoughts  on  the  ProffeB  of  a  "kiftetie  Puut,     Ttt  % 
Series  of  Letters.     8vo.     pp.131.     2S.  6d.     Oweo.      1796. 

'Defore  we  proceed  to  conTider  the  more  important  parts  of 
^  thefe  interefting  and  extraordinary  produdions,  our  atten- 


tion is  naturally  atcra<Sled  by  the  flrange  competition 
feems  to  prevail  between  the  genuine  and  the  furreptitious  cdi* 
tion.  It  affords  the  firft  inftance,  as  far  as  we  xecollcA,  of  a 
literary  piracy  being  openly  avowed  and  defended.  Hitherlio^ 
no  property  has  been  thought  more  facred  than  that  of  an  au^ 
thor  in  hjs  unpublifted  works.  It  has  hitherto  been  thoortC 
juft  to  refpedi  that  right  to  corre£^  inaccuracy,  to  ibften  haivl* 
nefs,  to  retra£t  miftake,  to  qualify  what  is  too  general,  10 
fupply  what  is  deficient,  and  to  (Irengthen  what  is  weak,  wbidi 
^stry  writer  pofTefTes^before  he  fubmits  his  writings  Co  the  judg* 
ment  of  the  public.  Reputation  is  often  the  fole  outwaud  le- 
ward  of  the  higheft  literary  excellence ;  and  whoever^  by  a 
violation  of  trufl,  deprives  an  author  of  thofe  means  which  he 
deems  moft  efFedlual  for  maintaining  his  own  reputation,  is 
,  guilty  of  an  offence  which  cannot  be  confidered  with  Ie?ity  by 
any  cultivator  or  admirer  of  literature. 

It  appears  from  Mr.  Owen's  flatement  that  be  was  cntniSed 
with  a  manufcript  with  a  view  to  pubIication;—rubjeft  certainly 
to  the  pleafure  of  the  author,  and  to  every  change  of  opioion 
which  might  take  place  in  his  mind.  A  truflee  thus  circum- 
flanced  had  undoubtedly  no  more  right  to  publiilh  the  work 
without  the  confent  of  the  writer,  than  if  the  MS.  had  been 
procured  by  b/eaking  open  the  library  at  Beaconsfield*  The 
defence  fet  up  by  Mr.  Owen  not  a  little  aggravates,  in  oar 
opinion,  the  impropriety  of  his  conduA.  He  informs  us  that 
Mr.  Burke,  after  having  made  him  a  prefent  of  the  profits  of  bis 
Letter  agaihft  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  fcnt  fome  friends  to  de- 
mand an  account  of  the  fale  of  that  publication.  He  does  not 
tell  us  that  he  was  adually  compelled  to  refund  thefe  profits: 
he  only  affirms  that  he  was  deftrtd  to  account  for  them  ;— and 
this  he  ofters  in  defence  of  an  acknowleged  breach  of  truft : 
fo  that>  according  to  the  morality  of  his  cafuift,  the  bare  at- 
tempt of  A.  to  revoke  a  gift  of  mere  generofity  towards  B* 
will  entitle  B.  to  commit  an  adi  of  flagrant  injuftice  towards 
A.  It  is  but  candour,  however,  to  ftate  that  the  preface, 
.which  contains  this  unfatisfaAory  vindication,  has  every  mark 
of  not  having  been  written,  by  Mr.  Owen  himfclf.  It  has  no- 
thing 


Burke  an  a  Regicide  Peaces  3c f 

thing  oF  the  plain  fenre  of  a  tradefman :  but  it  has  the  appear- 
ance of  being  furnilbed  by  fome  pretender  to  literature  and 
compofitioni  who  was  ftimulated  to  engage  in  this  unworthy 
tranfadion  by  perfonal  malignity  towards  Mr.  Burke^ 

Thus  much  we  have  thought  ourfelves  bound  to  fay  for  the 
protedion  of  the  mod  facred  fort  of  literary  property,  and  for 
the  prefervation  of  thai  probity  and  good  faith  which  have  hi« 
tberto  honourably  diftinguiihed  Englifh  bookfellers  in  their  in^  * 
tercourfe  with  authors. 

The  only  pafiageof  any  moment  in  thefpurious  edition,  that  is 
Hot  alfo  in  the  genuine  publication,  is  that  which  relates  to  a  war 
againft  opinions ;  fee  Owen's  edition,  p.  63—68.  Qn 
that  part  we  (hall  be  under  the  neceffity  of  making  fome  ani- 
madveriions :  but,  with  the  tingle  exception  of  that  paflage, 
ive  fliall  difmifs  the  confideration  of  this  pamphlet,  and  con- 
fim  our  remarks  to  that  which  has  been  correfled  and  ac-* 
kflowleged  by  the  author. 

Since  the  commencement  of  thofe  tremendous  convulfions 
wfaich  have  fhaken  Europe  to  its  center,  the  powerful  efforts 
of  Mr.  Burke  have  been  direded  towards  one  point.  All  his 
writings  and  fpeeches  have  been  framed  to  perfuade  the  worlds 
that  our  only  refuge  from  the  mod  horrible  anarchy  was  in  a 
war  for  the  deftru£iion  of  that  implacable  and  incorrigible 
enemy,  who  left  no  alternative  to  all  other  governments  and 
focieties  but  to  cru(h  or  to  be  cruQied.  For  this  purpofe  he  has^ 
during  nearly  fix  years,  exerted  powers  of  reafon  and  eloquence 
which  have  been  rarely  equalled  among  men  ;  whether  to  the 
benefit  or  to  the  misfortune  of  the  human  race,  it  muft  be  left 
to  the  impartial  judgment  of  hiftory  and  poftericy  to  determine. 
Whoever  has  fuccefsfully  employed  his  powers  in  kindling  fuch 
a  war  as  the  prefent  has  undoubtedly  contra£led  the  moil  awful 
ricfponfibility,  to  which  any  human  being  can  fubje£t  himfelf. 
It  were  well  if  every  man,  before  he  makes  fuch  an  ufe  of  his 
talents,  would  maturely  confider  the  admonition  given  by 
Henry  V.  to  one  of  his  counfellors : 

*'  For  God  doth  know  how  ir.any«  now  in  health » 

Shall  drop  their  blood  in  approbation 

Of  what  your  reverence  doth  incite  us  to  !" 

Henry  V.  AGt.  i.  Sc.  2. 

Far  be  it  from  us,  however,  to  deny  that,  when  the  neceffity  of 
a  juft  defence  compels  a  nation  to  take  up  arms,  it  is  among 
the  nobleft  offices  of  patriotic  eloquence  to  roufe  their  courage, 
to  animate  their  zeal,  to  root  out  of  their  minds  every  daftardly 
and  felfiih  fentiment,  and  to  keep  alive  a  magnanimous  forti- 
tude in  the  midft  of  the  moft  difaftrous  viciHituSes  of  war. 
Squally  far  are  we  from  affirming  that  it  may  not  be  thetiuty 

Y  2  of 


jo8  fiurke  dn  a  Regtcldt  Peaci. 

of  a  virtuous  citizen  to  animate  a  people  to  a  war  for  their 
own  fecurity,  even  when  they  themfelves  have  neither  wirdoii 
to  perceive  nor  fpirit  to  encounter  the  danger.  There  are  fe* 
fpedaclesinhiftory  grander  than  thatof  Dejnofthcnes  ftruggling 
fvith  the  cowardice  and  corruption  of  his  countrymen,  and  ani- 
mating them  in  fpice  of  themfelves  to  make  a  generous  ftaad 
for  the  liberties  of  Greece ; 

■       *'  whofc  refiftlcrs  eloquence 
Wielded  at  will  chat  fierce  democratie. 
Shook  th'  arfenai  and  fulmin'd  over  Greece, 
To  Macedon  and  Artaxerxes*  throne." 

Paradife  Regained*  Bo«»k  IV.   L.  26S— 71. 

Nor  ought  we  to  forget  the  noble  exertions  of  Cicero,  amid 
the  dying  convuldons  of  Roman  hherty,  to  avert  an  ignomi- 
nious negociation  with  a  wretch  who  was  then  a  rebel,  and 
who  Toon  jferward  became  one  of  the  mcfl  cruel  and  profli- 
gate  of  tyrants.  Of  thefe  exertions  Cicero  himfelf  fpeaki  il 
language  which,  on  the  prcfcnt  occafion,  might  have  becft 
adopted  by  Mr.  Bur  Ice:  "  Trcs  Confulares  legati  nii  (t^if 
cmnes  Deos  Deafque  <jui  hulc  urbi  prafidtnt)  inviti  et  ripmgna^ 
vuffi  ud  laticnem  Alurcum  AntorAuin  gladiatorum  ductm** 

t\  more  recent  and  a  duniefik*  example  is  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Ihirke,  of  which  we'cquiDv  apphud  the  patriotifm  and  the  wif- 
dom.  Wc  mean  that  of  King  William  5  and  we  cannot  pro- 
nounce the  name  of  that  great  monarch,  who  has  been  fo  fu- 
perficially  judged  aid  fo  prel'umptuoufly  condemned  by  the  pe- 
tulance of  modern  fcribblers,  without  offering  to  his  memory 
the  humble  tribute  of  our  gratitude  and  veneration.  The  mind 
which  has  acquired  a  true  rclifh  for  moral  beauty  will  tura 
from  more  dazzling  heroes,  to  admire  the  fimplicity,  the  coo- 
Jirtency,  the  ufcfulncfs,  the  folid  wifdcm,  the  calm  and  patient 
perfcverancCy  of  his  unoflcntatious  and  unboaflful  charaAtr. 
There  is  fcarcely  another  inftance  of  a  man  fo  Angularly  fa- 
voured by  Heaven,  that  no  objeft  of  his  ambition  could  ever 
be  obtained  except  by  rendering  iignal  fcrvices  to  mankind. 
Ambition  and  public  virtue  became  m  him  the  fame  principle 
ading  throughout  his  whole  life,  for  the  fame  ends,  and  by  die 
fame  means.  They  infpired  him  with  that  courageous  wifdom 
which  faved  IJollandy    which  delivered   England,  and  which 

{^refervcd  Europe  from  the  domination  of  Louis  XIV.  His 
ife  was  a  complete  and  uniform  fyfiem  ;  aitd  it  requires  not 
only  intrepid  honefly  but  rare  felicity  in  a  political  man  to  be 
able  to  purfue,  for  thirty  years,  with  undeviating  and  uo- 
daunted  coniiancy,  amid  theoppofition  of  fa£tions,  the  difcoD- 
tent  of  the  people,  and  the  moii  calamitous  reverfes  of  foriunc^ 
one  AobJc  objcCtj^Hhat  of  matnuining  the  iaccrnal  freedom  and 

cftabli(hios 


Burke  Mr  a  Regicide  Ptact.  309 

eAiblifting  the  external  /ecuricy  of  nxtions.  His  zeal  for  re- 
ligion was,  during  an  intolerant  age,  pure  from  the  fpiritofper- 
fcrcution.  His  heroifm  was  undcbafcd  by  affedation  or  parade. 
He  did  for  Europe  much  more  than  he  Teemed  to  do.  He 
contributed  even  by  the  defeats  which  he  fufFered  to  break  the 
power  of  France,  and  to  pave  the  way  for  the  brilliant  fuccefles 
of  the  glorious  war  which  followed.  He  formed  and  animated 
that  grand  alliance  which  could  alone  have  fet  bounds  to  the 
ambition  of  Louis  XIV.;  and  to  him  a  great  part  of  its  vic- 
tones,  and  of  that  general  fafety  which  was  the  happy  fruit  of 
thcle  vidories,  ought  in  juftice  to  be  ascribed.  The  glory 
his  been  reaped  by  Eugene  and  Marlborough,  but  much  of  the 
real  merit  belongs  to  the  provident  mind  of  William.  If  there 
be  any  man  in  the  prefent  age  who  deferves  the  honour  of  being 
compared  with  this  great  Prince,  it  is  George  Wafliington. 
The  merit  of  both  is  more  folid  than  dazzling.  The  fame  plain 
fenfe,  the  fame  fimplicity  of  character,  the  fame  love  of  their 
country,  the  fame  unaffedlcd  heroifm,  diftinguifli  both  thefe 
illaftrious  men;  and  both  were  fo  highly  favoured  by  Providence 
as  to  be  made  its  chofen  inftrumcnts  Uir  redeeming  nations  from 
bondage.  As  William  had  to  contend  with  greater  captains, 
and  tollruggle  with  more  complicated  political  difficulties, we  are 
tUe  more  decifively  to  afcertain  his  marijal  prowcfs  and  his  ci- 
vil prudence.  It  has  been  the  fortune  of  Washington  to  give  n 
more  fignal  proof  of  his  difintereftednefs,  as  he  ha»  been  placed 
ioafituaiion  in  which  he  could  without  blame  refign  the  fupreme 
adminiftration  of  that  commonwealth,  which  his  valour  had 
guarded  in  its  infancy  again  ft  foreign  force,  and  which  his  wif- 
d«m  has  fince  guided  through  ftill  more  formidable  domeftic 
perils. 

From  thefe  examples,  it  will  be  abundantly  apparent  that  we 
are  far  from  hazarding  the  extravagant  afTcrtion  that  %^'a\  for 
war,  and  exertions  to  kindle  or  rekindle  the  warlike  fpirit  of  a 
people,  are  in  their  own  nature,  and  univerfally,  immoral  and 
pernicious.  They  are  certainly  among  the  fevereft  and  moft 
painful,  but  they  may  ihenfore  be  among  the  higheft  and  pureft 
efforts  of  public  virtue.  1  heir  merit  and  demerit  muft  always 
depend  on  the  nature,  principle,  »nd  circumftances  of  the  war 
to  which  they  relate.  If  it  were  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Burke  that 
the  prefent  war  was  the  mode  of  preferving  the  Laws  and  inde- 
pendence of  the  European  nations,  he  without  doubt  did  his 
duty  in  rouzing  the  zeal  of  Europe  for  fuch  a  war ;  and  it  is 
now  praifeworthy  in  him  to  attempt  to  reanimate  that  fpirit, 
when  he  perceives  it  to  be  faint  and  drooping.  Of  bis  fince- 
rity  we  entertain  no  doubt :  but  the  truth  and  juftnefs  of  his 
opinion  form  a  quefti^n  of  far  greater  difficulty  and  moment, 
•  Y  3  which 


3 1 <J  '  fiurkc  on  a  Riglcsde  Piace. 

whicb  we  fhall  have  occafion  incidentally  to  difcafs  in  the 
courfe  of  our  remarks  on  this  pamphlet* 

We  ihall  prefent  to  our  readers  a  fhort  analyfis  of  the  con- 
tents of  thefe  letters,  before  we  make  any  extra£ls  or  hrther 
remarks.  From  p.  i.  to  p.  24,  the  author  is  emplojred  in  ge* 
neral  obfervations  on  the  temper  of  Great  Biitain  refpeAing 
war  and  peace.— From  p.  24  to  p.  61,  he  confiders  the  nego- 
ciations,  or  preliminary  meafures  towards  negotiation,  which 
have  already  taken  place  between  Great  Britain  fnd  the  French 
Republic— From  p.  61  to  p.  89,  he  is  chiefly  occupied  in 
comparing  the  circumftances  of  the  prefent  times  wicb  the  po- 
licy of  King  William  in  the  formation  of  the  grand  alliance. 
From  p.  89  to  p  112,  he  is  employed  in  proving  that  the  fafety 
and  even  the  exiflence  of  the  religion,  government,  laws,  and 
manners  of  the  European  nations  are  incompatible  with  the 
French  fyftem. — From  p.  112  to  p.  129,  it  is  his  ohjeOt  to 
cflablifli  his  aflertion,  that  all  the  nations  were  not  only  entitkd 
but  bound  to  make  war,  for  the  deftru«Slion  of  a  fyftem  which 
threatened  their  quiet  and  fecurity.  From  p.  129  top.  138, 
the  clofe  of  the  firfl  letter,  the  moft  important  matter  is  the 
ftatement  of  thofe  queflions  which  arc  to  be  the  fubjedl  of  the 
feries  of  letters  that  are  to  follow : 

'I.  Whether  the  prefent  fyflem»  which  (l^nds  for  a  GovemneDC 
in  France*  be  fuch  as  in  peace  and  war  afFcds  the  neighbouring  Stam 
in  a  manner  different  from  the  internal  Govcrnnnent  that  formei  ly  pre- 
vailed  in  that  country?  2.  Whether  that  fyftenii  foppofing  it's  views 
hodile  to  other  naiions,  poiTeffes  any  means  of  being  hurtful  to  theoi 
peculiar  to  itfelf  ?  3.  Whether  there  has  been  lately  fuch  a  change  in 
France*  as  to  alter  the  nature  of  it's  fyilem,  or  it's  efFcd  upon  other 
Powers  ?  4.  Whetht^r  any  public  declarations  or  engagemenu  eidfi, 
en  the  part  of  the  allied  Puwers,  which  (land  in  the  way  of  a  treaty 
of  peace>  which  fuppofcs  the  right  and  confirms  the  power  of  the 
Regicide  fadion  in  France  ?  5.  What  the  date  of  the  other  Powers  of 
Europe  will  be  with  refped  to  each  other,  and  their  coI6nie5«  on  the 
conciuiion  of  a  Reeicide  Peace  ?  6.  Whether  wc  are  driven  to  the 
abfolute  neceility  of  making  that  kind  of  peace?' 

From  p.  139  to  p.  156,  Mr,  B.  ftatcs  the  original  principle 
and  objed  of  the  war,  and  animadverts,  with  nolefs  jufticethaa 
freedom  and  energy,  on  the  infamous  deviation  from  that  prin* 
ciple  which  has  uniformly  marked  the  condudt  o(  ail  the  com- 
bined powers,  and  which  is  doubtlefs  one  great  caufe  of  the 
calamities  that  now  alBict  Europe. -From  p.  156  to  p.  188 
(the  conclufion]  he  labours  to  prove  that  thefpirit  of  conqueft, 
and  the  opinion  that  a  military  republic  was  the  form  of  go- 
vernment  the  beft  adapted  for  the  aggrandizement  of  France, 
were  among  the  moft  powerful  fprings  of  the  revolution  which 
fubvertcd  the  French  monarchy. 

Such 


'  Burke  en  a  Hepcidi  Piact.  31 X 

Siidiis  the  outline  of  this  publication  ;  of  which,  ifitbecon- 
fidered  merely  as  a  work  of  literature,  it  might  be  fufficient  to  fay 
fhac  it  is  fcarcely  furpafled  in  excellence  by  any  of  the  happieft 
prqdoAions  of  the  bcft  days  of  its  author.    The  fame  vaft  reach 
and  comprehenfion  of  view,— the  fame  unbounded  variety  of 
allufion,  illuftration,  and  ornament,  drawn  from   tvtxy  pro* 
viaoe  of  nature  and  of  fcience,— the  fame  unrivalled  maftery 
over  language, — the  fame  verfatility  of  imagination  which  at 
will  transforms  itfelf  from  fublime  and  terrific  genius  into  gay 
and  playful  fancy,— the  fame  happy  power  of  relieving  the 
harflmefs  of  political  difpute  by  beautiful  effufion«  of  fentiment, 
and  of  dignifying  compofition  by  grave  and  lofty  maxims  of 
moral  and  civil  wifdom, — the  fame  inexhaOftible  ingenuity  in 
prefeoting  even    common   ideas  under  new  and  fafcinating 
Aapes, — the  fame  unlimited  fway  over  the  human  pai&ons. 
which  fills  us  at  his  pleafure  with  indignation,  with  horror,  or 
with  pitv  ;    which  equally  commands  our    laughter  or  our 
tears  {^10  a  word,  the  fame  wit,  humour,  pathos,  invention, 
force^  dignity,  copioufnefs,  and  magnificence,  are  confpicuous 
in  this  produ^ion,  which  will  immorulize  the  other  writings 
of  Mr.  Burke.     There  is  nothing  ordinary  in  his  view  of  a 
fiiligeA.     He  is  peihaps  of  all   writers  the  one  of  whom  it 
may  be  faid  with  the  moft  ftrid  truth,  that  no  idea  appears 
liackncyed  in    his  hands ;    no  topic  feems    common    place 
when  be  treats  it.     When  the  fubjed  muft  (from  the  very  nar- 
rownefs  of  human  conception,  which  bounds  even  the  geniuf 
nf  Mr.  Burke)  be  borrowed,  the  turn  of  thought  and  the  man- 
ner of  prcfenting  it  are  his  own.     The  attitude  and  drapery 
are  peculiar  to  the  mafter. — It  is  perhaps  fcarcely  becoming  in 
us  to  animadvert  on  the  faults  of  fo  great  a  writer : — yet  it  is 
our  duty  to  deliver  our  opinion  on  this  fubjed,  with  modefty 
indeed,  but  with  freedom.     With  faults  in  argument,  with  in- 
decorum and  intemperance  in  language,   we  have  at  prefent 
no  concern.     Thefe  are  matters  of  which  the  confideration  be* 
longs  to  logic,  to  prudence,  and  to  manners.     We  confider 
thete  letters  ntw  merely  in  the  capacity  of  literary  critics.     He 
exerts  the  privileges  of  his  reputation  in  the  frequent  adoption 
of  all  the  licences  of  ftyle ;  and  though  he  often  exercifes  with 
happy  boldnefs  his  power  over  language,  )et  he  has  fometimes 
abufiKl  it.     The  renewal  of  antique  phrafeology,   the  ufe  of 
language  exclufively  poetical,  and  even  of  foreign  idioms,  are 
more  frequent  in  this  pamphlet  than  in  any  of  the  former  pro- 
dudions  of  the  author.     The  firft  of  thefe  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  happieft  artifices  that  can  be  employed  to  exalt  and  en-* 
rich  compofition  \    yet  it  muft  be  cautioufly  employed  if  a 
writer  would  efcape  the  charge  of  affcflationy  and  if  he  be  de« 

Y  4  iirous 


3^1  Burke  en  a  RtgieiJi  PiiUi. 

(irous  of  p'cferving  the  charms  of  cafe  and  nature.  Theadoptioa 
of  poetical  bnguage  is  a  licence  which  can  only  be  pardoned  in 
vriters  of  the  firft  clafs ;  and  which,  if  it  be  not  ufed  with 
the  moft  fparing  hand,  has  an  inevitable  tendencf  to  confound 
all  the  diftinguiOiing  charaders  of  the  mod  different  kinds  of 
compofttion  ;  to  deprive  profe  of  its  fobriety  ;  and  to  rob  verfe 
of  that  dignity  which  it  derives  from  the  appropriation  of  a  pe» 
culiar  phrafeology  to  its  ufe.  The  coinage  of  new  words  is 
indeed  a  prerogative  which  is  due  to  great  writers :  but  its  ex- 
iftence  could  only  be  tolerated  on  account  of  its  infrequent  cx- 
ercife.  The  Inter-mixture  of  foreign  idiom  we  fcartely  think 
even  toier^ble.  The  French  ftrudure  of  Hume's  fenteoceSt 
^nd  the  French  phrafeology  of  Bolingbroke,  were  jullly  though 
fcverely  cenfured  by  Johnfon  :  when  heexprefled  hisapprehenfion 
that  <^  welhould  foon  be  reduced  to  babble  a  dialed  of  Francew*" 
Preface  to  his  Di£f. — It  is  in  vain  to  fay  that  the  free  ufe  of 
thefe  licences  enables  us  to  exprefs  our  ideas  with  more  ftrength 
^nd  felicity,  than  is  reconcileable  with  the  prefervation  w  a 
tame  and  frigid  corre£tnefs.  It  is  the  part  of  a  good  writtr 
not  to  aciiiiiefce  with  indolent  precipitarion  in  the  nrft  glowing 
word  which  prcfents  itfelf  to  his  heated  fancy,  but  to  feek  within 
%\\^  limTts  of  propriety  for  language  to  convey  his  idea.  The 
rules  of  good  fenfe  and  tafle  are  indeed  reftraints,  but  they  are 
rcLlraints  which  conduce  to  excellence,  and  to  which  a  good 
writer  mufl  fubmic.  He  will  ftruggle  with  the  difficulty  which 
they  create,  and  will  difplay  his  power  and  fkill  in  vanqutfliing 
it.  It  comparatively  is  eafy  either  to  be  vigorous  without  cor- 
redtnefs  or  correal  without  vigour.  The  art  and  merit  oft 
great  author  confift  in  combining  thefe  two  qualities.  After 
all,  if  fuch  licenfes  were  confined  to  thofe  who  have  acquired 
fuch  a  right  to  employ  them  as  Mr.  Buike  has  obtained,  the 
/evil  would  be  little  : — but  the  danger  arifes  from  tho  herd  of 
imitators  who  can  neither  copy  nor  difcover  his  excellencef, 
but  who  can  eafily  ape  thefe  defeats  ;  and  who,  if  they  be  not 
fpeedily  checked  by  fevere  criticifm,  and  by  the  decided  difap- 
probation  of  the  public,  threaten  to  dcftroy  the  purity  of 
Fnglifli  idiom  apd  the  propriety  of  Englifli  ftyle. 

In  the  neceflity  of  limiting  our  extrads  from  this  work,  we 
fhall  fcle£l  fuch  as  wi!l  abundantly  prqve  that  the  commendations 
which  we  have  beftowed,  however  high,  are  not  exccffive; 
that  they  are  not  the  adulatory  drains  of  pndiflinguilhing  pane- 
gyric, but  praifes  as  appropriate  as  they  are  merited.  Thefirft 
ftall  be  a  pi£iure  of  the  fate  of  the  emigrants : 

'  To  illuflrate  my  opinions  on  this  fubjedt,  let  us  fappofe  a  cafe, 
which,  after  what  has  happened^  we  cannot  think  abfolutcly  impoffi- 
^le^  though  the  augury  is  to  be  abprninated,  and  the  event  depiv- 

•  wed 


Barke  en  a  Rigidde  Ptaa.  313 

cited  with  oar  moft  ardent  prayers.  Let  us  fuppofe  th«n»  tliat  our 
gracious  Sovereign  was  facrilegioufly  fnurdered;  his  exeraplarjr 
Queen*  at  the  head  of  the  macronage  of  this  land,  murdered  in  th^ 
fame  manner :  That  thofe  PrtncefTes  whofe  beaaty  and  mode/l  ele- 
gance are  the  ornaments  of  the  country,  and  who  are  the  leaders  and 
patterns  of  the  ingenuous  youth  of  their  fex,  -were  put  to  a  cruel  and 
Ignominious  death,  with  hundreds  of  others^  mothers  and  daughters, 
ladies  of  the  firil  diilindiion; — that  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Duke 
of  York,  princes  the  hope  and  pride  of  the  nation,  with  all  their  bra. 
thren,  were  forced  to  fly  from  the  knives  of  aifaifins — that  the  whole 
body  of  our  excellent  Clergy  were  either  mafTacred  or  robbed  of  all^ 
and  tranfported — the.  Chriliian  Religion,  in  all  its  denominations, 
forbidden  and  perfecuted ;  the  law  totally,  fundamentally,  and  in  all 
its  parts  dedroyed — the  judges  put  to  death  by  revolutionary  tribu- 
Dais— the  Peers  and  Commons  robbed  to  the  lailacre  of  their  eilatcs ; 
naffacred  if  they  (laid,  or  obliged  tp  feek  life  in  flight,  in  exile  and 
in  beggary— that  the  whole  landed  property  (hould  (hare  the  very 
fame  fate^-that  every  military  and  naval  oiHcer  of  honour  and  rank, 
almoft  to  a  man,  (hould  be  placed  in  the  fame  deicription  of  confifca- 
tion  and  exile«->that  the  principal  merchants  and  bankers  (hould  be 
drawn  out,  as  from  an  hen-coop,  for  (laughter — that  the  citizens  of 
oor  greateft  and  moft  flopri(hing  cities,  when  the  hand  and  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  hangman  were  not  found  fufHcient,  (hould  have  been 
.colleded  in  the  publick  fquares,  and  mafiacred  by  thoufands  with 
cannon;— if  three  Hundred  thoufand  others  (hould  have  been  doomed 
to  a  fituation  worfe  than  dea^h  in  noifome  and  peftijential  prifons  ;-^ 
in  fach  a  cafe,  is  it  in  the  faction  of  robbers  I  am  to  look  for  my 
country  ?  Would  this  be  the  England  that  you  and  1,  and  even  ftran- 
^f99  admired,  honoured,  loved,  and  cherifhed  ?  Would  not  the  ex- 
iles of  England  alone  be  my  Government  and  my  fellow  citizens  ? 
Would  not  their  places  of  refuge  be  my  temporary  country  ?  Would 
not  all  my  duties  and  all  my  alFedions  be  there  and  there  only? 
Should  [  conlider  myfelf  as  a  traitor  to  my  country,  and  deferving  of 
death,  if  1  knocked  at  the  door  and  heart  of  every  Potentate  in 
Chriftendom  to  fuccour  my  friends,  and  to  avenge  them  on  their  ene- 
mies  ?  Could  I,  in  any  way,  ih::w  myfelf  more  a  Patriot  ?  What 
ftioald  I  think  of  thofe  Potentates  who  infolted  their  fufFering  bre- 
thren ;  who  treated  them  as  vagrants,  or  at  lead  as  mendicants ;  and 
could  find  no  allies,  no  friend5,  but  in  Regicide  murderers  and  rob- 
bers ?  What  ought  1  to  think  and  fee!,  if  being  geographers  inllead 
of  Kings,  they  recognized  the  defolated  cities,  the  waited  fields,  and 
the  rivers  polluted  with  blood,  of  this  geometrical  meafurement,  as 
the  honourable  member  of  Europe,  called  England  ?  In  that  condi* 
iion  what  (hould  we  think  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  or  Holland,  or 
whatever  Power  afforded  us  a  chor]i(h  and  treacherous  hofpitality,  if 
they  (hould  invite  us  to  join  the  flandard  of  our  King,  our  Laws,  and 
our  Religion,  if  they  (hould  give  us  a  dired  promife  of  protedlion,-^ 
if  after  all  this,  taking  advantage  of  our  deplorable  fituation,  which 
left  us  no  choice,  they  were  to  treat  us  as  the  lowed  and  vileil  of  all 
mercenaries  ?  If  they  were  to  fend  us  far  fiom  the  aid  of  our  Kin^. 
fad  om  fttffcrin^  CoQntry,  to  f^^aander  us  away  in  the  moft  pellilential 
>  ■  '  '  ^iimatps 


:3i4  Baric  m  a  Itigiddi  Peace. 

climates  fort  venal  enlargement  of  their  oit^n  territoricf,  ferthepar^ 
pofe  of  trucking  them,  when  obtained,  with  thofe  very  robbers  and 
murderers  they  bad  called  upon  us  to  oppofe  with  our  blood  f  What 
woold  be  our  fentiments,  if  in  that  miferable  fervice  we  were  not  to 
be  confidered  either  as  Englifh,  or  as  Swedes,  Dutch,  Danes,^  but  as 
€utca(ls  of  the  human  race  f    WhiiH  we  were  fighting  thofe  banles  of 
their  intereft,  and  as  their  foldiers,  how  (hould  we  feel  if  wc  ivere  to 
be  excluded  fiom  all  their  cartels?  How  mud  we  feel,  if  the  pride 
»nd  flower  of  the  Englifh  Nubility  and  Gentry,  who  might  eicape  the 
peililtntial  clime,  and  the  devouring  fword,  ihould,  if  takeo  priionerSf 
DC  delivered  over  as  rebel  fubjcds,  to  be  condemned  as  rebek»  as 
traitors,  as  the  vileft  of  all  criminals,  by  tribunals  formed  of  Marooa 
»egpoe  fiaves«  covered  over  with  the  blood  of  their  mafters«  who  were 
made  free  and  organifed  into  judges,  for  their  robberies  and  murders? 
What  (hould  we  feel  under  thk*  inhumaui^  infulting,  and   barbaroos 
prote^ion  of  Mufcovites,  Swedes,  or  Hollanders  ?  Should  we  not  ob- 
teft  Heaven,  and  whatever  juihce  there  is  yet  on  Earth  f    Opprrffioo 
makes  wife  men  mad ;  but  the  diftemper  is  ftill  the  madnels  of  the 
wifr,  which  is  better  than  the  fobriety  of  fools.     Their  cry  is  the 
Toice  of  facred  mifery,  exalted,  not  into  wild  raving »  bat  mto  the 
lan^ifkd  phrcnzy  of  prophecy  and  infpiration— in  that  bittemclsof 
lbal>  in  that  indignation  of  fuffering  virtue,  in  that  ezaltatioii  of 
dfcefpair,  would  not  perfecuted  Englifh  Loyalty  cry  out,  with  an  asvfol 
warning  voice,  and  denounce  the  deftrudlion  that  waits  on  MootrcfaSt 
whoconiider  fidelity  to  them  as  the  mofl  degrading  of  all  vices;  who 
lisfFer  it  to  be  punifhtd  as  ihe  moll  abominable  of  aul  crimes ;  ftnd  who 
bave  no  reipeh  but  for  rebfls,  traitors,  Regicides,  and  furious  oegrae 
Itavcs,  whofe  crimes  have  broke  their  chains  ?  Would  not  this  warm 
language  of  high  indignation  have  more  of  fbuiid  reafon  in  it,'  more 
cf  real  affcdion,  more  of  true  attachment,  than  all  the  lullabies  of 
flatterers,  who  would  hufh  Monarchs  to  ileepin  the  arms  of  death? 
Let  them  be  well  convinced,  thai  if  ever  this  example  (hould  prevail 
in  its  whole  extent,  it  will  have  its  full  operation.     Whiltl  Kings  fiand 
£rm  on  their  bafe,  though  under  that  bafc  there  is  a  fure-wrought 
mine,  there  will  not  be  wanting  to  their  levees  a  finglc  perfon  of 
thofe  who  are  attached  to  their  fonune,  and  not  to  their  peribns  or 
caufe  :  But  hereafter  none  will  fupport  a  tottering  throne.     Some  w21 
fly  for  fear  of  beine  crufhed  under  the  ruin  ;  fome  will  join  in  making 
it»     They  will  feek  in  the  deflruifiion  of  Royalty,  fame,  and  power, 
and  wealth,  and   the  homage  of  Kings,  with  Rfuhel^  with  Carmtt 
with  Re*utllieri9  and  with  the  Mtrlius  ^nd  the  Tai/iefts,  rather  ihao 
fuffer  exile  and  beggary  with  the  Condes,  or  the  Brogliost  the  Cmftrin, 
the  D'j^vrais,  the  Scrrents,  the  Cazatrs,  and  the  long  line  ot   loyal, 
fuffering  Patriot  Nobility,  or  to  be  butchered  with  the  oracles  and  the 
vi^lims   of  the  laws,  the  D'Ormeflons,    the   d*E/frememiht  and  the 
Malejherbes.     This  example  we  (hall  give,  if  inilead  of  adherirg  to 
our  fellows  in  a  caufe  which  is  an  honour  to  us  all,  we  abandon  the 
lawful  Government  and  lawful  corporate  body  of  France,  to  hunt  for 
a  (hameful  and  ruinous  fraternity,  with  this  odicus  ulurpatioo  that  dis- 
graces civilized  (ociety  and  the  human  race/ 

it 


Burke  on  a  Rigicidi  Ptact.  31  j 

It  is  impoffible  not  tojtdmire  (what  we  may  call)  thephtio* 
fbphical  addrtffs  which  is  difplayed  in  the  general  defign  of  thi* 
Ijplendid  picture.  To  infpire  us  with  fympathy  for  the  mis- 
Ibrtunes  of  others,  the  delineator  reprefents  them  in  imagina* 
tion  as  having  befallen  ourfelves.  To  fill  us  with  abhorrence 
for  our  own  crimes,  he  paints  them  as  being  perpetrated  by 
others.  He  brings  hopie  to  our  bofoms  the  misfortunes  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry  of  France,  by  fuppofing  fimilar  calamities 
to  have  fallen  on  the  fame  bodies  of  men  in  England.  He  com- 
pels us  CO  fee  and  feel  the  full  deformity  of  our  own  treatment 
of  thefe  unhappy  men,  by  imagining  that  other  nations  of  whom 
we  can  judge  impartially  had  pradifed  the  fame  harflinefs,  and 

ifince  we  muft  fpeak  truth)  the  fame  treachery.  This  is  ttf 
ifplay  confummate  (kill  in  the  fcience  of  human  nature.  This 
is  indeed  to  derive  the  principles  of  eloquence  from  the  moft 
intimate  recefles  of  philoibphy.  Wc  can  only  be  taught  fym- 
puthj  for  others  by  fuppofing  ourfelves  in  their  fituation.  We 
can  only  be  made  to  judge  truly  of  our  own  condud,  by  fup- 
pofing other  men  placed  in  our  circumftances,  and  adopting^ 
our  condud.  Thefe  are  the  fole  means  of  conquering  that  in- 
diflPerence  to  the  calamities  of  our  neighbours  which  is  too  fre- 
quent a  charaderiftic  of  uur  bafe  and  felfifh  nature,  and  of  van- 
quiihioe  that  repugnance  to  avow  and  condemn  our  own  faults- 
which  clings  fo  obftinately  to  the  proud  and  fiubborn  heart  of 
man.  It  is  on  fuch  occafions  that  the  fuperiority  of  a  philo(b- 
l^ical  orator  is  confpicuous  over  the  mere  artift  in  language* 
The  choice  and  copioufnefs  of  expreffion,  the  arrangement  and 
harmony  of  periods,  are  but  feeble  inftruments  to  refift  felf- 
pmrtiality,  to  eradicate  prejudice,  and  to  govern  paffion.  It  is 
in  fuch  attempts  that  we  diftinguifli  between  the  declaimeraifd 
the  orator ;  it  is  then  that  we  perceive  the  full  force  of  Cicero's 
boaft,  **  fe  non  t  Rhitorum  officina  fed  t  Philofopborum  SchoUi 
frodiiffir 

The  next  fpecimen  is  of  a  different  nature  from  the  pre- 
ceding, and  well  illuftrates  the  variety  and  verfacility  of  the 
powers  of  this  great  maimer : 

'  Much  controverfy  there  has  been  in  Parliament,  and  not  a  little 
ambngft  us  out  of  doors,  about  the  inllrumental  means  of  this  nation 
towards  the  maintenance  of  her  dignity,  and  the  affertion  of  her 
rights*  On  the  moil  elaborate  and  corre^  detail  of  fails,  the  refulc 
feems  to  be,  that  at  no  time  has  the  wealth  and  power  of  Great  Bri- 
taio  been  fo  confiderable  as  it  is«at  this  very  perilous  moment.  We 
have  a  vaft  intereft  to  preferve,  and  we  pofTefs  great  means  of  pre* 
ferving  it:  But  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  artificer  may  be  ia« 
cambered  by  his  tools,  and  that  refources  may  be  among  impediments. 
\f  wealth  is  the  obedient  and  laborious  flare  of  virtue  and  of  publiclc 
bonour,  then  wealth  is  in  its  place,  and  has  its  ufe :   Rut  if  this  order 

IX  is 


3t6  Burke  on  o  Rrgicidi  Peace. 

h  €ban|;cd«  and  honour  is  to  be  facrificed  totheoonfervatioii  of  rUrtt* 
rkbcs  which  have  neither  eyes  nor  hands,  nor  any  thing  clfe  trdf* 
%kal  w  thcm^  cannot  long  furvive  the  being  of  their  mifying  powen, 
their  kgittmate  maders/  and  their  potent  ^rotedort.  if  we  coo* 
nand  our  wealth,  we  (hall  be  rich  and  free :  if  oor  wealth  commaads 
115,  we  are  poor  indeed.  We  are  bought  by  the  enemy  with  the  trea- 
lure  from  onr  own  coffers.  Too  great  a  fenfe  of  the  val«ie  of  a  fob- 
cyrdinate  intere ft  may  be  the  very  ^urce  of  its  danger^  as  well  as  the 
certain  ruin  of  interelis  of  a  fuperio/  order.  Often  has  a  man  loft  bis 
all  bccaufe  he  would  not  fubmit  to  hazard  all  in  defending  it,  A  di(. 
pUy  oi  oar  wealth  before  robbers  is  not  the  way  to  reftrain  their  bold* 
jMSlV,  or  to  le£en  their  rapacity.  This  difplay  is  made»  I  luioir»  to 
perCoade  the  people  of  England  that  thereby  we  (hall  awe  the  enemy, 
and  improve  the  terms  of  our  capitulation  :  it  is  made,  not  that  we 
ftoold  fight  with  more  animation,  but  that  we  (hould  fupplicate  with 
better  hopes.  We  are  mrttaken.  We  have  an  enemy  to  deal  with 
who  never  regarded  our  ccntcft  as  a  meafuring  and  weighing  of  pcrfes. 
He  is  the  Gaul  that  puts  his /u'oni  into  the  fcale.  He  is  more  tempted 
with  our  uealch  as  booty,  than  terrified  with  it  as  power.  Bat  let  oa 
be  rich  or  poor,  let  us  be  either  in  what  proportion  we  may,  nature 
ift  falle  or  this  is  true,  that  where  the  efTential  publick  force,  (of 
which  nM)ney  is  but  a  par:,)  is  in  any  degree  upon  a  par  in  a  coofiift 
between  nations,  that  (late  which  is  rcfolvcd  to  hazard  its  exillence 
rather  than  to  abandon  its  objeds,  mud  have  an  infinite  advantage 
over  that  which  is  rci'ur*'cd  to  yield  rather  than  to  carry  its  refinance 
beyond  a  certain  point.  Flu  manly  fpetking,  that  people  «hidt 
bomids  its  efforts  only  with  its  beinp;,  muft  give  the  law  to  that  nft* 
oon  which  will  not  pu(h  its  oppoficion  beyond  its  convenience.' 

While  the  farmer  pafDge  is  a  model  of  fplendid  and  powerful 
eloquence,  the  latter  is  an  example  of  a  philofophy  at  once  fo- 
ber^  exadty  and  dignihed.  It  ought  to  be  deeply  (ludied  by 
thofc  who,  being  perpetually  occupied  in  calculation,  have 
vroughi  themiclvcs  into  a  conceit  that  nothing  but  what  can 
be  made  the  fubjeci  of  calculation  has  any  real  exigence  at  all } 
and  that  the  great  maHer-fprings  on  which  the  revolutions  of 
ftates  and  co^pires  depend, — the  chara£ler, opinions,  and  fpirit  of 
nations, — are  to  be  wholly  baniihed  from  the  confideration  of 
Hatefmen. 

The  following  extract  contains,  wc  fear,  not  only  a  poignant 
aod  vigorous  fatirc,  but  a  juft  and  corred  flatement  of  fads : 

*  The  creatures  of  the  deCc,  and  the  creatures  of  favour,  had  no 
relHh  for  the  principles  of  the  manifefloes.  They  promifed  no  go- 
Ternmcnts,  no  regiments,  no  revenues  from  whence  emoluments 
might  arife,  by  perquifiteor  by  grants  In  truth,  the  tribe  of  vulgar 
pobticiai^  are  the  lowed  of  our  fpecies.  There  is  no  trade  fo  vile  and 
mechanical  as  government  in  their  hands.  Vinue  is  not  their  habit. 
1'hey  are  out  of  themfelves  in  any  courfe  of  conduct  recommended 
o&Iy  by  confcience  and  glory.  A  large,  liberal,  and  profpe^live  view 
oX  the  inieielb  of  States  pafles  with  them  for  rpm^ce  -,  and  the  prin- 
ciples 


Burke  en  a  Stgiddi  Piaa.  311 

^tpfes  that  recommend  it  for  che  wanderings  of  a  difordered  ima^nx* 
tioo.  The  calculators  compute  them  out  of  their  A^nfes.  The  jeftefs 
and  bofFooas  (hame  them  out  of  every  thing  grand  and  elevated. 
Lictlenefs  in  objed  and  in  means*  to  them  appears  Joundnefs  aiid  (o-  ^ 
briety.  They  think  there  is  nothing  worth  purfuit,  but  that  w^idi 
they  can  handle;  which  they  can  meafurc  vvkh  a  two-foot  rulcj 
Dvhich  they  can  tell  upon  ten  fingers.' 

This  is  a  fubjed  which,  if  we  may  judge  from  Mr,  Burke> 
freqiient recurrence  to  it  in  his  writings*,  has  often  thwarxed 
aod  exafperated  him  in  his  paflage  through  life.  It  was  likeljr 
Co  do  fo.  His  charafler  is  not  only  perfectly  pure  from  che 
low  vices  of  thefe  vulgar  politicians,  but  may  poflibly  be  ful^ 
pe£led  of  fome  bjas  towards  the  oppofite  extreme.  Perhaps 
fomething  more  of  flexibility  of  chara<Rer  and  accommodation 
of  temper,— a  mind  more  broken  down  to  the  praflicc  o^  the 
world,— would  have  fitted  him  better  for  the  exertion  of  that  art 
which  is  the  fole  inttrument  of  political  wifdom,  and  without 
which  the  higheft  political  wifdom  is  but  barren  fpeculation— 
we  mean  the  art  of  guiding  and  managing  mankind.  7  he  vci  j 
paflage  before  us,  when  we  compare  it  with  the  general  fchcme 
of  policy  propofed  by  Mr.  Burke,  furniflies  a  remarkable  proof 
of  the  truth  of  the  obfervation  which  we  have  hazarded.  How 
could  Mr.  Burke  have  forgotten  that  thefe  vulgar  politicians 
were  the  only  tools  with  which  he  had  to  work,  in  reducing  his 
fcheme  to  praflice?  Thefe  *  creatures  of  the  defk  and  crea- 
tures of  favour*  unfortunately  govern  Europe.  Thefe  narrow 
and  feliifh  men  were  the  fole  inftruments  that  could  be  employed 
in  realizing  fchcmts,  of  which  the  fucccls  (according  to  Mr. 
Burke's  own  reprcfentation)  depended  on  their  dilinterrftcdncfs* 
There  were  no  other  men  pofllHcd  of  power  to  carry  the  plan 
into  execution.  The  ends  of  gcnerofity  were  to  be  compaiFcd 
alone  through  the  agency  of  the  frUifl)  ;  and  the  oljcCts  of 
profpe£tive  wifdom  were  to  be  attained  by  the  exertions  of  the 
fbort  fighted.  Inhere  never  was  a  project  in  which  the  means 
and  the  tvA  were  fo  fatally  at  variance.  It  was  a  fcheme  i^ 
policy  to  be  car  lie  J  into  cxccu;ion  by  men  who,  from  the  ftaie- 
ment  of  Mr.  Hurke,  and  fron  the  very  neceffiiy  of  iheir  cha- 
racter, mud  deride  the  whole  plan  as  chimerical.  It  is  fureiy 
not  a  little  remarkable  that  he,  who  as  an  obferver  of  human 
life  has  fo  admirably  painted  the  charader  of  ihcfe  men,  and 
as  a  fpeculative  philofopher  has  fo  well  traced  their  conduCl 
to  its  principles,  Ihould  as  a  pra<5tical  politician  have  fo  utterly 

•  See  the  fame  fubjed  treated  in  his  beautiful  character  of  Mr. 
GrenviiJc,  (Works,  vol.  i.  p.  S4*-~?)i  anJ  in  the  concltirion  of  his 
fpeech  for  conciliation  with  the  colonics  ;  perhaps  tae  moll  faultkfs  of 
all  his  prod udtient,  (Works  vol.ii.  P' 95  J 

14  cverloaked 


3iS  Burke  on  a  RifUide Pioci. 

overloolced  the  inefficiency  of  the  only  tools  which  he  had  10 
employ*  In  thjs  part  of  the  argun^ent,  we  have  taken  for 
granted  a  circuonftance  which  we  (hall  in  the  fequel  be  obliged 
to  difputci  viz*  the  juftnefs  of  Mr*  Burke's  general  views. 
We  have  only  endeavoured^  from  his  own  ftate ment^  to  point 
out  one  fource  of  their  abfolute  impradicabihty* 

We  ihall  cxtra£t  yet  another  paflage,  as  a  fpecimen  of  the 
Kterary  excellence  of  this  produAion  : 

*  To  thofe>  who  do  not  love  to  concemplatt  the  hll  of  hooiaii 
greatnefs»  I  do  not  know  a  more  mortiffing  fpeOade,  than  to  lee 
the  aflembled  majefty  of  the  crowned  headi  of  Earope  waiting  as  pa- 
tient fuitors  in  the  anti- chamber  of  Regicide.  They  wait,  it  fecsi, 
vntil  the  fangoinary  tyrant  Carnot  ihall  have  fnorted  awav  the  funct 
of  the  indtgefted  blood  of  bis  Sovereign.  Then,  when  Aink  ob  te 
down  of  uiarped  pomp,  he  (hall  have  fuffidently  indulged  his  mcdi* 
tations  with  what  Monarch  he  (hall  next  glnt  his  ravening  naw*  he 
may  conde(cend  to  (ignify  that  it  is  his  pleafare  to  be  awake  ;  and  that 
lie  is  at  leifure  to  receive  the  propofals  of  his  high  and  mighty  dieats 
for  the  terms  on  which  he  may  refptte  the  execution  of  the  fencence  he 
has  pa(red  upon  them.  At  the  opening,  of  thofe  doors,  what  a  fight 
h  mud  be  to  behold  the  plenipotentiaries  of  royal  impotence,  in  the 
precedency  which  they  will  intrigue  to  obtain,  and  which  will  be 
granted  to  them  according  to  the  feniority  of  their  degradation,  fneak- 
mg  into  the  Regicide  prcfencr,  and  with  the  reliqucs  of  the  foule 
which  they  had  dre(red  up,  for  the  levee  of  their  matters,  ftill  flicker- 
ing on  their  curled  lips,  prefenting  the  faded  remains  of  their  courdy 
graces,  to  meet  the  fcornful,  ferocious,  fardonic  grin  of  a  bloody 
xnfHan,  who,  whilll  he  is  receiving  their  homage,  is  meafuring-  them 
with  his  eye,  and  fitting  to  their  fize  the  Aider  of  his  Guillotine  !' 

We  have  here  no  concern  with  the  truth  or  propriety  of  Mr. 
Burke's  reprefentation  :  we  give  no  judgment  whether  the 
pi£lure  be  like  or  unlike  :  we  confider  merely  the  excellence 
of  the  execution.  I'he  claffical  reader  will  ea(i]y  perceive  the 
allufion  which  it  contains  to  a  celebrated  paiTage  of  Juvenal: 

atqut  ihi  magnus 


hllraniiuffiue  QX\tXi%  Jtdet  ad  pratoria  regis » 
Dcnec  Bithyno  liBeat  vigilare  Tyranno. 

Juv.  Sat.  X.  1. 160— >a. 

Condemned  a  needy  fupplicant  to  wait. 
While  Ladies  iiterpofe  and  Slaves  debate. 

Johnfon's  Vanity  of  Human  Wifhes. 

From  thefe  extra£)s  and  remarks,  the  few  readers  whom  we 
can  fuppofe  not  to  have  perufed  thefe  celebrated  letters  will  be 
enabled  to  form  fome  judgment  of  their  merit.  We  have  dif- 
charged  our  peculiar  duty,  as  literary  cenfors,  to  the  public 
Our  readers,  however,  will  pardon  us  for  recolleding  that  we 
have  yet  higher  and  more  important  duties  to  perform.    In 

perufing 


Burke  sn  a  RigiciJi  Peati.  319 

peniiing  fuch' a  publication  as  theprefent,  there  is  great  tempt* 
ation  to  forget  that  we  are  critics,  in  remembering  that  we  are 
men  and  Engliihmen,  whofe  mofl  facred  rights  and  deared  ini* 
tcrefti  are  involved  in  the  queflions  difcufled  by  Mr.  Burke. 
We  are  neither  permitted  by  our  plan,  nor  authorized  by  confi- 
dence in  our  own  talents,  to  enter  into  an  elaborate  examina* 
tionofallthe  fubjeds  which  he  haf  treated: — but  we  (hall 
trefpafs  on  the  indulgence  of  our  readers  fo  far  as  to  venture 
foae  animadverfions  on  the  mod  ftriking  and  important  parts 
of  bis  general  argument.  We  mud  referve  for  another  Nun* 
ber  the  great  queftion  of  the  war;  whether  its  commencement 
originally,  or  its  continuation  at  prefenr,  was  or  is  imperioudy 
demanded  by  a  regard  to  the  fafety  of  Europe  ;  and  whether  it 
bat  been  conduced  in  a  manner  conducive  to  that  mighty  obr 
ytSt*  That  queftion  has  indeed  been  debated  by  the  greatelt 
reafoners  and  oritors  in  the  world:  but,  though  in  venturing  on 
tbe  fame  difcuffion  we  do' not  prefume  to  fay  that  we  bring  fiini- 
Jar  talents  for  the  conteft,  we  may  perhaps  approach  it  with 
more  febriety  and  impartiality  than  can  reafonably  be  expe£bed 
in  the  ardour  of  debate,  and  amid  the  confii£ts  of  rival  (tatefmen. 
It  may  often,  nay  mod  generally  does  happen  that  the  adors 
on  the  public  fcene  are  men  of  underflanding  and  genius, 
tninfcendently  fuperior  to  thofe  hiftorians  whofe  duty  it  is  to 
judge  them :  yet  the  advantages  of  being  difinterefted  s^nd  dtf- 
pamonate  counterbalance  the  inferiority  of  underftanding;  and 
pofierity  has  often  ratified  the  judgment  which  the  honeft  and 
impartial  hiftorian,  though  of  moderate  abilities,  has  pro* 
nounced  on  the  greatcil  men.  For  the  prefent,  we  fhall  con- 
tent ourfelves  with  examining  one  paiTageof  Mr.  Burke,  which 
may  be  confidered  apart  from  the  great  queftion  which  we  have 
referved.  It  is  that  in  which  he  fpeaks  of  the  late  acquittals  for 
2)igh  treafbn: 

•  Great  reveries  of  fortune,  there  have  been,  and  great  embarraiT- 
mer.ts  in  coar.cil  ;  a  principled  Regicide  enemy  pofTefled  of  the  moft 
iinporcant  part  of  Europe  and  llruggling  for  the  red  :  within  ourfelves 
a  total  rclaxauon  of  all  authority,  vvhillt  a  cry  is  raifed  againd  it,  as 
if  it  were  the  moll  ferocious  of  all  defpotifm  :  a  worfe  pha:nomenoii ; 
—our  government  difowncd  by  the  mod  efficient  member  of  its  tri- 
bunals; ill  fupported  by  any  of  their  conftituent  parts;  and  the  higbeft 
tribunal  of  all  (from  caufes  not  for  our  prefent  purpofc  to  examine)  de- 
prived of  all  that  dignity  and  all  chat  efficiency  which  might  eoforce» 
or  regulate,  or  if  the  calc  required  it,  might  fupply  the  want  of  every 
other  court.  Public  profecutions  arc  become  little  better  than  fchoob 
for  treafon ;  of  no  ufe  but  to  improve  the  dexterity  of  criminals  in  the 
myikry  of  evafion ;  or  to  ihew  with  what  conipleat  impunity  meii 
may  coofpire  againfl  the  Commonwealth  ;  with  what  fafety  aflaSnt 
may  attempt  it's  awful  head.     £very  thing  is  fecure>  except  what  the 

law« 


329  Burke  on  a  Regtcide  Peoci. 

laws  have  made  iacred  ;  every  thing  is  tamendi  and  languor  tkatis 
not  fury  and  faflion.     Whilll  the  diHempertof  a  relaxed  fibre  pto-' 
gnollicate  and  prepare  all  the  morbid  force  of  convullion  in  the  body 
of  the  State,  the  fteadinefs  of  the  phyfician  u  overpowered  by  tbe  very 
afpcft  of  the  difeafe  ♦.   The  doaor  of  the  Conftitution,  precendtng  to 
vnder-rate  what  he  is  not  able  to  contend  with,  (brinks  from  hit  o«n 
operation.     He  doubts  and  queflions  the  falutary  but  critical  terrors  of 
the  cautery  and  the  knife.     He  takes  a  poor  credit  even  from  his  de- 
feat ;  and  covers  impotence  under  the  maOc  of  lenity.     He  praifes  the 
moderation  of  the  laws,  as,  in  his  hands^  he  {^%  them  baffled  and 
defpifed.     Is  all  this,  bccaufc  in  oar  day  the  flatutes  of  the  king- 
dom are  not  ingrt  (Ted  in  as  firm  a  chandler,  and  imprinted  in  at 
black  and  legible  a  type  as  ever  ?    No  !  the  law  is  a  clear,  but  ic  it 
a  dead  letter.     Dead  and  putrid,  it  is  infufficient  to  favc  the  Sute» 
but  potent  to  infcd,  aiid  to  kill.     Living  law,  full  of  rcafon,  and  of 
equity  and  jultice,  (as  it  is,  or  it  n^.ould  not  exiH,)  ought  to  be  fevcre 
and  awful  too ;  or  the  word*  of  menace,  whether  written  on  the  parch. 
ment  roll  of  hngland,  or  cut  into  the  brazen  tablet  of  Rome,  will 
excite  nothing  but  contempt.     How  comes  it,  that  in  all  the  State 
profecuiions  of  magnitude,  frorn  the  Revolution  to  within  ihefc  two 
or  three  years,  tlie  Crown  has  fcarcely  ever  retired  difgraced  and  de- 
feated from  it's  Courts  ?    Whence  this  alarming  change  ?    By  a  con- 
nexion eafily  felt,  and  not  jmpoflible  to  he  traced  to  it's  caufc,  all  the 
parts  of  tl:e  Stale  have  their  correfpondence  and  confcnt.     They  who 
bow  to  tlic  enemy  abroad  will  not  be  of  power  to  fubJue  the  confpirator 
at  home.     It  is  impolfible  Hot  to  obfervc,  that  in  proportion  a&  we  ap- 
proximate to  the  poifoncus  jaws  of  anarchy,  the  fafcinaiion  grow»  irre- 
iirtible.  In  proportion  as  we  arc  attradcd  towards  the  focus  of  illegality, 
irrcliqion,  and  defperaie  e.uerprizc,  all  the  venomous  and  blighdng 
infeds  of  the  Suite  arc  awakci.ed  into  life.     The  promife  of  the  year 
is  blafted,  and  fhrivelkd,  a:iJ  burned  up  before  them.     Oar  moft  ft. 
latary  and  moll  beautiful  inliicuiions  yield  nothing  but  duft  and  fmut: 
the  harvell  of  our  law  is  no  more  than  ilubble.     It  is  in  the  natnrtof 
ihefe  eruptive  difedfes  in  the  State  to  fink  in  by  fits  and  rc-appeair. 
But  the  fuel  of  the  malady  remains ;    and  in  my  opinion  is  not  in  the 
imallell  degree  mitigitcd  in  it's  malignity,  though  it  waits  the  ft* 
vourabic  moment  of  a  freer  ccmmunicaiion  with  the  fource  of  Regi- 
cide to  exert  and  to  encpcafc  ii*b  force.' 

The  impunity  of  any  man,  who  has  perpetrated  » 
atrocious  and  dangerous  crime,  is  doubtlefs  a  great  evil  to 
fociety:— but  to  overleap  the  bounds  of  law  for  the  de- 
ftrudiion  even  of  the  moftdctcflable  criminal  is  an  evil  of  far  fu- 
pcrior  magnitude.  Few  men  have  ever  exiftcd,  whofe  deflruc- 
tion  was  worth  fuch  a  price  as  the  facrifice  of  the  laws.  God 
forbid  that,  in  our  headlong  zeal  to  punifli  guilt,  we  (hould  de- 
ftroy  the  fafeguards  and  ramparts  of  innocence  :  far  be  from 
lis  and  from  our  children  the  madnefs  of  levtlling  to  the  groiindi 

<<  *  MuITabat  tacko  medicina  timore.'* 

ia 


Burke  efg  a  PigUiJe  Peave.  321 

!n  OBC  tnoment  of  blind  fury,  all  the  ffiounds  and  bulwarks 
which  our  forefathers  have  ereded  to  check  the  rage  of  oppref- 
fion,  and  to  fave  us  from  the  defolating  inundations  of  tyran- 
nical power.  It  is  not  our  province  here  to  difcufs  the  merit 
or  demerit  of  the  individuals  to  whom  Mr.  Burke  alludes.  We 
might,  for  tbepurpbfe  of  our  prefent  argument,  fuppofe  them  to 
be  as  guilty  as  he  reprefents  them  ;  though  we  are  very  far  in- 
deed from  holding  that  opinion.  All  that  it  is  necefiary  for  us  to 
afllimc  is  the  faS  that  they  are  men  acquitted  by  the  laws  of  their 
country*  The  only  immediate  confequence,  indeed,  which  in 
the  barren  and  naked  technicality  of  law  flows  from  acquittal,  is 
that  the  men  acquitted  /hall  never  again  be  put  in  danger  of 
punifbment  for  the  fame'  offence.  This  is  the  definition  of 
bgal  innocence.  He  is  innocent  in  the  contemplation  of  law 
whom  flie  either  cannot  or  will  not  purfue  as  criminal.  Legal 
innocence,  therefore,  it  muft  be  confefled,  is  only  a  prefumption 
cf  moral  innocence ;  a  prefumption  of  more  or  lefs  mrce  ac- 
cording to  the  caufes  and  circumftances  of  acquittal ;  in  fomo 
caftf ,  of  little  or  no  weight ;  in  others,  almoft  rifing  to  de- 
monftration.  No  acquittal,  therefore,  impofes  any  reftraint 
dn  the  freedom  of  private  opinion  :  but  acquittals  may  often 
impofe  a  moft  powerful  reftraint  on  the  licenfe  of  public  difcourfe. 
The  charafterof  an  acquitted  man  is  fometimes  more  facred  than 
that  of  him  who  is  unaccufed.  To  flander  the  latter  is  only  to 
Tioltte  the  laws :  to  libel  the  former  is  to  arraign  them.  Is  this, 
on  the  principles  of  Mr.  Burke  himfelf,  a  fit  moment  to  loofen 
that  sffeftion  for  the  inftitutions  of  their  anceflors,  which  is" 
happily  rooted  in  the  hearts  of  Englifhmen,  by  (tignaatizing 
their  moft  popular  tribunals,  and  by  inculcating  on  their  minds 
a  perfuafion  that  their  law^^re  impotent  and  their  juries  cow 
ardly  and  difhoneft  ?  If  the  perfons  acqMittcd  at  thefe  trials  were, 
as  he  reprefents  them,  incurably  alienated  from  their  love  and 
allegiance  towards  the  Conftitucion ;  if  they  dereded  its  prin- 
ciples and  had  confpired  its  fubverfion  ;  there  could  be  no  mode 
of  ftatinc:  their  acquittals  fo  acceptable  and  grateful  to  them  as 
that  which  has  been  chofen  by  Mr.  Burke.  He  thinks  (it  to 
tell  tbem  that  they  owe  their  fafety  to  the  dilhonefly  of  juries 
infefied  with  their  principles,  or  intimidatec^  by  the  flrength 
of  their  faction.  We  would  tell  them  that  they  owe  it  to  the 
honetty  of  Englifhmen  defpifmg  the  firength  and  rejecting  the 
principles  -of  Aich  a  fadion.  We  would  teach  them  toafcribe 
their  acquittal  to  the  beauty  and  vigour  of  that  cohfiicution 
which  they  ignorantly  blamed.  He  inftru<Sls  them  to  confider 
that  acquittal  as  a,  triumph  over  the  debility  of  our  laws  and  the 
pufillanimicy  of  our  magifirates.  He  would  add  contempt  to 
their  hatred  for  the  CoRftitution.  We  would,  i/  pol&ble,  change 
ftsv.  Nov.  1796.  >    Z  that 


3^2  Burke  mt  a  R$guidi  Piacu- 

that  groundlefs  hatred  into  the  juftcft  gratitude  and  dit  mslk 
reafonable  admiration.  We  (hould  reprefent  tbefe  verdiAt  at 
the  a&s  of  men  who  revered  the  principles  of  law  and  jyftice 
flill  more  than  they  difliked  democracy ;  and  who  might  have 
been  addrefled  in  the  fame  language  that  waa  fpoken  to  m  Ro- 
man jury  by  Cicero :  ^^  N0n  inim  Mm  dttUur»  ymdiat^  ^uinfi 
qua  ad  vos  cauja  h*'jujmedi  dilaia  fit  ijus  out  kgi  non  UmaUir  ; 
itiamji  is  invidiofus^  aut  mukis  offinfus  eji  vidtaturi  ctiam  fi 
eum  odencis,  ttiamfi  inviti  abfoluturi  {iuf»  imnm  amoltatxS} 
it  religloni  potius  ve/ira  quam  odio  panatis  *•*'  He,  on  the  con- 
trary, reprefencs  thefe  juries  as  men  who  £ear  or  love  democracy 
more  than  they  refpeA  their  own  duty  and  the  laws.  We  coq« 
fider  the  verdi<9s  as  the  triumph  of  a  fenfe  of  duty  over  anti* 
pathies  and  fears.  He,  as  the  triumph  of  difaffedion  and  cow- 
ardice over  duty.  We,  as  the  prevalence  of  law  over  power 
feconded  by  public  prejudice.  He,  as  the  viftory  of  the  new 
k(k  by  means  of  public  opinion  over  all  law  and  lawful  power. 
We  {hall  leave  it  to  fober  and  thinking  men  to  decide  which 
of  thefe  two  reprefentations  is  beft  calculated  to  make  the  Bri- 
tifli  Conftitution,  and  the  national  charader, appear  amiable  and 
refpe£lablc;  which  of  them  tends  beft  to  ferve  the  purpofesof  the 
incorrigible  difturbers  of  public  quiet;  which  of  them  is  beft 
adapted  to  furni(h  matter  of  triumph  to  the  admirers  and  ccn* 
iiirers  of  our  laws  ;  which  of  them  is  moft  likely  to  ^onfina 
the  fidelity  of  thofe  wlio  are  wavering,  and  to  defeat  the  on^ 
chinations  of  thofe  who  are  determined  enemies.  We  do  not 
aflert  that  our  ftatement  ought  to  be  promulgated  if  it  WCR 
falfe :  but  we  will  venture  to  affirm  that  Mr.  Burko's  ftaiN 
ment  ought  to  be  concealed  if  it  iyc;re  true.  Whoever  feds 
an  impatience  of  the  calm  and  impaj-tial  judgment  of  that  mM 
with9Ht  paffion^  as  Ariftotle  with  fo  much  philofophy  and  beauty 
calls  law^  may  be  afTured  that,  however  he  may  difguife  it  fnxn 
himftif,  he  has  already  harboured  a  fecret  rifing  wifh  to  free. 
his  refentment  from  the  incumbrances  and  fetters  of  the  hwf. 
Thefe  nafcent  wiihes  are  the  germs  of  tyranny,  thecrobryosof 
future  perfecutions.  In  the  courfe  of  human  affairs,  and  par* 
ticularly  in  feafons  of  convuldon  and  tempeft,  their  growth  is 
too  much  favoured  by  circumftances.  They  may  be  ftimulaied 
by  fear,  nouri(bed  by  ambition,  provoked  by  reiiftance,  in- 
flamed  by  conteft,  foftered  by  opportunity,  and  unfolded  bji 
power.  The-iodignation  even  of  virtue  may  Aide  fflowly  and 
imperceptibly  from  juftice  to  feverlty,  from  feverity  to  rigourt 
and  from  , rigour  to  cruelty.    The  great  danger  to  a  virtuous 

.  «  Cic.  0;•«^  pro  A.  Clucnf.  ap^  Opera,  tm.  r.  p.g6.   Ed.  01^ 
Gin.  1744.  V 


Barke  m  a  RegidJi  Puui.  3^ 

vtiMM  tf\k%  from  the  excers  of  his  ?  trtuous  propenfidet  themlelvet. 
It  IS  his  duty  lo  prefervc,  with  the  moft  religious  care,  a  juft 
balance  among  all  the  natural  fentiments  and  moral  principles 
of  hit  character ;  and  to  watch  with  the  utmoft  vigilance  the 
firft  appearance  of  any  tendency  to  excefs,  in  any  fingle  principle 
or  paffion*    He  muft  never  forget  the  maxim  of  antient  wifdom 
*<  Mpmri  virintis  midUcritati  quedmn  iffi  moderaias.**    (Cie*  pr9 
Mmrana.) -"If  he  abandon    bimfclf-  to  the  guidance  of  any 
fingle  principle,  it  mitteri  not  whether  it  be  a  axal  for  the  glory 
of  God  or  for  the  falvation  of  men  ;  for  the  quiet  of  fociety,  or 
for  the  eflablifliment  of  liberty  ;  for  popery  or  calvinifm  1  for 
monarchy  or  for  democracy ;  it  is  fure  equally  to  drown  the 
voice  of  reafon,  to  filence  the  feelings  of  nature,  to  difbonour 
hiaown  cbarader,  and  (if  he  be  armed  with  power)    to  vex 
and  fcourge  the  human  race.     There  is  one  degree  of  enthu- 
fiafm,  without  which  no  great  wo'^k  was  ever  produced  and  no 
glorious  aAion  performed.    There  is  alfo  another  and  a  greater 
degree  of  it,  which  does  not  recoil  from  the  perpetration  of  any 
crime  however  atrocious,  and  is  not  appalled  by  the  profped  of 
producing  any  mifery  however  extenfive.     So  flippery  and  pre- 
carious is  the  condition  of  human  virtue,  and  fo  unceafing  is 
the  vigilance  which  we  are  bound  to  exercife  over  our  beft  paf« 
iions,  left  they  (hould  degenerate  into  the  worft  t     There  is 
certainly  no  principle  which,    in  iu  proper  place  and  due 
firengch,  is  more  virtuous,  honourable,  and  praifewortby,  thaik 
a  zeal  forif^rcferving  the  peace  and  order  of  a  community  :•— — 
yet  this  very  principle^  in  its  unbounded  indulgence  and  extra-* 
vagant  excefs,  has  been  one  main  caufe  of  moft  of  the  perfe- 
cucions  that  have  difgraced  the  hifiory  of  mankind. 

For  our  parr,  we  cannot  help  thinking  that  the  argument 
againft  Mr.  Burke  would  be  greatly  ftrengthened,  by  admit- 
ting that  the  perfons  acquitted  on  tbefe  trials  were  as  criminal 
and  dangerous  as  he  reprefents  them  to  have  been  j  afliiming- 
only  that  there  was  not  legal  evidence  fufficient  to  conviA  them 
of  the  offence  technically  defcribed  by  the  law.  It  is  fcarcely 
heceflary  to  renew  our  proteft  againft  being  fuppofed  to  adopc 
bis  opinion.  Let  us  for  the  fake  of  argument  grant  it  for  a 
moment.  What  will  be  the  confequence  I  Innocent  men  are 
endangered  only  in  the  worft  times.  Amiable  and  popular 
men,  -  thofe  who  are  generally  beloved  and  univerfally  refpe£l- 
ed,— periib  only  under  the  moft  deteftable  tyrannies.  Thrafea 
could  only  have  fallen  under  Nero,  and  Malelherbes  under 
Robefpierre.  To  fay  that  fuch  n^en  are  fecure  is  no  great  praiie 
of  a  government :  they  are  fafe  and  even  honoured  under  ordi- 
nary derpptlfms:-- but  ]chat  men  who  are  criminal,  dangerous, 
enivciliilly  fuTpcSed,  uhiverfally  dreaded,  obnoxious  to  the  go- 

Z  2  vtitvm^TO^ 


324       Monthly  Cat alocUje^  DsSri^  $fTubis. 

▼eminent,  odious  to  the  people,  purfued  by  power,  anJ  ftig* 
matieed  by  public  opinion,  fliould  be  as  Tafe  as  th«  moft  vir- 
tuous and  the  moft  honoured,  as  long  as  they  were  prote&d 
by  the  letter  of  the  law,  is  a  proof  of  ah  impariial  aml^bene* 
ficent  fyftem  of  legiflation  to  which  we  may  challenge  any  age 
or  nation  to  produce  a  parallel.  On  this  Gippofition,  every 
thing  was  adverfeto  them  but  the  law;  and  the  law  trivniphed 
over  every  obftacle.  The  law  prevailed  over  the  power  of  their 
adverfaries,  over  the  obloquy  thrown  on  their  own  charaAers, 
over  the  pre  determination  of  the  public,  over  the  honeft  prejudices 
of  their  Judges,  The  jurifprudence  of  almoft  everv  country 
provides  againft  the  grofs  and  fcandalous  depravity  of  its  magi* 
ftrates :  the  Conftitution  of  England  alone  giiards  its  magiftraies 
againft  thofe  more  dangerous  and  alluring  vices,  w!)icb  lurk 
in  the  neighbourhood  and  under  the  difguife  of  virtue.  The 
government  of  moft  ftates  proteds  aclcnowleged  innocence:-- 
the  law  of  England  alone  is  of  power  fufficient  to  cover  with 
its  ftiield  whatever  is  not  afcertained,  demonftrated,  conviderf, 
legal  guilt.  This  is  a  praife  '*  above  all  Greek,  above  all  Ro- 
man fame."  It  is  a  ftate  of  things  which  approaches  moie 
nearly  to  thofe  delineations  of  an  imaginary  commonweaMi 
which  have  amufed  the  leifure  of  philofophers,  than  to  the 
ufual  miked  and  innperfed  condition  of  human  foctety. 

We  Oiall  conclude  this  fubje£l  bv  addreffing  Mr.  Burke  in 
the  words  of  that  great  orator  and  ftatefman  of  former  timet, 
whom  we  have  already  quoted  more  than  once :  <*  Ut  iihi  on- 
ce Jam  hoc  indtgnwn  ijfe^  (quod  cujufmoii  Jit  jam  vidtrd^)  tu  mii 
concidai  mcejft  efl^  multo  effi  indignius  in  ta  civitaie  qum  ligiius 
contineatur  difadi  a  legibus  *." 

[To  hi  continued.'] 

MO  NTHLY     CATALOGUE. 

For    NOVEMBER,    1796. 

DOCTRINX     OF    TXTHfit. 

Art.  18.     Three  Letters  on  tlje  Suhje^  of  Tithes  and  Tithe -Afficiattin  \ 

5rc. ;  r:>e  t -mo  fir  ft  addrelTed  to  Thomas  Bradridge,  Efq.  Chairioaa 

of  the  l><fvonfhire  Tithe- Aflbciation ;  ^t  third  vo  the  Writer  wh* 

'hath  aiTumed  the  Signature  of  "  A  Country  Carate«"  Sec.    By  a 

Payer  of  Tithes,  and  Detector  of  MifreprefentMion.    dvo.    is.6d. 

.Cadfll,  ic%.     1796. 

'l"u  la  vehement  advocate  for  tithes  u.ib  hot  a  controverfialift*  tbit 

.    .we  do  not  care  to  have  ..opach  to  fay  to  hini»  or  coincemiag  bis 

"'♦'Cic.  ^K>rai'.fro  Jt.Clueni.d}.  Of&a,  tim.t,  /.  90.  Edit.O^'» 

-     ■  perforaaocr; 


Monthly  Catalooub^  Affaln  ffFrana.        325 

perfbmiance ;  left*  pertdventore,  we  become  iharers  in  the  abofe 
which  he  fo  pleoceoufly  bellows  on  the  gentlemen  of  the  Devonfhire 
aflbciauoBy  *  for  the  ahoHtm^  or  at  leaft  the  commutation  of  tithes  ;' 
uA  whom  this  *  Detedor  of  MifreprcfentatioD'  treats  as  no  better 
than  a  fet  of  Jacobins  and  traitors* 

As  to  his  main  defigo  and  views,  in  the  prefent  publication,  let 
liim  fpeak  for  himfelf  in  the  following  (hort  extras  from  his  Pre- 
rACi,  p.  24. 

*  1  have  had  no  other  view  in  what  I  have  written  than  to  defend 
ihcFrofirttis  ofthi  Church  of  England^  and  its  CUrgy^  againft,  what 
I  conceive  to  be,  the  uujhJI  machinations  and  attempts  of  thofe  who 
would  deprive  them  of  cnetr  ovXy/upport  and  maintiuMnce ;  and  alfo  in 
proceding  their  pirfo^i^  and  vindicating  their  chara^irst  againft  the 
hmmifid  uu/rtfriJeMtAiion4g  and  illiberal  obloquy  of  a  fet  of  men  who 
>dbU  them.' 

If  this  author  had  been  more  moderate  and  charitable  in  his 
mode  of  debate  on  this  interelling  and  really  important  fubjed,  we 
/hoold  have  had  more  faiisfadtion  in  the  pernfal  of  his  Ictteis ;  for  he 
GcatainijT  is  not  wanting  in  ability  as  a  writer. 

AFFAIRS    OF     FRANCE. 

Art*  19.  Latirs  ccutaitting  a  Sketchoftht  Politics  of  Fraud,  from  the 
.    ftlftof  May  1793*  till  July  28,  1794*   and  of  the  Scenes  which 

have  pafled  in  the  Prifons  of  Paris*     fiy  Helen  Maria  Williams. 

Vol.  IV*     lamo.    4s.  Boards.     Robinfons.     1796. 

In  oar  xixth  vol.  N.  S*  p.  336,  we  briefly  noticed  and  charaArri2ed 
Clie  three  preceding  volumes  of  thefe  bterefting  (ketches,  which 
brought  the  memoirs  of  this  ingenious  young  authorefs  down  to  the 
end  of  the  Robefpieman  enormities,  and  to  the  exemplary  execation  of 
that  bloody  and  infatiable  tyrant. 

The  prefent  volume  exhibiu  a  ftriking  outline  of  the  Revolationary 
Government,  from  the  death  of  Robefpierre  to  the  diflblution  of  the 
ever  memorable  Convention,  and  to  the  eftablifliment  of  the  new 
Legiflature ;  the  conftitution  of  which  Mifs  Williams  briefly  men- 
tions, and  then  proceeds  to  draw  the  reader's  attention  to  what  Hie 
coniiders  as  the  *  brighter  fide  of  the  pidure,*  by  an  animated  dif* 
play  of  the  vid^orious  enterprifes  of  the  French  armies ;  in  which  ihe 
gives  us  to  underhand  that  (he  has  had  an  opportunity  of  collecting 
materials,  with  which,  for  the  moft  part,  (he  was  furnished  by  adors 
in  the  fcenes  here  prefented  to  the  reader's  view ;  and  which,  (he  Ob* 
ferves,  will  afford  them  *  the  means  of  comparing  the  accounts  given 
of  thofe  memorable  adions  by  the  republican  troops,  with  thofe 
which  have  been  publiQied  by  the  coalefced  armies.' 

This  volume,  we  apprehend,  brings  ns  to  the  conclu(ion  of  Mifs 
W.'s  epiflolary  memoirs;  in  which  die  writer  ha;»  manifeiled  the  un* 
common  powers  of  a  pen  guided  by  a  fair  hand.  Her  ideas  of  go- 
vernment, and  of  its  various  effeds  on  human  affairs,  take  a  flight 
far  above  the  common  female  range.  Her  language,  too,  if  not  al- 
ways (bidly  corred,  frequently  aims  at  higher  excellence  ;  it  foars  to 
the  regions  of  eloquence  and  of  pathos;  and  if  it  will  not,  in  every  i^- 
jUoce,  (ecure  the  frigid  plaudits  of  the  philologiit,  it  will  feldom  fail 

Z  3  \ft 


3a6         MoHTBLr  C ataloo9I»  NMmml  IB/hrfm 

%o  intereft  the  feelings  of  hnmanitx*  and  (pMf  pr^^ci  afide)  k  iriii 
command  the  approhacion'of  the  heart. 

Alt.  20.     HiJIfical  Epochs  oftbf  Frmeb  RiwimttM,  tranilated  from 
the  French  of  H.  GoudemetSy  a  French  Clergyman  Kmimnttn 
England.    Dedicated,  by  Fermiffion,  to  his  K.  H.  the  Dnke  of 
York,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Randolph.    To  which  it  fnhjoiRed»  The 
Jod^ment  and  Execution  of  Lovis  XVI.  King  of  Prance.     With 
a  Lift  of  the  Members  of  the  Convention  who  voted  for  and 
agunft  his  Death  ;  and  the  Names  of  many  of  the  mod  confiderabie 
Suffirers  in  the  Courfe  of  the  Rbvol  vtion,  diftingniftied  accord- 
ing to  their  Pr/iir/>i^/.   8vo.    pp.263.     4s.  Boards.  Dilly.  1796. 
<  The  following  flieets  contain  a  journal  of  the  principal  events  of 
the  French  Revoiotion.    The  beft  authorities  have  been  reftwrted  lo, 
smd  the  fafts  are  related  without  any  comment.    The  reader  will  find 
a  faithful  outline  of  an  interefting  and  momentous  period  of  hiftory^ 
and  will  fee  how  naturally  each  error  produced  its  correlponding  aus* 
fertnne.'     Pref.  p.  vii. 

Dr.  Randolph,  in  his  Dedication  to  the  Duke  of  York,  charae* 
terizes  the  author  of  this  compiiement  as  an  amiable  and  worthy  maa. 
Benevolence  feldom  fails  to  difarm  cricicifm  :  but  tmth  mull  not  be 
injured  by  charity.  We  cannot  fay  that  this  work  is  perled:  boti 
on  the  whole,  we  believe  it  is  the  beft  oi  the  kind  that  has  yec  ap- 
peared in  the  Englifli  language.  A  few  errors,  and  fome  onifioiiSt 
we  have  obferved  in  it.  Dates,  which  might  eafily  have  been  afcer- 
tained»  are  frequently  omitted  ;  as,  of  the  Letters  of  Convocadooof 
the  States  General,  Jan.  14,  17S9.    In  the  Kft  oi  Jugtrtn  by  the 

ioilkidne  we  find  the  name  of  Garat,  who  is  ftill  living ;  with  other 
milar  overfighu  1  which,  however,  are  not  of  fnfficient  imponaaca 
to  deprive  the  work  of  its  chara^er  as  an  ufeful  publication  *.  It 
win  bring  many  particulars  to  the  reader's  recollection,  which,  in  the 
rapid  focceffioB  of  events,  muft  have  efcaped  his  memory,  though 
necellary  to  our  preferving  correct  ideas  of  the  rife  and  progrefs  of  the 
great  and  wonderful  revolution  thsit  has  turned  an  abfolu'e  and  po- 
tent monarchy  into  a  mighty  republic,  of  fuch  a  character  and  df* 
fcription  as  the  world  never  faw  before. 

NATURAL      HiaTORY. 

Art.  21.     A  Syftem  of  Natural  Hiftory^  adapted  for  the  TnftroQion  of 
Youth.     In  the  Form  of  a  Dialogue.     Uriginally  written  in  Ger- 
man by  Prof.  Raff  of  Goettingen  ;  now  firii  tranilated  into  Englilh. 
2  Vols.     lamo.     8s.  Boards.     Johnfon,  &c.     1796. 
There  are  two  ways  in  which  natural  hiilory  (nay  be  rendered  a 
proper  (ludy  for  youth  :  one,  \\ie pofHlar,  in  which  certain  objedls  of 
the  fcveral  clafle*  of  creation,  fclcdcd  for  their  curiofity  or  utility, 
and  made  known  to  the  ftudent  either  by  referring  to  common  ob- 
i'ervation,  or  by  the  aid  of  plates,  fpecimens,  &c.  are  defcribed  in  a 

♦  In  a  work  of  this  kind,  written  by  a  French  emigrant,  impgr- 
tialisj  is  the  laft  excellence  to  be  fought ;  and  it  is  extremely  natural 
to  exped  the  author's  occafional  cxprefBons  of  his  abhorrence  of  the 
revolationary  party. 

familiar 


c 


AttUiar  and  eotertiioiii^  mtnner  ; — the  otbery  ^tfdintific^  in  which 
fiuBe  approved  ryftcni  10  fandamentallf  Ungbt,  with  ics  proper  Ian- 
iage»  definitions^  arrangement,  &c.  not  fo  much  with  a  view  to  pr«- 
Dt  amofeanent  as  to  fotare  advantage.  The  firft  of  thefe  methods 
uioot  be  too  early  adopted.  It  forms  for  children  one  of  the  mofl 
agreeable  fubje^  for  reading  and  oonverfation,  and  may  be  fo  ma- 
naged at  to  ahfwer  the  double  porpofe  of  teaching  words  and  things. 
The  fecond  requires  for  iu  proper  comprehenfion  a  previous  enlarge- 
Ment  of  the  Dnderllandiiig>  and  a  habit  of  fixing  the  attention  on 
abftraft  D0lioQs»  without  which  it  mud  be  a  mere  ^xy  and  barren  taflc. 
Nor  is  ic»  perhaps,  after  all,  fitted  for  general  edacation,  but  ought 
10  have  fi>me  local  or  profeffional  adaptation  to  the  individual. 

A  kind  of  union  or  thefe  two  methods  has  often  been  attempted, 
kmt  in  oar  opinioa  with  little  fuccefs  1  except  with  tt%%xA  to  thoft 
dafilcs  of  nature  in  which  the  niceties  of  arrangement  are  of  little 
confeqecnce,  as  birds  «nd  quadrupeds.  The  very  numerous  and 
cmnpucated  tribes  of  infers,  filhrs,  vegetables,  and  minerals,  muft 
cicbcr  be  ftndied  accorcKng  to  a  fyftem,  or  the  inquirer  muft  remaih 
contented  with  the  deudied,  and  incomplete  knowlege  of  a  few 
prindpel  fpecies.  The  work  before  os  is,  however,  a  refpeftable 
attempt  of  this  fort  1  and  though  we  b;|r  no  means  concur  with  the 
editor  in  his  high  admiration  of  the  (kill  ihewn  in  the  arrangement, 
yet,  as  it  is  formed  on  thofe  of  approved  writen,  it  is  not  without 
Merit.  Indeed,  of  vegetables  he  gives  no  arrangement  at  all,  but 
defcribet  a  fcfw  arddes  juft  as  chance  throws  them  in  his  way.  Of 
ainefilts,  on  the  other  hand,  he  gives  nothing  but  a  naked  claffifica«- 
doB,  with  the  defiirftions.  The  detail  is  fultell  on  birds,  infeas,  and 
qoadrapeds;  aiid  this  part  is,  on  the  whole,  fuffidently  accurate  and 
entertaining.  I'he  form  is  a  dialogue  between  matter  and  pupils 
which  in  fome  parts  is  apparently  kept  up  with  nature  and  vivacity, 
though  flrangely  disfigured  by  a  moft  ungraceful  and  on-idiomatic 
tranuation.  That  the  editor,  who  feems  lufficiently  converfant  with 
writing,  fhould  reprefent  the  tranfiation  as  *  correct,  fimple,  and 
elegant,*  furprifes  us  greatly.  It  is  rather  what  one  might  expe^ 
from  '  a  young  gentleman  (beyond  the  I'weed)  pra^ifing  for  the 
fake  of  improvement  in  the  art  of  compofition;*  abounding  with  Gal- 
Hcifms,  Scottscifms,  vulgarifms,  and  errors  of  various  kinds.  We 
bad  begun  to  mark  fome  of  the  moft  important,  but  the  11(1  foon  ex- 
ceeded our  induttry  of  copying.  If  the  woik  fhould  come  to  a  fe- 
cond edition,  there  will  be  ample  room  for  revifion,  by  feme  friend, 
better  acqoainied  both  with  the  language  and  the  fubjedl. 

HISTORY,    l^C. 

Art.  22.    A  Ststtfiual  Jttnmt  rftht  Parijh  ofAghahoe  in  the  ^een*s     * 
CoMMif,  Jreimul,      By  Edward    Ledwich,   L.L.B.    Secretary    to 
the  Comnrfttee  of  Antiquaries  of  the  Royal  Jrifh  Academy,  and 
Fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  Societies  of  London  and  Scotland.    8vo. 
pp.96.     London,  Faolder.     1796. 
Mr.  Ledwich  is  already  known  to  the  world  as  a  refpcilable  aa* 

thor  in  the  antiquarian  line*.     He  now  fpeaks  with  the  warmcft  ap- 

*  See  M.  R.  for  May  and  June  1793,  N.  S.  vol.xi.  p.  30  and 
f,  197.     Alio  vol.  XT.  p.  391. 

Z  4  V^^>3lK% 


3^8  Monthly  Catalogue^  MtJSatl^  &r. 

plaufe  of  the  Scotch  clergy,  by  whofe  affiftanoe  Sir  John  Sindur  hat 
almoft  brought  to  a  conclufioa  hit  ftatifticol  In/lory  of  that  country ; 
and  he  here  fubmits  to  the  public^  with  Tome  degree  of  diffidence>a  firi 
attempt  of  a  fimilar  nature  for  the  kingdom  of  Ireland.  ThcaccoDDt 
of  the  above  parifli  is  comprized  under  the  following  divifions : '  Name 
and  origin  of  the  parifh ;  its  topography,  face,  toil,  and  foffils ;  the 
proprietors,  houfes,  population ;  fize  of  farms,  leafes,  tithes,  imple* 
mentsof  hulbandry,  and  the  poor;  rental,  (lock,  andindyflrys  the 
church,  Dominican  abbey,  and  other  antiquities.'  This  publicatioa 
feems  rather  intended  as  an  introdudion  than  a  complete  perform- 
ance, and  Mr.  Ledwich  tx^p^iSti  himfclf  «  confcious  that  nany  im- 
portant topics  are  untouched,  and  others  not  fo  copioufly  difcufled  as 
they  deferved ;  thefe  omiilions  and  defers  will  be  fupplied  by  other 
writers.'— We  £nd,  however,  on  the  whole,  a  judidoos,' amofing, 
and  inftrudive  defcription. 

In  fpeaking  of  the  common  Iri(h  cabbins,  it  is  faid  tliat»  though 
the  external  appearance  is  wretched,  they  are  by  no  means  anbealthy 
f  habitations,  and  that  many  of  them  have  diitind  apartments,  and 
are  convenient.'  In  another  place,  p*  45.  when  fpeaking  of  the 
rapid  increare  of  population,  induHry,  and  riches,  we  are  told  *  that 
though  the  peafantry  Kit/eemingly  badly  lodged,  this  does  not  ariif 
from  an  inability  to  condrud  better  habitations ;  for  in  every  refpeft 
they  are  infinitely  more  comfortable  and  happy  than  thofi;  of  the  fame 
clafs  in  Great  Britain,  as  the  laft  vaflly  exceed  thofe  of  coniinenul 
nations  in  thefe  refpedls.'  if  this  refledion  be  juft,  who  can  avoid 
adding;— How  deeply  wretched  muft  be  the  (late  of  the  continental 
peafantry  !  and  to  what  a  kvcrt  account  may  not  the  govarpmenti  of 
luch  countries  hereafter  be  called  !  For  to  their  mi/go^^rum^  mfA  ot 
thefe  didrefles  are  to  be  afcribed. 

In  another  place  we  meet  with  an  obfervation  which  appears  to  de- 
mand particular  attention  in  the  prefent  time  of  dillrefs, — *  Withpot 
inanofadures,  I  do  not  know  hew  our  numerous  population  could  he 
employed  if  there  was  not  the  multiplicity  of  fmall  farms  now  dated. 
A  farmer  with  forty  or  fifty  acres,  unlefs  his  children  be  grown  op, 
bas  always  one  or  two  male  and  one  female  (ervant.  Thefe  are  the 
children  of  '  cottarsy  are  bred  up  to  habits  of  indudry,  and  in  time 
marry,  and  commence  fmall  farmers/ 

M  £  D  I  C  A  t. 

Art.  2  % .  Medical  Report  s  e/  the  EfeHs  of  Blood-lettings  SudoriJUi^  aiU 
BUfleringy  in  the  Cure  of  the  Acute  and  Chromic  BheMme^i/m,  By 
Thomas  Fowler,  N4.D.  of  York.  8vo.  pp.300.  5&.  Boards. 
Johnfcn.     1795* 

To  thofe  who  are  pradtlfin^  medicine  without  much  experience  of 
their  own,  this  work  will  exhibit  a  faithful  piAure  of  the  difeafe,  and 
of  the  operation  of  feveral  common  remedies.  The  aathor,  in  his 
public  and  private  pradtice,  colle^.ed  nearly  five  hundred  cafes ;  and 
ytc  entertain  no  doubt  of  the  fidelity  of  his  account.  Whether  expe- 
rienced and  difccrning  praflitioners  will  gain  much  information  from 
his  reports,  we  cannot  determine  :  but,  by  extrading  Dr.  Fowler'i 
piyn  fuipmary,  we  (^ail  probably  enat^lV  eai^h  to  judge  for  hiinfelf : 

d^  '   FftACTlVAL 


MoVTHLY  Cataiocub,  Mi£cak  He.  3H 

<    PRACTICAL    COKCLUSIOKS. 

9  1.  That  there  are  very  few  cafes  of  the  acute  rheumadfin,  that 
y(A\  not  admit  ofan  artificial  cure,  efpedally  by  the  fudori£c  plan  of 
treatment.  •  " 

<  2.  That  there  ^re  lilcewife  fcarce  anjr  cafes  of  chronic  rheumatifin, 
that  will  not  adroit  offome  material  relief;  and  that  near  one- half  of 
a  given  number  will  admit  ofan  artificial  cure*  efp^cially  by  thefu- 
donfic  plan  of  treatment, 

*  3.  That  if  the  acute  rheumatifm  bb  in  the  fecond  or  third  week*« 
fiage  of  the  difeafe,  an  hrtificial  cure  will  be  more  frec^uently  obtained 
daring  the  firft  week's  treatment,  than  when  it  occurs  at  any  other 
period. 

•  '  4.  That  if  the  acute  rheumatifm  be  in  the  firft  week's  ffage,  an 
artificial  cure  will  often  be  obtained  during  the  firlt  week's  treatment : 
but  it  will  rather  more  frequently »  efpecially  if  llrongly  marked  by 
•eneral  pains  and  confiderable  febrile  fymptoms,  refiflb  the  curative 
influence  of  medicines  until  the  fecond  week's  treatment,  and  fome- 
dmes  evrn  longer.  - 

*  5*  That  the  ntoderate  ufeof  the  lancet,  efpecially  as  a  prelimi- 
nary to  the  adminiflration  of  fudorifics,  is  a  valuable  auxiliary  in  the 
treatment  of  the  acute  rheumatifm  ;  but  it  will  feldom  be  of  any  ma- 
terial fervtce  in  the  treatment  of  the  chronic  rheumatifm. 

*  6.  That  the  tindlure  of  guaiacum  is  almoll  always  fudorific,  and 
frequently  laxative ;  and  is  extremely  efficacious  in  the  tref tment  of 
both  the  acute  and  chronic  rheumatifm,  efpecially  the  fqrmer. 

«  7.  That  the  Dover's  powder  operates  fur  the  mofl  part  as  a  powerful 
fadorific,  and  alfo  as  an  anodyne  and  aflringcnt,  and  is  a  very  efiica. 
cious  remedy  in  the  treatment  of  both  the  acute  and  chronic  rheumatifm. 
'  8.  That  The  warm  bath  is  moft  powerfully  fudorific,  and  a  very 
efficacious  remedy  in  the  treatment  of  the  chronic  rheumatifm';  but  is 
more  dsbilitating  in  its  operaiion  than  either  the  tindureof  guaiacuoi, 
er  the  Dover's  powder. 

'  9.  That  the  application  of  leeches  is  extremely  ufcful  as  a  local 
remedy,  for  the  mitigation  of  the  more  urgent  pains  of  particular 
parts,  in  the  treatment  of  the  acute  rheumatifm. 

«  10.  That  the  application  of  blillering  plaiders  is  generally  at- 
tended with  a  vefication,  a  fmartine  forene^,and  a  copious  difcharge; 
and  is  one  of  the  moll  efiicacious  local  remedies  experience  has  yet 
difwovcred,  for  the  relief  or  removal  of  fixed  rheumatic  pain s^  efpe- 
cially thofe  of  the  fciatica  and  lumbago. 

*  11.  That  the  turpentine  embrocation  is  an  ufeful  palliative  remedy 
for  the  purpofe  of  relieving  troublefnme  pains  not  deeply  feated,  in 
the  treatment  of  the  chronic  rheumatifm.' 

We  cannot  but  regard  a  confiderable  number  of  theiie  reports  as 
altogether  nugatory,  becaufe  they  contain  no  circumftances  by  help 
of  which  the  intelligent  reader  can  judge  for  himfelf  of  the  nature  of 
the  c^fe,  and  th^  procefs  of  cure ;  which  feems  the  only  rational  par- 
pofe  of  fingle  caTes.  The  author  makes  do  mention  of  calomel,  a 
medicine  which  at  various  ^imet  has  been  reborn  mended  by  phyficians 
of  great  name  in  chronic  rheumatifm.  It  will  alfo  appear  Grange  to 
fipd  Dr.  Fowler  fpeaking  of  morbific  matter,  its  concodion,  and 
elimination,  it  a  theory  entitled  to  a  moment's  attention. 

Art. 


930    MoHTBLV  Cataloovb,  ReSgiim  ^MPtbimaA 

Art.  24.  J  PnUmnmry  Intr^aiom  f$  the  AB  •fStm^iMtbit^^  BtC.  ftc. 
Bj  JokB  AnderTon,  M.  D.  &c«  &c.  PhyficUn  to,  tnd  a  DIreAor 
of,  tho  General  Sea-bttbing  Infirmarj  at  Margate.  SfO.  is. 
Dill/.     1795. 

Art.  2C.  AFraaUd  Efay  mi  the  Good  and  Bmd  EJiBs  ^  Sim-nugUf 
MdSM-batlm^.  By  John  Anderfim,  M.D.  &c.  Sec  8vo.  at. 
Dilly.     1705. 

The  firft  of  thefe  works  is  a  firaage  ramUing  effofioa,  milike  to 
any  thing,  of  modem  prodn£tion,  which  hat  come  under  our  pemfal* 
The  fecond  chiefly  confifts  of  atteftatioot  in  regard  to  the  gooa  effiefti 
of  iea*bathing,  commuiucated  b^  thofe  able  judget,  the  gmkU* ;  alfe 
fcrapi  of  lettert  from  neighboannff  apothecariet,  which  are.  indeed, 
the  raoft  valuable  part  of  the  wok.  If  Dr.  A.  defigned  to  give  hit 
readers  a  high  idea  of  hit  fdendfic  and  medical  qaalificadoat,  by  theft 
■ouble  perrormances,  we  fear  that  hit  parpole  will  be  very  inpcr- 
IbOIy  anfwered, 

EELIGIOUS    and    POLEMICAIp. 

Art,  26.  Further  Confidtrmions  on  the  Second  Adwnt  o/Cbrifi,  B^ 
the  Author*  ofAntichrift  in  the  French  Convention,  and  An  Enfnirf 
into  the  Second  Coming  of  Chrift*  8vo.  pp.  35.  It.  Cadell  jun» 
and  Daviet.     1796. 

The  defign  of  tnu  anonymout  writer  is  to  prove  that,  *  thefecoad 
advent  of  Chrift  weu  mt  to  the  deftrudion  of  Jerufalbm,  and  that  it  it 
to  the  eftablilhment  of  that  kingdom  which  Daniel  foretold  the  God 
of  heaven  woold  fet  up.  Chap.  u.  and  vii/  Thefe  pofitioat  be  hat 
already  attempted  to  fupport.  Hit  prefcntpurpofe  it,prindpallyj  *  a 
review  of  Dr.  Whitby's  paraphrafe  and  annoutiont  on  Matt.  ch.  24/ 
Here  we  jnft  obferve,  enfafamt,  that  it  has  been  lately  rather  cu- 
ftomary  to  make  appeals  to  Dr.  Whitby :  but  no  notice  is  taken  of  hu 
La/f  noughts 9  a  fcarce  trad,  which,  if  regarded,  might  poiEUy 
abate  fomewhat  of  the  confidence  of  fuch  appellauons.  The  writer 
before  us  appears  to  be  in  earneft  ;  he  is,  as  yet,  perfuadcd  that  his 
conclufions  are  juft;  but  he  candidly  expreffes  a  readinefs  to  reuafi, 
on  foitable  evidence.  He  deems  himielf  negleded,  and  now  ad* 
drefTes  the  Bi(hops ;  recommending*  as  we  doj  his  publications  to  their 
perufah 

Art.  27.  Frifin  Meditatione^  compofed  while  in  Confinement  in  the 
King's  Bench  Prifon,  in  the  Year  179;.  By  the  Rev.  William 
WooUey,  M.  A.  Chaplain  to  the  Marfhalfea ;  Author  of  the  Cure 
for  Cantini;,  Vok  Clamantis,  Benefit  of  Starving,  and  other  po« 
polar  Publications,  lamo.  is.  6d.  Egerton.  1796. 
Thefe  meditations,  if  not  diftinguiihed  by  any  extraordinary  degree 

of  elegance*  are  devotional  and  moral,  and  may  be  read  with  profit. 

Ike  author's  imprifonment  bat  been  the  confequence  of  a  profecutioa 

for  pobliihing  a  pamphlet  entitled,  A  Cure  for  Cemting :  See  Rev. 

vol.  Jirvi.  N.  S.  p.  237.    The  pamphlet  fell  under  the  cognizance  of 

the  law,  as  «  a  libd  Oft'Sir  Richard  HiU,  Bart,  and  on  hit  brother 

the  Rev.  Rowland  HiU,  cleik.' 

^  See  Rev.  vol.  «ri.  p.  sio. 

Art. 


MoiiTULir  CATA&oouit  F9SML  331 

An.  s8.     Cm^Ukmktu  m  th$  Vmviffyiity  mtd  Umfirmitf  rf  th^ 

Tkmtrmty.     By  t  Laynnn  of  th«  Charek  of  BngUnd.     8?o. 

pp.  216.    4t*  fioordi.    Joknfon.     1796. 

We  find  ta  cUs  poUicauon  nore  fiDguUriur  than  (oliditv.  The 
writer,  thoogh  he  calls  io  qnefKoD  the  aothoricy  of  fereral  parts  of 
Scriptnre»  particalarly  the  books  of  Nombers,  Jo(haa«  Judges,  Rutb» 
the  Soogof  Sdomon,  and  the  Bpiftle  to  the  Hebrews,  iie¥ei;theleia 
frofefles  himrdf  a  sealoas  defender  of  reveladon,  aod  undertakes  to 
prove  that  it  was  comnianicated  to  all  the  Tons  of  Noah,  and  has  from 
cfaem  been  difofed  through  all  nations.  Snpernataral  commnnica* 
dom  have  not,  he  tUnki,  been  confined  to  the  Jewilh  nation,  nor  to 
the  Chriffian  world,  hot  hare  been  the  immediate  fource  of  illamina* 
doa  to  wife  men  in  the  Pagan  world,  and  have,  at  all  times,  afibrded 
proof  of  an  nntverial  and  unifbm  tbeocracf. 

Befides  foroejgrofs  errors  in  orthography— -foch,  for  example,  at 
Hermes  ZiuMgtftos,  Bab#lon,  and  JttvtmU^for  Hermes  Trifme- 
giftos,  Babjfton,  and  Jnvenal — the  work  betrays  fach  a  remarkable 
deficiency  u  that  kind  of  erudition  which  is  neceflary  to  the  ac^- 
corate  inveftisationof  the  qoeftion,---whether  the  opinions  which  hare 
prevailed  m  the  world  refpedin^  religion  have  a  natural  or  fnperoatn. 
ral  origin  ?— that  we  cannot  difmifs  it  without  giving  it  as  oor  Jodg. 
nent,  that  the  author  has  undertaken  a  taflt  finr  which  he  wants  tSe 
requifite  qualifications,  aod  reminding  this  layman  of  the  old  adage  of 
the  thoenuker  and  huiafL 

POLITXCAU 

Art.  19.  Fne  Tb^Mgbti  §m  a  Gemml  R^m»  addrefled  to  every  In- 
depaidcnt  Man.  The  Troth,  eqnally  diftanc  from  the  ffimfy  Ma» 
chin^ry  of  Meflrs.  Burke,  Reeves,  and  Co.  as  from  the  grofs  Ri<* 

baldry  of  Thomas  Fame  and  his  Party.    By S S^  M.  A. 

of  the  Umverfity  of  Oxford.  8vo.  pp.90.  as.  Diliy.  1796. 
The  author  of  this  pamphlet  profefles  to  fix  his  (btion  on  broad 
conftitudonal  ground,  uncooneded  with  any  political  party,  and  un- 
influenced by  any  perfonal  confideratiooPi.  His  avowed  ^jed  b  the 
corredion  of  that  felfifli  fpirit  which  is  the  grand  obftade  to  a  general  ' 
reform.  His  free  cenfures  of  ttie  venality  and  corruption  which  pr^ 
vail  through  all  the  higher  orders  of  fociety,  and  his  irong  exhoru- 
tion  to  his  countrymen  to  abandon  party  contentions,  and  unite  their 
cflToru  in  fupport  of  the  caufe  of  honefty  and  virtue,  demand  atten- 
tion* The  pamphlet  is  written  with  energy  and  fpiric;  and  we  have 
only  to  regret  that  the  writer's  patriotiTm  and  philanthropy  have  not 
been  fufiicientiy  powerful  to  fubdne  his  bigotrv,  and  to  preferve  him 
frooB  loading  with  reproachful  bvcAives  thole  who  purfue  the  com- 
mon intereft  of  mankind  in  a  track  different  from  that  which  he  has 
chofen ;  and  his  treatment  of  preachers  not  epifcopally  ordained  ia 
illiberal  and  contemptuous.  On  the  abufe  of  commerce,  fome  jaft- 
obiervations  are  made ;  from  which  we  cite  the  following  as  a  fpeci- 
men  of  the  publication : 

<  I  conceive  it  to  be  no  difficolt  nutter  to  prove,  tliat  the  late  and 
preient  high  price  of  the  commodities  of  life  had  its  origin  from  the 
ezcrefcency  of  oor  commerce,  «nd  the  impcrnous  mifis  with  which  it 

is 


332  MONTHLT  .CATArOGUE,'-A/l//«f7. 

u  enveloped.  There  was  a  time  iVhcii  tke  nane  of  an  Bn^Oilh  mer- 
chant waft  $,  chtrader  well  knoufQ  and  un4«rilood ;  i)ut  now  fucb  a 
number  of  new  avocation»  are  llaned  up,  that  lay  daun  to  the  title  of 
MERCHANT^  that  the  Original  feems  loil  and  conlbmid'ed.  How 
do  we  fwarm  with  contraflors,  jobbers,  and  a  thcuiaod  nameleU 
et.ceteras;  not  to  mention  forelbllers  and  monopolisers,  which,  hy 
many  infidious  arts»  are  at  lad  entered  into  a  regalar  fyftem.  Nor 
muft  I  pafs  over  a  formidable  and  (I ronp;. wedged  hoftof  iniurers,  a 
fpccious  kind  oi gamblings  which»aa  it  holds  forth  the  grc^teft  rncou. 
ragement  to  adventurers,  is  become  fo  much  in  vogu-,  that  it  is  ererjr 
Comn>ercial  man's  intcrci^  to  be  concerned  in  it.  This,  were  it  traced 
to  its  fource,  is  neither  mure  it  or  Icfs  than  an  inlet  for  ^ytvy  fpecies  of 
sfury. .  If  wc  are  told  *'  chat  the  terms  are  by  mutual  compa^,  and 
only  equal  to  the  riHc ;  and  that  fometime^  a  fudden  lofs  totally  ruini 
the  inforer ;" — the  aofwer  is  fimply  this ;  «  that  though  infurcrs  may 
be  men  of  honefty,  the  traffick  is  neverthelefs  unfair ;  inafmuch  as 
they  are  liable  to  be  impofed  on  by  the  diflionell,  they  rauli  on  that 
account  require  more  than  a  fair  premium  of  all,  to  account  for  the 
continual  danger  they  are  expofed  to  by  2,fe-w* 

*  The  .very  fame  plea  has  the  afurer,  who  charges  his  twenty  and 
thirty  per  cent,  to  his  cuilomers,  becaufe  now  and  then  fome  unprin^ 
clpled  fpcndthrift  pays  both  the  principal  audintereil  by  the  mouth  of 
Us  pidoi-  . 

*  The  LOTTERY  is  too  grofs and  palpable  to  reqaire  any  r«aarb 
upon  it.  It  is  not  only  in  itfelf  an  open  vice,  but  it  is  the  teeming 
parent  of  many  others.  .  . 

<  Si  foptilus  <uub  dicipi,  de€ipiatur^ 
TS  the  only  reafon  that  can  be  given  for  it,  and  this  will  fcarcely  fiasd 
the  teft  even  of  political  wiles. 

*  The  enormoQs  dilcounts  too  that  are  at  t7mes  given  are  only  ano- 
ther name  for  ufury ;  and  I  have  been  credibly  informed,  th^t  fo 
great  was  the  demand  for  ready-money,  owing  to  fpeculationsi  or 
tricks,  ofmonicdmcn  in  the  month  of  March,  that  thirty  and  fbny 
per  cent;  were  offered  for  a  certain  time. 

*  All  thefe  evils  originate  from  the  overflowings  of  oor  commercfj 
vc  kept  alive  by  monied  men,  and  altogether  form  fuch  a  fyflem, 
that  it  would  require  a  volume  alone  properly  to  fift  and  devolopc^. 

•In  ftiort,  the  fum  total  of  the  whole  will  appear  to  be  ihi<,  "  that 
the  commercial  concerns  of  this  country  are  already  at  as  a  h'^h  a 
pitch  as  is  proper  for  the  welfare  of  the  flate  ;  and  fo  far  from  being 
tagcr  to  ;«<;y^^  them,  it  feems  necclfary  to  ttxke  a'u/?;:  thofe  parts 
«hic)i  are  the  more  irti mediate  caufe  of  vice  And  extravagance,  and 
confine  them  within  fafe  and  moderate  bounds.' 

Art.  30.  T^J^o  Letters  addrcfcd  to  a  Britijh  Merchant^  a  (hort  Time 
before  the  expcdcd  Meeting  of  the  New  Pailiameut  in  1796;  and 
fuggcding  the  Ncceflity  and  Facility  of  providing  for  the  Public 
Exigencies  without  any  Augmentation  of  Di:bi,  or  AccumaUcioa 
ofBurJcns.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Longman,  and  Owen. 

*  *  Many  of  the  ^ril  gaming-houfes  are  now  become  regulai 
i^M9  and  coi^der  tiiemklvcs  accordingly.' 

This 


. MoiTTRlV  CATALOGUt»  Pditicd.   .  333 

This  pamphlet  hai  befs  fuppbred  to  be  an  attempt  on  the  part  of 
miriilry  to  feci  the  pulfe  of  die  pabKc»  with  refped  to  fome  new  pro- 
jedt  of  Anance  which  it  may  be  necefTary  to  adopt>  in  the  event  of  tl}# 
farther  duration  of  a  war  exper five  beyond  all  former  example* 
Certain  it  is,  that  the  language  here  employed  in  Hating  the  original 
grounds  of  the  qturrcl,  and  the  dangers  hanging  over  all  civilized 
govrrnments  from  the  prevalence  of  French  power  and  principles,  it 
ptrhQly  fimilar  to  .the  fubAancc  of  the  many  .fpeecbes  and  publica- 
tions which    have  appeared  under  miniHerial  aufpices;    while  the 
pointed  obfervations'  againft  the  common  notion,  "  that  they  who 
have  carried  on  the  war  are  not  the  proper  perfons  to  make  peace/' 
iiill  more  diflin£lly  feem  to  mark  the  fource  whence  they  proceed. 
For  oor  part,  wearied  with  a  theme  which  has  in  fo  many  (bapes  come 
before  us,  we  (hall  ihiak  ourfelves  jaftified  in  paffing  lightly  over  the 
prolix  pages  of  wordy  eloquence,  which  declaims  on  the  trite  topics 
9f  French  infolence,  tyranny,  perfidy,  and  aggreiiion,  and  attempts 
to  rouze  every  fpark  of  national  enmity  to  adive  and  unanimous  re- 
finance; and  we  ihall  confine  ourfelves  to  a  (hort  notice  of  what  the 
author  himfeK,  indeed,  has  but  briefly  touched«-*the  propofed  fcheme 
of  giving  efficacious  aid  to  government  in  the  profecution  of  the  war» 
without  adding  to  the  national  debt.     This  enormous  debt  manifeflly 
cmbarralTes  him,  as  well  as  his  fuperiors  ;  for,  while  he  thinks  it  i>e^ 
ceflary  to  reprefent  it  as  *  perfectly  within  the  compafsof  cur  ability 
to  fnpport,'  and  to  compliment  in  lofty  terms  the  iff'edual  proviAon 
for  iu  gradual  redudlion ;  yet  he  acknowleges  that  till  peace  is  fecured 
*  it  is  impofUble,  u-ithout  uneafinefs,  to  look  forward  to  any  farther 
additions  to  its  extent.'     We  find  him,  then,  after  much  preparatioa^ 
and  with  many  interruptions  of  ^hc  rhetoric  of  alarm,  propofing  the 
ineafare  of  a  ^vcluntary  andgefwral  contrihuiiotit  as  the  only  one  which 
can  rxtricate  the  nation  from  its  prcfent  embarraflVnents.     This  idea 
\^c  turns  over  and  over,  with  manifefl  hefitation  to  meet  its  pradlical 
difficulties;  and  tor  many  pi(:?s  he  cont'jn:s  himfclf  with  colouring 
Cuo'\^\y  the  honour  that  woulJ  accrue  to  in^iiiri duals  from  fuch  a  <v#- 
Ltsitary  d;fp]:iy  of  public   (pirit,  and  the  confidence  which  he  has  in 
the  pakricrifm  of  Engliihmen  on  fuch  an  emergency :  but,  three  or 
Uy\K  ppircs   before  tiir  cioff,  he  condefcends  to  be  more  explicit,  and 
Jets  !ii»  rp:d.rrs  into  the  fccret  of  his  real  Jcfign.     After  having  in- 
vi.kcd  .Parliament  to  back:  him,  he  '   ventures  to  fuggefl  the  poffible 
rtpeiilt'ncy  q{  uquiring  every  individual,  poirefling  an  income  above 
a  certain  n*nounu  to  HCCO:T>pany  his  contribution  [he  now  drops  the 
tt-rm  I'olun/crv]  with  an  aiFurance  on  oath  or  alHrmaiion,  that  it  is  not 
lr«-i  than  2,  tenth  tart  of  his  income.'     Thus,  this  verbofe  and  pom- 
pous addcefs  10  ail  that  is  noble  and  generous  in  the  bread  of  the  na- 
tion terminates  in  a  propofal  tofubject  it  to  x  forced  contrihut tan  ! 

Art.  31.  Thought  J  en  the  Peftnce  of  theft  Kingdoms.  In  Two  Partff. 
8vo.  pp-S^.  id.6d.  Faulder,  &c.  1796. 
The  incr.ufc  of  the  miliiiJi,  its  extcnfion  to  Scotland,  and  the  eJla- 
blifhment  of  yeomnnry  cavalry,  fo  as  to  make  the  whole  force  of  thi& 
kind  in  ths  three  kin^^-.loms  amount  to  soo,coo  men,  are  the  princi- 
pil  mcjns  recommended  by  thii  writer  for  defence  in  the prefentcrifu. 
L'nJer  tnefe  leading;  head^,  he  fuggcHs  a  variety  of  alterations  and' 

improvements. 


3^  Mdvmv  CATA&otvSf  f^thjh  ^^« 

impityfemtnti,  whidi  difplay  a  Kbenl  and  rdkaiaf  asod  ;  ndliii 
pamphlet  is»  in  oar  opinioa,  wortby  of  j^enifid  by  ttofe  wto  are  ea- 
fhiftcd  with  the  nattonal  concerns.  It  it  no  fmaJl  rrmmawntfitiM 
that  it  keepi  ftriaiy  to  itt  fubjea^  without  the  leaH  nuaoaro  of  partj 
decUmation. 

Art,  31.  J/nv  StmU  CnmituJt  broi^bi  t^  thi  Jtdw  •/  P»Uu  J^tia, 
&c.  &c.  8vo.  IS.  BaiOD.  1796. 
As  an  harangue  at  a  debating  dub,  this  declamation^  pioaoonced 
with  foitable  violence  of  geftarc  and  labour  of  lunn,  might  obtmn  no 
fmall  fhare  of  vodferous  applanfe.  Alas  I  how  \\^  better  aie  dK 
oratorical  difplay^  of  great  fiatefmen,  in  the  eye  of  feber  rcafim ! 

An.  33.     Th*  Aholitiim  tf  tht  Sitn^iTraJei  PeMeii  amd  a  iemfirmt 
Reform,  cflinitia^  to  the  Salvation  of  England.    8vo.    is.     Crafty. 
1796. 
We  find  nothing  in  thefe  very  ffi|bt  pages  that  is  worthy  of  being 

parucniariy  recommended  to  the  notice  of  our  readers. 

POBTHY    and    DRAMATIC. 

Art.  34.  Thf  Pur/uits  rf  Literature,  or  What  you  will ;  a  fadrical 
Foem»  in  Dialogae.  Parts  ii.  and  iii.  8vo.  is.  6d.  each.  Owven. 
1796. 

OulrcharaAer  of  the  firft  part  of  this  poem  (vol.  xr.  p.  an.)  ap- 
plies equally  to  thefe  fecor.d  and  third  ^rts ;  except  that,  inflead  of 
Prie((ley  and  Paine,  Wakefield  and  Godwu  are  now  the  principal  marfa 
at  which  the  aothor  points  hi^  fatirical  arrows.  The  mibKc  fninciples 
of  this  poem  feem  to  have  been  partly  borrowed  from  the  annotations  to 
Murphy's  Tadtos,  and  will  recommend  it  to  the  patronage  of  thecoart 
and  dcrgy.  The  hotei,  with  which  it  is  accompanied,  form  a  con- 
venient and  livdjr  eatatogste  rmfinne  of  other  pablicacions  on  the  fame 
Uc  of  the  qaeilion.  1  he  author's  attention  is  caught,  as  oors  has 
been,  by  the  incrcafing  fymptoms  of  the  rapid  growth  of  foperftitioo. 

•  OCTAVIUS. 
•  Contrail  your  fmile,  and  quit  this  playful  fesrch  ; 
Thefe  are  the  lay  amufements  of  the  church  *, 
Mere  cobweb  labours  of  their  learned  thought; 
Though  fomrtimrs  teachers  mud  themlclves  be  taught 
To  weigh  their  ofHcc»  raile  their  powerful  breath. 
Nor  leave  the  world  to  darknef^  and  to  death. 
Short  be  their  folly  :  let  example  tell 
Their  life,  their  morals  pure,  and  all  is  well. 

'  But  (hould  proud  churchmen  vie  in  fumptuous  halls* 
In  wines  and  foups,  Carchufi^n  Bacchanals, 
Nor  think  ih'  unwieldy  fuperfiux  to  ihake. 
Where  curates  (larve,  and  helplefs  orphans  quake, 
Wav'ring  I  afk,  in  this  dark  fcene  beneath. 
Why  lightnings  fcathe  yon  defolated  heath  ? 


*  Alluding  to  the  preceding  playful  defcription  of  i^it/cigned cm- 
tift  among  the  learns.!  zb^Mi  Greek  literature,  p*  1  — 9  of  part  iii. 

•And 


MOVTHLY  CaTALOQVB^  PHtTjf^  fi€.  ^^ 

*  And  hark»  tbe  voice  bat  thunder'd :  and  the  woid« 
Borne  on  the  bM,  a  trembline  world  hat  beard 
lo  confummacion  dread  !  tbe  bonds  of  Rome 
Are  barUt  and  Babylon's  prophetic  doom, 
Witb  more  than  mortal  ram  headlong  caft» 
Proclaims  tbe  meafore  foil :  (he  groans  her  laft. 
From  climes,  where  piety  no  more  was  found* 
Where  fuperftition  withorM  all  aroand» 
The  rights  of  natnre  barr'd»  by  heav'n  refign'd 
To  vile  affettons,  in  corruption  blind, 
^ile»  in  the  Urrors  of  th^  world  beneath. 
Permitted  fiends  of  darknefs  round  them  breathe  % 
Britain  fecarely  fix*d,  invites  from  high* 
With  charity's  fedate*  unaltered  eye } 
T^ejmendf  exil'd,  melancholy  band, 
Paffittg  from  death  and  Prance*  revere  the  land* 
Where  ftreams  of  inexhanllcd  bounty  pour* 
And  Christ  ftill  reigns,  and  bigotry's  no  ffl0ie.«« 

•  AUTHOR. 
'  Bleft  be  the  voice  of  mercy*  and  the  hand 
StretchM  o'er  afHidion's  wounds  with  healing  bland^ 
In  holieft  fympathy !  our  beft  of  man 
Gave  ns  to  tears,  ere  mifery  well  began. 
.     •  Stin*  ftill  1  paufe :  goodnatnre*s  oft  a  fool^ 
Now  flave  to  partyv  and  now  fadion's  tool : 
Attend,  nor  heedleii  ffight  a  poet's  name ; 
Pdet  and  prophet  once  were  decm'd  the  fame. 
Say,  are.theie  fertile  ftreams  thns  largely  fpred 
'A/iSr«/ tribtite  o'er  tf  MMTitfr-^^ 
Say,  are  thefe  ftreams  ^think  while  avails  the  thon^t) 
To  Rome  through  Gallic  channels  fobtly  brought  ? 
Roui  touches,  taftes,and  takes;  and  nothing  loth  : 
But  have  tAH  virtues  ?  yt*,  oi pagan  growth. 
A(k,  where  Rou  I's  church  is  ibund^  ?  on  a  fteep. 
Which  herefy's  wild  winds  in  vain  may  fweep, 
JUm  where  finners  may  have  reft*  fecore* 
One  tmly  undefil'd,  one  9mlj  pure. 
Blame  yon  her  cnmbrous  pomp,  her  iron-rod. 
Or  tmmpery  relics  of  her  faints  half- (hod  ? 
Ix>,  Cnfifin^  in  everv  hamlet  found. 
With  facred  fifters  walk  their  cbyfter'd  round  : 
There  read  the  lift :  and  calm  the  fate  exjped. 
When  crafty,  meddling,  thanklefs  priefts  <ured. 
Think  you,  their  hate  unquench'd  can  e'er  expire  ? 
The  torch  not  tipt  with  fleeping  fulphurous  fire  ? 
Their  dodrtnea  round  a  cardeft  land  are  blown ; 
..They  biaftthecotuge,  and  would  fap  the  throne. 
What  ?  are  my  words  too  warm !  I  love  my  King* 
My  Country,  and  my  God  i  the  ibnnds  ftiall  ring 
Ceaielcis,  till  Pitt  (with  all  hit  hoft  awake) 
Im  oua  «RaAT  cavsi  a  nation's  inqueft  takf ; 
la 


n 


33<  MoirrHLtr  CATALOOUKy  Podfy^  tfi. 

V\\  ctll :  nor  heav'n,  nor  many  nor  laws  forbid  | 
The  City's  on  a  hill  •,  nor  can  be  hid.' 

Art.  35.  Village  Virtues  ;  a  Dramatic  Satire.  In  two  Parts.  4to. 
2s.  BelU  Oxford -Street.  1796. 
If  the  parpofe  of  a  dramatic  writer  be  to  furprize,  we  maft  acknowr- 
lege  that  the  author  of  the  piece  before  us  has  wonder fuUy  fucceedcd : 
for  never  were  we  more  furprized  than  by  the  cataftrophe  of  this 
drama.  The  plan  is  this:  A  widow  lady,  who  had  fuffered  muck 
during  her  union  with  a  profligate  lord,  goes  down  to  her  brother*  a 
Comi(h  baronet,  full  of  extravagant  ideas  of  the  virtne  and  happinefi 
to  be  found  among  villagers,  and  greatly  out  of  humoor  with  the 
capital  and  people  of  rank  :  l*he  brother  undertakes  to  cure  her  of 
thefe  notions,  and,  concealing  her  aanie,  fettles  her  at  a  farm-hoofe  as 
a  k>dgert  where  *(be  may  become  acquainted  with  the  real  ftate  of 
things  in  this  fancied  Arcadia.  Here  a  variety  of  fcenes  occur  whkk 
are  likely  enough  to  give  her  a  difgull  to  the  coantry ;  fach  as  a 
brutal  felfi(h  farmer,  his  drunken  fcolding  wife,  a  forward  cocpetlifc 
daughter,  a  coxcombly  unprincipled  kiver,  &c.  Thefe  are  wroaghl 
with  fome  degree  of  humour,  though  of  the  farcical  kind ;  and  the 
author  feema  confidently  enough  to  maintain  his  part,  as  a  caricatfr 
liil  of  the  manners  of  low  life,  for  a  political  purpofe,  which  breaki 
•at  occafionally  in  burfts  of  loyalty,  and  ilrokes  aimed  againft  dciao* 
cratical  opinions : — but  when  the  plot  is  brought  to  a  condufion,  and 
•  the  lady  is  made  extremely  angry  by  the  difcovery  of  the  bafencA 
and  ingratitude  of  her  fuppofed  nifties,  (he  is  thuDderftrack  with  a 
loud  laugh,  and  a  declaration  from  Sir  David  that  the  whole  is  aft  in- 
terlade  contrived  by  himfelf,  and  played  by  his  family  and  fneodi 
{xht  fine  f elks)  in  order,  he  fa>s,  *  to  prove  that  it  w^s  poffible  for 
vice  to  exiftiD  a  cottage  as  well  as  in  a  palace ;'  and,  which  is  craly 
extraordinary,  the  lady  acquiefces  in  this  frwf^  and  is  cooTinced  of 
her  error  1 

<  *  The  GREAT  College  of  PaissTS,  and  Head 
Quarters  of  the  Catholic  Cause  in  the  CaftU  or  Kin^e 
bwfe  at  Wincbefter^  tenanted  by  prieits,  emigrant  and  non-emi- 
grant, publickly  maintained  at  the  expcncc  of  the  ftate.  1  am 
not  fpeaking  to  thofe,  who  are  indifferent  about  all  or  any  reli* 
gion ;  but  to  thofe,  who  from  their  ftation,  political  or  iacred,  Iboold 
underftand  the  importance  of  the  caufe,  the  interefts  of  Chriftiaoity 
and  its  purity,  the  evidence  of  hiftory,  the  natnre  and  the  eflentialand 
unaltered  fpirit  of  the  Romifh  priefthood,  and  their  fubtihy  and  peca- 
liar  arts  by  perfuafion,  or  by  terror  over  weak  confciences.  1  am 
fpeaking  to  the  governors  of  Great  Britain,  to  the  minifters  of  the 
crown,  who  ftiould  guard,  and  who,  1  troft,  will  gnard  againft  the 
revival  of  the  Romifh  Church,  now  working  in  fecret;  as  well  u 
againft  the  more  open,  and  more  terrible  democracy  of  (bme  defaip- 
tions  of  the  Diifenters.  What  is  faid  to  us  all,  is  faid  at  this  hour,  to 
Biinifters  and  rulers  of  ftates  with  a  more  imfnrtant  and  more  /acitd 
emphafis,  '<  Watch, /0rjw  kmmi  MtnTHB  Hova  miben  ddiruSim 

Art. 


MolTTttLY  CaTAIOGUE,  Pcitr^j  ifc.  33^ 

'4n<  36.  The  Cottage:  an  Operatic  Farce,  in  two  Adls.  By  James 
Smith.  8vo.  6d.,  Keardey. 
If  the  writer  of  this  little  piece  has  been  able  to  obtain  the  applauf« 
of  his  friends  at  Tewkcfbury,  we  would  advife  him  to  refl  contented 
with  his  h6nours»  to  repofe  under  the  (hade  of  his  laurelsj  and  to  dofe 
the  career  of  dramatic  ambition. 

ArL  37.  Mett/a  Regum  :  or,  the  Table  of  Kings.  By  Jfaac  Mirror^ 
Efq.  of  the  Middle  Temple.  4to.  is.  6d.  Owen. 
The  Mtm/a  Regum  is  a  (lone  table  near  Rhenen  in  the  province  of 
Utrecht^  where,  tradition  records*  three  kings  once  met  and  dined 
fith  dio.  This  fpot  affords  the  writer  a  fear,  whence  to  contemplate 
the  fceneof  the  war  carried  on  againft  the  French,  when  the  Englifli 
troops  under  the  command  of  the  Duke  of  York  compofed  a  part  of 
the  allied  army.  The  miferies  of  wan  and  the  peculiar  caufe  of  that 
which  occafioned  the  league  of  the  combined  powers,  are  the  prxn« 
cipal  topics  of  this  poem ;  which  is  written  in  blank  verfe>  and  con-^ 
taiDS  abundant  proofs  of  the  writer's  atuchment  to  the  caufe  of  kings ^ 
together  with  as  many  fentimcfnts  of  humanity  as  can  well  belong  to 
a  forty  performance.  We  (hall  obey  the.author's  injundion  of  ab- 
flainiog  from  any  critical  cenfure  on  his  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the 
Bufonunate  Louis  XVJ.  and  hb  eulogies  on  the  Commander  in  Chief  t 
bat  at  the  fame  time  we  (hall  venture  to  fay,  in  general,  that  he  does 
not  appear  qualified  to  manage  the  lofty  ft  rain  of  blank  verfe^  of 
which  he  exhibiu  the  ordinary  turgidity  and  obfcurity,  rather  than  the 
troe  dignity.  He  changes  his  meafure,  indeed,  for  the  lyric,  when 
he  hurls  his  indignation  on  the  ^  frantic  race  of  Gallia  s'  but,  in  our 
OfMoion*  not  with  greater  fuccefs.  As  to  the  few  prefixed  fanzas  on 
the  birth  at  Carlton-Houfe,  it  is  enough  to  fay  of  them  that  they 
were  *  written  extempore  !'  See  more  of  this  writer's  productions  in 
the  dafs  Miscellaneous,  in  this  Month's  Catalogue. 

Art.  38.  Revolutions^  a  Poem.  In  two  Books.  By  P.  Courtier, 
Author  of  Poems,  &c.  8vo.  2S.  Law.  1796. 
We  gave  our  idea  of  the  poetical  rank  of  this  juvenile  writer  in  the 
account  of  his  volume  of  poems,  inferted  in  our  Review  for  June  lad. 
We  apprehend  that  the  prcfent  e(Fufion  will  not  tend  to  augment  his 
reputation,  (ince  he  has  manifeftly  attempted  a  (light  beyond  his 
powers.  To  the  folemn  and  dignified  tone  of  blank  verfe, 
MASTERS  only  are  equal.  Nothing  is  more  infupportable  to  a  good 
ear,  than  the  uniform  recurrence  of  ten-fyllable  lines,  without  rhyme, 
and  unbroken  by  paufcs  of  the  fenfe  ;  and  nothing  more  violates  good 
tiftc  than  the  ftrained  and  afFedted  mode  of  expre(rion  which  fuch  an 
infipid  form  of  verfification  is  apt  to  produce,  m  order  to  force  into 
poetry  what  would  otherwife  be  mere  profe.  The  matter  and  fenti^ 
ments  are  fuch  as  well  become  a  lover  of  temperate  liberty,  and  a  friend 
to  revealed  religion,  which  the  writer  avows  himfcif  to  be  ;  and  fo 
far  he  merits  the  applaufe  of  his  countrymen. 

Art.  39.     The  ff^aes  of  IVar ;  or  the  Uftjbot  of  the  Uillory  of  Wi  l  l 
and  Jean.  8vo.   is.    Edinburgh,  printed  for  A.  Guthrie.   1796. 
The  hi  (lory  of  Will  and  Jean,  of  which  the  prefcnt  performance  is 

the  fequel,  or  '  up(hot,'  was  noticed  with  approbation  in  our  xixth 
R*v.  Nov.  1796.  A  a  vol. 


338  Monthly  Catalogue,  Poitrj^  lie. 

voL  p.  2Z3»  Art.  44.  There  is  a  beautiful  fimpHcity  in  this  coodnai' 
tion  ;  the  defign  of  which  is  to  exemplify  the  'woes  o/ivoTt  by  exhi- 
biting its  deplorable  effects  in  private  life.  In  the  conclofioo»  tke 
author  \try  naturally  introduces  a  handfome  compliment  to  a  benefo-' 
lent  lady— the  duchefs  of  Bucdeugh.  The  writer  fubfcribci  the  dedi- 
.  cation,  Hcdor  M'Neill. 

Art,  40.  Triumphs  of  War :  and  other  Poems.  By  W.  AmpLlett. 
i2mo.  4$.  Boards.  Parfons.  1796. 
The  adveriifement  prefixed  to  this  volume  informs  us  that  it  if  '  the 
firft  produ^ion  of  a  young  perfon  born  and  educated  in  the  country, 
who  has  never  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  academical  inftradtioo  ;'— 
that  it  is  '  the  fruit  of  much  mifcellaneous  reading,  and  feme  obferri- 
tion ;  the  ofErpring  of  a  warm  imagination,  and  a  fufceptible  hean.' 
This  is  a  candid  account  of  its  origin  and  pretenfions.  The  poemf 
are,  indeed,  fuch  as  might  be  expedted  from  a  young  perfoa  of 
defultory  reading,  without  folid  inftrudion,  and  who  inifUkci  a  idifii 
for  poetry  for  the  faculty  of  producing  it.  One  of  the  moft  ftrikbg 
features  is  a  turgefcence  6f  ftyle,  venting  itfelf  in  the  onbridled  in- 
vention of  new  uncouth  words  derived  from  the  learned  langtagei, 
with  which  the  half-learned  are  generally  inclined  to  make  more  (fee 
than  regular  fcholars.  Within  the  compafs  of  the  firft  page  and  half 
we  have  XT/ w^;^  bread,  adurt  hTO^M^fuinid  clouds,  caudrnt  rocks  h- 
formous ;  and  many  dill  more  curious  fpecimens  might  be  picked  up  oa 
a  curfory  furvey.  Nor  can  we  difcover  any  of  thofe  fimple  and  na- 
tural beauties  which  are  fuppofed  (though,  in  general,  falfely,)  to 
diditiguifh  untutored  verfe.  There  is,  indeed,  no  want  of  thoaghtxB 
the^  fcveral  pieces,  but  it  has  little  advantage  from  the  maaner  ia 
which  it  is  difpofed,  and  the  language  in  wliich  it  b  cloathed.  We 
arc  ferry  not  to  be  able  to  fay  more  in  recommendation  of  an  aotbor 
whofc  principles  feem  laudable,  and  whofe  charader  appears  eii* 
mable :  but  we  have  too  many  daily  proofs  that  there  is  more  crae 
kindnefs  in  difcouraging,  than  in  forwarding,  the  inclioation  wUch 
tmqaalified  writers  have  to  produce  themfelves  before  the  pablic. 

Art.  41.  Poims :  By  G.  D.  Harley,  of  the  Theatre  Royal,  Coveat 
Garden,  i^mo.  pp.  295.  6s.  Boards.  Martin  and  Bua. 
1796. 

The  fubfcribcrs  to  this  volume  will  certainly  not  comphun  of  thor 
bargain  as  far  as  quantity  is  concerned,  for  never  have  we  feen  m 
poetry  dealt  out  in  fuller  meafure.  Whatever  be  the  author's  fob- 
jed,  feniiment,  defcription,  or  morality,  he  never  fails  of  givtcs: 
enough.  Here  is  a  poem  on  Night  that  would  almoll  require  a  oight'i 
reading  to  get  through  it,  and  a  Legacy  of  Love  to  a  Child,  asloo^ 
as  was  ever  bequeathed  by  a  lawyer's  pen  in  a  real  lafl  will  and  teBi- 
ment.  Were  it  not  for  the  tedious  monotony  of  the  blank  verfe,  and 
the  endlefs  prolixity  of  the  ftyle,  there  arc  fome  images  that  woold  be 
worth  gleaning ;  for  the  author  feems  to  be  a  man  who  has  not  palled 
through  the  varied  fcene  of  his  dramatic  life  without  obfervatioa  and 
reflexion. 

Art.  42.     Jn  Equeftrian  Epiftle  in  Verfe ^  to  the  Right  Horn,  the  Eari  if 
Jtrfiy^  occalioned  by  the  Pablicatk)D  of  the  Correfpondenoe  be- 

tvcen 


Monthly  CATALoictJE,  Eafl  India  Affairs.        '339 

twtoa  the  Earl  and  Coantefs  of  Jerfey,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Randolph » 
on  the  Subjed  offome  Letters  belonging  to  her  R.  H.  the  Princefs 
of  Wales.     By  the  Author  of  the  "  Epiftle  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ran-   ' 
dolph  *."     8vo.     IS.     Parfons^  &c.     1796. 
Wit  and  pleafantry^  employed  on  a  fubjed  which  mofl  readers, 

})erhaps,  will  think  ought  rather  to  be  configned  to  oblivion  than  ipi- 

iDortalized  by  good  poetry. 

£AST  II^OIA  AFrAltls. 
Art.  43.     Qhfirvathns  on  the  Mode  propofed  hy  tbt  tuw  Arrangement 
Jbr  tbi  Difirikuitm  qfthe  Off-Rickoning  Fund  of  the  federal  Prefidencies 
in  India  :  together  with  a  new  Plan  for  the  Diftribution^  originally 
fubmitted  to  the  Reprefentative  Committee  of  £aft  India  Offieers. 
By  Lieut.  Col.  Richard  Scott.     Alfo  a  Recommendatory  Addrefs^ 
•by  Major  John  Taylor.    410.    6d.    Debrett.     1796. 
It  may  be  proper  to  inform  our  readers,  that  the  Off- Reckoning 
Food  confills  of  dedc£lions  from  the  pay  of  the  European  and  native 
troops  ferving  in  India,  in  compenfadon  for  which  they  are  fopplied 
with  doatfaing :  but  the  expence  of  cloathing  the  army  falling  ihort  of 
the  amount  of  the  dedndious,  the  difference  is  divided  in  certain  pro- 
pordons  among  the  field  officers.     By  the  new  arrangement,  this 
fourceof  emolument,  which  is  eHimated  at  73,600!.  per  annum,  is 
coofined  to  thofe  officers  who  are  endded  by  their  rank  to  command 
'  regiments,  amonnung  to  43,  (including  the  three  Preiidencies,)  and 
iettled  on  them  for  life,  whether  in  India  or  in  Europe.     The  im^- 
provement  fuggeflcd  by  Lieut.  Col.  S.  is,  by  reducing  the  (hare  of 
each  individoal  to  cool,  per  arnium^  to  include  a  greater  number  of 
officers  in  the  diviuon.     We  profefs  ourfelves  inimical  to  both  plans ; 
though  not  equally  fo.  Col.  Scott's  being  manifefUy  a  judicious  and 
important  modificadon  of  the  principle  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol].    Our  principles,  on  the  other  hand,  lead  us  to  think  that  the 
pay  of  officers  of  t'^^ry  rank,  whether  ferving  in  India  or  retired  to 
their  native  country,  ought  to  be  ample  and  immutable,  but  fpecific: 
that  its  prefent  complicated  fubdivifions  (hould  be  confolidated,  the 
Off- Reckoning  Fund  abolifhed,  and  a  liberal  and  comprehend ve  po* 
Jicy  exerted  in  the  flmplificaiion  of  the  whole  fydem. 

Art.  44*  Conjiderations  on  the  Attempt  of  the  £aft  India  Company  to 
become  Manufaclunrs  in  Great  Britain,  4to.  pp*  34*  as.  {Jewell. 
1796. 

To  what  a  variety  of  dangers  is  our  Conllitution  eJcpofed !  To 
fome  of  them  we  have  not  been  inattentive :  but  never  before  were 
we  apprized  of  the  perils  which  it  encounters,  from  the  employment 
of  a  few  mills  by  the  Bail  India  Company,  for  the  purpofe  of  throw- 
ing raw  iilk  into  organzine.  The  followiug  are  the  refledlions  which 
a  perufal  of  this  publication  has  excited  in  our  minds.  If  the  produce 
of  any  portion  of  the  Britiih  dominions  be  found  to  fupercede  the  ne- 
ceffity  of  impordng  the  fame  article  from  foreign  countries,  the  fub« 
llitution  is  a  national  benefit.  In  the  prefent  in  (lance  a  fecond  and 
more  immediate  advantage  accrues,  as  the  operation  of  throwing  th« 

♦  See  M.  Rev.  Vol.  xx.  p.  470. 

A  a  2  raw 


340  Monthly  Catalogue,  Law* 

raw  material  from  India  mud  be  performed  by  Engliih  manu&daren: 
a  confideration  particularly  cogent  at  the  prefent  moment.  On  tke 
other  hand«  if,  as  is  here  aiTcrted,  the  quality  of  the  Indian  commo* 
^ity  is  not  fit  for  the  purpofes  of  the  trade,  we  may  rcpofe  on  the  at- 
tention of  the  Directors  to  their  own  interefl,  for  not  throwing  a  greater 
quantity  than  they  can  fell  in  that  date.  We  have  been  not  a  little 
amufed  by  the  exaggerated  epithets  applied,  in  this  pamphlet^  to  a 
judicious  and  benevolent  experiment  of  a  refpedable  mercaDtile  body. 

LAW. 

Art.  45.  Reflexions  on  Vfury^  as  condudled  by  the  Mode  of  Under- 
valued Annuities :  in  the  Courfe  of  which,  for  the  Benefit  of  tbofe 
who  are  opprefTed  with  them,  are  refpedtively  pointed  out,  accord- 
ing  to  the  different  Securities,  the  different  Means  of  Relief.  410. 
2s.     Murray  and  Co.     1796. 

This  tradl  contains  feveral  forcible  and  judicious  obfervations  00  the 
inadequacy  of  the  price  given  for  annuities  payable  during  the  life  of 
the  grantors.  Its  particular  objed  is  to  (hew  thar»  when  the  pur- 
chafe  of  fuch  an  annuity  is  accompanied  by  an  tnfurance,  it  is  nfurioot. 
'  An  annuity  (the  author  fays,)  is  a  loan  of  money  for  life,  and  fife 
being  precarious,  as  there  is  prefumedly  a  rifle  to  the  purchafer,  the 
annuity  under  fuch  a  confideration  is  deemed  valid  :  and  the  rifk  be- 
ing the  only  point  that  con ilicutes  the  validity  of  the  annuity,  where 
there  is  no  riflt,  the  annuity  elTentially  diffiers  not  from  a  loan  for  life, 
and  confequently  is  enrolled.' — Then,  with  refped  to  the  riflb,  '  the 
life  (he  obferves,)  is  infured  at  a  certain  kno%vn  eftabliihed  preraioo, 
by  which  the  purchafer  of  the  annuity  is  fecured  from  riik,  and  re- 
ceives interefl  on  the  money,  according  to  the  refpedive  rates  he  may 
pay  for  infurance  at  12,  13,  or  14  fer  centJ* 

'I^he  author  fupports  his  pofition  with  ingenuity  ;  and,  if  he  flioold 
be  thought  to  fail  in  proving  the  ufury,  he  abundantly  proves  the  ex- 
tortion, in  thefe  bargains.  He  has  inferred,  at  length,  a  curioas 
public  document,—- The  refolutions  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  \Tl1f 
on  annuities  granted  for  the  life  of  the  grantor. 

Perhaps,  the  origin  of  thefe  milchievcus  and  ruinous  bargains  b 
chiefly  to  be  afcribed  to  the  laws  ihemfelves  which  have  been  made  to 
prevent  ufury;  as,  without  them,  money,  probably,  would  always  find  its 
own  level :— but  the  interference  of  government  fometimes  prodocei 
mifchief  greater  than  the  evil  which  it  was  intended  toobviate.^  When, 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  the  XlVth,  the  famous  Colbert  reqoefled  s 
merchant  to  inform  him  what  his  fovcreign  could  do  to  incrcafe  or 
benefit  the  trade  of  France,  the  merchant  wifely  obfcrved  to  him  that* 
"  the  kindeff  thing  he  could  do  to  trade,  was,  to  take  no  kind  of  no- 
tice of  it,  but  leave  it  to  itfclf."  There  b  no  reafon  for  thinking  that 
the  general  rate  of  intercll  would  have  been  much  lower,  if  the  lafts 
again  (I  ufury  had  never  been  made ;  and  the  neceffity  of  the  borrower, 
and  the  covetoufncfsof  the  lender,  had  been  left  to  make  their  own  bir- 
gain.  As  the  law  rK)w  Hards,  the  tenant  for  Hfe  is  compelled  to  bor* 
row,  at  14,  ic,  or  \6  per  cent,  in  the  (hape  of  an  annuity,  becaufe  the 
law  will  not  allow  him  to  borrow  at  8,  9,  or  \o  per  cent,  on  a  cofflmoi 
If  an.  This  is  demondratively  (hewn  by  Mr*  Bcniham  in  his  Letters  oa 
Ufury.    See  Review>  vol.  Ixxviii.  p.  361. 

AMSaiCAS 


Monthly  Catalogue,  American  Affairs.        341 

AMERICAN  AFFAIRS, 
Art.  46.  The  Political  Regifter  :  or  Proceedings  in  the  Scffion  of 
Congrefs,  commencing  Nuv.  3,  1794^  and  ending  March  3,  1795* 
With  an  Appendix  containing  a  iiclcdlioh  'Of  Papers  laid  before 
Congrefs  during  that  Period.  By  James  Thomfon  Callendcr. 
Vol.  1.  In  Two  Parts.  8vo.  pp.  548.  7s.  fewcd.  Philadel- 
phia.    London » Jordan.     1795. 

This  publication  has  every  appearance  of  beine  a  faithful  record 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Congrefs  dunng  the  time  (peel- 
£ed  in  the  title.  It  is  faid  to  have  been  drawn  up  from  notes  taken  in 
the  Hoafe  of  Reprefentatives,  and  from  ihe  journals  of  the  Houfe.  The 
more  important  fpeeches  are  given  at  confiderable  length  ;  and  fome 
of  them  have  been  furnifhfd,  or  correfled,  by  the  fpcakers  themfelves. 
The  debates  of  the  Seilion  alFord  a  very  intereAing  view  of  the  ilace 
of  politics  in  America,  during  a  period  in  which  that  country  has 
been»  firom  various  caufes,  thrown  into  a  (late  of  confiderable  fermenta- 
tion. Among  other  fubjefls  canvafled  at  large  is  that  tiifelf- created 
ficieiies  :  the  debate  is  cuiious  and  interelling  :  we  (hall  copy  a  part 
of  it. 

'  Mr.  Fitzfimmons  faid  that  it  would  feem  fomewhat  incongruous 
for  the  Houfe  to  prefent  an  addrefs  to  the  Prefident,  which  omitted 
all  notice  of  fo  very  important  an  article  in  his  fpeech,  as  that  referring 
to  y^tfelf -created  {Qz\t\\^%.  Mr.  Fitzfimmons  then  read  a  long  amend- 
ment, which  gave  rife  to  an  interelling  debate.  The  amendment  was 
in  thefe  words : 

•*  As  part  of  this  fubje£l,  we  cannot  with -hold  our  reprobation  of 
the  felf-created  focieties,  which  have  rifen  up  in  fome  parts  of  the 
union*  mifreprefcnting  the  condu^  of  the  government,  and  diflnrbing 
the  operation  of  the  laws^  and  which,  by  deceiving  and  inflaming  the' 
ignorant,  and  the  weak,  may  naturally  be  fuppofcd  to  have  (limulated 
and  urged  the  infurredion. 

. ««  Thefe  are  inftitutions  not  ftridly  unlawful,  yet  not  lefs  fatal  to 
good  order,  and  true  liberty,  and  reprehenfible  in  the  degree  that  our 
iyHem  of  government  approaches  to  perfect  political  freedom." 

'  Mr.  Giles  rofe  to  (lateadarge  his  fentiments,  as  to  this  exprefilon 
in  the  fpeech  cf  the  Prefident,  zS^qmi /elf- created  focieties.  The  tone 
of  that  paflage  in  the  fpeech  had  made  a  great  deal  of  r.oife  without 
doors,  and  it  was  likely  to  produce  a  confiderable  agitation  within 
doors.  Here  a  motion  was  made  for  the  rifing  of  the  committee. 
Mr.  Giles  did  not  wi(h  to  prefs  himfelf  upon  the  attention  of  the  com- 
mittee, but  if  they  were  difpofed  to  hear  him,  he  was  prepared  to 
proceed. 

•  Mr.  Sedgwick  objcdled  to  the  rifing  of  the  committee.  The 
Heufe  had  been  often  entertained  and  informed  by  the  ingenuity  of  the 
gentleman  who  was  now  prepared  to  addrefs  them. 

'  Mr.  W.  Smith  confidered  it  as  oppofite  to  the  praftice  of  the 
Houfe,  for  a  member  to  move  that  a  committee  (hould  rife,  at  the 
-^^ty  time  when  gentlemen  declared  themfelves  ready  to  deliver  their 
Ibntiments. 

*  It  was  repeatedly  enquired  from  the  chair,  by  whom  this  motion 
was  made.    No  anfwer  was  given  ;  and  it  feemed  to  be  the  unanimous 

A  a  3  wilh 


342        Monthly  Catalogue,  /mirican  Jfairu 

wifti  of  th«  Hoafe,  that  Mr.  Giles  (hould  proceed^  which  he  did  ac» 
cording!/.  Mr.  Giles  bejran  by  declaring,  that  when  he  faw,  o^ 
thought  that  he  faw,  the  Hoafe  of  Reprefentatives  about  to  eredit* 
feif  into  an  office  of  cenforihip,  he  could  not  fit  (ilent.  He  did  not 
rife  with  the  hope  of  making  profelytes,  but  he  trofted  that  the/ki  of 
no  perfon  in  AnQerica  (hoald  ever  be  taken  for  truth,  implfcitly,  aii4 
without  evidence.  Mr.  Giles  next  entered  into  an  encomiom  of  fone 
length,  on  the  public  fervices  and  perfonal  charafter  of  the  Prefident. 
He  vindicated  himfelf  from  any  want  of  Tt(pt&.  or  efteem  towards  hio. 
He  then  entered  into  an  examination  of  the  propriety  of  the  e]q>reiEon 
employed  by  the  Prefident,  with  regard  to  felf-created  focieties.  Mr. 
Giles  faid,  that  there  was  not  an  individual  in  America,  who  night 
not  come  under  the  charge  of  being  a  member  of  fome  one  or  other 
filf'created  fociety.  Aflbciations  of  this  kind,  religious*  political,  and 
philofophical,  were  to  be  found  in  every  quarter  of  the  continent.  The 
Saptifts  and  Methodifls,  for  example,  might  be  termed  felf-creat^ 
focieties.  The  people  called  the  Frienils  were  of  the  fame  kind.  Every 
f  ulpit  in  the  United  States  might  be  included  in  this  vote  of  cenfore^ 
fmce,  from  every  one  of  them,  upon  occafion,  inftrudions  had  beca 
delivered,  not  cnly  for  the  eternal  welfare,  but  likewife  for  the  tem- 
por  il  happinefs  of  the  peop-e.  I'here  had  been  political  focieties  i^ 
Pennfylvania  long  before  the  prefent  ones  exilled,  and  for  fimilar  por- 
pofes.  The  venerable  Franklin  had  been  at  the  bead  of  one,  entitW 
a  fi  ciety  for  political  informa  ion.  They  had  criminated  the  coodod 
of  the  governor  of  this  |!ate,  and  of  the  governors  of  other  (laces,  yet 
they  were  not  profecuted  or  didurbed.  There  was,  if  he  miflook  not« 
once  a  fociety  in  this  (late,  for  the  purpofe  of  pppofing  or  f ubverticg 
the  exifling  conftiiution.  They  alfo  were  unmolefted.  If  the  Ho«i(e 
are  to  cenfure  the  Democratic  focieties,  they  may  do  the  fame  by  the 
Cincinnati.  It  is  out  of  the  way  of  the  legiOature  to  attempt  check- 
iug  or  rcilrair.ing  public  opinion.  If  the  felf-oeated  focieties  ad 
contrary  to  law,  they  are  iinprote^led,  and  let  the  law  pur  fue  them. 
That  a  Iran  is  a  member  of  one  of  thefe  focieties,  will  not  proted  him 
from  an  iccufation  for  treafon,  if  the  charge  is  well  founded,  if  the 
charge  is  not  well  founded,  if  the  focieties,  in  their  proceedings,  keep 
within  the  verge  of  the  law,  Mr.  Giles  wou!d  be  glad  to  learn  what 
was  to  be  the  fcqucl  ?  If  the  Houfe  undertake  to  cenfure  particular 
clafT's  of  men,  who  can  tell  where  they  will  ftcp  ?  Perhaps  it  may  be 
aJvifable  to  commence  moral  pliilofophcrs,  and  compofe  a  new  fyOem 
oi  ethics  for  the  ciri'zens  of  America.  In  that  cafe,  there  would  be 
many  other  fubjcds  for  cenfure,  as  well  as  the  felf  created  focieties. 
Land  jobbing,  for  example,  has  been,  in  various  inftances,  brought 
to  fuch  a  pals,  that  it  might  be  dchncd  jkuM/iHg  en  a  hrtmd  Jcalt. 
Piiper  money  alfo  would  be  a  fubjcdl  of  very  tolerible  fertility  for  the 
cenfure  of  a  moralirt.  Mr.  Giles  proceeded  to  enumerate  other  par- 
ticulars on  this  head,  and  again  irfided  on  the  fulliciency  of  the  exitl* 
ing  lawf.  for  the'pimiihment  of  every  exiting  abufe.  He  obferved, 
that  gentlemen  were  fent  to  this  Houfe,  not  for  the  purpofe  of  palling 
iiidifcriminatc  votes  of  cenfure  But  to  legidate  only.  By  adopting 
the  amendment  of  Mr.  Fitzfimmons,  the  Houfe  would  only  prodoccf 
Recrimination  on  the  part  of  the  focieties,  and  raifc  them  into  mtich 

ntore 


Monthly  Catalogue,  Anurican  Affairs.       343 

\  unporunce  than  they  poffibly  could  have  acquired,  if  they  had 
not  been  diftinguiflied  by  a  voteofcenfurc  {rctcn  that  Houfe.  Gentle-  • 
aeo  were  interfering  with  a  very  delicarc  right,,  and  th^y  would  be 
anoch  wifcr  to  let  the  democratic  focieiies  alone.  Did  the  Hou/e  ima* 
gitUt  that  their  anfurty  like  the  wand  of  a  magician  t  nvould  lay  af^ell 
«i  tbtfi  people?  It  would  be  quite  the  contrary,  and  the  recriniination 
of  the  fociedes,  would  develope  the  impropriety  of  having  medtHcd 
with  them  at  all.  One  thing  ought  never  to  be  forgotten*  that  if  ihefe 
people  aded  wrong,  the  law  was  open  to  puni(h  them  ;  and  if  they  did 
not,  they  would  care  very  little  for  a  vote  of  cenfure  from  that  Houfe. 
Why  all  this  particular  deviation  from  the  common  line  of  bufinefs  to 
pafs  random  votes  of  cenfure  \  The  American  mind  was  too  enlighten- 
ed to  bear  the  iDterpofition  of  the  Houfe  to  ailift  either  in  their  con- 
templations or  conclufions  on  thisfubjefl.  Members  are  not  fent  }iere 
to  deal  out  applaufes,  or  cenfure?,  in  this  way.  Mr.  Giles  rejedled 
all  attempts  at  a  reilraint  on  the  opinions  of  private  perfons.  As  to 
the  focieties  themfelves,  he  perfonally  had  nothing  to  do  with  them, 
nor  was  he  acquainted  with  any  of  the  perfons  concerned  in  their  01  i- 
ginal  organization.' 

A  continuation  ma/  be  expp£led.  It  will  always  be  of  iroporanco 
to  this  country  to  know  what  fentiments  arc  afloat  (to  ufe  a  marina 
phrafe)  among  our  late  brethren  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

Art.  47.  Look beforeyouleap't  or,  A  few  hints  tofuch  Artizans,  Mechanics^ 
Labourers,  farmers,  and  Hufbandmen  as  aredefirous  of  emigrating 
to  America,  being  a  genuine  CoUeftion  of  Letters,  from   Perfons 
who  have  emigrated ;   containing  Remarks,  Nctes  and  Anecdotes^ 
political,  philofopHical,  biographical  and  literary,  of  the  prefenc 
State>  Situation,  Population,  Profpefts,  and  Advantages  of  Ame- 
rica, together  with  the  Reception,  Succefs,  Mode  of  Life,  Opi- 
nions and  Situation,  of  many  Charaf^ers  who  have  emigrated,  &c. 
J<vo.     pp.  143.     zs.  6d.  fewed.     Walker,  &c.      1796. 
We  have  looiicd,  and  by  looking  we  think  that  wc  have  detefled  a 
counterfeit.     The  objed  of  this  publication  is  to  cure  what  is  called 
the  American  or  Emigration  M  mia  ;  and  certainly  that  man  defcrves 
nniverfal  praife  who,  by  ?  fair  Itatcnient  of  fa^ts,  endeavours  to  pre- 
vent his  countrymen  from  riinr»ing  into  a  fool's  paradife : — no  doubt 
exaggerated  accounts  have  been  given  of  American  climes,  American 
improvements,  and  American  felicity;  and  fome  emigrants  may  have 
returned  from  the  territories  of  the  United  States  with  extreme  difguft, 
at  not  finding  there  the  numerous  elegancies  and  accommodations  to 
which  they  have  been  accqftomcd  in  this  land  of  comfort :  —bur,  though 
America  may  not  be  all  that  enthufiafm  or  artifice  may  have  depifted, 
it  ic  difficult  to  believe  it  to  be  fuch  a  Pandemonium  as  this  work,  on 
the  other  hand,  defcribes.     Tie  de'vil,  according  to  the  old  adage,  // 
often  painted  blacker   than  he  is ;    and  ipay    pot  America  be  over- 
damned  as  well  as  over-praifed  ? 

We  repeat  our  doubts  as  to  the  gcnuincnefs  of  this  publication".  Jn  the 
firft  place,  the  letters,  which  are  here  given  as  from  a  carpenter,  a  ftone- 
ipafon,  a  plaillcrer,  and  a  painter  a.id  glazier,  have  too  much  iitcrary 
(lyle  and  arrangement  to  proceed  (tc^t:\  ccninioa  mechanics ;  aod  ih<^ 

A  a  ^  reficdlioni 


344        MoNTHLT  Catalooub,  American  AffcHru  • 

reflc£lions  with  which  they  arc  interfperfcd  arc  not  fuch  as  th»fc  «v1|t 
pfe  thethifel,  the  trowel^  and  the  brufb»  are  likely  to  make*  in  letters 
to  their  wives  or  friends.  For  inflance,  could  we  fuppofc  a  migratincf 
carpenter  to  talk,  as  in  p.  94.  '  of  traveriing  the  wildernefs  in  queft  of 
moral  perfe^ion  and  perfe^  happinefs  V  Jn  the  liext  placc^  thoagh 
thefe  letter- writers  are  all  of  one  mind  in  making  things  as  bad  as 
poflible,  they  do  not  agree  in  their  evidence;  and  moreover  by  attempt- 
ing to  prove  too  much  they  in  truth  prove  nothing.  Part  of  this  evi- 
dence we  will  fum  up  for  the  conftderation.Df  our  readers. 

In  a  letter  dated  July  4,  1795^  it  is  faid  that  the  city  of  Wafliingtoii 
had  not  then  40  houfes  in  it,  nor  more  than  150  mechanics  of  al| 
defcriptions  employed  on  it;  while  at  Alexandria^  eleven  miles  diftmt, 
there  were  bet\^  een  40  and  50  billiaid  tables ;  in  another  letter,  the  houfes 
are  diminifhed  to  between  30  and  40 ;  and,  in  another,  dated  Noven- 
ber  16,  I79<;,a  farther  diminution  takes  place,  and  the  federal  city  of 
Wafhington  is  faid  to  have  not  tnventy  finifhed  houfes*  and  not  100  men 
employed  in  the  different  works. — The  accounts  of  thofe  who  are  here 
faid  to  have  explored  the  Elyfian  fields  of  America.  Kentucky,  arc  trdjf 
deplorable  ;  thofe  who  have  indented  themfelves  being  treated  by  their 
mailers  as  were  formerly  the  felons  tranfported  from  England  to 
Virginia.  The  minifters  of  religion  are  alfo  very  badly  fituatcd,  and 
are  obliged  to  mix  much  meannefs  with  public  woiihip,— if  the  fol- 
lowing ftory  be  true : 

*  There  is  alfo  a  fmall  chapel,  at  which  I  have  attended  feveral 
times ;  the  tenets  inculcated  are  Prefbytcrianifm  :  after  the  fermon, 
a  perfon  ufually  comes  round  to  the  congregation  with  a  long  ftick, 
having  a  piM  fe  fadened  to  the  end,  ana  holds  it  before  each  indi- 
vidual, until  fuch  time  as  they  drop  their  douceur  into  it,  and  then  he 
prefcnts  It  to  ano:hcr  :  while  this  ceremony  is  performing,  the-prcachcr 
llands  begging,  and  exhorting  the  benevolence  of  his  aodicory,  by 
ranfacking  all  the  kriptural  texts  his  memory  affords,  as  a  ftimolus  to 
the  charity  of  his  flock.  After  the  purfe  has  gone  round,  it  is  prefented 
up  to  the  n:iniilcr,  who  immediacejy  pockets  the  contents,  which  I  an 
informed  is  the  only  recompence  he  receives  for  his  labours.* 

The  lafl  leiier  is  faid  to  be  the  production  of  a  literary  gentleman 
who  went  <'ver  to  invell  his  property  in  America.  The  Americans 
are  here  dcfcribcd  as  arrogant,  proud,  unconfcious  of  the  fofter  do- 
ties  of  focial  lifi:,  a::d  fcraagcrs  to  the  mutual  interchange  of  good 
offices.  The  population  is  repre.cnted  as  inert  and  unprodudivc;  and 
the  general  corollary  is  that  America  mufl  long  hold  a  very  fubordi- 
nate  rank  in  the  fcale  of  natiDns. 

In  (hort,  the  burden  of  the  tale  is  that  in  America  all  is  wrong» 
and  that  no  good  is  to  be  obtained  by  Emigration. 

A  wcll-w(ittcn  preface  introduces  thefe  letters,  in  which  the  author 
makes  fornt:  judicious  remarks  on  the  difficulty  of  clearing  lands 
in  the  defert^  of  America  ;  and  had  he  enlarged  on  this  fubjed,  he 
would  have  djnc  more  to  check  emigration,  than  by  the  publicaiioa 
of  the  fubjoine J  letters,  which  quite' over- (hoot  the  mark^  and  the 
general  tenor  of  whicK  mjjft  excite  fufpicions  in  2^|1  who  read  ihcm 
uith  any  thou.;ht.  We  arc  not  for  conjuring  up  the  phantoms  of 
falfehood  to  give  evidence  in  any  caufc.    It  is  not  ncccfiary  to  vilify 

tod 


MoNVitLY  Catalogue,  Education^  l^c.  34; 

snd  mifreprefent  the  ftate  of  America » in  order  co  pron'soic  the  intcrclis 
of  our  own  country  :  Our  profpcrity,  we  flatter  ourfclvci,  lldiids  on  a 
bioad  and  folid  bafis. 

EDUCATION,     SCHOOL     BOOKS. 

Art.  48.       Englijh   Exerdjis^  for  the   Uje  of  Schools  i   in  two  Pnrti. 
Pari  I.  Exercifcs  m  Orthography.       Part  11.  Excrcifcs  in  Oiiho- 
j^raphy  and  Syntax.     lamo.     is.  bound.     Johnfon.     1796. 
Tdc  ufe  of  this  courfe  cf  Exercifes  is  to  aflift  young  porfons  in  ac- 
quiring a  habit  of  writing  the  Englilh  language  with  orthugrapbical 
and  grammatical  correcti^rs,  by   means  of  a  courl'e  of  Icdons,  in 
-which  bad  Englifli  and  bad  orthography  are  to  be  converted  into  good 
by  the  fcholar  in  tranlcribing.     A  large  collection  of  erroneous  pai'- 
fegfs,  from  refpe^able  and  approved  authors^  is  added,  which  the 
icDolar  is  left  to  his  own  judgment  to  correal.     The  book  may  pro- 
bably be  found  ufeful  in  teaching  fpelling  and  fyntax.     The  induilri- 
das  Mr.  Fawcett,  of  Brearley  Hall  near  Halifax*  is>  we  belie ve»  the 
compiler* 

Art.  49.     SacreJ  Hiftory,  vck  familiar  Dialogues*   for  the  Inflru^Ion 
of  Children  and  Youtti  :  with  an  Appendix,  containing  the  Hiitory 
of  the  Jews  from  .the  Time  of  Nehcmiah  to  the  D^llruflion  of  Jc 
ruf^leoi  by  the  Romans.      By  a  Lady*,     izmo.   4  Vols.     los. 
Boards.     Gardiner,  Matthews,  Knott,  &c.     1796. 
14any  parts  of  the  fcripture-hillory  can  hardly  fail  to  engage  the 
attemton  of  young  minds  :    but*  circumllances  confidered,  it  is  pro- 
bable that,  when  ;his'  hiflory  is  prefcntcd  to  fuch  readers  in  a  more 
ftaiiliarform,itmay  bemoreciFe£lua],moTc  intcrciling,  and  more  edi- 
fying.    We  think  the  work  before  us  not  ill  adapied  to  tliis  purpofe. 
The  language  is  plain  and  corrcdt ;  and,  on  the  whole,  the  perform- 
ance appears  likely  to  anfwer  the  valuable  end  of  juvenile  inllrudioa 
ttd  entertainment. 

The  fourth  of  thefe  volumes  may  be  purchafed  ft-parate  from  the 
Whers.  It  contains  a  portion  of  hiilory,  with  which  readers  of  the 
fctiptares  are  not  commonly  acquainted.  The  limits  ailigned  to  the 
work  are  narrow,  yet  fufHcicnt  to  anfwer  the  purpoi'c.  it  mull  be 
fuppofcd  that  Prideaux's  **  Conife«^ion"  was  on  this  occafion  confulted ; 
anidif  fo,  we  rather  wonder  that  the  fabulous  acroiMU  handed  down 
concerning  the  Septuagint  verfion  of  the  Old  'I'dUiiunt  obtains  the 
no:ke  which  is  here  beAowed  on  it,  although  the  whole  of  the  rela- 
tion is  not  admitted.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Jews,  were  very  nu- 
aerous  at  Alexandria ;  and  as  they  fpoke  the  Grecian  lan;;u2ge,  jt 
was  very  natural  to  dcfirc  a  Greek  verfion  of  their  facrcd  books,  which 
was  gradually  obtained,  until  at  diifcrent  times  the  whole  was  com- 
pleted. The  Egyptian  monarch,  zealous  to  enlarge  his  libiary,  would 
doubtlefs  dcpofit  in  it  ihis  manufcript  among  the  n  fl. 

The  hiilory  of  the  fcvcn  brothers,  faid  to  have  funLvcd  martyrdom 
in  the  time  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  is  very  aii*c*.^ling,  and  powcr- 
Wly  excites  attention  :  but  doubts  of  its  veracity  have  rialonabl/ 


Author  of  Araufvmsnt  Hall,  l-c. 

been 


346  Monthly  Catalooue,  MifuUmUtmu 

been  entertained  *. — Particular  caution  is  requiiite  in  this  refped  io 
work?  that  are  intended  for  the  ailiflance  of  youth. 

Art.  50.     The  French  Verbs,  regular  and  irregular,  conjugated  in  t 
fhon  and  t^iy  Metfaod  :  with  Rules  for  the  tlfe  of  the  Tenfet,  and 
fome  Kxercifes  annexed  to  them.    By  M.  Chardon.     8vo.     18.  6d. 
CheHer  printed  ;  and  iold  by  Johnfon,  Loudon.     1796. 
Among  the  multiplicity  of  works  of  this  kind,  the  prefent  may 

claim  its  ihare  of  praiie.     It  appears  to  us  well  calculated  for  the 

purpofe  of  teaching. 

Art.  51.  Jtt  affeSionaie  Addrefs  to  young  P/0/i^,  publifhed  with  a  De« 
£gn  of  engaging  their  Attention  to  thole  Subje^  which  moft 
affect  thejr  prefent  and  future  Welfare,  ^y  Abraham  Greenwood. 
izmo.     6d.     Wills,  &c.     1796. 

I'his  is  one  among  many  well  defigned  attempts  to  (hatch  oar 
youth  from  that  mifery  and  ruin,  to  which  they  may  be  expofed  in 
the  frivolity  and  corruption  of  the  times.  The  celebrated  Roman 
orator,  obi'er\'es  this  writer,  (aid  to  his  auditors  on  a  particular  occafioo, 
*'  I  entreat  you  to  hear  me  candidly !"  *  i  have  the  greater  reafoo 
to  adopt  this  entreaty,  bccaufe  I  wtU  know,  that  thofe  giddy  youths 
who  want  admonition  moft,  ere  the  leaft  inclined  to  receive  it.* — The 
advice  and  the  arguments  are  well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  young 
minds,  and  they  are  recommended  by  the  benevolent  zeal  of  the  au- 
thor: happy  wnl  it  be,  if  thefe  or  other  iimilar  addreffet  may  obtain 
due  attention  and  cifedual  regard  i 

Art.  52.  Prtcis  Elementaire,  5rc.  Elements  of  Morality •  or  Ethics 
epitomized.  i2mo.  pp.88.  D.  Jaques,  Chelfea.  1796. 
According  to  the  adveniicme nt,  this  little  performance  was  drawn 
up  by  the  authot  for  the  ufe  of  his  children,  and  printed,  in  French, 
at  Boulogne.  He  refides  in  thi»  country  a&  an  emigrant,  and  republiflift 
the  work,  withfome  few  addition?  and  improvement8,both  in  the  French 
and  Englifh  language.  The  di^trent  virtues  are,  on  the  whole,  well 
dcfcnbed  and  recommended;  the  work  is  alfo  enlivened  by  (horttalci 
and  anecdotes  pertinently  introduced.  The  EngliQi  prcje  is  fome- 
whai  defcdlive,  as  are  the  little  diflichs  and  ftanzas  in  verfe. 

MISCELLANEOys. 
Art.  53.  A  Treatife  on  Painting ,  by  Leonardo  Da  Vinci.  Tranflated 
from  the  original  Italian,  llluftrated  with  a  great  number  of  Cntt* 
To  which  is  added  the  Life  of  thp  Author  ;  and  his  Portrait, 
from  the  Gallery  at  Florence.  A  >»'ew  Edition.  8iro.  7?, 
Boards.     Meff.  Taylcr,  Holborn.     1796. 

The  great  charadlcr  of  Leonardo  Da  Vinci  is  well  and  univerfally 
known  ;  and  his  inftruflive  Treatife  on  Painting  is  dcfervedly  ad- 
mired by  the  beft  judges  of  the  art.     He  flouri{hcd  in  the  early  part 

•  See  Lardner's  works  vol.  xi.  p.  269.  Alfo,  ««  The  Lthrmy'^ 
for  February  and  May  1762.— -The  laft  named  (periodical)  ii-crk 
was  difcontinucd,  at  the  end  of  about  18  months  ;  to  the  real  concern 
of  many  readers,  as  it  contained  a  variety  of  vaduablc  papers,  on  reli- 
gious and  entertaining  fubjeQs. 

of 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MifcilUmi9UM.  347 

o''  the  1 6th  centaryi  and  was  a  favonte»  particolarly,  with  Francis  I.  * 
King  of  France,  in  whofe  arms  he  died,  at  the  age  of  75. 

Many  editions  of  the  Treatife  on  Painting  have  appeared,  botii  in 
the  onginal,  and  in  the  very  refpefUble  French  trandation  by  M. 
Chambre,  which  was  accompanied  by  a  biographical  account  of  the 
author. 

*Da  Vind  was  alfo  the  writer  of  other  valuable  compoficions, — Ma* 
thematicaly  Philofophical,  Anatomical »  Mechanical,  &c. —  for  thit 
highly  accomplifhcd  man  was  well  (killed  in  many  fciences  and  arts : 
bat  that  work  which  has  had  the  greateft  circulation  among  the  lovers 
of  (cience,  and  of  the  polite  arts,  is  the  above  mentioned  admirable 
treatife  on  painting,~of  which  a  good  Englifh  tranflatioo  was  publiihed 
aboat  ^hf  years  ago.  That  tranflation,  however,  has  long  been  To  very 
fcarce  and  dear,  that  we  think  the  revivers  of  the  work,  in  the  pre- 
fimt  impreffion,  deferve  well  of  the  public  for  bringing  it  again  to  the 
liierar^  market. 

Thu  edition  is  decorated  with  a  print  of  Leonardo,  well  engraved, 
from  a  pidure  in  the  Tufcan  gallery.  It  has  received  alfo  an  addi- 
tWMil  engraving,  which  the  reader  will  find  among  the  outline  draw- 
ings of  haman  Igares  ;  the  plate  is  marked  No  26. 

Art.  54.     Henrtetiat  Prinee/s  ^tayal  of  England,     An  Hiftorical  NovcL 

By  the  Countefs  De  la  Fayette.  Tranllaced  from  the  French.   12 mo. 

3s.  fewed.     Allen,  &c.    1796. 

We  have  often  exprefled  our  diflike  of  the  mixture  of  hi  (lory  with 
romance,  as  a  praflice  tending  to  perplex  and  pervert  the  Evidence 
qf  FadSf  and  thereby  greatly  to  prejudice  the  Caufe  of  Truth. 

The  prefent  compofition,  which  profefles  to  have  been  originally 
wrtcten  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  i:  chiefly  filled  with  anecdotes 
cpoceming  the  amorous  intrigues  of  the  profligate  court  of  cha:  un- 
principled monarch  \  and  \vhich  cannot,  therefore,  fail  of  giving 
more  difguft  than  rational  amufemcnt  to  every  lover  of  fober  and  vir- 
tooQs  manners.  It  feems,  however,  to  confiil  rather  more  of  real  hif- 
tdfical  deuils,  than  of  the  embellifhments  belonging  to  the  novel 
Species  of  writing.— The  circumftances  attending  the  death  of  the 
Hnglilh  PriDcefs,who  had  been  married  to  Monsi  eu  r  the  King's  bro- 
ther, form  the  moft  intercfting  part  of  the  work  \  ;  and  to  which  the 
writer  was.  as  (he  aflirms,  an  eye  witness,  having  an  appointment 
in  the  houiehold  of  Mad  a  me*  and  being  an  attendant  on  her  peribn, 
particularly  in  the  laft  illnefs  of  her  royal  miilrefs.  The  book  is  stvy 
ill  tranl)ated  :  but  it  is  adorned,  by  way  of  frontifpicce,  with  an  ele- 
gant engraving  of  the  fair  and  amiable  Heroine  of  the  Piece. 

Art.  55.     Cbefs  made  eafy :  New  and  comprehenfive  Rules  for  play- 
ing the  Game  of  Chefs,  with  E  amples  from  Philidor,  Cunning- 

•  f  hat  famous  monarch  vifiteJ  him  frequently  in  his  illnefs. 
Ip  his  laft  vifit|  Da  Vinci,  driving  to  raife  himlbif  in  his  bed,  died,  as 
tbe  King  was  humanely  endeavouring  to  afUTt  in  fupporting  him 

•f  Many  fofpef^ed  that  the  death  of  the  PrincTs  was  occafioned  by 
f^ifin  ;  and  fhe  thought  fo  het  felf  t— at  Icnft  Tuch  is  the  account  %yvtxi 
by  the  Countcfs  dc  la  F«iycite  ;  who  writw-s  with  the  air  of  pc;fcd  ho- 
ucfty. 

ham. 


348  Monthly  Catalogue,  MlfalUmfuu 

ham,  &c.  to  which  //  prefixed,  a  plealing  Account  of  its  Origin; 
fonie  interciling  Anecdotes  of  fcveral  exalted  Perfonages  who  have 
been  Admirer:*  of  it ;  and  ihe  Morals  of  Chefs,  written  by  the  in* 
genious  and  learned  Dr.  Franklin.  i8^*  pp.  8o.  is.  6d. 
bymonds. 

As  it  can  be  no  difcredit  to  a  board  of  critics  to  coofefs  that  they 
fometimes,  in  their  Ihort  intervals  of  bcfmefs,  amafe  themfelves  wiJi 
the  fcicntific  game  of  Chefs,  wc  (hall  not  fcruple  to  give  an  opinion  on 
the  merits  of  this  fmall  treatife.  The  hillorical  part  is  entertaining. 
Of  the  moral  part  it  is  fuiiicient  praife  to  fay  that  it  is  from  the  pen 
of  Dr.  Franklin.  The  rules  and  examples  of  the  game»  though  not 
fuiticiently  minute  and  various  to  form  a  great  player,  may  (erfc  to 
introduce  any  one  to  a  knowlege  of  the  game  without  the  help  of  a 
mailer.  Several  good  games  are  defcribed  very  clearly,  and,  we  be- 
lieve, very  corrcdlly,  except  that  in  the  33d  ftep  of  the  firll  back 
game  (page  49.  1.  1.)  we  obferve  9iXitrratum:  where,  mqfir§  ffricmt^ 
lor  *ivbi/i,  read  iflack. 

Art.  56.  Jn  Introiiu^Uon  to  Botany ^  in  a  Series  of  familiar  Letters, 
with  i!lu(lrative  Engravings,  hy  Prifcilla  Wakefield,  Author  of 
K'lcntal  Improvement,  &c.  i2mo.  3s.  Boards.  Newbeiiy. 
1796. 

The  knowlege  of  Natural  Hiftory  in  its  various  branches  has  de- 
fcrvedly  become  an  object  of  attention  in  general  education,  fince  ftw 
Hudies  are  more  calculated  to  open  and  enlarge  the  mind,  or  pofle6 
greater  ftores  of  ufe  and  amufement: — but  the  fubjedl  13  of  imnicBfe 
extent ;  and,  unlefs  it  be  followed  as  it  were  proieilionally,  there  will 
always  be  a  difiiculty  in  determining  ho'-jj  much  of  it  fhould  be  takes. 
The  Linnean  fyilem,  efpeciallyjis  founded  on  fuch  minute  particolars, 
that  it  is  fcarcely  poffible  to  enter  on  it  with  advantage  in  parts  ;  and 
all  attempts  to  render  it  eafy  and  familiar  mud  fpeedily  terminate 
either  in  a  refolution  to  encounter  it  as  a  ferious  talk  in  its  full  extent, 
or  in  a  hopelefs  dereliction  of  the  ground  already  gained.  Many  at- 
tempts, however,  have  been  made  to  familiarize  this  fyftem,  particQ* 
larly  the  botanical  part  of  it ;  and  that  before  us  is  a  refpeCiable  one. 
In  the  form  of  letters  from  a  young  lady  to  her  filler,  it  goes  throogb 
alt  the  Linnean  clafTes  and  orders  of  vegetables,  with  foch  explanauoas 
and  ini^unces  as  are  bed  calculated  to  aid  the  comprehenfion,  and  with 
occafional  relations  of  particular  faAs,  uftful  or  amufing.  The  laa* 
guagc  is  pure  and  perlpicuous :  but  it  is  to  be  r^^gretted  that  the  dry- 
nefs  of  the  fubje<fl  i>  not  more  enlivened  by  ihofw  amenities  of  manner 
and  expreffion  which  are  fo  engaging  to  the  young  fludent.  As  i 
work  to  naJt  it  would  be  dull  and  tedious :  but,  accompanied,  as  it 
ihould  be,  with  the  ?clual  exhibition  of  fpecimens,  and  the  explaaa. 
tions  of  a  teacher,  it  .nay  be  employed  with  advantage  to  lay  a  found* 
ation  for  a  farther  purfuit  of  fcientific  botany  The  plates  are  neatly 
executed  :  but  the  printing  ought  to  have  been  more  corrc^,  efpccialljr 
in  the  Latin  names,  which  are  frequently  much  disfigured. 

Art.  ^7.  The  Hiftory  of  tht  Trial  of  Warren  Haftings^  Efq.  late  Go- 
vcrl.(^r  General  of  Lengal,  before  the  High  Coart  ol  Parliament  in 
Wcilminfler  Hall,  on  an  Impeachment  by  the  Commons  of  Great 

Briuin, 


MoNTiaY  Catalogue,  Mifallantous.  349 

BrttaiOf  for  high   Crimes  and   Mifdemeanours :    containing  the 
whole  of  the  Proceedings  and  Debates  in  both  Houfes  of  Parlia- 
menty  relating  to  that  celebrated  Profecution  from  Feb.  7,  1786, 
until  his  Acquittal,  April  23,  1795.-    To  which  is  added,  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Proceedings  of  various  General  Cpurts  of  the  Honour- 
able United  Eaft-India  Company,  held  in  confequence  of  his  Ac- 
quittal.    8vo.     pp.770,     los.  6d.  Boards.     Debrett.     1796. 
The  trial  of  Mr.  Haflines  is,  in  many  refpedls,  one  of  the  moil  ex- 
traordinary events  in  juridical  hiflory.     The  length  to  which  it  was 
protra^d  is  a  circumftance  to  which  there  is  no  parallel.     The  wide 
ne]d of  political  intrigue  and  military  operation  which  it  lays  open; 
the  details,  which' it  furnifhes,  of  the  character  and  condud  of  many 
perfons  difHnguifiied  in  the  political  and  commercial   world  ;    the 
fpecimens  of  powerful  eloquence  which  it  exhibits ;  the  extraordinary 
example  which  it  afFords  of  diligence  in  invefiigating,  and  of  inge- 
nuity in  ftating,  minute  details;  the  new  lights  which  it  throws  on 
the  political  fituation  of  this  country  with  refpedt  to  India ;  and  the 
▼ariety  of  legal  information  which  it  contains ;  are  circumftances  that 
render  this  trial  peculiarly  intereding  and  valuable.     The  various  do- 
cuments and  monuments,  contained  in  this  large  volume,  printed  on 
a  very  fmall  type,  are  well  arranged  ;  and  though  the  editor  appears, 
from  his  preface,  to  have  very  early  taken  up  a  decided  opinion  on 
the  merits  of  the  cafe,  and  often  intermixes  his  own  remarks  with  the 
narrative,  we  find  no  reafon  to  fufpedl  that  his  private  opinion  has 
imoaired  the  fidelity  of  his  report.     Extra^s  from  the  trial  would  be 
only  a  fuperfluous  encumbrance  in  our  journal ;  while  to  refume  the 
difcaffion  of  a  oueflion,  which  has  been  folemnly  adjudged  by  the 
fupreme  court  ot  the  nation,  might  be  thought  improper,  and  is  cer« 
tainly,  at  prefent,  altogether  unnecefl*ary. 

Art.  5S.  Ariel;  or  a  Pidure  of  the  Human  Hcaru  By  Thomas  Dut- 
ton,  Efq.  izmo.  is.  Bccket.  1796. 
We  cannot  fay  much  in  (avour  of  this  Utile  performance,  which 
wears  the  complexion  ot  forr.e  German  publication:;,  horrid  and  terri- 
fying ;  and  prefuming  to  throw  the  feverell  rcflccflions  on  the  govern- 
ment of  the  univcrfc.  Man,  unhappy,  miferabic  man  !  is  here  pre- 
fentjd  to  view,  as  the  mere  Iport  of  paflion,  the  child  craefliny  and 
fate,  neceilitated  to  wicLeducfs,  and  defperately  plunged  in  a  gulph 
of  wrctchcdnefs  and  woe  !  I'hcrc  may  be  minds; — yet  allonilhing 
that  it  Ihould  be  fo  !  to  wh'^ch  fuch  reprefentations  wili  prove  delight- 
ful : — but  what  ideas  mull  they  convey  of  ih^j  Saprcnic  Being  I  Should 
we  therefore  fay  of  this  Intall  pamphlet,  that  the  language  is  not  un- 
plcafant,  or  that  the  defcription  is  occafionully  intcrtrlling  or  a.T.ufing, 
this  will  be  all  the  commendation  which  we  can  bcftow  on  it.  '1  he 
inference,  for  we  will  not  call  it  the  moral,  that  arifrs  from  the  entire 
fccnery,  is,  that  the  moll  atrocious  crimes  are  the  ctfcil,  as  we  before 
intimated,  of  a  predominant,  overpowering  fatalifm  ;  that  the  wick- 
edert  and  vileft  of  men  are  merely  obje<5ls  of  the  utmoil  compaflion ; 
and  that  the  whole  race  is  a  mafs  of  vice  and  wee,  which  calls  not 
for  ccnfure,  but  for  c-'nimiferaiion  and  unavailing  pity  !  In  feme 
handi  ihcfc  notions  may,  perhaps,  fcrvc  to  prcrro:c  finiiicr  purpofes: 
•4  bu: 


350  MoNTHtr  Catalogub,  MiJitlUmnMi. 

but  the  general  tendency  is  not  mertly  gloomy  and  ternMey  bat  tcr« 
taJDly  and  deeply  pernicious. 

Art.  59  Thoughts  upon  Hare  and  Fox  Huntings  in  a  Series  of  Lettert 
to  A  Friendy  &c.  &c.  Alfo,  an  Account  of  the  moft  celebrated 
Dog  Kennels  in  the  Kingdom.  Illuftrated  with  twenty  bcanofnl 
Engravings,  fiy  Peter  Beckford»  Efq.  A  new  Edition.  Svo. 
OS.  Boards.     Vcrnor  and  Hood.     1796. 

The  firil  edition  of  thefe  fprightly  and  entertaining  letters,  thea 
anonymous,  wa»  reviewed  in  our  65th  vol.  p.  zu.  Oathatocca- 
ixon,  >ve  were  prompted  to  make  fome  remarks  on  certain  violationtof 
bumanity  (as  they  appeared  to  us)  in  the  author's  direflions,  and  in 
the  general  fyilem  of  /porting  ;  which  have  caufed  a  few  excidpalory 
notes  in  the  prefent  republication.  We  have  no  idea  that  a  want  of 
proper  feeling  for  the  inflruments  and  partakers'  of  his  raral  paftiaics 
is  charaSleriJiic  of  this  writer ;  for  we  think  that  it  is  rather  bu  objcd 
to  diminiih  the  feverities  ofually  attendant  on  the  chace :— nor  are  «c 
miv  inclined,  amid  the  miferies  produced  by  Nimrods  of  a  higher  clafi» 
to  repeat  our  fympathy  for  the  poor  dogs  and  hares,  thoogh  i^e  arc 
not  athanitrd  to  confrfs  that  we  Hill  feel  it. 

Without  interfering,  then,  in  the  morality  of  fportfmen,  we  ihaO 
content  ourf  elves  with  announcing  this  ornamented  edition  of  a  work 
already  tdeemed  by  them,  which  we  fuppofe  they  will  receive  witk 
pleafure.  The  plates^  crcdiubly  executed,  reprefent  the  difftreat 
fcenes  of  fox  and  hare  hunting,  and  views  of  fome  remarkable  dog- 
kennels  and  other  buildings  belonging  to  the  chace.  A  defcriptioa  of 
the  kennels  of  his  Majelly  at  Afcot,  of  the  Duke  of  RichinoDd  as 
Goodwood,  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  at  Wobum,  and  of  Sir  W.Roir- 
ley  at  Tendering-hall,  form  the  additional  mailer. 

Art.  60.      Talis,  Sentimental^  Clerical,  and  Mi/cellaneous»  with  Gra* 

viiies  and  Levities,  for  the  IJie  of  the  Ladies.     By  Ifaac  Mirror, 

Efq.  of  the  N'liddie  Temple,  Anthorof  Mr/^  Regum  %  &c.    izm/h 

Two  vols,  in  one.     pp.168.     3s.     Owen.     1796. 

Why  ihcfe  tales  are  faid  to  be  *  for  the  ufe  of  the  ladies,'  except  by 

way  of  infult  to  the  fcx,  we  do  not  undcrftand.     They  ivoald  meet 

with  fome  things  to  difguH  them,  more  that  they  could  not  compre" 

hend,  and  a  great  deal  with  which  they  have  no  concern.     Notwith- 

(landing  the  author  fufHcicntly  ihews  himfelf  to  be  one  of  the  gemus  ir' 

ritabile,  wc  mult  make  fo  free  as  to  tell  him  that  eccentf  icity  is  ooC 

wit,  nor  quaintnefs  humour;  and  that  though  it  be  eafy  to  "  mar  a 

curious  tale   in   the  telling,'*   yet  it  is   a  very  difficult    roat^sr  to 

make  fomething  out  of  a  ftory  which  is  not  really  worth  any  thing. 

In  fa6>,  the  great  fin  of  ihefc  tales  is  their  infipidity  ;  for,  after  having 

toiled  through  a  number  of  l!ncs  without  being  able  to  guefs  what  u 

the  writer's  aim,  we  come  to  fonte  impotent  conclufion  which  only 

convinces  us  that  our  labour  has  been  mif  fpent.     From  fome  fpeci- 

snens  here  given,  we  conceive  that  the  talent  of  the  author  is  more 

turned  xogra^vities  than  le\'iii£i  i  yet,  fa  fafcinating  is  the  chara6lerof 

•  Sec  Art.  36.  of  this  month's  Catalogue. 

•5  a  man 


Monthly  Catalogue,  MifciUmii9us.  351 

a  man  cfwit,  that  we  take  it  for  granted  he  will  impute  our  opinion  to 
our  ftupidity. 

Art.  61.     J  Tour  to  tbi  IJU  of  Wight ^  illuftrated  with  eighty  Views, 

drawn  and  engraved  in  Aqua  Tinea.    By  Charles  Tomkins.   2  Vols. 

large  8vo«    3I.  38.     410.    5l*  >>•     Keardey.     1796. 

This  is  one  of  the  modern  fplendid  publications,  which  belong  ra- 
ther to  the  department  of  the  artift  than  the  critic.  Indeed,  the 
beaaties  of  the  Ifle  of  Wight  have  lately  been  fo  varioofly  and  mi- 
nutely difplayed  by  the  powers  of  the  pen,  that  little  remained  for 
the  prefent  defchber,  but  to  borrow  from  his  predeceflbrs  matter 
cnoueh  to  make  a  fufficient/hmr  for  his  elegant  engravings^ 

AVitb  refped  to  the  fubjeds  of  the  views,  we  fhall  only  (ay  that  too 
nany  of  them  are  churches,  and  other  fimiiar  pieces  of  fcenery,  not  pe- 
culiarly charaderiftic  of  a  fpot  fo  much  admired  for  its  moral  and 
pidturefque  charms.  Many  of  the  places,  indeed,  are  of  a  fupcrior 
rank  ;  and  to  the  bed  of  our  recolledion  (for  we  have  feen  mod  of 
the  originals')  they  are  good  refemblances. — On  the  whole,  however, 
we  thidc  this  publication  will  jufUy  rank  with  the  foremoil  of  thofe 
which  have  preceded  it  in  the  lame  tour. 

Art.  62.  Remarks  on  tbi  <utry  inferior  Utility  of  ClaJJical  Ltaming. 
By  W.  Stevenfon.  8vo.  is.  Symonds.  1796. 
Every  thinkbg  man,  we  believe,  mud  be  convinced  that  the  fu- 
pcrior importance  dill  annexed  in  this  and  fome  other  countries  to 
claiHcal  learnine,  in  fydems  of  education,  is  alniod  folely  owing  to 
tbofe  public  inftitntions  and  edablifhments  which  have  rendered  ic  the 
indifpenfable  qualiEcationfor  the  attainment  of  honours  and  emolument* 
naturally  fought  by  parents  for  their  children.  Were  not  thb  the 
cafe,  it  is  impoffible  that  the  intrlnfic  value  of  this  learning  could,  for 
a  fingle  year,  fupport  it  as  a  principal  objed  of  (ludy,  in  competition 
with  the  vad  and  daily  increadng  mafs  of  uieful  and  necefTary  know- 
lege,  which  makes  its  demands  on  the  attention  of  every  one  who 
aipires  to  the  podeffion  of  a  liberal  and  well-informed  mind.  The 
writer  before  us,  who  does  not  doop  to  this  fecondary  coniideration 
of  the  ufe  of  claiHcal  literature,  has  difcufled  in  a  fcnfible,  though 
perhaps  too  curfory  manner,  its  claims  to  the  notice  of  youth  in  this 
age  and  country.  He  tries  its  merits  under  various  heads,  and  finds, 
under  all,  that  ihey  have  been  greatly  over-rated  ;  and  that  its  place 
in  general  education  may  be  advantageoudy  occupied  by  many  other 
objeds  of  dudy,  more  accommodated  to  the  prefent  date  of  human 
acquiAiions.  This  publication  can  only  be  regarded  as  a  dight  eflay 
on  a  topic  which  would  admit  of  a  wide  field  of  reflexion,  in  parti- 
cular,  the  mod  important  part  of  the  coniideration — what  would  be 
the  bed  fubditutes  for  the  claffics  in  the  earlier  periods  of  iadruflion— 
is  but  jud  introduced. 

Art.  63.     Thi  Laiv  of  Nature ;  or  Catechifm  of  French  Citizens : 
Trandatcd  from  the  French  of  C.  F.  Volncy,  Author  of  the  Ruins 
of  Empires,  &c.  &c.  and  Profeflbr,  fince  the  Revolution,  at  Paris. 
8vo.     pp*  54*     19.     Eaton.     1796. 
From  the  pen  of  M.  Volney  the   public  will,  in  courfe,  exped 

much  theological  as  well  as  political  hcrc/y.     The  prelect  publica- 
tion^ 


352  Monthly  Cataloou£,  MtfieUMni$us. 

tion,  ho\v(?ver,  with  the  exception  of  two  or  three  Oiort  paflageSt  «i!l 
give  Iit:!e  offtrnce  cf  either  kind.  It  afTerts,  in  ftrODg  terms,  that  the 
knowlege  of  nature  kads  to  the  know!rge  of  God ;  and  that  toe 
more  tiie  altonllliing  fpeAacIe  of  the  univeife  is  contemplated,  and 
the  properties  and  attributes  of  each  Being,  with  the  admirable  order 
and  harmony  of  their  motions,  are  obi'crvcd ;  the  more  clearly  it  is 
demon flraccd  that  there  cxifls  a  fuprcme  Agent,  an  univerfal  and 
identical  Mover,  defignated  by  the  appellation  of  God.  By  the  Uw 
of  nature  is  underllood  the  conflant  and  regular  order  of  a£Uoo  by 
uhich  God  governs  the  univerfc  ;  and  the  leriet  of  qaeftions  and  ao- 
fwers,  wVich  form  this  catechifm,  are  moral  deductions,  from  iunple 
and  obfms  principles,  concerning  the  nature  and  fcveral  branches  of 
Tirtue.  Accotding  to  this  catechifm,  luxury  is  a  vice ;— what  is  ad- 
vanced on  this  fubjtdt  may  delerve  attention : 

*  Q^  //  luxury  a  'vice  in  the  indi'vidualt  and  in/ocietj  ? 

*  A.  Yes :  and  to  that  degree,  that  it  may  be  faid  to  embrace  all 
the  others  with  it ;  for  the  man  who  gives  himfelf  the  want  of  many 
things,  impofes  thereby  all  the  cares  and  pains,  fubmits  CO  all  (he 
means,  juit  or  unjufl,  to  their  acquificion. 

«  Does  he  pcfl'jfs  an  enjoyment  ?  he  covets  another ;  and  in  the 
bofom  of  fupc'iiltiity  of  every  thing,  he  is  never  rich:  a  commodious 
dwelling  is  not  i'lifRcient  for  him,  he  mull  have  a  fuperb  hotel ;  heii 
not  content  with  a  plenteous  table;  he  niufl  have  rare  and  coflly  vi- 
ands;  he  mull  have  fplcndid  and  glittering  furnitore,  expeniire 
cloaths,  a  train  of  attendants,  horfcs,  carriages,  women,  and  a  variety 
of  theatrical  as  well  as  innumerable  other  amu^^ements.  Now  to  fsp* 
pty  fo  many  cxpcnces,  much  money  mud  be  had,  and  t\txj  method 
of  procuring  it  becomes  good  and  even  necciTary  to  him  :  at  firft  he 
borrows,  afterwards  Heals,  robs,  plunders,  turns  bankrupt,  is  at 
w  ir  ivitli  every  one,  ruins  and  is  ruined. 

*  Should  a  nation  be  involved  in  luxury,  it  occafions  at  large  the 
fam?  Jc\.i!btion!,  by  reafon  that  it  confumes  its  own  entire  prodace, 
and  hnds  i;!llf  pr:or  even  >vith  abundance  ;  it  has  nothing  to  fell  to 
fcre'gners;  its  m ?inu fa vlures  are  carried  on  at  a  great  expcnce,  and 
are  fold  too  dear ;  it  becomes  tributary  for  every  thing  it  imports;  it 
attacks  external!/  its  confideration,  powcv,  flrcngth,  and  means  of 
defence  aiui  prekrvation  ;  v/hilfl  internally  it  undermines  and  falls  inio 
the  d.fLIutio::  of  its  ir.enibers ;  all  its  citizens  being  covetous  of  en- 
jn-nei.ts,  are  engaged  in  a  perpetual  ftrugjjle  to  obtain  them;  all 
hurt  or  are  near  hurting  themfelves ;  hence  arife  thofe  habits  and 
aiticiis  of  ufurpation,  which  is  denominated  moral  corruption ^  inteib'ne 
wir  hctvv.en  citizen  and  citizen.  From  luxury  aril'es  avidity,  from 
avidity,  invafion  by  violence  :ind  perfidy  :  fro  A  luxury  arifes  the  ini- 
quity of  the  judqe,  the  venality  of  the  witnefs,  the  improbity  of  the 
htirr>an<i,  ilie  pro!ii:uiion  of  the  wile,  the  obduracy  of  parents,  the 
inivarlt'j'Jr:  of  children,  the  avarice  of  tiie  mailer,  the  dilhonelly  or 
tli«  it  of  the  fer^ant,  the  dil.ipidation  of  the  adminillrator,  the  per- 
Vfffitv  «  r  tl)<- leglfiatnr,  l>i»ig,  perfidy,  perjury,  ailaflination,  and  all 
the  di'.vfTcrb  of  me  iV^cial  llatc;  fo  that  it  was  with  a  profound  fcnfe 
€)'  truiM,  tiiat  a[ici;.n:  inoralills  have  laid  the  bafis  of  the  foci^l  virtues 
^li  iiDip!lv,ity  cf  morais  cr  manners;  rcllnCUun  of  wants,  and  content- 

mcnc 


Monthly  Catalogue^  MtfiiUaneo^ii.  353 

Inait  with  a  little ;;  and  a  fare  way  of  knowing  the  extent  of  a  man's 
nrtoet  or  nces,  is,  to  find  out  if  his  expences  are  proportionate  to  his 
foitane,  and  cdcolace  frona  his  want  of  money,  his  probity,  his  inte- 
grity 4n  fuIfiUiog  his  engagements,  his  devotion  to  the  public -weal, 
■ad  hit  fdfe  of^ncere  love  of  his  cwmry  * 

On  this  and  feme  other  moral  topics  treated  in  this  catechifm^  we 
■layt  without  offence,  fay,  fas  tfi  tt  ab  hoftt  dtctri. 

Aft.  64.     Glidmngs  through  Wales,  Holland^  ami  Wefiphalia  \    with 

Views  of  Peace  and  War  at  home  and  abroad.     Second  Hdition, 

ferKed.     To  which  is  added  *  Humanity;  or.  The  Rights  of 

Nacnre;  a   Poem:'    Third  Edition,  correded.      By  Mr.  Pratt. 

8vo.     3  Vols.     il.  IS.  Boards.     Longman.     1796. 

If  the  readers  of  oar  work  will  turn  to  vol.  xix.  of  our  AVu;  Se* 

\^i%  p-  301 9  they  will  there  find  that  we  have  already,  in  reviewing 

•flhe  iirft  edition,  (ketched  an  outline  of  the  cbaradlcr  of  this  livtly  and 

^ fMmuaml  detail  of  what  occurred  to  the  author's  obfervation,  in  his 

laable  through  the  countries  mentioned  in  the  tide :  we  hive  now 

oaly  to  fpeak,  with  our  accuftomed  brevity  on  iimilar  occafinns^of  the 

principal  alterations  which  have  occurred  in  this  new  impreffion. 

The  ingenious  author  has  manifefted  his  good  fenfe  by  availing 
Uaielf  of  the  ^triBwrts  which  had  been  made  on  his  performance,  by 
Me  who  had  attentively  perufed  it  in  the  firft  edition.  Several  ad- 
dinons  are  now  made  in  fome  parts,  and  curtailments  in  others, 
there  he  apprehended  there  was  room  for  ijnprovemcnt ;  nor  has  he 
been  fparing  of  the  critical  pruning- knife,  according  to  the  hints 
vUchhe  has  prudently  ^/Mir/i/ from'  the  remarks  of  thofe  readers,  to 
vhofe  opinions  he  hns  paid  the  deference  which  he  has  thought  due 
litkcir  ufte  or  judgment. 

Some  of  his  readers  may,  perhaps,  think  that  many  of  thefe  pages 
vm  a  complexion  rather  too  poetic  :  but  with  us,  who  prefer  a  pen 
vluch  can  alfo  well  perform  the  work  of  the  pencil,  that  objection 
viUhave  little  weight.  On  the  whole,  if  we  before  deemed  Mr. 
Pratt's  pablication  worthy  of  praife  for  the  amufemcnt  which  it  then 
ifbrded  as,  we  now  confider  it  as  entitled,  by  its  improvements,  to  a 
Ui  limited  degree  of  commendation. 

Alt  6{.  H^orical  Particulars  of  Lambeth  Parijh  ami  Lambeth  Palace  i 
io  Addition  to  the  Hilbries  by  Dr.  Ducarel  in  the  Bibliotheca  To- 
pographica  Britannica.  By  the  Rev.  Sam.  Dcnne,  M.  A.  F.S.A. 
ito.     12s  6d.  fewed.     Nichols.     1795. 

This  pablication  makes  No   9.  of  it\c  Mi fcellamous  Antiquities  in 

CODtionation  of  the  Bibliotheca  Topograpbica  Britannica,     Little  more 

irill  be  neceflary  for  us  than  to  announce  it  to  foch  of  our  readers  as  are 

peculiarly  tntereded  in  the  ituiiy  of  parochial  antiquities  ;  flnce  it  is 

•ot  likely  that  the  mere  gleanings  of  hiflorical  matter,  afforded  by 

fsch  a  place,  can  add  any  thing  imporunt  to  the  itock  of  general  in- 

/iihnation.     If  any  part  of  the  volume  can  lay  claim  to  value  of  this 

kiDd«  it  is  in  the  biographical  notices  concerning  domeltic  chaplains 

it  Lambeth  PaUccj  and  redors  of  the  parifh.     A  few  fa^b  here  and 

there  interfperfed,  relating  to  men  not  wholly  unknown,  may  fcrve 

10  ioiprove  and  correal  former  accounts.    The  longed  article  of  this 

Kiv.  Nov,  1796.  £  b  kind 


354  MoMTHLT  CATALoontf  MifatttmHm. 

kind  relates  to  thtt  ftoat  polemic  Dr.  Dan.  Featley,  of  qoibUkt  ni 
inyftical  memory.     A  diitertation  on  the  dubioat  origin  of  that  ia* 

gular  celebration  among  our  anceftors  called  Hokday  or  Hokcyde*  the 
illory  of  Fauxhall,  and  the  will  of  and  anecdotes  concerakig  cte 
extraordinary  charader  Mr.  Angell  of  Stockwdl, are  among  tke  i 
curious  and  entertaining  articles :  but  we  cannos  (ay  that  cnti 
inent  abounds  in  any  part  qf  this  publication ;  whick  it  ratkcr  < 

Suilhed  by  that  minute  and  dry  induftry  that  chara^terixet  the  mo* 
cm  topographical  fchool. 

Art.  66.     A  ColleSiion  of /caret  and  inttrefiing  Traffic  tending  to  ds- 

cidate  detached  Parts  of  the  hiltory  of  Great  Britain  ;  ielemd  hom 

the  *  SomerS'Coileciions,'  and    arranged  in  chronological  Order. 

4to.     pp.  627.    il.  $s.  Boards.     R.  Edwards. 

In  the  year  1793  was  publifhed  a  quarto  volume^  of  a  fimilarUU 

vith  the  prefrnt,  bearing  the  title  of,   A  Silicon  frmm  tbt  Hmiam 

Mijiellany  of  Trails  prim  ipally  regarding  the  Sngliflf  Hijtmy  •  ;  W^iA^ 

we  are  here  told,  <  will  be  found  an  interefting  acquifition  lo  thecciiv 

of  thefe  hiftorical  trades.' 

Lord  Somen* S' collision^  whence  the  work  before  vs  if  Ibnnedi  con* 
fiftsofiixieen  quarto  volumes^  printed  nt  different  times  between  ihe 
years  1748  and  1751.     It  is  feldom  to  be  procured  complete,  and  ikei 
only  at  a  very  high  price.     To  feleA  thence  the  mod  remarkable  fli* 
tides*  and  to  obl'erve  (which  had  not  been  before  reenided)  a  eon« 
ne£lion  of  fubjec),  together  with  chronological  order,  u  tke  del^of 
thi?  publication.     We  wi(h  to  gratify  the  reader  by  a  KA  of  the  ] 
here  exhibited  i  but  our  limits  will  confine  us  to  the  moft  00 
The  chrilleningoF  Prince  Arthur,  fon  to  Hen.  7.  with  tke  < 
then  ufed.-- Remembrance  for  the  tradudion  of  the  Prnicrft  Ka* 
therine,  daughter  to  the  mofl  Highe  and  Mighty  Prince  the  ILingaal 
Queen  of  Spain,  as  herein  articles  it  doth  appear.     A  true  and  fmh 
jnary  report  of  iome  part  of  the  Karl  of  North  umber  land 'a  utdam^ 
delivered  publickiy  in  the  Coui-c  at  the  Star- Chamber  by  the  hoA 
Chancellor  and  othc'r!»  of  her  Majefcy 's  nvoil  Honourable  Priry  roanril, 
&c.  touching  the  manner  of  his  moll  wicked  and  viment  Morder.coB- 
mitted  on  himfelf  with  his  own  hand,  in  the  Tower  of  London,  tW 
20th  day  of  J  une  1585.     In  trdibus  C  Barker.  —The  copie  of  a  letttf 
(ent  out  of  England  to  Don  Bernardin  Mendoza,  Ambaflador  in  F^aace 
for  the  King  of  Spaine,  declaring  the  ftate  of  England,  contrary  CO  tfct 
ophiion  of  D.'ii  Bernardin,  and  of  ail  his  Partizans,  Spaniards,  aad 
others.    Dated  1588.      Tius,  both  as  to  manner  and  matter,  isafery 
curiouR  paper,  relative  to  the  Spanifh  Armada.     The  writer,  a  papift 
it  will  be  concluded,  expreiTes  his  adonilhment  that  it  fhould'befc 
fuddenly  overthrown,  as  by  no  reafon  could  procede  of  Mao,  or  of  aoy 
£arthly  Power,  but  onely  of  God.     And  if  it  be  fo^  then  forely  cor 
Cafe  is  either  daunjrerons,  or  doobcfull  how  to  judge  theneof,  wbetlicr 
we  have  bene  this  many  years  in  the  right  or  not.'— -Again  we  revl; 
*  The  Spaniards  which  are  taken  doe  maruaile  greatly,  and  chafe  their- 
at :  fo  as  fome  of  them  in  their  anguifli  of  Minde  let  not  to  fay,  that  ii 
all  thffe  fights  Cl/rijt  (hewed  himfelf  a  Zrtf/Arr«jr.*— A  letter  froo  Sir 

^  See  M.  Rev.  New  Series,.  voL  ii.  p.  319^ 

Mirny 


MoHTHLY  Catalogue,  Mi/ciUafu9us.        355 

Iltmy  Sidney,  to  his  ft>n»  Sir  Philip  Sidn«y>  coniiiHng  of  rales,  in  hit 
condod  in  life. — A  fpeech  made  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  ParHameoty 
Anno  1593.— -Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  with  her  declaration  oi  her 
/occeflbr,  MS. — Order  and  Proceedings  at  the  funeral!  of  the  Right 
Hijrii  and  Mightie  Princefle  Elizabetti,  &c.— A  true  account  of  the 
uoft  Triamphant  and  Royall  AccompliOiment  of  the  fiaptifm  of  xhm 
JBOft  Excellent,  Right,  High,  and  Mighty  Prince  Henry  Frederick>i>y 
the  Grace  of  God,  Prince  of  Scotland,  and  now  Prince  of  Wa^es,  at 
it  was  (blemnized  the  30th  day  of  AuguA,  1594.  -  The  magnificeDt 
cotertaionent:  Given  to  King  James,  Queen  Anne  his  Wife,  and  Henrf 
Frederic  the  Prince ;  Vpon  the  day  of  his  Majeilies  l'riumphantPaf« 
fage  throogh  his  Honourable  Cicie  of  Loudon,  being  the  15th  of 
March,  1603.— A  lid  of  fuch  things  as  were  obferved  to  happen  in 
ihs  joamey  of  the  Right  Honourable  Charles  Earl  of  Nattinghani, 
hoid  High  Admiral  of  England,  his  Maje fly's  Ambaflador  to  the 
Siog  of  Spain  ;  being  fent  thither  to  take  the  Oath  of  the  iaid  Kiog« 
ibr  the  maintenance  of  Peace  between  the  two  famous  Kings  of  Great 
Britain  and  Spain:  Set  forth  by  Authority.  By  Robt.  Trefwell,  efq. 
fiomerfet  Herald.  Printed  1605.— The  hiftory  of  the  Gunpowder 
Tieafon:  Printed  1678 — The  Arraignment  of  the  late  Traitors: 
Printed  1606. — The  Marriage  of  Prince  Frederic,  and  the  King's 
daughter,  the  Lady  Elizabeth,  upon  Shrouefunday  laii ;  iecond 
lime  imprinted,  161 3. — The  life  and  death  of  our  late  moft  Incom* 
porable  and  Heroique  Prince  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales:  by  Sir 
vharlea  Comwallis,  1641. —The  Funerals  of  the  High  and  Mightf 
Prince  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales,  1613.— The  Lord  Di;^by's  <^Dter- 
Ittnaeot  in  Spain,  MS. — The  entry  of  Charles  I.  into  London.-— 
Ovatio  Carolina.  The  triumph  of  King  Charles,  Anno  Dom.  1641 
Vpon  bis  fafe  and  happy  return  from  Scotland.—  The  inhumanity  of  the 
£n£'8  Prifon-keeper  at  Oxford.  Or  a  true  relation  of  the  moft 
tranlcendent  cruelties,  cheatings,  cozcnin^s,  and  bafe  difhoned  deal- 
ings of  William  Smith,  Provoft  Marfhall  General  of  the  King's  army, 
Sgainft  the  Parliament  Prifoners  under  his  Cuftody.  Princed  1643. 
—Divers  remarkable  pafTages  of  the  Ladies  of  Spring- Garden,  m 
Parliament  aiTembled  :  i647.'A  relation  of  the  Mutiny  on  Tuefday 
the  22d  of  November,  1653,  in  the  New-Exchange,  of  the  Portu- 
gal Ambaiiador's  Followers,  &c.— Then  follow  fome  papers  relative 
to  the  £arlof  Strafford  ;  — Richard,  the  Protedlor;-  Charles  U.  from 
Bruflels,  &c.  &c.  — Richard's  fpeech  to  the  Parliament  is  faid  to  have 
been  delivered  on  Thuriday  the  27th  January,  165 S;  it  ought  cer- 
tainly to  have  been,  according  to  the  mode  of  the  time  1658-9,  or 
rather  $9 ;  as  it  is  well  known  that  Oliver  Cromwell's  death  hap- 
pened on  the  3d  of  September,  1658.  -The  Editor's  reflexions  on 
Richard's  fpeech,  p.  336,  do  not  appear  perfectly  candid,  fince  ic 
ieems  to  contain  the  advice  of  a  plain,  honeil,  and  fenfible  man ;  and 
it  is  furely  an  unjuft  remark  concerning  the  letter  fent  by  Richard  to 
the  Parliament,  May,  1659,  when  ii  is  laid  that<  he  found  it  refolved 
to  rcftorc  the  royal  family  to  the  throne  of  its  anceftors;' — that  par- 
liament appears  to.  have  had  very  different  defigns,  as  the  letter  itfel£ 
intimates,  or  rather  exprefTes.  A  foohfli  flattery,  with  an  untrue  ac* 
coont  of  the  then  royal  family,  is  likewife  intermingled  in  fome  of 

B  b  3  \:utl^ 


356  Monthly  Catalogue,  Mifiittmi^na. 

thefe  writings.— Others  which  follow  are;-*  Remarks  on  the  life  ii4 
death  of  Mr.  Blood,  relative  to  a  plot  in  Ireland  ;—  Relation  of  the 
Tope's  Nuncio's  making  his  public  entry  at  Windfor,  1687. — Prc- 
fervation  of  the  Rej^alia  of  Scotland ;— Declaration  of  James,  Duke 
of  Monmouth ; — His  execution.—  Sicknefs  and  death  of  the  late  Kiog 
James  11.  1701. — The  Pope's  ipcech  made  in  a  confiftory  on  the  oc- 
cafion,  1 701. —The  late  King  James's  letter  to  his  Privy-Cowlcl. 
lors :  with  juft  reflexions  on  n,  and  on  the  pretended  Prince  <if 
Wales,  1692. 

It  is  unneceflary  farther  to  panicolarize  the  contents  of  thiavohme. 
To  fome  readers,  thefe  trails  may  have  been  entirely  unknown;  and 
curious  collsdtors,  who  are  acquainted  with  hiftory,  will  recoiled  partt 
at  leafl,  in  different  works ;  and  others,  perhaps,  are  not  wboOy 
flrang^rs  to  the  originals.  Our  remembrance  ol  the  Sonert-coUec- 
tion  is  not  fufiicient  to  enable  us  to  pronounce  that  the  trads,  here  lie- 
leaked,  are  abfolutely  the  bed  which  might  have  been  offered  in  tbc 
prefenc  form  :  but  they  are  fuch,  generally,  as  will  furnilh  anuifc* 
menc  and  ufeful  information.  Perhaps,  <  the  Cafe  of  two  Abfelrcn 
that  were  tried  at  Wellminller,  1696,  for  giving  abfolution  at  dtf 
place  of  execution,  to  Sir  John  Friend  and  Sir  William  Parkeas,' 
ought  to  have  been  omitted ;  unlets  a  more  circumftantial  accont 
cf  that  affair  could  have  been  added  ;  and  the  fame  may  perhaps  be 
(aid  of  another  article  or  two  in  the  collection.— The  hiAory  or  iW 
Kentiih  petition,  1740,  is  worth  notice. 

Art.  67.  Original  Letters,  Sec.  of  Sir  John  FalitafF  and  his  Friends; 
now  firft  made  public  by  a  Gentleman,  a  Defcendant  of  Dane 
Quickly,  from  Genuine  Manufcripts  which  have  been  in  the  PoC- 
feflion  of  the  Quickly  Family  near  four  hundred  Yeara.     liiMi 

?p.  123.  3s.  6d.  Boards.  Robinfons.  1796. 
t  was  not  to  be  expelled  that  the  late  extraordinary  attempt  to 
work  on  the  national  credulity,  by  the  pretended  Shakfpearian  re- 
liques,  fhould  pafs  without  the  gibes  of  the  witty,  as  well  as  the  Uka 
animadverfions  of  the  grave  and  learned.  Indeed,  it  was  a  fubjflft 
well  enough  adapted  for  ridicule,  whether  it  were  direded  to  tbeaada- 
city  of  the  impodor,  or  tb  the  weaknefs  of  thofe  who  could  annex  fad 
mighty  importance  to  his  traih,  becaufe  afTociaied  u  ith  a  favouris 
name.  The  writer  before  us  has  taken  occafion,  from  this  memorable 
experiment,  to  amufe  himfelf,  and  his  readers,  with  a  foppoicd  col* 
le^on  of  letters  between  FalHafF  and  the  perfonages  conneAed  »ith 
him  in  the  plays  of  bhakfpeare ;  in  which  he  has  (hewn  con6derabk 
talents  for  humour,  with  a  good  deal  of  ingenuity  in  imitating  tie 
language  and  manners  of  charader^  (ketched  out  by  our  great  in- 
roatiil.  Not  that  it  would  be  diiticult  frequently  to  catch  him  trip- 
ping in  an  exprefHon,  or  a  circum fiance,  not  belonging  to  the  aflun* 
ed  period  :  but  where  the  purpofe  is  only  a  laugh,  there  is  no  need 
for  criticifm  to  look  fo  narrowly. 

The  work  is  uihered  in  by  a  Dedicatione  to  MafterSamue! Irelaurndtt  10 the 
t>lack  letter  and  fuitable  orthography  ;  which  is  fucceeded  by  a  •vhim- 
fical  fort  of  a  Shandean  preface >- both  feafoned  with  ftrokcs  ai  the 
faid  Mafter  Ireland  and  the  antiquaries.  Of  the  letters,  we  fhall  give 
^  fjpecimen  or  two : 


MoiTTHLY  Cataloovb,  MifcMofmui*  ^ 

*  Falstapp  to  thb  Princb. 

•  I  pr*ythec,  Hal,  lend  roe  ihy  'kerchief.— An  thy  onkindneft 
lia'nt  ftarted  more  fait  gouts  down  my  poor  old  cheek,  than  my  good 
vapwr  hath  of  olood  from  foemen's  ga(hes  in  5  and  30  year's  fervice, 
then  am  I  a  very  fenfelefs  muoamy. 

/  I  fquander  away  in  drinkings  monies  belonging  to  the  foldiery  ? 
I  do  deny  it— they  have  had  part — the  furplus  is  gone  in  charity— « 
•ccufe  the  parifh  officers— make  them  reftore  -  the  whorefon  wardens 
do  now  put  on  the  cloaca  of  fupplication  at  the  church  doors,  inter^ 
cepting  gentlemen  for  charity^  forfooth  I— 'Tis  a  robbery,  a  villain- 
ous  robbery  !  to  come  upon  a  gentleman  reeking  with  piety,  God's 
book  in  his  hand,  brimful!  of  the  facrament !  Thou  knoweft,  Ha?^ 
as  1  am  bot  man,  I  dare  in  fome  fort  leer  at  the  plate  and  pafs,  but 
as  I  have  the  body  and  blood  of  Chriil  within  me,  could  1  do  it  ?  An 
I  did  not  make  an  oblation  of  a  matter  of  ten  pounds  after  the 
battle  of  Shrew/bury,  in  humble  gratitude  for  thy  fafety,  Hal,  tbea 
am  I  the  verieft  tranfgreffor  denounced  in  God's  code. — But  1*11  fee 
them  damn'd  ere  I'll  be  charitable  again.  Let  'em  coin  the  plate-^ 
lec  them  coin  the  holy  chalice. 

'  To  fay  that  I  have  not  naturalifed  mafler  Silence,  that  I  fland 
not  on  the  debtor  fide  of  accounts  with  him,  would  be  horribly  forget- 
ful and  incorredt— to  fay  that  he  (hail  fee  my  coinage  in  the  way  of 
honourable  reimburfement,  gentleman- like  repayment,  would  favour 
much  ofhonefty,  'tis  true,  but  more  (I  confcfs  it,  I  confefsit,  Hal) 
of  leafing. 

'  To  fay  that  I  feel  not  a  kind  of  tendre  for  mafler  Robert 
Shallow,  while  he  hath  fack.  beeves,  with  emanating  bowels  towards 
old  fir  John,  would  befpeak  me  the  infidel,  the  Jew— but  to  confefs 
(faving  a  certain  refpeftdae  to  the  affeveration  of  my  fwect  Hal)  that 
I  love  the  man  Shallow,  or  the  man  Silence,  in  other  (hape  or  degree 
than  as  the  leech  loveih  the  temple,  much  lefs  that  I  have  fquandercd 
aionies  on  thefe  raw  bare-brain'd  Yonkers,  fit  only  to  be  worn  on 
Bankrupt  days  by  Uncertificated  Wits — to  confefs  that  1  have  fami- 
liarifed  my  perion  to  their  companies,  to  the  detriment  of  thy  father's 
affairs,  fetting  the  feemlinef^of  gentlemanhood  afide,  would  be  lying 
in  my  throat  through  the  faife  palTage  of  my  mouth,  would  render  the 
bafe  pander  my  tongue  worthy  the  center  of  a  pewier-dilh,  to  be 
crimp'd  with  capon,  and  engulph'd  for  a  difobedient  Jonas. 

•  For  thy  father's  fickne^,  1  am  not  lifculapius,  or  I  would  prune 
and  rcdore  the  old  oak — but  it  hath  fhed  it's  acorns,  and  now  comes 
winter — is  not  the  progrcflion  natural  ? 

*  No  more  of  the  departed  monies,  Hal,  an  thou  lovefl  me,— 
Wonld'ft  thou  rake  up  the  afhes  of  the  dead  ?— Nay,  an  if  that's  thy 
humour^  then  mull  Pluto  become  a  child  of  fight. 

'  John  pALSTAfp/ 

*  Sir  John  Falstafp  to  Mistress  Ursula. 

*  No,  no,  no— thou  art  mifadvifed— thou  doll  (\iScr  Baker's  wives* 
and  barren  Gofiips,  who  do  conceive  upon  the  novelties  of  a  flatc 
world,  get  the  rule  over  thee.— The  King  doth  counfel  with  me  in 
Ihc  chewing  of  a  Spaniib  Nut-^Ho  know^  not  the  height  of  £x  foot 

him- 


35^  MoHTHiY  Catalogues  MifiiOmmm. 

Iiimfelf-I  do  prick  his  very  yepmen  for  him — Even  now  hath  thert 
been  with  me  a  certai  i  Welch  Pried  in  thefc  parts,  who  would  have 
jKcefs  unto  the  Court — Why  he  doth  prefenc  roe  with  a  filver  toaHcTt 
••  a  bribe,  a  prologue  to  his  indudion — Take  it — I  do  give  it  thee— 
^is  nothing  in  refpedt  of  what  thou  ihalt  poflefa.  Thou  art  one  of 
the  firft  readies  in  the  land,  an  thou  wert  but  fenfible  of  it.  If  'mere 
9»  thou  ray'ft>  that  the  King  doth  neglrd  nie>  and  like  the  wicked 
Kehoboam  hath  taken  unto  young  Counfellors,  why  (hould  1  tarry  at 
Wind  for  I    Lee  that  fuffice  thee. 

*  Thirty  yards  of  Fuftian  !  I  may  not  hear  of  it.  ■  Shall  it  be 
iaidy  that  Sir  John  FalftalF  doth  take  his  ieat  among  th^  Nobles  of 
the  iand  in  the  veft  of  an  unbelieving  Rabbi  ?  It  may  not  be. — Why« 
I  muft  do  the  King  honour.— Sattin,  fattin,  is  ycur  only  Couruer's 
avear  Come,  come— 'tis  only  a  pretty  provoking  humour  thoo  haft 
j»f  giving  the  luflre  to  thy  favours. —Let  it  be  four  and  twenty  yards 
jthen— Keep  the  remnant  for  new  ruffs,  and  adorn  thee  for  thy^advancc- 

jDent. Why,  there  it  is  now— 1  have  fimply  m^rt  dudility  that 

ahe  nimbleft  quick iilver, and  lefs  oppoiition  than  a  drove  goo(e— i  an 
fradable  10  any  thing,  and  thou  ieefl  it -any  thing,  that  may  add  lo 
the  excellent  favour  of  thy  countenance-^!  have  not  controul  of  niae 
jDwn  wilI-—thoQ  haft  ufed  fpells  with  mc  — but  thou  know 'H  this»  thoa 
know'H  this — 1  have  told  thee  fo  before. 

*  Let  it  be  a  quarter  *  yard  wider  than  I  did  at  firft  fpeak  of.— > 
Let  me  have  it  fpeedily,  for  1  may  not  appear  at  Court— and  indite* 
direfl  letters  unto  me  of  thy  defires — Chufe  thy  own  dignity— kxJt 

out  for  thyfelf — be  prodigal,  be  prodigal  -  all  is  in  my  gift ThtM 

inay'ft  become  the  Goddefs  Dian'  an  thou  wilt,  and  lead  the  chace-«» 
1  )noa  wilt  look  well  with  a  quiver— for  1  do  mean  to  preferve  the 
Jtangerfiiip.  No  more  fcruples,  but  be  quick  in  my  affairs,  and  ia 
ihalt  thou  be  procurefs  of  U^ine  own  greatness.     Adieu ! 

'  John  FALSTAFf.' 

The  fudian  of  antient  PIftol,  the  enigmatical  brevity  of  Nym,  the 
goiEppine  of  Shallow  and  his  man  Davy,  the  pedantry  of  the  Welfii 
parfon,  the  fimplicicy  of  Slender,  are  all  perfonated  in  various  letten, 
with  fuccefs ;  and  feveral  humorous  incidents  are  imagined,  fuitable  to 
fhe  times  and  characters.  In  a  word,  we  think  the  prcfent  a  much 
snore  ingenious  as  well  as  lefs  difhaneft  forgery  than  Mafter  Wilhtau 
^bak/ptaj-e* s  Epifle  to  Lord  S§utbamftoM  and  Jmte  Hatherawayt. 

y^rt.  6S.     Jnecdotest  Hiftorical  and  Literary ;  or  a  Mifcellaneous  Se- 
Icdiou  of  curious  and  llriking  P^iH'ages,  from  eminent  modern  Au- 
thors*    8vo.     pp.  455.     6s.  Boards.     Veroorand  Hood. 
A  compilaiion  intended,    like   this  before  us,  entirely  for  amuie- 
ment,  may  feem  entitled  to  exemption  from  rigorous  criiicifm.      1  he 
reader  who  is  agreeably  amuied  is  obliged  to  his  author,  and  ought 
pot  too  fcrupuloudy  to  analyfe  his  merit.     Had  we,  indeed,  inturniDg 
0\er  this   volume,  been  ofte?)  treated  with  a  laugh,  we  (hould  have 
jDonfidered  it  as  an  irrefidible  bribe  for  a  favourable  verdidt :  but,  as 
pur  riiible  mufclet  have  feldom  been  diAurbed,  we  find  ourfelves  at  li- 

*  Sir  John  ia  determiaed  not  to  lofe  by  hia  boaited  ac^aiefcence.' 

berty 


MoNTHXT  Cata1.ooue»  SingU  Sirmmts.  3  j^ 

bettf    to  report,  with  perfect  gravity^  our  judgment  on  the  per«^ 
fbrmance. 

The  colle^ion  has  the  advantage  of  being  made  from  foreign  «nd 
particularly  French  authors,  who  are  not  commonly  known.  Liior 
the  mifceUanies  known  by  the  cant  name  of  Jnas,  the  colle^ion  U  a 
medley  in  which  the  articles  are  ranged  under  no  diftind  heads :  but 
each  has  its  title;  and  a  copious  index  is  fubjoined.  The  articles 
chiefly  coniift  of  curious  particulars,  adapted  to  furprize  by  their  no- 
▼city  ;  fuch  as  fingular  cuftoms,  Urangc  charaders,  odd  adv«nitiresj^ 
whimiical  fayings,  &c.  Of  thefe  many  are  flriking  and  wonderftri^ 
but  others  are  too  trifling  to  deferve  relation,  too  extravagant  to  ol»- 
tain  credit,  or  too  lonu  to  deferve  a  place  in  a  refpedable  mifcellany^ 
Befides  anecdotes,  the  reader  will  find  refltdtions  and  obfervatioo^^ 
critical  and  moral :  but  they  are  feldom  fuch  as  will  attract  much  at- 
tention for  depth,  originality,  or  fmartnefs.  Were  we  to  enter  into  • 
more  particular  examination  of  the  merits  of  this  miscellany ,  we 
night  De  thought  to  trifle  with  the  patience  of  our  readers. 

Art.  69.  Thoughts  on  the  Lanvfulne/s  of  War  ;  humbly  fubmitted  tm 
the  ieriotts  Coniideration  of  the  Teachers  of  every  Church  or  Soft 
among  Cbridians.  By  a  Member  of  the  £ftablifliment.  lamo. 
4d.     Darion  and  Harvey.     1796. 

.  A  pious  and  well- meaning  writer  has  here  undertaken  to  fliew  the 
iBCCmfiftency  of  the  pradice  of  war,  and  the  trade  of  a  foldier,  witkr 
the  precepts  of  Chriftianity,  and  the  principles  of  natural  benevolence. 
The  taik,  in  the  general,  is  not  difficult ;  though  particular  ca^es^ 
Blight  be  fUted  which  wculd  occaiion  fome  embarra/Fment.  Jt  \» 
dear,  however,  that  till  fome  progrefs  be  made  in  promoting  •^  peace 
on  earth  and  good  will  among  men,"  Chriftian  is  only  an  appellation^ 
sot  a  charader.  We  heartily  wiih  fuccefs  to  every  attempt,  like  the 
prefent»  to  humanize  and  meliorate  mankind :  but  we  fear  that  the 
world  is  too  much  habituated  to  crime  and  error  to  be  yi  reformed. 

SINGLES  fiRMON». 

Art.  70.  Mercy  and  Judgment,  Preached  at  Great  Queen-ftreet 
Chapel,  Lincoln's-inn-hclds,  July  lO,  1796,  by  the  Rev.  Dr» 
WiHiam  Wynn,  Chaplain  in  Ordinary  to  his  Royal  Highnefs  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  on  the  untimely  Fate  of  Mr.  Henry  We^on*^. 
4to.  IS.  6d.  Cadell  jun.  and  Davies. 
A  well-written  difcourfe,  very  properly  adapted  to  the  melanchoIjF 

occaHon. 

Art.  7 1 .     The  J^gency  cf  Gcd  in  the  Events  of  Life,     Preached  befofe 

the  Univeriity  of  Cambridge,  Nov  5,  i;95,by  the  RevJohnOwen^ 

A.  M.  Curate  of  Henham,Sufl'2x.  8vo.   is.  Cadell  jun.  and  Daviea* 

It  is  difficult  to  give  an  appearance  of  originality  to  a  difcourfe  ©«• 

fo  trite  a  topic  as  that  of  Divine  rrovidence.     What  the  writer  of 

this  fermon,  probably,  found  himfelfincapaWe  of  attaining  by  novelty 

and  argument,   he  has  accomplifhed  by  fkill  in  compofition.      The 

ebvious  proofs  of  the  agency  of  God  in  the  events  of  life,  drawn  from 

his  attributes,  from  the  civil,  moral,  and  religious  flate  of  man,  and 

from  flrik^rg  hiftorical  fads,  are  here  liated  in  a  concife  and  pointed 

•  Executed  for  forgery. 


ftyle  ;  which*  if  fomedmes  laboored  into  obfcnrity,  is  however  ^nef* 
getic  and  impreflive.  A  very  brief  notice  is  taken  of  the  erents  aa* 
miially  commemorated  on  the  5th  of  November. 

Art.  72.  Tbe  Fromfid  Meffiah.  Preached  at  Sion  Chapel,  Whhf- 
chapel,  to  God's  Ancient  People,  the  Jews.  Aug.  28,  1796*  Widi 
the  Prayers  and  Hymns  before  and  after  Sermon.  ByMViUias 
Cooper.     8vo.  6d.     Jordan. 

Zeal  without  knowlege  can  do  little  towards  convincing  the  oo- 
derilanding.  If  Limborch's  Arnica  Collati§  ctim  Jud4t99 — if  Grodus's 
commentaries,  and  fiiOiop  Newton's  dilferucions,  on  the  Prophecies, 
-*have  made  no  impreffion  on  Jewifh  infidelicy,  what  can  be  expedcd 
Irom  an  illiterate  enthoGaft  ;  who,  fo  far  from  being  acquainted  witk 
the  language  in  which  the  andent  prophecies  were  written^  is  not  aUe 
to  write  grammatically  in  his  own  ?  In  bis  fermon^  he  fays, — *  Then 
Is  not  a  place,  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  where  trade  is  e(labli(hed,bot 
ihtre  is  Jtws  to  be  found  :'  in  his  prayer, — *  thou  has  fiparaiid  tky 
people  over  the  face  of  the  whole  earth  '  Can  it  be  expeded  thit 
BMny  converts  will  be  made  by  a  miffionary  thus  qualified  ? 

Correspondence. 

A  coftftant  reader  W.  R.  feems  to  exclude  Prudence  from  tbe 
catalogue  of  the  virtues,  or  at  leail  to  be  defirous  of  debarring  the 
clergy  from  the  nfe  of  it.  Jf,  however,  tbe  lui/dosn  oftbtfirftmt  was 
to  be  employed  in  the  propagauon  of  the  truth,  why  not  in  iu  elod* 
dadon  \  He  who  is  actuated  by  prudence,  and  confideradon  of  cir* 
cumftances,  merits  not  the  epithet  of  guilty.  A  dergymao  may  d^ 
to  exprefs  his  difapprobation  of  fome  ellabli(hed  dodrioes,  bac  it  Bsay 
not  be  wife  in  all  cafes  to  do  it.  This  precife  line  of  condu6k  it  may 
be  diiEcult  to  define.  We  do  not  undertake  to  determine  cafes/of 
confcience :  but  we  wilh  different  fedt:;,  and  members  of  difFerent 
churches,  to  think  as  liberally  as  poflible  of  each  other.  Religious 
zealots  of  all  parties  love  violence  :  but  the  hiilory  of  the  church  has 
DOt  yet  evinced  its  beneficial  influence. 

The  laudable  humanity 'of  Amantheus  has  certainly  clouded  his  judg- 
ment. If  he  will  recur  to  the  extract  in  quefHon,  he  wiU  fee  that 
every  where,  but  particularly  at  the  clofe  of  it,  Mr.  H.  ofes  the 
dltopgefl  exprcffions  of  regret  and  indignation  that  heart  could  didate: 
but  be  was  not  in  a  iltaadon  to  afford  any  relief. 

Mr.  F.'s  letter,  dated  from  HorJUy,  relates  to  a  publicadon  which 
has  not  yet  fallen  into  our  hands. 

We  cannot  comply  with  the  requelt  of  Tyro;  and  to  his  queHioa 
we  mufl  anfwer  in  the  negative. 

The  "  Good  wllhes  of  a  Quondam  Friend"  are  acknowleged 
with  fincerc  pleafure,  and  kind  remembrance. 

t9*  In  the  Review  for  Odober,  p.  21  y^  in  the  notej  for  p*  266* 
read,  p.  2z6« 


THE 

MONTHLY    REVIEW, 

For   DECEMBER,    1796. 


AftT.  I.  The  Rural  Economy  of  the  Weft  of  England:  including  De- 
vonfliircj  and  Pares  of  Somerfetfliire^  DorfetHiire,  and  Cornwall. 
Together  with  Minutes  in  PraAice.  By  Mr.  Marlhall.  8vo. 
s  Vols.     pp.  360  in  each.     i3s.    Boards.     Nicol,  &c.     1796. 

A  GRICULTURE  being  unqiiefiionably  one  of  the  nobleft  em- 
^  ployments  of  man,  every  thing  that  leads  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  its  principles  as  a  fcience,  and  to  the  improvement  of  its 
feveral  branches  as  a  pra£tical  art,  merits  the  greateft  encou- 
ruement :  efpecially  at  a  period  in  which  the  neceflaries  of 
lire  are  daily  advancing  in  price ;  and  in  which,  from  an  ex- 
treme partiality  to  our  navy,  the  purfuits  of  commerce  and 
maaufaAures,  as  conne£led  with  it,  have  too  much  diverted 
the  public  attention  from  the  cultivation  of  the  foil,  and  from 
improving  the  face  and  produ£lions  of  the  country.  No  writer 
has  more  completely  given  his  attention  to  the  whole  fubje£l  of 
Roral  Economy  than  Mr.  Marfliall,  nor  has  done  more  to  dif- 
fafe  the  knowlege  of  it  throughout  Great  Britain.  He  con- 
erives  rightly  of  its  importance,  compared  with  manufaAures 
aod  commerce,  both  in  a' moral  and  political  view;  and  his 
writings,  in  which  he  records  the  refults  of  his  tours,  furveys, 
uid  experiments,  are  calculated  to  make  the  wildernefs  andfoli^ 
tvj  places  glad^  and  to  render  the  whole  land  highly  produc- 
tive. His  reports  of  the  rural  economy  of  other  diftrids  have 
formerly  been  noticed  by  us  ;  and  the  reputation  which  he  has 
xquired  by  them  will  not  be  diminiOied,  but  rather  advanced, 
ky  this  agricultural  furvcy  of  the  Wefl  of  England.  We  hope 
he  will  be  encouraged  fo  to  round  his  plan  that  his  works  may 
truly  deferve,  as  he  wifhes,  the  title  of  **  Jn  authentic  Regijler 
fftbe  Rural  Economy  cf  England ^  at  the  Clofe  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen^* 
twrj:' 

Tbe  Weft  of  England,  which  Mr.  Marfhall  has  furveyed 
with  the  eye  of  a  philofophic  farmer,  and  in  thefe  volumes  un« 
Stakes  to  defcribe,  is  divided  by  him  into  feven  di(lri£ls: 

^  firftt  West  Devonshire,  cr  The  Valley  oe  the  Ta- 
uii :  including  the  Welicrn  Margin  ol  DevonQiire,  and  the  Eailern 
pint  of  Cornwall. 

Vol.  XXI.  C  c  *  ScvonJ^ 


3(Ji      tAzrthaWs  Rural  Economy  of  thi  Wtji  of  Englattd. 

*  Second^  The   South   Hams.      A   comigaoas  DiflriA*   wbich 
forms  the  Southern  point  of  Dcvonfliire. 

*  Third y  The  Mountains  of  Cornwall  and  Dcvoixfhirc. 

*  Fourth.  The  Dirtnit  of  North  Devonshire. 

*  Fifthi  TifE  Vale  of  Exeter. 

*  ^ixthy  The  Dairy  District,  which  iDcludei  parts  of  Eaft 
Devonihire  and  Well  Dor(ct(hire;  -  and 

'  Seventh  J  The  Vale  of  Taunton,  in  Somcrfftfliire.* 
His  method  of  proceeding  refembles  that  which  has  been  prac- 
tifed  in  making  furveys  of  a  fimilar  nature,  and  for  a  fimilar  ob- 
je<S^,  in  the  Northern,  Midland,  Kaftern,  and  Weftern  counties. 
His  attention  is  minute,  his  arrang-ment  is  clear,  and  his  ?iew 
of  the  prefent  (late  of  Danmonian  hulbandry  is,  we  haye  do 
doubt,  exa£b.  Scarcely  any  thing  feems  to  efcape  his  keen 
obfervation  ;  his  mod  curfory  remarks  are  often  valuable-,  and 
Kis  hints  for  the  improvement  of  tytvy  A'l&nik  are  entitled  tot 
thought,  at  Iea0,  from  th^  gentlemen  who  inhabit  it. 

While  making  his  rural  excurfions  in  the  Weft  of  Englandi 
Mr.  M.  was  led  to  obfervations  of  various  kinds  ;  all,  how- 
ever, tending  to  the' real  advantage  and  happinefs  of  the  coun- 
try. In  reporting  the  ftate  of  the  caftern  parts  of  Cornwall  and 
V^eft  Devonfhire,  he  gives  his  opinion  of  the  Stannary  lavs, 
difapproves  of  mining,  and  applauds  the  policy  of  the  Chinefe 
government  in  fuppreffing  it,  and  in  dire£^ing  the  induftry  of 
its  myriads  of  fubjecls  to  the  culture  of  the  foil  and  the  qiaou- 
fadure  of  its  produce.  He  fpeaks  of  the  Salmon- filhery  si 
meriting  the  encouragement  of  the  State  by  judicious  laws  and 
regulations ;  and  he  points  out  to  individual  gentlemen  the  bad 
c(i^£is  of  letting  out  their  lands,  according  to  the  cominoa 
praflice  of  this  diftrid,  on  leafes  for  lives.  Under  thoheadof 
the  propagation  of  wood  landsj  he  mejitions  the  importance  of 
cultivating  the  iarcb^  forefeeing  that  it  will  in  time  become  the 
principal  article  of  fbip- building.  He  condemns  the  prafiice 
of  exporting  bark,  comments  on  the  utility  of  having  farms  of 
all  (izes,  and  points  out  the  impolicy  of  the  low  price  of  wages. 
In  the  department  of  agriculture^  he  notices  all  the  peculiarities 
of  the  diftrid  ;  as  its  foil  and  fub-foil,  the  method  of  preparing 
it  for  crops,  the  courfe  of  crops,  the  beads  of  labour,  the  im* 
plements  of  hufbandry,  the  kind  of  manures,  the  harvefting, 
and  the  management  of  harvelted  crops.  A  defcription  is  here 
given  of  the  method  of  fpading  and  fodburning  ;  of  the  mode  of 
drelfing  with  lime ;  of  the  manner  of  cutting  the  wheat,  called 
hewing  \  (the  fame  that  is  called,  we  believe,  baggings  in  Sur* 
if^y  and  other  parts  j)  of  their  putting  it  in  **  /irriih  mows"  or 
field  (l;icklets  \  of  their  carrying  it  on  horfeback,  between  the 
Devoafhire  crooks,  to  the  barn  ;  and  of  their  method  of  threfli- 
ing  the  ftraw  fo  as  not  to  bruife  it ;  whence  it  is  called  rai' 


Marftiiri  Rt^alEcmomy  ofthi  Wift  of  England      36*3 

JfraWf  or  reeds.  Wheat,  Mr.  M.  tells  us,  is  generally  fown 
on  ley  ground  by  the  Danmonian  farmers  :  but,  under  the  ar- 
Cicle  Seminaiionj  he  dt^es  not  fay  whether  they  brine  and  lime 
their  (eed  previoufly  to  fowing. 

In  detailing  his  remarks  on  orchards  and  f  uit  liquor,  no- 
thing belonging  to  the  fubjedl  feems  to  be  omitted  ;  and  his  ge* 
neral  obfervations,  we  think,  merit  iranfcription.  He  here 
accounts  more  rationally  for  what  is  called  the  Dcvonfhire 
colic  than  by  fuppofing,  as  Dr.  Lobb  and  others  have  done, 
that  it  refults  from  the  folution  of  the  fugar  of  lead  during 
cyder-making : 

'  This  violent  diforderhas  beef^  afcribed  to  the  circumftance  of  the 
nills  and  prcflrs,  oi  Devonfhire,  having  lead  made  ufc  of  in  their 
conftrodion ;  and,  under  this  idea>  one  of  the  prefTes,  I  had  an  op* 
portanlty  of  examining,  was  fcrupuloufly  formed  without  Uad ;  the 
jdnt3  of  the  *«  vat"  or  bed  of  the  prefs,  being  caulked  with  wool  and 
cow  dung,  which  is  found  to  be  fuily  effedlive,  in  this  intention.  But» 
in  evidence  of  the  improbability  of  lead  being  the  caufe  of  this  mif* 
chief,  a  mill,  which  had  been  conlhudted  a  century  at  lead,  and 
Which  is  cramped  together  by  means  of  lead,  being  examined,  it  was 
found  that  no  corrofion  of  the  lead  had  taken  place  ;  even  the  marks 
of  the  hammer  remained  pcrfedly  dillindt.  This  faft  I  do  not  fpeak 
to  from  pergonal  examination  ;  but  I  received  it  from  an  authority  on 
which  1  have  every  reafon  to  rely. 

•  From  two  or  three  ftriking  cafes  of  this  diforder,  to  which  I  had 
An  opportunity  of  paying  ibme  attention^  it  appeared  to  me  to  be  the 
joint  effed  of  cider,  and  of  a  vile  ipiric  whicn  is  drawn,  by  the  houfe- 
wives  of  Devon,  from  the  grounds  and  lees  of  the  fermenting  room. 
Tbefe  dregs  are  didilled  (ot  courfe  illegally)  by  means  of  a  porridge 
pot,  with  a  tin  head  fixed  over  it,  andcominunicating  with  a  liraighc 
jfipe,  paiEng  through  a  hogfhe'iJ  of  water  ;  the  liquor  being  pafTed 
twice  through  this  imperfcS  app:iraius.  It,  of  courf**,  comes  over 
extremely  empyrcumatic ;  and  is  drank  in  a  recent  ftate,  under  the 
appropriate  name  of  «'  ncceffiiy." 

*  The  patient  having  brought  on,  by  an  inordinate  ufe  of  rough 
corroiive  cider,  and  by  the  quantity  of  acid  thrown  into  the  habit,  a 
fit  of  the  ordinary  dolic,  has  rccourfe  to  •*  neceflity,"  in  order  to 
remove  the  complaint.  The  confequcnce  is  an  obftinate  coftivencfs, 
which  generally  continues  for  fcveral  days,  attended  with  the  moft 
excruciating  pain  :  and,  though  the  firil  paroxyfm  is  fcldom  fatal,  re- 
petitions of  it  too  frequently  arc  :  firll  brir.ginj?  on' a  lofs  of  the  ufe  of 
the  limbs,  particularly  of  the  hands,  and,  finally  ending  in  the  lo.s  of 
life;  if  the  deprivation  of  life  can  be  faid  to  be  a  Icfs,  under  circum- 
fiances  fo  diilrefsful. 

'  Notwithftaoding,  however,  the  accumulaiion  of  evils  arifing  from 
the  produdioflr  ufe,  and  abufe  of  cider,  the  men  of  Devon  are  more 
ilrongly  attached  to  it,  even  than  thole  of  Hcrcfordfhirc.  Their  Or- 
chards might  well  be  ftyled  their  Temples,  and  ^{.ple  Trees  their 
Idols  of  Worihip. 

*  It  is  not  my  iDtention>  or  wiih,  to  depreciate  the  DcvonQiire 
Orchards  below  their  real  value;  but  to  endeavour  to  fix  them  at  «l 

C  c  a  ^to^tx 


364      Marfliall'x  Rural  Eicnomy  tfibi  Wifi  o/EngUmi. 

proper  flandard :  to  lower  them  To  far,  in  the  eftimation  of  owners 
and  occupiers,  as  to  prevent  their  interfering  too  much  with  the  more 
important  operations  of  Agriculture.  I  wifi  to  fee  them  confined  to 
unculturable  lltes,  and  to  have  them  confidered,  as  they  really  are,  a 
fubordinate  objed  of  hufbandry  ;  in  order  that  the  occupiers  of  lands 
may  bend  their  attention,  with  greater  efitrgy  and  effed,  to  the  art* 
b!e  and  grafs  land  managements  :  more  efpecially  to  the  watering  of 
meadows ;  and,  of  courfe,  to  the  removal  of  many  of  the  prciem 
Fruit  Trees :  changing  them  for  a  more  certain,  and,  on  a  par  of 
years,  a  more  profitable  fpecies  of  produce.' 

Thi  clouted  or  fcaldid  cream  ofDanmonia  is  not  forgotten  when 
defcribing  the  dairies  of  Devoiifliire.  Mr.  M.,  however,  does 
not  approve  of  the  pradlice,  and  offers  his  reafons  for  preferriog 
raw  cream  butter  ;  at  the  fame  time  he  fuggefts,  as  the  fcalding 
of  the  milk  is  not  unfriendly  to  cheefe,  whether  it  would  not  be 
better  univerfally  to  fcald  the  (kimmed  milk  before  coaguhtion 
takes  place. 

The  fedlions  appropriated  to  Horfes^  CattU^  Swine^  Sbetpt 
Rabbits^  and  Poultry^  mud  not  detain  us ;  though  the  iinguur 
traftablenefs  of  the  (hepherd's  dogs  here  mentioned,  and  Mr. 
M.\s  refledions  on  the  fecundity  of  fowls  with  refped  to  eggs, 
feem  to  require  attention. 

Of  the  peculiarity  of  Danmontan  fences  much  is  offered  by 
this  rural  reporter.  They  muft  be  a  didinguifhing  feature  of 
the  country,  and  be  greatly  in  the  way  of  fporting  gentlemen. 
They  are  defcribed  as  broad  high  mounds,  topped  with  timber* 
trees  and  underwood. 

The  fccond  volume,  if  not  fo  valuable  and  informing  as  the 
firff,  (for,  when  the  author  quits  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Drake  eftate,  his  firft  and  principal  flation,  he  is  lefs  patient  in 
his  inveftigation,)  contains  much  that  is  worthy  of  being  re- 
corded.  Many  hints  are  here  thrown  out  which  deferve  confi« 
deration  ;  his  minutes  in  praSfice  contain  much  valuable  matter  \ 
and,  in  his  retrofpcftive  view  of  the  Weft  of  England,  thcfub- 
ftance  of  his  inquiries  is  thus  concifely  and  neatly  fummed  up  : 

•  From  the  foregoing  Examinations;  it  is  evident,  that  the  Point 
of  Land,  which  is  the  more  immediate  fubjed  of  thcfe  Vo!umet» 
forms  a  NATURAL  DEPARTMENT  of  this  Kingdom;  and  that  it 
war,  here:ofore  (and  iHU  indeed  may  be  faiJ  to  remain),  a  pemk- 
su  LA, —partially  cutoff,  by  inlets  of  the  Bays  of  firidgewater  and 
Biidport,  from  the  main  body  of  the  Ifl^nd. 

•  It  is  equally  evident,  from  thefc  furveys,  that  the  Department 
now  in  view  is,  at  prefcnt,  under  a  courfe  of  Rural  Manage- 
ment, which  difrers,  in  many  refpefts,  from  that  of  the  Iflaodat 
large;  and  whofe  bafis,  it  is  highly  probable,  has  had  a  feparate 
origin. 

•  Judging  from  the  modern  pra6lice  of  colonization,  it  is  reafea* 
able  to  fuppufe,  that  the  Bays,  Inlets,  and  Efluaries  of  Rivers,  in 
this  ifland,  were  the  firft  fettled  ;  and  that,  as  inhabitants  encreafed^ 

cultivatiosj 


Marfliairj  Rural  Economy  of  the  Weft  of  England.      365 

cutdvition,  by   progreflive  fteps,    approached  the    higher    lands; 
climbing,  in  the  coune  of  time,  to  the  interior  heights. 

'  Admitting  that  Coinwail  and  Devonfhire  were  early  colonized, 
and  the  whole  of  them  by  the  fame  people ;  and  that,  afterward,  a 
colony  of  a  different  race  took  pofTeflion  of  the  inlets  of  the  Bay  of 
firidgewater,  and  the  rich  and  ample  (hores,  which,  at  that  time, 
they  doubtlefs  afforded,  the  differences  that  are  now  obfervable,  in 
the  Rural  Pradices  of  their  dcfcendants,  may  be,  with  lefs  difficult^, 
reconciled. 

*  On  this  principle  of  colonization,  the  Vale  of  Taunton,— had 
die  time  of  fetdement  (or  invafion)  been  the  fame,  —would  naturally 
have  belonged  to  the  feitlers  (or  invaders)  of  the  Bay  of  Bridgewatex ; 
bat  admitting,  what  will  nor,  1  believe,  be  doubted,  that  the  Vale  of 
Exeter  was  priorly  pofFeffed,  and  that  its  inhabitants  had  overtopped 
the  depreffed  ridge  which  divides  thefe  Vales,  before  their  Northern 
neighbours  had  approached  it,  the  Vale  of  Taunton  would,  in 
courie,  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  firll  lettlers ;  and  the  fame  circum- 
ftmnces  would  naturally  attend  the  range  of  heights,  and  their  north- 
eaftem  fkirts,  which  form  what  1  have  here  named  the  Dairy 
District. 

«  In  procefs  of  time,  and  when  the  entire  Country  became  fobjcft 
to  the  fame  Government,  a  mixture  of  practices  would  take  place, 
and  the  two  edablifhed  fy (lems  of  management  would  mix,  and  blend 
with  each  other,  in  the  manner  in  which  we  find  them,  at  the  prefent 
day. 

*  The  Pradices  which,  now,  more  particularly  diftinguilh  what,  for 
the  fake  of  perfpicuity,  I  have  denominated  the  Danmonian 
HusBANDRY,-~wilI  appear  in  the  following  detail :  fome  particulars 
of  which,  however,  are  common  to  the  four  mofl  Weflern  Counties; 
as  if  they  had  once  been  politically  united  ;  with  cufloms  diflindt  from 
thofe  of  the  reft  of  the  Ifland  :  the  particulars,  here  alluded  to,  re- 
lating to  matters  of  Policy,  rather  than  to  Agriculture, 

«  The  CULTIVATION  OF  COMMONABLE  LANDS  IS,  I  belxeve» 
peculiar  to  this  extremity  of  the  Ifland. 

*  The  LIFE-LEASEHOLD  TENURE,  though  uot  pccuHar  to  the 
Weft  of  England,  is  the  moft  prevalent  within  it. 

*  TTie  uniform  prcvalency  of  small  farms  mark  it,  in  a  iimilar 
manner. 

*  The  lingular  management  of  coppice  wood,  which  has 
been  defcribcd,  is  common,  and  perhaps  peculiar,  to  the  Department 
in  view. 

'  The  extraordinajy  fences  of  this  part  of  the  Ifland  mark  it 
moft  difcriminately — common  and  peculiar  to  the  Peninfula !  even 
to  this  day !  I 

'  Earthen  walls,  though  not  peculiar  to  the  Weft  of  Eng- 
land, are  in  no  other  quarter  of  the  Ifland  carried  up  fo  high,  and  fo 
fttbftantially,  as  in  this. 

«  The  circumftance  of  having  no  fixed  places  of  hiring,  or  ftated 
times  of  changing,  farm  servants,  is,  1  believe^  peculiar  to  the 
Dore  Weftem  Counties. 

C c  3  'The 


^66     Macfliiiri  Rural  Rconomj  of  thi  TVeJkofEnglofuU 

*  The  practice  of  putting  out  the  children  of  paupers  to  ^umen. 
as  APPRENTicp.s  IN   HUSBANDRY,  i$»  SLS  an  eftabtifhcd  cu&oa 

likewife,  peculiar  to  this  part  of  the  IHand. 

*  That  ofperiorming  carriage  on  horsesack,  may  now  be 
{aid  to  belong  to  this  extreme  part  of  the  Ifland,  only.  £ven  in  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  it  is  in  a  manner  laid  afide. 

*  Many  or  moft  of  the  implements  and  tools  of  this  Peaio- 
fula  are  peculiar  to  it. 

'  The  pra£licc  of  B u r  N I N c  beat  (by  veiling,  harrowing«&c.]» 
for  wheat  and  tnrneps,  is  likcwife  peculiar  lo  this  Peninfula. 

'  In  the  MANAGEMENT  OF  LiM E— as  in feparacing  ti:^ {lones ui 
aihes;  mi%ing  it  with  earth  ;  as  well  as  the  manner  of  fpreading  itot 
the  land, — this  part  of  the  Jfland  differs  widely  from  the  reft. 

*  In  the  HARVEST  management,  we  meet  with  many  fiogobr 
traits  of  pradice.  The  Arrifh  Mow  appears  to  be  common  to  ik$ 
Peninfula, — even  to  its  outfkirts. 

'  Housingstacks,  by  hand»  though  petty,  is  peculiar.  Aad 
WINNOWING,  in  the  open  air,  though  once,  doubtlefs,  the  unireriil 
prsL&icc,  is  now  peculiar  to  Devonfhire  and  Cornwall ;  I  mean^  as  tk§ 
prevailing  pra^^ice  of  an  extenfive,  well  foiled^  cultivated  Country. 

'  The  method  ofTHRASHiNCWHEAT,  without  bruifing  the  ftrav, 
is  peculiar  to  the  more  Wedern  Counties :  with^  however,  a  nocahk 
difference  that  has  been  mentioned. 

*  In  the  Management  of  particular  Crops,  the  sowing  ov 
WHEAT  is  the  moil  remarkable.  But  the  culture  of  turkeps 
m^y,  at  this  day,  beconfidered  as  almofl  equally  extraordinary. 

*  The  temporary  ley,  of  five  or  fix  years,  though  not  peco« 
liar  to  this  Peninfula ;  yet  marks  it,  very  difcriminately,  from  tht 
other  Wcdern  and  Southern  Counties. 

'  Watering  the  slopes  of  hills,  though  not  ancommoB. 
at  prefent ;  yet,  a  century  ago,  it  was  probably  confined  to  this  point 
of  the  J  (land  ;  and  is,  at  this  time,  nowh«'re  el(e  fo  prevalent. 

'  By  its  ORCHARD  GROUNPS^  tliis  Department  of  th^e  IHand  is 
mod  difcriminately  marked. 

«  By  the  purity  of  its  Breed  of  cattle,  which  though  notj^/- 
£ifieally  peculiar  to  this  Department,  are  evidently  a  diliind  Farietj; 
whicb«  in  al!  human  probability,  have  defcended,  lineally^  and  witlioat 
acSmixture,  from  the  native  breed. 

*  The  fatting  of  GRASS  calves,  though  not  peculiar  to  this  part 
of  the  Jfland,  being  likewife  common  in  Norfolk,  may  ne  vcr  the  left  ba 
confidered  as  a  diftin£t  pra^lice;  as,  in  the  intcrfpace  of  two  hundred 
sniles,  which  feparates  them,  I  have  not  obferved  it,  in  th^oidinary 
pradlice  of  Farmers. 

*  The  fingular  method  of  raising  cream,  which  is  pradifed  ia 
this  Country,  may  be  called  its  own. 

*  The  BLEEDING  of  grown  cattle,  for  the  SLAuaHTER,  I 
have  not  met  with,  out  of  this  Department. 

'  The  praAice  of  keeping  swine  to  two  or  three  years  oTd,  and 
the  method  of  tatting  them,  are  p*  culiar  to  this  Country.  That  of 
boiling  their  food,  and  of  letting  all  the  females  remain  in  a.^tcof; 
fecandity,  may  likewife  be  mentioned  as  peculiarities. 

•  The 


Dr,  fiitiiUj's  Experiments  and  ()hfervathnsy  ^c.      367^' 

♦  TKc^  Moiin^ain  shebf  of  this  part  of  the  Ifland,  appear  to  be 
peccAiaY  to  it.  Tho(e  of  the  Mcndip  Hills  I  have  not  had  an  oppor- 
iutihy  of  examihing. 

'  In  tfie  sit^PHEKDiKC  of  (heep^  we  have' feen  fome  (IftkiDg^ 
traiu  of  prance. 

<  And  the  pradiceoFsHEAHiNC  (heep,  without  previouQy  wash* 
INC  their  wool,  is  at  prefient  peculiar  to  a  rart  of  this  Peninfala. 

'  In  this  detail  of  peculiarities,  we  find  njany  which  cannot  owe 
their  origin  to  the  firft  civilized  poiTefTors.  But  what-ihikes  us  molt-, 
forcibly^  in  examining  it,  is,  that  in  the  lapfe  of  centuries,  its  Rural 
Pradices  Ihbuld  not  have  aifimilated,  more  freely,  with  thofe  of  the 
Ifland' at  large:* 

At  ihei  end  of  vol.  i.  a  Lift  of  Provincialifn[\s  of  Weft  De- 
vonlhtre  is  given,  which  will  amufe  the  philologift  }  ancj  i^  the 
pfbvihcialifais  of  every  county  were  collected,  arranged  under 
one  alphabet,  and  publifhed,  an  ufeful  provincial  travelling 
dictionary  would  thus  be  formed. 

By  tHbfe  rural  reports,  Mr.  Marfhall  has  enabled  one  county 
to  avail  itfelf  of  the  pra^ice  of  other  counties,  and  has  done 
much  towards  exciting  a  tafte  for  farming  and  agricultural  im« 
proVement;  which,  ir  not  fo  lucrative  as  foreign  commerce, 
and  large  manufa£lories,  is  more  propitious  to  what  is  prefer- 
able to  wtz\ih'~a/ound  mind  in  a  found  body* 


AlLT.  If.  Experiments  and  Oh/ervationt  relating  to  the  Analyji$  of  At* 
mofperical  Air  \  alfo,  farther  Experiments  relating  to  the  Genera- 
tion  of  Air  from  Water.  Read  before  the  Amerian  Philofophica[ 
Society,  Feb.  5  and  19,  1796;  and  printed  in  their  Tran factions ^ 
To  which  are  added,  Conficierations  on  theDodrinc  of  PhJogillon  ■ 
and  the  D.compofition  of  Water,  addrcffed  to  MefTrs.  Berthollet' 
&c.  By  Jofeph  Prieftley,  LL.D.  F.R.S.  &c.  8vo.  pp.60.  2«* 
Printed  at  Pniladelphia ;  reprinted  in  London,  for  Johnfon.     1796' 

^17H1LE  the  pcffpicuity,  the  fimplicity,  and  the  elegance  of 
^^  the  chemical  theory  of  the  French  fchool  have,  with 
unparalleled  rapidity,  filenced  or  fubdued  almoft  univerfally  the 
voice  of  oppofition,— it  may  excite  furprife  that  a  pnilofopher 
of  real  eminence,  whofe  di (cover ies  have  fo  maicrially  con- 
tributed to  produce  that  revolution,  and  whole  bold  and  liberal 
genius  never  (tartlcd  at  the  profped^  of  innovation,  /houid  re- 
main pelrtinactoufly  attached  to  the  language  and  the  leading 
principles  of  the  antient  fyftem.  Yet,  without  daring  to  al- 
lege unworthy  motives,  without  prefuming  to  infinuate  the  na- 
tural efTedt  of  jealoufy  at  the  fuccefs  of  opinions  advanced  by> 
his  rivals  .in  fcience,  we  can  perceive  reafons  fufficient  to  pre- 
vent Dr.  Prieftley  from  acquiefcing  in  decifions  which  have 
convinced  the  generality  of  men.  The  degree  of  evidence 
which  the  queilion  adaiits  comes  far  ibort  of  mathematical 

C  c  4  demoa« 


368         Dr.  Pricftlcy  V  Experitntnts  and  OtfefvatiiMS 

demonftration ;  and  every  attempt  to  unfold  the  coiiftitutioB  cf 
bodies  h  unavoidably  rubje£i  to  contradi£lion  and  uncertaintT. 
So  involved  are  the  corpurcular  elements,  and  To  variable  toe 
powers  which  conned  them,  that  it  exceeds  human  capacity 
perhaps  to  eft  i mate  the  feparate  efFeds,  and  to  affign  the  dif« 
t\n6k  limits,  of  each  collateral  operation.  Few  chemical  ana* 
lyfes,  if  any,  afford  the  iimple  produfts  to  which  theory  is 
conftantly  diredled ;  and,  in  reviewing  the  procefs,  to  feciude 
thofe  adjunAs  which  are  not  eflSntial  to  the  refult,  and  which 
influence  without  changing  the  main  event,  requires  uncommoa 
fagacity  and  precaution.  The  difficulty  increafes  extremely, 
when  the  iflue  depends  on  thf  nice  confideration  of  elaftic  fluidi, 
— fubfiances  fo  peculiarly  fubtile  and  fugacious.  In  Aich  cafes, 
the  experienced  obferver,  before  he  ventures  to  adopt  any  novel 
opinion,  will  be  inclined  to  paufe  and  deliberate.  Dr.  Prieftlcy 
began  his  career  of  difcovery  when  the  dodirine  of  StabI  was 
firmly  embraced  by  the  whole  learned  world  ;  it  readily  «• 
plained  and  connected,  in  a  manner  at  lead  apparently  iatisfac- 
tory,  thofe  new  and  brilliant  fa£ls  which  continued  to  prefent 
themfelves  to  his  refearches  ;  it  was  thus  dilated  by  his  pro- 
grefs,  it  was  aflbciated  with  all  his  fuccefsful  labours,  and  at 
length  it  became  endeared  to  his  imagination.  Even  the  vague 
nature  of  phlogifton,  which  refufes  to  fubmit  to  the  cognizance 
of  the  fenfes,  might  conciliate  the  paffionate  admirer,  by  the 
facility  with  which  it  is  ihence  calculated  to  explain»  however 
darkly,  every  phaenomenon  fubmitted  to  examination. 

We  will  not  diiTemble  that  the  Lavoifierian  fyftem,  with  ail 
its  fymmetry  and  elegance,  is  pregnant  with  notable  defedi; 
that  it  aflumes  points  not  (Iridily  fupported  by  evidence  ;  that  it 
often  refls  on  analogies  drained  beyond  the  proper  bounds  ;  that 
ittacitly  adopts  certain  principles  which  are  commonly  received 
indeed  among  chemifls,  but  which  are  repugnant  to  accurate 
dynamics ;  and  that  it  employs  a  nomenclature  which  is  not 
always  the  fimple  annunciation  of  fadls,  nor  fitted  to  become 
the  general  language  of  fcience.  Still  we  are  convinced  that 
the  modern  chemiftry  infinitely  excels  the  hypothefis  of  phlo- 
giflon,  in  every  modified  form  that  this  has  lately  aiTumcd.  its 
humbled  merit  is  to  rcprcfent  to  the  memory  a  mod  extenfive 
feries  of  fafls  reduced  to  luminous  order  j  the  fpirit  of  accuracy 
and  precifion,  which  pervades  it,  contains  the  germ  of  perpetual 
difcovery  and  improvement ;  and  if  it  be  dedined  to  undergo 
the  fate  of  preceding  theories,  it  will  at  lead  have  prepared  the 
way  for  the  true  fydem  of  corpufcular  philofophy,and  will  be  ever 
regarded  as  one  of  the  lined  monuments  of  human  genius.  On 
the  prefent»  as  on  fome  former  occafions,  we  fhall  therefore  feel 
ourfelves,  for  the  mod  part,  difpofed  to  differ  in  opinion  from 


rikting  t$  th§  Andy  jit  •/  Jtmofpbirkat,  Jir*  369 

Dr.  Prieftley :  but  we  hope  to  exercjfe  our  judgment  with  that 
candour  which  is  infeparable  from  the  unalloyed  love  of  truth. 
The  importance  of  the  fubjefl,  and  the  refped  due  to  the  au- 
thor,  may  tempt  us  to  tranfgrcfs  the  limits  commonly  prefcrtbed 
to  publications  of  To  fmall  a  compafs. — The  pamphlet  confifts 
of  three  diftin<9  parts,  which  (hall  be  feparately  examined  : 

I .  Experiments  and  Ohfervatiom  relating  to  the  Analyfu  cf  At* 
mt/pheric  Air, ^In  the  ordinary  procefles  for  analyiing  atmof- 
plicric  air.  Dr.  Prieftley  believes  that  phlogifton  is  emitted  and 
unites  with  the  pure  portion  of  the  air,  to  form,  according  to 
circumftances,  azotic  or  carbonic  gas.  Iron  filings  and  ful- 
phufy  moiftened  with  a  little  water,  occafion  a  ftrong  and  offen- 
five  fmell  ^  which  evinces  that  Jomething  is  really  evolved. 
After  the  air  indofed  with  that  mixture  has  fufFered  its  utmoft 
diminution,  it  begins  to  increafe  in  bulk,  from  the  addition  of 
hydrogenous  gas.  The  fame  tSc&  obtains  likewifc  in  certaia 
other  kinds  of  gas,  and  Dr.  P.  would  extend  it  even  to  the 
cafe  in  which  the  exhaling  fubftance  is  placed  in  vacuo.  He 
therefore  conceives  that  the  principle  of  inflammability  is  con- 
ftantlj  emitted  from  the  fulphur  and  iron  filings,  that  the  firfl 
portions  are  confumed  in  faturating  the  refpirable  part  of  theair^ 
and  that  the  fubfequent  portions  appear  in  a  feparate  form.— 
Such  reafonings  muft  be  deemed  loofe  and  inconclufiv^.  That 
the  azotic  and  carbonic  gafes,  fo  diftind  in  all  their  properties, 
(hould  refult  from  the  union  of  the  fame  elements,  i^  a  con- 
je^lure  highly  improbable.  If  the  different  proportions  of  the 
ingredients  occafion  thofe  productions,  why  not  generate  all 
the  intermediate  (hades  ?  It  is  certain  that  the  fulphur  and 
iron  filings  gain  an  accellion  of  weight  equal  to  what  is  loft  by 
the  included  air  ;  and  confequently,  allowing  that  fomewhat 
exhales  from  the  mixture,  this  cannot  be  judged  to  afFed  the 
main  refult.  The  difFufion  of  fmcIl  indicates  the  folutiop  of 
odorous  matter  in  the  atmofphere.  Perhaps  the  air  difTol^s  a 
minute  portion  of  the  fulphur,  partially  acidified  To  decide 
the  quefiion  would  require  a  very  delicate  analyfis.  Sulphur, 
even  in  ordinary  temperatures,  will  (lowly  decompofe  water. 
The  prefence  of  iron  may  promote  that  operation,  and  the  hy- 
drogenous gas  thus  evolved  may  iflue  faturated  with  fulphur. 

A  new  method  which  Dr.  Prieftley  employed  to  phlogijiicate 
the  air,  as  he  terms  the  procefs,  was  by  heating  charred  bones* 
under  a  receiver,  by  means  of  a  burning  glafs.  The  bones 
became  white,  without  any  increafe  of  weight,  but  fometimes 
with  a  fmall  diminution  ;  the  air  was  rendered  perfectly  azotic, 
occafioned  a  copious  precipitation  from  lime-water,  and  had 
loft  15  or  16  percent,  of  its  bulk,  inftead  of  27,  which  the 
^eory  of  Lavoiiier  might  lead  us  to  expedt     Thci'e  cft'cds  are 

wholly 


37^  ^''*  Prieftley  V  txpertmertts  and  Ohfervaitmt 

wholly  arcrif>cd  to  the  black  matter  or  phlogifton  of  the  l>onff. 
It  muft,  however,  be  ackoowfcgcd  that  of  che  real  nature  of 
charred  bone  we  are  in  a  great  meafure  ignorant ;  nor  are  we 
yet  prepared  fafely  to  draw  any  conclufions  froiYi  the  phznc 
inena  which  it  exhibits.  The  black  matter  fcems  to  have  been 
«»pclled  by  the  heat,  for  a  fmoke  was  obfcrved  to  rife  ;  and 
being  a  fort  of  carbone  or  foot,  it  might  partly  unite  to  the  re- 
Ipirable  portion  of  the  air,  and  thus  occafion  the  calcareous  pre- 
cipitate, while  the  remainder  of  that  air  would  be  abforbed  by 
the  ftibrtance  of  the  bones :  —  hence  thefe  could'  fufFrr  little  fa* 
riation  of  weight,  the  gain  on  the  one  hand  generally  cooipenf- 
ating  for  the  lofs  on  the  other.  As  two  diflindl  operations 
may  fairly  be  attributed  to  the  calcination  of  the  bones,  we  can- 
jiot  expe£l  that  the  refujts  fbould  correfpond  with  the  analyfif 
of  the  French  chemifts.  Yet  the  difference  is  not  fo  great  as 
Dr.  Prieftley  ftates  it ;  for  the  bulk  of  the  azotic  gas,  of  wbicb 
the  denfity  is  inferior  to  that  of  atmofperic  air,  ought  to  be  di- 
miniihed  in  the  proportion  of  i6  to  15,  which  leaves  20  or  21 
per  tent,  as  the  quantity  of  oxygenous  gas  abforbed  by  the 
bones  ;  the  fmall  refiduum  united  itfeif  probably  with  the'charry 
matter  exhaled  from  them* 

Similar  experiments  were  made  with  fmali  po?ifhed  fteel 
needles.  Thefe  turned  blue  by  heating  ;  the  inclofcd  air  loft 
about  20  per  cent,  of  its  bulk,  became  azotic,  and  afforded  a 
very  (light  precipitate  from  lime-water.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
change  of  colour  was  owing  to  partial  oxydation  :  but  the  car- 
bone  which  enters  fo  intimately  into  \he  compofition  of  fteel, 
being  lefs  copioudy  difengaged,  produced  not  efFeds  equal  to 
thofe  in  ihe  cafe  of  black  bones.  A  vapour  was  however  ob- 
ferved  to  rife,  and  a  minute  portion  of  the  air  was  carbonated. 
The  fame  redudtion  being  made  gives  25  per  cent,  for  the  pro- 
portion of  oxygene  imbibed  by  the  fteel,  differing  very  httic 
from  the  eftimation  of  the  French  chemifts. 

In  vain,  however,  do  we  look  for  any  perfeft  agreement 
among  the  produ^s  of  different  analyfes.  No  complete  de« 
compofition  can  ever  be  cffeded  by  chemical  agents  ^  and  the 
foltcitude,  which  experimenters  betray  in  attempts  to  reconcile 
the  fecmingdifcrepancy  of  their  refults,  only  proceeds  from  the 
inaccurate  conceptions  that  prevail  of  the  precife  nature  of  #^- 
finity  or  eietiive  attrnSlion,  A  little  refleflion  will  convince  us 
ihat  the  piepoilent  forces,  which  decide  the  arrangement  of  the 
elementary  particle^,  and  change  the  conf^itution  of  bodies, 
cannot  be  uniform  nor  permanent.  While  a  fubftance  gradually 
attaches  and  affimilates  matter  of  another  fpecies,  the  power  by 
which  this  combination  is  formed  muft  diminifh  in  proportion 
as  the  procefs  advanced )— and  hence,  when  the  aflion  becomes 

5  fo 


rdaiing  U  th$  Jnalyfa  $f  Jinufpbgrical  Air.  379 

fo  Tinbly  languid  near  the  point  of  faturation^  the  fmalleft  at. 
trafiive  forces  may  balance  again  ft  fucb  as  were  greatly  fitperior 
at  firft,  and  may  thus  modify  the  general  effied^  Such  forces' 
muft  always  prevail.  Where  feveral  different  fubftaaces  arr 
brought  within  the  limits  of  mutual  operation,  that  aflertion  is 
ilidifputable :  but  it  is  equally  founded  in  the  fimpleft,  cafe  ol 
folurion  :  for,  when  a  chemical  union  takes  place  betweeo  twa 
bodies,  three  diiiin£l  powers  are  developed  ;  one  that  conm?£)s 
together  the  ingredients  of  the  new  compound,  and  two  others 
that  attra£t  thefi:  ingredients,  each  towards  the  proper  mafs  from^ 
which  it  was  detached. — As  the  difcuflxon  of  this  curious  fub- 
jed,  however,  would  lead  us  beyond  our  prefent  defign,  we  will 
only  obferve  that  chemiftry  is  likely  to  receive  its  ultimate  im- 
^ovement  from  an  approximation  of  its  principles  to  thofe  of< 
rational  mechanics. 

To  prove  that  the  azotic  gas  is  compofed  of  phlogifton  and) 
refpirabb  air.  Dr.  Pricfiley  produces  an  experiment  which  we* 
cannot  regard  as  conclufive.  He  filled  equal  parts  of  pure  and 
inflammable  airs  in  a  bladder,  which  he  left  floating  on  water ; 
after  a  fortnight,  he  found«  on  examining  it,  that  the  gas  was< 
confiderably  diminiihed  and  become almoft  wholly  az>tic.: — but 
it  has  been  Oiewo  by  Du  Prieftley  himfelf,  that  airs  a£l  on  each, 
other  through  a  wet  membranous  medium.  The  mixed  gafer,. 
particularly  the  hydrogenous,  might  then  be  gradually  diifipated: 
or  interchanged  with  the  external  air,  while  the  animal  fub* 
fiance  of  the  bladder  would  prufufelv  fupply  azote. 

As  a  confirmation  of  his  opinion.  Dr.  Prieflley  mentions  that 
hydrogenous  gas,  confined  fome  months  with  ruAcd  iron,  fufltrs 
a  great  diminution,  iofes  its  inflammability,  and  deepens  the- 
colour  of  the  rud.  That  the  hydrogene  was  abfof  bed,  and  thus 
partially  revived  the  metal,  cannot  be  reasonably  doubted.  It 
may  have  joined  the  oxygene  of  the  ruit,  to  form  water:  -but 
ruft  does  not  contain  oxygene  alone,  as  Dr.  Prieftley  infinuates. 
By  long  expofure  to  the  atmoiphere,  it  is  found  to  imbibe  the 
carbonic  and  azotic  gafes.  '1  he  laft  of  thefe  was  probably 
again  diflodged  under  the  receiver. 

Our  judicious  pbilofopher  remarks,  (hat  the  contradion  oc« 
cafioaed  by  the  mixture  of  nitrous  and  atmofpheric  airs  is  much 
increafed  by  agitation,  and  flill  more  by  reft  and  long  contact. 
One  hundred  parts  in  bulk  of  each  of  theic  were  reduced,  oa 
mixing*  to  125,  and  by  agitation,  to  lOi  ;  they  continued  to 
diminifh,  and,  after  a  month,  occupied  only  65  parts.  This 
iA  does  not  materially  afTcft  either  hypotheiis,  but  it  con- 
firms the  opinion  which  we  have  repeatedly  expreflcd  ;  namely, 
that  the  ordinary  tefts  afford  no  precile  indication  ot  the  purity 
of  the  air.     The  acid  which  is  precipitated  irom  the  mixture  of 

thffe 


372  Dr.  Prieftley *x  Bxpirimenii  and  Obfervaii$n$ 

thefe  two  gares  is  of  a  conftitution  extremeljr  variable.  It  it 
fbrnetioies  limpid  and  inodorous  ;  at  other  times  it  is  red»  and 
exhales  in  pungent  vapours ;  and  between  thefe  dates  are  nu- 
merous fhades.  The  union  of  the  nitrous  gas  with  the  oxy* 
gene  of  the  atmofpheric  air  Teems,  in  ordinary  cafes,  to  be 
llowly  cffe£led,  and  the  acid  thereby  formed  begins  to  attrafi 
azote. 

!•  Farther  Experiments  relating  to  the  Generation  of  Air  frm, 
Watir. — On  a  former  occafion  *,  we  ventured  to  maintain,  ia 
oppofition  to  Dr.  Prieftley,  that  the  air  procured  from  water 
by  the  joint  influence  of  the  application  of  heat,  and  the  re- 
moval of  atmofpheric  prefTure,  was  not  really  generated,  but 
merely  diflodged,  from  the  water  with  which  it  is  naturally 
combined.  The  additional  obfervations  now  produced  tend  to 
ilrengthcn  that  opinion.  Repeated  attempts  ^ere  made  to 
convert  the  whole  of  a  given  portion  of  water  into  air,  bgc 
without  the  fmalleft  fuccefs.  Dr.  P.  candidly  confefles  that, 
after  continued  operations,  the  minute  difcharge  of  air  comes 
to  its  maximum ;  which  feems  to  con  trad  i£^  the  equable  pro- 
dudion  defcribed  in  his  firft  publication.  Nor  is  it  altogether 
confident  that  water  fliould  imbibe  mod  eagerly  the  pure  in- 
gredient of  the  atmofpheric  air,  and  yet  part  with  it  again  the 
moft  freely.  We  fufpeA  fome  inaccuracy  in  the  experi- 
ment. 

Being  enabled  by  thefe  procefles  to  purge  the  water  pretty 
completely  of  its  air.  Dr.  Prieftley  was  induced  to  try  the  eflfed 
of  making  it  imbibe  various  gafes,  and  of  re-expelling  thefe  by 
heat.  No  remarkable  refult,  however,  was  obtained.  It  wtt 
cxpeSed  that  the  oxygenous  and  hydrogenous  gafes  would 
unite  in  the  water,  to  form  the  azotic  gas :  but  they  were 
again  difcharged  without  fufFering  any  change  of  conftitution. 

Dr.  Prieftley  had  difcovered  that  fpirit  of  wine  is  convertible, 
by  a  red  heat,  or  by  the  ele£^ric  fpark,  into  inflammable  air. 
lie  now  ihews  a  method,  perhaps  more  fimple,  of  producing 
that  efFed,  by  taking  off  the  preflure  of  the  atmofphere  with 
the  application  of  only  a  moderate  degree  of  heat.  In  a  flew 
minutes,  the  quantity  of  gas  procured  will  exceed  ten  or  twenty 
times  the  bulk  of  the  liquid.  The  firft  portions  of  gas  are  the 
pureft,  and  the  fubfcquent  appear  to  contain  a  mixture  of 
azote. 

3.  Con/idtrations  on  the  DoSfrine  ofPhlogifton  and  the  Decompo* 
ftion  o/ff^ater.^^Th'ii  traft  is  addreffcd  to  Mcflrs.  Berthollet,ue 
la  Place,  Monge,  Morveau,  Fourcroy,  and  HafTenfratz,  the  fur- 
viving  anfwerersof  Mr.  Kirwan.     1  he  dedication  is  conceived 

*  See  M.  Rev.  vol.  xv.  N.  S.  p.  380. 

in 


nlaling  to  the  Analyfn  of  Atmofpbmcal  Air.  373 

in  a  drain  of  good-humour  and  even  of  pieafantry.  He  invites 
tbofe  eminent  cheroifts  to  anfwer  his  objections,  and  teils  them 
that,  if  they  be  as  fuccefsful  as  in  their  reply  to  Mr.  Kir* 
wan,  their  power  will  be  univerfally  eflabliflied,  without  a 
Vindii  in  their  dominions.  His  conhdence  in  the  phlogiftic 
theories  feems  now  to  be  rather  impaired,  and  his  attacks  are 
direAed  with  fome  hcfitation  againft  the  luminous  fyftem  of 
Lavoifier: 

*  This  fyfiem  (he  obfcrves)  had  hardly  been  pubiiftied  in  France, 
before  the  principal  pliilofophers  and  chemifls  of  England,  notivith- 
ftanding  the  rival (h^p  which  has  long  Tub fi (led  between  the  two 
couotrics,  eagerly  adopted  ic.  Dr.  black  in  Edinburgh,  and  as  far 
as  I  hear  all  the  Scots,  have  dcclarfd  tiiemfclves  converts,  and  wbac 
u  more,  the  fame  has  been  done  by  Mr.  K  rwan,  who  wrote  a  pretty 
large  treatife  in  oppofition  to  it.  The  Englifh  reviewers  of  books,  £ 
percHve,  univerfally  favour  the  new  doArine.  In  America  alfo,  I 
kear  of  nothing  elfe.  It  is  tnuj^ht,  I  believe,  in  all  .the  fchools  on 
this  continent,  and  the  old  fyilem  is  entirely  exploded.  And  now  that 
Dr.  Crawford  is  dead,  I  hardly  know  any  perfon,  except  my  friends 
of  the  Lunar  Society  at  Birmingham,  who  adhere  to  the  dodlrine  of 
pbkigifton ;  and  what  may  now  be  the  cafe  with  them,  in  this  age  of 
levohitions,  philofophical  as  well  as  civil,  I  will  not  at  this  diflance 
anfwer  for. 

'  It  is  DO  doubt  time,  and  of  courfe  opportunity  of  examination,  and 
diicuffion,  that  gives  (lability  to  any  principles.  But  this  new  theory 
hu  not  only  kept  its  ground,  but  has  been  conflantly  and  uniformly 
advancing  in  reputation,  more  than  ten  years ;  which,  as  the  attention 
of  ib  many  perfons,  the  bed  judges  of  every  thing  relating  to  the  fub- 
jeA,  has  been  unremittingly  given  to  it,  is  no  inconfiderable  period. 
fivery  year  of  the  lafl  twenty  or  thirty  has  been  of  more  importance 
to  fcience,  and  efpecialiy  to  chemiilry,  than  any  ten  in  the  preceding 
centary.  So  firmly  ellablifhed  has  this  new  theory  been  confiderecH 
that  a  ttrw  nomtnciature,  entirely  founded  upon  it,  has  been  invented^ 
aid  is  now  almoU  in  univerfal  ufe ;  fo  that  whether  we  adopt  the  new 
fyftem  or  not,  we  are  under  the  ncceflity  of  learning  the  new  lan- 
guage, if  we  would  underiland  fomc  of  the  moll:  valuable  of  modern 
pvbiications. 

'  Id  this  (late  of  things,  an  advocate  for  the  old  fyfiem  has  but  little 
profped  of  obtaining  a  patient  hearing.  And  yet,  net  having  fcen  fufH- 
cientreafon  to  change  my  opinion,  and  knowing  chat  frecdifculfion  mud 
always  be  favourable  to  the  caufe  of  truth,  1  wiih  to  make  one  appeal 
more  to  the  philofophical  world  on  the  Aibjed,  though  1  have  nothing 
BsUerially  new  to  advance.  For  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  what  £ 
have  obTerved  in  fe vera!  of  my  publications  has  not  been  duly  attend. 
^  to,  or  well  underftood.  1  fhall  therefore  endeavour  to  bring  into 
ooe  view  what  appears  to  me  to  be  of  the  preatell  weight,  avoiding 
aH extraneous  and  unimportant  matter;  and  perhaps  it  may  be  the 
B»cans  of  bringing  out  fomething  more  decilive  in  point  q\'  fa^  or  of 
argument f  than  has  hitherto  appeared.' 


274      Dr.VtiMtfi Experhmti'andObfinfatitm^  (sTc 

We  doubt  not  that  this  expedation  will  be  folly  accoa 
pYiOied,  and  we  fliall  therefore  confine  our' remarks  to  the 
ftriking  paflages. 

In  page  ^o,  Dr.  Prieftley  obfervcs  that  all  the  oxyds  of 
cury  are  not  capable  of  being  revived  by  fimple  heating ;  for 
calcined  turbith  mineral  does  not  change  into  running  mercury 
unlefs  heated  in  cont^fl  with  inflammable  air,  charcoal,  iroa 
filings,  or  whatever  is  fuppofed  to  contain  phlogifton.  He 
thence  concludes  that  fomething  more  obtains  than,  the  mere 
expulfion  of  oxygene,  and  that  phlogifton  aduallv  enters  into 
the  compofition  of  the  metal  : — but  it  is  plain  that  ihe  oxy* 
gene  of  the  calcined  turbith  mineral  is  retained  with  unufutl 
obftinacv,  by  means  of  the  highly  concentrated  fulphuric  acid 
which  dill  adheres  to  the  compound.  The  application  of  beat| 
by  communicating  elafticity  to  the  oxygene,  is  confequently  un- 
equal in  this  cafe  to  the  effort  of  decompofition  ;  fome  auxiliary 
forces  are  required,  fuch  as  thofe  powerful  attra<5tions  which 
the  fubftances  above  recited  manifeft  to  oxygene. 

The  new  theory  reprefents  the  hydrogene  gas  obtaiited  from 
the  folution  of  iron  in  dilute  fu!phuiic  acid,  as  derived  froa 
the  decompofition  of  the  water : — but  it  is  obferved,  at  p.  44, 
that  water  contains  feven  pans  of  oxygene  for  one  of  hydro* 
gene.  In  courfe,  a  large  quantity  of  oxygene  muft  be  deve- 
loped, and  what  becomes  of  it?  With  the  acid  it  does  not 
combine,  for  no  increafe  is  perceived  in  the  ftrength.— I'be 
mod  obvious  reply  is  chat  the  oxygene  unites  to  the  iron.  —Yet 
Dr.  Prieftley  rejoins,  that  the  compound  of  iron  and  oxygene 
muft  be  a  fort  or  finery  cinder,  which  is  incapable  of  diflblviag 
in  fulphuric  acid.  This  argument  cannot,  however,  be  deem- 
ed valid.  It  is  not  a  Angle  force  that  is  concerned  ;  and  that 
which  two  forces  are  unable  to  perform,  a£ting  feparately,  may 
be  accompliflied  by  their  joint  operation. 

Becaufe  finery  cinder  and  mafficot,  heated  in  hydrogenous  gas, 
are  revived  without  the  produdion  of  carbonic  gas,  it  is  conclud- 
ed (p.  48,)  that  they  are  fimilar  fubftances,  and  that  neither  of 
them  contains  any  portion  of  oxygene.  The  latter  aflertion  is 
founded  on  a  belief  that  all  the  oxygene,  previoufly  contained 
in  the  minium,  was  expelled  by  the  tntenfe  heat  emplo}ed  to 
convert  it  into  mafficot.  That  opinion  is  at  beft  a  mere  af- 
fumption.  It  is  more  agreeable  to  analogy  to  fuppofe  that  the 
minium  firft  difcharged  the  carbonic  gas  which  it  had  abforbed 
from  the  atmofphere,  and  then  a  part  of  its  oxygene,  while 
the  reft  was  held  by  an  augmented  force.  It  is  hence  eafy  10 
conceive  why  minium  diffiers  from  mafficot  in  yielding  carbonic 
gas. 

On 


Ward'/  Enquiry  inti  the  Law  of  Nations  in  Europim    375 

On  taking  leave  of  this  temperate  performance,  we  are 
happy  in  expreffing  our  opinion  that  Dr.  Prieftley  has  (hewn  in 
it  more  attention  to  afcertain  the  precife  meafures  of  the  reAiIta 
than,  perhaps,  in  any  of  his  former  publications.  We  regard 
it  as  a  favourable  fign  of  his  approaching  converfton  to  the 
cfaemitlry  of  the  new  fchool. 


Avr.  III.  jin  Enquiry  into  the  Foundation  and  Uiftory  ^f  the 
Ltrw  •/  Nrntiont  in  Europe,  from  the  Time  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans*  to  the  Age  of  Grotius.  By  Robert  Ward  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  Efq.  fiarriiter  at  Law.  2  Vuls.  8vo.  15  s.  Boards. 
Botterworth.     1795- 

IT  has  been  a  frequent  reproach  to  Englifh  lawyers,  that, 
however  profound  and  extenfive  may  be  their  knowlege  of 
the  laws  and  conftitution  of  their  own  country,  they  are  re- 
markably ignorant  of  the  laws  and  confticutions  of  other 
countries,  and  are  little  acquainted  either  with  diplomatic  ju- 
rifprudence,  or  with  the  law  of  nations.  In  almoH'  every  other 
art  and  fcience,  England  has  produced  authors  whofe  works 
bold  a  diilingutflied  rank  in  the  republic  of  letters  :  but  fhc  his 
fiercely  given  birch  to  one  writer  on  general  law,  whole  works 
are  cited  out  of  her  own  courts  of  jullice,  or  read  by  tne  learned 
of  other  nations.  Lord  Bolinghroke,  who  fonictimes  took  a 
picafure  in  expofing  the  defeats  of  his  countrymen,  has,  oa 
nore  than  one  occafion,  made  this  remark  in  his  writings. 

We  have  now  before  us,  howtvcr,  a  work  on  the  law  of  na- 
tkxis  chat  may,  perhaps,  contribute  much  towards  redeeming 
MS  from  this  reproach. 

Mr.  Ward  commences  his  labours  bv  cndeavouiing;  to  fettle 
theexaA  import  of  the  expreflion,  the  Law  of  Nmlons^  and  by 
pointing  out  the  real  founda:iori  o^  that  law.  The  author  ad* 
mits  that  the  law  of  nature  forms  a  part  of  it :  but,  obferviog 
(to  ufe  his  own  expreilions)  'how  difcordant  the  opinions  of 
many  are,  upon  the  ramifications  of  the  law  of  na:urc,  he  con- 
cluded it  to  be  neceflary,  that  the  foundation  of  the  Jaw  <d 
nations  fiiould  be  fomethin?  more  fixed  and  definite:  and  there- 
fore,  in  addition  to  the  !av/  cf  nature,  not  with  a  view  to  re- 
jtft  it,  he  holds  revealed  religion,  and  the  moral  fyttcm  en- 
grafted upon  it,  to  be  the  fjre(t  foundation.'  ttk 

To  this  conclufion,  in  the  extcnlive  terms  in  which  the 
author  expreflcs  it,  we  cannot  ailent.  VVe  admit  that,  where 
Countries  are  united  in  the  manner  mentioned  by  Mr.  Ward, 
their  law  of  nations  will  differ  from  the  law  of  nations  of  thoTe 
countries  which  have  not  the  fame  bond  of  union  : — but  every 
nation  is  a  child  of  nature,  and,  as  fuch,  is  bound  to  the  per- 
formance 


376     .Ward'i  Enquiry  int§  the  Law  tfNatms  in  Eurppi* 

formance  of  duties,  and  entitled  to  the  enjoyment  of  rights. 
Hence,  however,  nations  may  differ  among  themfelves,  cithrr 
in  conftitutions,  manners,  or  morals  :  hut  the  law  of  nature 
will  prevail  among  them  a;l,  and  will  ferve  them^  in  their  mutaal 
intercourfe,  for  a  bond  of  union  and  a  code  of  right  and  duty. 
Let  the  mod  refined  of  European  nations  treat  with  the  rudc'ft 
of  the  wild  tribes  of  America,  fome  general  principle  of  lav 
will  be  found,  to  which  each  will  appeal ;  and  which  each 
will  admit.  The  law  of  nature,  therefore,  muft  ferve  far  the 
law  of  nations,  to  all  tho^e  countries  which  have  no  other  lav. 
This  is,  in  fad,  admitted  by  Mr.  Ward,  when  be  acknowlcges 
that  the  law  of  nature  forms  a  part  of  the  law  of  nations.— 
For,  where  a  given  fet  of  nations  are  not  agreed  in  admitting  any 
other  law,  nothing  more  than  the  law  of  nature  will  remaio  to 
them,  and  it  muft  then  form  the  whole  code  of  their  law. 

The  author  then  treats  of  the  law  of  nations,  as  it  it  ob« 
ferved  by  the  Chriftian  world.  l*his  is  the  fubjed  of  the  firft 
three  chapters.  In  the  fourth,  he  endeavours  to  (hew  that  the 
law  of  nations  is  not  to  be  confidered  as  the  law  of  the  world, 
][)ut  only  as  the  law  of  particular  clafles  of  nations,  united  to- 
gether by  fimilar  religious  and  moral  inftitutions.  To  ihii 
pofition  alfo,  on  the  grounds  which  we  have  mentioned,  we  muft 
obje£).  In  the  fifch  chapter,  which  clofes  this  part  of  his  pub- 
lication, he  fhews  how  different  ciafles  of  nations  may  bedif- 
tinguifhed  ;  this  chapter  is,  in  our  opinion,  the  moft  import* 
ant  of  this  part  of  the  work  :  for,  though  we  think  that  the  au- 
thor has  difcovered  great  ingenuity  and  ability  in  his  inquiry 
into  the  foundation  of  the  law  of  nations,  yet  the  principles 
both  of  the  law  of  nature  and  of  the  law  of  nations  are  necef- 
farily  fo  broad,  that  it  is  extremely  difficult,  and  fometimes  ioi- 
pofliblr,  to  exprcfs  them  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  give  pcrfedly 
cli(lin«it  and  exadt  notions  of  the  ideas  which  they  are  defigned 
to  convey  ;  and  in  this  rcfpcd^,  writers  on  municipal  law  have 
greatly  the  advantage*  On  this  imperfedion  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions, Mr.  Ward  has  the  following  pertinent  remark  : 

'  As  the  principles  of  all  civil  and  municipal  laws  mufl  be  founded 
in  natural  realbn,  but  derive  the  form  and  manner  in  which  th?)r  are 
brought  into  ufc  from  pofitive  inlUcutions ;  fo  alfo  the  law  of  natiou 
mull  put  in  force  the  dicbtes  of  nature,  in  fomc  known  mode  agreed 
upon  by  all  who  conform  to  them.  The  only  difference  is,  that  in  tie 
one  cafe,  it  is  individuals  who  are.called  upon  to  fettle  the  mode;  ta 
the  other,  it  is  whole  nations  afling  through  the  organs  of  their  go- 
vernments; that  in  the  one,  almoft  every  thing  that  can  excrcifc  the 
judgment  of  an  individual  in  his  various  relations,  is  fettled  for  him 
by  written  law,  or  by  precedent  ;  while  among  ftates,  (from  their 
coii^parativcly  little  intercourfe  and  the  want  of  a  common  foverfi^^.n.) 

1  UiUcn 


Ward*/  £rtqmfy  inU  the  Law  df  Naiiom  in  Eurspe^     2l7 

■if  left  wkhout  preccdeni.  waFering,  as  accident*  or  whim-^*or 
Tying  idea*  of  natural  ju like,  may  dircdl.' 

He  then  proceeds  to  give  a  chronological  account  of  the  laij^r 
ot  nations  ^^  it  has  been  obfervcil  in  Europe:  of  the  ftrange 
ideis  that  were    formerly  enterMiricd   of  ic  j    of  ihe  gradual 

^Dges  which  cook  place  in  thofe  ideas,  and  (he  caufe<;of  tho£; 
cbdnges  j  together  with  the  improvemerMs  which  were  given 
to  them,  fo  a^  to  elevate  the  law  into  the  rank  of  the  fciences. 
He  begins  with  ihe  hiftory  of  the  law  of  nations  in  Europe  af 
observed  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  Alter  having  remarked, 
in  general  terms,  the  hii^h  eminence  whicti  the"  auained  in  art» 
sod  arrns^  be  thus  continues  i 

•  One  thing  however  was  wanting  to  the  per fcflioo  which,  had  they 
pofTcfled  ic,  they  would  probably  have  acquired ;  and  that  W2f,  the 
^  knowlege  of  the  doi^rinfs  of  a  religion  which,  whatever  may  be  it» 
K|^n:3  of  controvcrfy,  has  had  the  urviform  efTed*  wherever  it  ha» 
Htakrn  foo^  of  producing  a  more  equitable  notion  of  things,  and  a 
■  mil':^  of  nnanners. 

f      '  J I  y,  from  the  want  of  this  great  advantage,  we  may  obr 

ffrve  that  toe  people  in  qoeftion,  while  they  were  in  the  firft  fcalc  of 

eminence  in  almoll  all  other  rcfpefts,  fall  far  (hurt  of  their  poileriiy 

in  their  ideas  of  the  law  we  treat  of.     The  want  of  a  principle  fuffi- 

eicntly  binding  in  their  fchemes  of  morality,  had  a  palpable  effeift 

I       trpon  their  chara^lers  in  private  life;  and,  ns  might  be  expe^ed,  it 

I        traoifeircd  itfelf  into  the  fpirit  of  their  la^  of  nations.     However, 

I        therefore,   we  may  be  accuftorocd  to  hear  of  their  politcnefi,  their 

vU,  their  refinernenis  in  elegance,  or   their  knowlege  of  faws«  wc 

itd  upon  enquiry,  thai  their  politencfs,  while  it  iharpened  their  un- 

4cfftandingf,  had  no  effect  upon  their  hearts;  that  their  refinements 

were  for  the  moll  part  feofual ;  and  when  we  come  to  contemplate  the 

general  fcope  of  their  laws  of  war  and  peace,  they  will  be  ti>und  too 

efien  to  refemble  tiie  barbarians  they  defpifcd/ 

The  author  then  comes  to  the  period  at  which  Rome, 
*  With  heaviell  found,  a  giant  iUtuc  fell  ;*  CoLHrJS, 
and  he  draws  an  intereding,  but  f^ighiful^  piiBure  o(  that  cala* 
mitous  time*  After  having  given  a  fucctn£t  account  of  the 
iDajtims  and  morals  of  the  northern  nations,  he  obfervcs  that, 
with  fuch  morals  and  maxims,  •  their  law  of  nations  muft  have 
ten  far  different  from  that  comparatively  regular  one  of  the 
KomanS.  Thefc  rules  oi  right,  far  from  checking  their  dread- 
ful and  murderous  incltnaiions,  were  themfelves  fo  warped  and 
adapted  to  them,  rh.it  they  gzvt  them  frcfh  force/ 

He  then  gives  the  h^ftury  of  the  law  uf  nations  in  Europe, 
from  the  abuve  period  down  to  the  eleventh  century  j  and 
iie  afterward  purfues  it  to  the  15th*  He  £hcw:>  the  influ* 
twee  of  the  feudal  law,  and  afterward  that  of  chivalry^  on  tha 
law  of  cations  j  and  he  points  out  the  regularity  itid  impiove-' 
RzT.  Die.  1796'  Dd  m^M 


378     Ward*!  Enquiry  inti  the  Law  if  Nati$ni  in  BMnpts 

ment  which  it  received  from  the  inftitutions  of  chivalry  :  *  Is* 
ftitutions,  (he  fays^  which  have  long  gone  by,  and  faded  be- 
fore the  general  improvement  of  manners  which  time  bad 
brought  on.  In  the  ages  however  when  they  flouriflied,  iktj 
were  of  eflential  confequence  to  the  well  being  of  the  ^miuf 
and  as  far  as  they  went  fupplied  the  place  of  philofoflif 
iifelf/ 

A  confiderable  portion  of  the  work  is  employed  in  (hewing 
the  influence  of  Chriflianity,  and  the  ecclefiaftical  eftabiift- 
ments,  on  the  law  of  nations.  As  this  is  evidently  one  of  the 
mod  labored  parts  of  the  performance,  we  fliall  infert  Mr. 
Ward's  leading  obfervations  on  the  influence  of  Cbriftianityr 
particularly  as  they  exhibit  a  fair  fpecimen  of  the  nature  aid 
general  execution  of  the  work.    (  Vol.IL  Chap.  XIII.) 

'  The  law  of  nations  being  founded  in  a  great  meafare  apQi 
the  fyflems  of  morality,  gocd  or  bad,  purfaed  by  certain  fets  of 
clafles  of  people ;  and  religion  being  ever/  where  the  ground-work 
of  the  morality  obfcrved,  the  ChriHian  religion,  as  we  have  siea- 
tioned  in  chapter  5,  may  be  fuppofed  not  merely  to  infhiencej  bat  It 
be  the  chief  guide  of  the  Ckriitian  law  of  nations. 

<  It  certainly  has  had  fo  powerful  an  effedl  ujpon  it,  that  wberefft 
it  has  exifled,  it  has  gone  the  farthell  of  all  caules  to  introduce  uoliOBI 
of  humanity  and  true  jullicc  into  the  maxims  of  the  world.  The  greir 
proof  of  which  is,  that  if  we  compare  the  condud  of  Chriftian  uaiioH 
with  that  of  nations  profcfling  any  other  religion,  (whatever  may  be 
their  ftages  of  improvement,  or  in  whatever  xra  of  their  glory,)  tfcr 
refult,  1  believe,  will  be  uniform  and  univerfal,  that  the  one  inQ  be 
eminent  over  the  other  for  regularity,  equity,  and  benevolence.  It 
making  the  comparifon,  it  would  be  unfair  to  bring  into  the  aocoBiit» 
any  of  thofe  nations  that  are  dill  approaching  to  a  ftate  of  nature.  I 
pafs  by,  therefore,  all  people  who  may  yet  be  denominated  favage,tid 
refer  for  the  fake  of  greater  accuracy,  to  the  moft  eminent  alone  rf 
the  nations  of  antiquity,  and  of  the  moderns  who  live  under  a  per- 
fuafion  different  from  ours. 

*  The  Greeks  under  the  a:ras  of  Pericles,  Socrates,  £paminondai> 
and  Agefilaus  ;  and  the  Romans,  under  the  reign  of  Angoftus,  (vkicfc 
for  poliih  and  refinement  has  become  proverbial,)  had  advanced,  I 
believe  it  will  be  owned,  to  their  fummit  in  every  fort  of  knowlege; 
the  names  of  Socrates  and  Cicero  would  alone  be  fufHcient  to  prove 
it.  Yet  we  need  only  refer  to  the  flight  (ketch  already  given  of 
flieir  maxims,  with  refpcft  to  their  intercouife  with  foreignrii* 
(chap.  6.)  to  be  convinced  of  their  backwardnefa  iu  the  knowkgc 
of  the  law  of  nations  confidercd  as  a  fcicnce. 

*  If  commerce  and  the  acquifition  of  riches,  by  vifiting  every 
liation  in  the  known  world,  cojld  conduce  to  prrfe«5iion  in  this  liir, 
the  Carthagiriians  promifed  fair  to  be,  in  this  refped,  the  moft  perfeA 
people  of  antiquity.  The  favagenefs,  rapacity,  and  injuilice  bow* 
ever  of  every  kind,  which  marked  their  condu6l  towards  all  fordgl 
nations,  are  too  w«ll  known  to  detain  us  iopger  upon  thea. 

•  If 


Ward*/  Bftfuiry  inU  thi  Law  of  Nations  in  Europi.     379 

*  If  we  look  to  the  Mahometan  and  Turkifli  nations,  (chough  their 
power  has  been  equal  to  the  greatefl,  and  their  empire  of  confiderabJ« 
duration,)  their  ignorance  and  barbarity  reprefs  all  examination,  and 
if  chey  have  received  any  improvement  fincc  the  days  wh^rn  they  firft 
(et  foot  in  Europe,  it  is  probably  from  their  connedtion  with  the  people 
profefling  the  very  religion  which  they  moll  hate  and  defpife. 

«  The  fame  inferiority  in  this  fort  of  conduft,  is  to  be  found  even 
among  the  Chinefe,  fo  famed  for  eminence  in  every  other  branch  of 
knowlege,  and  in  the  fcience  of  morals  itfelf.  1  heir  wars  have  al- 
ways been  carried  on  with  Eaftern  barbarity,  and  their  known  Uws 
againft  Grangers  would  alone  dement  rate  the  point. 

*  Among  the  Chriflians  on  the  other  ha-d,  every  thing  is  con- 
dnOed,  or  at  lead  enjoined,  by  received  and  j>eneral  laws,  upon  prin- 
ciples of  the  moli  extenfive  humanity  and  the  moll  regular  juliicc. 

*  I  am  aware  that  this  was  by  no  means  the  cafe  during  the  cen- 
caries  before  us,  of  which  the  pi^ure  of  manners  brought  forward  in 
chapter  9,  is  a  fufHcient  proof;  and  as  Chrilli^nicy  had  been  then 
long  known  in  the  world,  it  may  fairly  be  afked  of  us,  if  the  pre« 
cepts  which  it  holds  forth  are  the  chief  caufes  of  that  benevolent  and 
cqaal  morality  on  which  the  modern  nations  pride  themfelves,  how  it 
came  to  pafs  that  during  all  the  ages  that  have  been  mentioned,  its 
cie£U  were  not  more  vifible  upon  the  cufloms  of  mankind  ? 

*  The  anfwer  is  to  be  drawn  partly  from  circumflances  in  the  Hif- 
tory  of  Europe,  partly  from  the  remotenefs  which  is  often  to  be  ob- 
(iBrred  between  caufe  and  efFcd.  More  than  three  hundred  years 
mfled  on  before  it  was  poffible  for  Chriflianity  to  interpofe  with  efl'edl 
10  the  laws  of  the  world  ;  thofe  who  had  the  power  of  making  laws, 
hiving  been  fo  far  from  adopting  its  precepts,  that  it  became  the  ob- 
jcd  of  their  moft  violent  perfecutions.  For  four  hundred  years  af- 
terwards, Europe  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  rage  of  different  races  of 
barbarians,  who  prefTcd  upon  one  another  too  fait  to  allow  any 
time  for  the  mild:r  doArines  of  peace  to  take  effefl,  and  who  mofl  of 
them  prcfelTed  a  religion  whofe  precepts  were  the  very  Ttvcrh  of  thofe 
of  Chriftianity.  The  undulations  of  that  ftorm  remained  long  afier, 
and  the  corruptions,  the  degeneracy,  and  difTentions  of  the  church, 
prevented  it  from  fulfilling  iu  duty  even  when  order  had  been  re- 
llored. 

*  The  volume  of  duty,  however,  laid  before  us  by  Chrift,  continued 
always  the  fame  ;  and  whoever  confulicd  it  even  in  the  ds^rk  irterprcta- 
tioDS  which  ambition  or  avarice,  fuperftition  or  ignorance,  but  too  of- 
ten put  apon  it,  found  benefit  from  it  in  the  er.d.  Its  progrcfs,  though 
perpetually  interrupted,  was  finally  certain,  and  mankind  at  length 
csjoy  what  was  intended  for  them  long  apo. 

'  Let  no  one  here  fay  with  too  great  confidence,  that  theort^cr  now  ' 
efiablifhed  in  the  law,  is  owing  to  extraneci!s  c;;u!es;  to  the  natural 
tendency  of  men  towards  improvement ;  the  efl.ibliNimcnt  of  govern- 
ment; the  extention  of  commerce;  cr  the  progrcfb  cf  the  fcienc«.— 
Thefe  can  no  doubt  do  much  ;  but  could  they  ot  themfelves  ?.Ione  have 
reformed  the  law  of  nations,  the  fets  of  people  we  have  jud  mention- 
ed would  have  prefented  as  with  a  code  of  maxims,  and  a  practical 
«DfiduA>  far  different  from  that  which  ^ve  have  been  able  to  difcover, 

D  d  a  even 


}8a     Ward'i  Enquiry  into  the  Law  of  Nations  in  Europa^ 

Qven  at  the  ytry  highed  points  of  their  refinement.  Befides,  oationr^ 
with  one  or  two  exceptions,  have  for  the  mod  part  dated  their  pra- 
grefs  in  moraiky  from  the  epoch  of  their  converfion  ;  and  in  the  hiT- 
ti^ry  of  the  corruptions  of  the  church  itfelf.  it  is  confpicooas,  that  mo- 
rail:/  has  been  at  its  lowed  ebb,  when  the  church  was  moft  abandoned 
to  worldly  aifairs,  or  mod  corrupted  by  bigotry  and  fuperlUtion.  The 
progrefs  of  mankind  however  went  on  in  air  other  points,  nocwich- 
danding  their  depraved  notion  of  Chridianity ;  had'  it  aUb  ^pne  on  io 
the  fcieoce  of  moralf:,  the  argument  wonld  be  fairly- dellxoyed. 

'  An  example  of  the  truth  of  thcfc  obfervations  is  boc  too  nearas 
both  in  time  and  place  ;  for  it  has  been  obvious,  that  the  people  of 
France  were  led,  fird  to  tolerate,  and  then  to  rejoice  in  the  fhockiBg 
^  crimes  of  the)r  convention,  in  almod  exaft  proportion  as  the  lattet 
was  able  to  e xtinguiih  among  them  their  ideas  of  religion*  Tky 
afford  us  the  proof  alfo  of  the  connection  between  morality  and  tile 
law  of  nations,  uncc  the  extinclion  of  the  one,  was  the  fi|rnal  for  thofe 
pretentions  and  ufurpations  which  judly  drove  away  their  ambai&dor 
from  a  refpec'bble  republic,  (America*)  and  called  the  greater  pan  of 
Europe  to  arms.' 

Tht;  mention  made  of  the  French^  by  our  author^  at  tbecDi 
of  the  foregoing  extra£),  is  by  no  means  the  only  notice  whkh 
he  has  taken  of  their  proceedings  fmce  the  commencemencof 
their  revolution,  in  one  pbce,  bio  obfervationt  are  Tcrjr  ttr 
Biarkable : 

'  When  we  fee  a  nation,  or  its  minidcr,.  refuie  to  acknowle^e  i0« 
thorities  generally  received  by  other  dates ;  it  is  a  clear  figo,.  Uiat  it 
means  no  longer  to  obey  the  old  law  of  nations:  in  other  words,  tkit 
it  means  to  withv^raw  itfelf  from  its  fet  or  clafs.  We  mud  all  recoi- 
led the  correfpondcnce  between  the  American  government  and  lU 
French,  envoy,  Genet.  Bring  told  that  his  proceedings  werecoa- 
rrary  to  the  fpirit  of  thedodlrines  of  Grotius  and  Vattfl,  h»  rrplie^ 
that  he  knew  nothing  about  Grotius  or  Vattel,^  but  that  his  condoA 
was  conformable  to  the  dodrines  of  the  French  conditution.  Tkii 
was  either  ignorance,  or  dedgn  ;  if  the  one,  it  can  form  no  ca(e ;  bet 
if  the  other,  it  was  almod  a  dire£l  notice,  that  the  French  meant  to 
retire  from  the  obedience  they  had  paid  to  the  code  of  the  Eoropraa 
law.  in  the  latter  cafe,  therefore.  Genet  was  not  a  fool*  as  heiiai 
been  called,  but  merely  confident.' 

Mr,  Ward  thsn  proceeds  to  difcufs  the  influence  of  treaties 
and  conventions  \  and  this  we  confider  aa  the  moft  ufeful  part 
of  his  work,  it  is  followed  by  an  entertaining  account  of  the 
rank  aiid  claims  of  the  nations  of  £ui:ope  :  but  we  do  not  fiod 
that  he  takes  any  notice  of  one  of  the  moft  curious  evecn 
in  the  hiftory  of  the  rank  and  precedence  of  the  EngltOi  natior^ 
viz.  the  difpute  for  precedence  between  the  French  and  $nglilb» 
at  the  Council  of  Condance.  A  (hort  account  of  it  may  be 
found  in  L'Enfant's  hiftory  of  that  council :  but  the  befl  idi* 
(ion  of  it  i%  in  the  8th  vol.  of  Vandtn  Hardt*s  Colle^onK   V 

Ibt 


Miefadri  Principles  of  LigiJ^atidti.  3^1 

the  tothor  (hould  publifh  a  Tecond  edition  of  his  work, — which, 
wc  think,  its  merit  makes  highly  probable, — we  hope  he  wil4 
give  the  particulars  of  this  curious  event  in  our  diplomatic  hif^* 
tory. 

Mr.  W.  now  purfues  his  fubjeS  from  the  15th  to  the  17th 
century,  and  concludes  with  trie  age  of  Grotias.  He  pro- 
nounces a  high  eulogium  on  the  celebrated  tre^tife,  di  Jun  BM 
it  Pacisj  of  that  amiable  man  and  univerf^l  fcholar.  ^He  men* 
fions  PufFendorf  with  praife,  and  Vattel  in  terms  of  the  greateft 
commendation  :  bucheobfcrves,  in  conclufion,  that  his  treatife 
does  not  appear,  by  any  means,  to  preclude  the  neceffity  of 
Hudying  the  works  of  his  mafters> 

From  the  perufal  of  this  publication  we  haye  ^errved  great 
pleafure*  We  rhink  that  it  is  written  with  method  and  clear* 
nefs;  that  it  is  replete  with  various  and  exten five  erudition  j 
and  that,  if  in  fome  places  it  may  be  thought  to  difcover  the 
youth  of  the  author,  it  bears  throughout  unequivocaj  marks 
of  his  indufiry  and  ability.  It  is  a  work  both  of  prefent  mecic 
and  future  promife. 

Art.  IV.     Mr. Michelle  Principles  of  Legijlamn^ 

\^Articl€  concluded  from  the  Review  for  OSIolfery  p.  I31.] 

nrHE  Vth  chapter  of  this  work  treats  of  luxury ;  by  which 
^  term  the  author  means  that  excefUve  appetite  for  enjoy« 
ment  of  any  kind,  mental  or  corporeal,  adive  or  paflive,  which 
leads  a  man  to  negleS  his  duties,  and  to  injure  himfelf  or 
others,  in  order  to  obtain  the  objedl  of  his  deiire.  Mr.  M« 
unequivocally  denies  that  luxury,  which  is  a  vice  in  thofe  who 
are  addi6)ed  to  it,  is  produdive  of  good  to  others ;  and — hear 
it,  ye  financiers,  who  look  to  luxury  for  the  chief  iburce  of  re. 
venue  {  hear  it,  ye  manufa£lurcrs,  who  are  engaged  in  thofe 
branches  by  which  luxury  is  fed,  and  the  kingdom,  as  it  is 
faid,  is  enriched!— he  maintains  that  <  no  national  advantage 
wubatii»er <an  juflly .be  ajcribed  to  luxury.* 

In  the  proof  of  this  bold  aflertion,  he  confiders  feverally  the 
following  levtn  jM-opofuions,  which  contain  all  that  has  gene- 
fally  beeR  urged  m  favour  of  luxury : 

*  lily  Luxury,  it  is  faid,  encourages  commecce  and  manufadures, 
And  enriches  a  nation,  while  the  conlumpiion  is  confined  to  home- 
made  commodities. 

*  ad^  It  ferve^  to  maintain  (he  poor«  who  fubfift  chiefly  by  the 
fqoandering  of  the  ricH. 

*  3d,  Itgives  a  fpur  to  indnftry,  by  creating  frclh  appetites,  which 
roufe  men  to  adivity. 

*  4th,  It  promotes  an  exchange  of  landed  property,  thus  encou- 
raging commerccj  and  contributing  even  to  the  improvement  of  agHU 
culture* 

Dd  3  ^  ^'^ 


3Sa  Micheiri  Princifks  $fLigiJktiMi 

«  ^thy  It  ferves  to  diffufe  wealthy  wkick  ocherwUe  would  i 
bte  to  a  pcrniciout  excefs. 

*  6th,  It  gives  lullre  to  thofe  hereditary  or  conftitatioiul  digmtkl 
which  have  a  place  of  importance  in  the  political  fyftem. 

^  7tb»  It  is  a  fource  of  revenue  to  the  ftate.  * 

It  would  lead  us  too  far  were  we  to  follow  Mr.  M.  tbnN^h 
all  thefe  various  points,  on  which  he  writes  with  great  ability. 
One  extra£l,  however,  we  muft  make,  for  the  purpofe  of  (hew- 
ing that  the  author  docs  not  argue  for  an  immediate  abolitiooof 
callings  ancillary  to  luxury  ;  which,  he  is  aware,  would  be  a 
SQcafurc  of  cruelty  and  injuftice  in  the  prefent  date  of  things: 

'  There  is  no  doubt,  but  that  a  fudden  alteration  of  manners  fam 
luxory  to  frugality,  would  deprive  many  of  their  ufual  means  of  (iib* 
fidcnce.  Servants  who  have  learnt  no  trade  at  all,  would  not  kiioir 
how  to  earn  their  bread.  If  habits  of  chaftity  and  fobriety  were  to  be 
at  once  generally  adopted,  whores  and  bawds  muft  ftarve,  tavera- 
keepers  and  waiters  would  be  ruined.  A  lefs  vicious,  but  an  equally 
cfelefs  race  of  beings,  hair-dreffers,  milliners,  &c.  would  loffer  by  a 
fudden  change.  There  are  alfo  indullrious  and  frugal  labonren  aid 
nanufaflurers  who  live  by  fupplying  materials  of  luxury  to  the  rick; 
but  luxury,  in  fadt,  givres  rife  to  the  evil  which  it  is  required  to  re- 
medy, and  that  defcription  of  people  who  are  fupported  by  it,  wooM, 
if  frugal  manners  had  prevailed,  have  been  educated  in  foroe  ufcfol 
trade,  carried  on  by  thofe  funds  that  are  now  abforbed  by  extravagance. 

*  All  fudden  and  violent  alterations  are  pernicious,  but  they  can  be 
eSe$ed  only  by  fumptuary  lavis,  enforced  by  a  defpotic  governmetL 
The  legidators  and  rulers  of  a  free  people  cannot  exert  fuch  a  power: 
it  behoves  them,  however,  to  didinguifh  a  real  and  permanent  good, 
from  an  evil  which  it  may  be  neceilary  to  tolerate  for  a  time,  but 
which  ihould  be  removed  as  foon  as  poffibie ;  as  we  endeavoor  to 
wean  oorfelves  when  in  health,  from  indulgences  requiiite  or  aUov« 
able  in  a  ftate  of  ficknefs  or  convalefcence.' 

Chapter  VI.  contains  a  difiertation  on  the  law  of  Primoge- 
if)iture;  which  Mr.  M.  feems  to  confidcr  as  unjud,  but  whicb 
he  would  not  venture  to  abolifh,  bccaufe  he  thinks  the  abolicioo 
would  be  attended  with  fome  collateral  injurious  circumfiancef, 
more  than  counterbalancing  the  good  that  might  be  expected 
from  it.  An  equal  right  of  inheritance  would  tend,  in  his  opi- 
nion, to  fupport  that  natural  noblefle,  ^  without  which  all  legal 
inftitutions  would  foon  be  abolifhed  or  become  nugatory; 
more  members  of  opulent  families  would  marry,  and  fewer  fa- 
mtlies  would  become  extind.'  Viewing,  then,  the  other  fide 
of  the  queftion,  he  fays — 

*  Yet  it  may  be  doubted  whether  the  abolition  of  primogeaitore 
would  not  produce  evils  more  than  tantamount  to  any  good  tbtc 
might  proceed  from  it ;  for  it  would  inevitably  drive  all  the  upper 
ranks  from  a  country  life.  The  opulent  will,  of  courfe,  feek  to  enjoy 
tjbeir  own  wealth ;  but  as  the  largell  eflate  can,  if  divided,  give  only 
a  coDpctence  to  the  number  of  children  a  man  ofually  leaves,  be 

wooldi 


Michell'x  Princlplis  tf  LiglflatUru  3^3 

would,  if  of  common  fenfe  and  integrity,  refide  in  a  town ;  and  he 
woold  have  recoorfe  to  tradefmen  for  the  various  luxuries  he  wilhed 
lor,  rather  than  attempt  to  form  an  eflablifhment  in  the  country,  ia 
which  he  might,  indeed,  raife  thofe  luxuries,  but  which  not  one  of  hit 
children  could  alibrd  to  maintain. 

'  K  country  town  can  fcarcely  be  rendered  an  eligible  abode  for  a 
well-educated  man  of  the  upper  ranks.  In  a  free  country  like  Eng- 
land, they  would,  from  many  obvious  caufcs,  rcfort  to  the  capital, 
already  ux>  Urge,  and  a  ftill  more  pernicious  accumulation  of  property 
would  be  the  confeqnence.  Wealth  c^'ould  concentrate  in  one  place, 
tbough  in  many  hands,  inftead  of  pervading  the  whole  territory,  while 
poflefled  only  by  a  few.  This  fyftem  of  manners  would  plunge  the 
peafiutry  into  the  loweil  Sate  of  ignorance  and  barbarity,  and,  as 
mnong  the  Romans,  urbanity  and  civilization,  ruIHcity  and  brutality 
would  become  fy nonymous  terms.* 

He  then  proceeds  to  (hew  that  the  accumulation  of  lande4 
property  might  arrive  at  a  moft  pernicious  excefs,  without  the- 
operation  of  the  law  of  primogeniture.  <  To  aboliih  this  law, 
(fiiys  he,)  would  not  therefore  enfure  the  removal  of  the  evil, 
while  the  moft  preponderating  genius  could  not  pretend  to 
forefee  the  probable  confequences  of  a  fudden  and  violent  abrc' 
gacion  of  a  cuftom  that  has  grown  with  our  growth,  and 
Srcngthened  with  our  ftrength,  and  adually  pervades,  like  a 
vital  principle,  the  whole  fyftemof  our  jurifprudence,  legifla- 
tion,  and  manners,' 

In  chapter  VIL  Mr.  M.  enters  at  large  into  the  difcuffion  of 
the  much- agitated  queftion,  which  ought  moft  to  be  encou- 
raged, *^  great  or  fmall  farms  ?"  and  on  this  fubjeS  he  difplays 
much  knowlege  and  ability :  but  we  cannot  pretend  to  give  a 
fummary  of  his  different  arguments,  the  matter  branching  out 
into  a  great  variety  of  collateral  confiderations,  fuch  as  poor's 
rates,  new  inclofures,  &c.  In  the  agitation  of  this  important 
queftion,  he  has  principally  in  his  eye  Mr.  Arthur  Young's 
Syftem  of  Agriculture,  which  he  in  many  inftances  ftrongly 
condemns. 

Chapter  VIII.  (crroneoufly  marked  VII.)  treats  of  theGam^ 
laws.  However  they  might  have  been  originally  introduqp^, 
Mr*  M*  is  of  opinion  that  in  fome  countries  in  Europe  they  are 
eppreffive,  and  perhaps  abfurd  in  England  :  but  he  does  not  al- 
Ipw,  with  modern  reforaiers,  *  that  every  one  ihould  have  a 
right  to  kill  game  wherever  he  can  find  it.' 

'  The  man,  (fays  he,)  who  has  no  land,  and  confequently  contri- 
butes nothing  to  their  maintenance,  is  no  more  entitled  to  any  ufe  of 
them,  than  the  inhabitant  of  one  pariih  is  to  a  right  of  commonage  on 
the  wafte  lands  of  another  ;  and  he  who  choofes  to  refide  in  a  town, 
and  to  keep  his  property  in  money,  has  no  more  a  pretence  to  fcize 
to  hit  own  ufe  a  hare  or  a  partridge,  than  a  fheep  or  a  goofe,  from 
him  who  has  chofen  to  veft  his  property  in  land,  in  the  former,  as  in 
tbe  latter  cafe,  ke  ought  to  tempt  the  owner  to  feU  what  ia  wanted. 

Dd4  •  It 


^8.4  Michell  V  PrinapUs  of  LggiJlati$M. 

*  It  is  impoflible  to  kUI  game  without  doing  fome  damage  to  tkf 
foil  on  which  ic  is  found.  Cart-leiTners  or  malice  may  lead  a  man  to 
commit  very  fcricus  injuries  in  the  purfuit ;  and  landed  proptny 
would  Tea  reel  y  be  worth  having,  if  the  owner  was  forced  to  allov 
every  one  the  liberty  of  following  game  over  his  grounds ;  for  bis  ova 
time,  and  that  of  his  fervant,  would  be  occupied  in  preveniiog  da- 
mages,  or  proving  thcm^ 

'  But  it  is  urged — ho^  unjuft  is  it,  that  the  farmer,  who  alone  coa» 
Iribuies  to  the  maintenance  of  thefe  animals,  (hould  be  forbid  to  enjoy 
the  pleafure  or  the  profit  arifmg  from  them  ?  This  argnment  is 
founded  in  error;  for  it  is  the  landlord,  and  not  the  tenant^  whoia 
reality  fupports  them.  The  foil  is  the  fole  property  of  the  fbnncTv 
and  it  is  only  by  his  exprefs  confent,  which  he  may  modify  and  !ۥ 
{ftridt  as  he  pleafes,  that  the  latter  has  any  thing  to  do  with  it:  bodi 
are  free  agents,  making  a  bargain  for  mutual  convenience  and  profits 
and  the  farmer  is  under  no  compalfion  to  rent  the  land,  nnlels  the 
leooditions  are  fuch  as  he  approves  of.  The  proper  and  equitable 
terms  of  a  leafe  are,  that  the  landlord  fhould  have  for  his  (hareof  tha 
crop,  whatever  nature  adds  to  the  profits  of  the  flock,  and  to  the 
wages  of  the  labour  and  (kill  of  the  tenant,  which  fhould  be  eqia^ 
nod  no  more  than  equal,  to  the  ufual  profits  of  ftock  and  wages  ojf 
labour  employed  in  other  branches  of  buiinefs. 

*  The  landlord  often  is  at  a  great  expence  in  building,  druniof. 
^c.  to  iocreafe  the  powers  of  nature,  as  to  the  produce  which  kt 
cbopfes  to  divide  with  his  terant,  and  then  requires  a  proportionaUv 
greater  rent  or  fhare  of  the  produce.  But,  in  fome  inilancei,  he  u 
alfo  at  a  confiderable  expence  to  increafe  thefe  powers  of  nature  as  to 
a  produce  which  he  referves  entirely  to  himfelf,  and  which,  more  or 
lefs,  diminifhcs  that  which  is  to  be  divided.  Of  this  kind  we  may 
mention,  as  an  estample,  all  trees  planted  in  hedge-rows,  which, 
both  by  their  (hade,  and  by  attradHng  the  vegetable  juice  of  the  M, 
injare  the  crop  of  corn  or  grafs.  If  a  tenant,  when  he  forveys  his 
farm  previous  to  his  taking  a  leafe,  finds  fuch  a  number  of  trees  iii 
the  hedges' as  will  materially  injure  the  corn  and  grafs,  he  will  oa- 
doubtedly  infill  on  a  diminution  of  rent;  and  if  he  obtains  a  proper* 
tionable  one,  he  fuffers  no  lofs,  either  in  the  profits  of  his  ftock  or  the 
wages  of  his  labour.  Thefe  trees,  if  multiplied  beyond  a  certain 
point,  may  not  indemnify  the  landlord  for  this  diminution  of  hu rest; 
but  that  is  his  afFair,  not  the  tenant's.' 

Mfter  all,  Mr.  M.  recommends  a  material  alteration  in  the 
"whole  fyftem  of  game  laws,  and  thinks  it  would  be  better  for  tbo 
public  that  game  fhould  be  made  private  property. 

From  garni  the  author  proceeds  to  the  confideration  of  the 
iithi  laws-  He  pronounces  the  opinion  to  be  iIl-lounded| 
ivhich  flates  tithes  to  be  a  heavy  burthen  on  the  farmer; 
whofe  fituation  would,  according  to  him,  b^  precifely  the 
fame,  whether  a  tenth,  a  fifth,  or  a  twentieth  of  the  produce  cf 
{he  land  were  levied  for  the  fupport  of  the  clergy.  He  con- 
tends that  this  tax  falls  folely  on  the  landlord,  who  is  obliged 
;p  {(t  bis  land  propo|:tioaat^ly  Igwer  on  a^couot  of  th^  citbcs.*;- 

He 


Michell'i  Principles  ofLigiflathn.  3S5 

De^however^  admits  the  tax  to  be  impolitic,  for  this  plain  rea- 
fon,  that  it  is  a  continually  varying  one,  on  the  produce  of  (kill 
and  labotr,  and  on  the  uncertain  bounty  of  nature;  and  confe* 
^uently  that  it  is  always  galling  and  vexatious. 

Chapter  I.  of  Book  II.  opens  with  the  important  queftton% 
whether  there  ought  to  be  allowed,  in  a  ft  ate,  a  diftin<9ion  of 
orders  among  its  citizens;  and  which   form  of  government  is 
preferable,  a  monarchical  or  a   republican.      For  his  argn- 
ments  on  thefe  topics  we  mud  refer  to  the  chapter  itfelf,  which 
contains  much  found  fenfe  and  able  reafoning.     We  ihajl  con* 
tentourfelves  with  ftating  that  he  is  decidedly  for  the  exiftence 
of  a  body  of  nobility ;  without   which,  he   maintains,  there 
would  be  an  infinitely  greater  diftancethan  with  it,  between  the 
rich  and  the  poor ;  he  infiAs  chat  population  is  increafed  by  an 
inftitution  which  contributes  to  render  marriages  more  frequent 
•in  the  higher  clafles  of  fociery,  becaufe,  wherever  birth,  with* 
out  any  other  recommendation,  is  a  paflport  into  fociety,  ce« 
Itbacy  will  be  hrfs  frequent;  that  it  checks  the  rage  of  appear- 
ance, the  vanity  of  (hew,  and  removes  one  great  temptation  to 
expenccj  the  chief  caufe  of  venality  ;  that  it  brings  forwards  to 
public  life  that  defcription  of  men  by  whom  the  nation  has  the 
heft  chance  of  being  ferved ;  that  it  renders  manners  more 
amiable  and  fociable.;  and  finally,  that  almoft  all  the  objedions, 
^hich  are  urged  againft  the  inftitution  of  nobility,  may  be 
equally  if  not  more  juftly  urged  againft  wealth;  the  abolition  of 
wbich  would  convulfe  and  deftroy  fociety. 
■    The  difcuffion  of  this  fubjed,  together  with  that  of  ihe  form 
rf  government,  is  carr4ed  on  through  the  firft  five  chapters  of 
the  (econd  book,  and  branches  out  into  a  very  long,  intereft* 
}ng,  and  ingenious  diflertation  refpedling  a  flanding  army  ;  for 
wbich  Mr.  M.  is  a  ftrenuous  advocate.     He  does  not  argue  for 
a  ftanding  army  as  a  mere  machine  of  government,  calculated 
CO  enable  the  crown  to  enforce  meafures  dangerous  to  or  in« 
compatible  with  a  ^ttii  conftitution, — but,  for  a  ftanding  army 
modeibed  on  principles  that  would  make  it  a  guardian  and  firm 
fupport  of  the  conftitutional  liberty  of  the  fubje£t ;  a  body  fo 
orgaoia^ed  and  officered  as  that,  though  the  crown  might  at  all 
times  loojc  for  its  co-operation  in  ^11  conftitutional  purfuitf,  it 
would  be  the  laft  part  of  the  community  from  which  the  go- 
vernment would  dare  to  a(k  for  or  expecl  affiftance,  when  the 
fervice  in  which  k  was  to  be  employed  would  be  attended  with 
injury  or  even  danger  to  the  liberty  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Michell  fuggefts  feveral  improvements  refpefiing  the  age 
at  which  gentlemen  (hould  be  allowed  to  fit  in  Parliament.  Ac 
^i  he  thinks  a  man  cannot  be  properly  qualified  fjr  the  import- 
^t  duties  of  a  legiflator ;  and  therefore  he  is  of  opinion  that  he 

15  ought 


3S6  MichtlVsPrincipUs  $f  LegiJMmt. 

ought  not  to  be  eligible  by  law  for  a  feat  in  the  legiflature,  be* 

(ore  he  has  attained  the  age  of  30  years. 

.In  Chapter  VI.  Mr.  M.  fpeaks  of  the  qualificatioa  ofek&i 
tors  i  and,  indead  of  extending  the  right  of  fuffrage  to  every 
fsale  of  the  age  of  21,  he  contends  moil  ilrenuoufly  hr  with- 
hplding  it  from  all  thofe  who  poflefs  no  fixed  property,  but  wha 
pre  altogether  dependent  for  their  fubfiftence  on  the  wages  of 
fheir  daily  labour ;  and  he  maintains  that,  without  this  rc- 
jfiti&ion,  it  is  ianpoiTible  that  the  condituiion  ihould  be  fecure. 
Mr.  M.  would  disfranchife  only  the  populace,  and  would 
communicate  the  right  of  voting  to  all  above  that  claff,  with 
the  d.ouble  view  of  preventing  an  ariftocratic  tyranny,  and 
fpreading  as  widely  as  poifible  an  intereft  in  the  public  welfare* 
*  To  mark  the  line  of  difcrimination  is  the  bufinefs,  (fays  bei) 
of  a  legiflatcr  occupied  in  framing  a  particular  conftitution,  and 
piuft  be  adapted  to  the  manners  of  each  particular  people.  It 
belongs  to  him  alfo  toafcertain  what  are  the  offices  which  ouy 
be  rendered  eledive,  and  to  what,  in  a  monarchy  the  priaoCi 
in  a  republic  the  fenate,  (hould  nominate/ 

The  queftion  of  fuiFrage  naturally  leads  to  that  of  repreieola* 
ticn«  1  he  author  gives  an  hiftorical  account  of  the  manner  m 
which  it  was  introduced  into  our  conftitution,  and  then  ob- 
ferves  that  the  idea  of  it  became  at  laft  fo  cberifhed  by  the  peo» 
pie,  that  reprefentation  was  with  them  a  fynonimous  term  for 
liberty ;  fo  that  thofe, who  were  not  reprefcnted  were  .confident 
as  not  free.  Mr.  M.  infifts  that  this  opinion  is  founded  in  er- 
ror ;  or  that  it  mud  be  admitted  that  women,  minors,  and  fo- 
reigners,  refiding  among  us,  are  ilaves;  for  they  are  not  reprt* 
fented  by  any  one  deputed  by  them  to  appear  and  ad  for  them.  • 
He  concludes  the  chapter  with  fome  very  handfoipe  compii* 
ments  to  the  Briiifh  Houfe  of  Commons ;  from  which,  he 
fays,  conflituted  as  it  always  has  been,  the  nation  has  derived 
great  happincfs,  wealth,  and  glory. 

The  Vllth  chapter  treats  of  a  monarchical  and  a  republican 
form  of  government,  and  gives  to  the  former  a  decided  pre- 
ference. 

In  Chapter  VIII.  he  treats  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  power 
that  ought  to  be  trufled  to  the  king.  He  remarks  chat,  if  a 
fovereign  does  not  pofTefs  fufficicnt  legal  power  to  enforce  a 
.vigorous  and  eiFe£live  government,  he  mutt  obtain  it  through 
influence,  or  anarchy  will  enfue, 

<  A  fenate  (he  thinks,)  ought  not,  in  a  monarchy,  to  pofieff 
ttore  than  a  rctrol'pedive  cenforial  jurifdi^on  aver  the  executive 
power  and  its  agents,  in  all  that  regards  foreign  aifairs.  This  de- 
partment of  government  is,  indeed,  veiled  in  the  crown  by  the  letter 
of  our  cottftitutiun  -,  virtually  and  pradlically  it  is  excrcifed  by  the 

houfe 


MichelFi  Principles  ef  LepJlattQn*  387 

Koofe  of  commoni ;  which,  being  poiTefled  of  the  power  of  the  purfe* 
both  for  ordinary  and  extraordinary  fupplies,  neceflarily  draws  to  it« 
fdf  the  fupreme  direction  of  the  whole  adminiftration,  executive  as 
well  as  le^riflative.  ^I'he  tafk  of  the  crown  is  rendered  more  difficult* 
yet  no  evil  is  prevented ;  for  by  the  help  of  the  majority,  obtained 
through  influence,  what  the  minider  propofes  is  fure  tcfbe  adopted* 
The  executive  power  is  in  reality  veiled,  not  in  the  king  by  virtue  of 
his  prerogative,  but  in  the  king  who,  through  the  medium  of  hia 
minifter,  is  the  leader  of  a  popular  afl'embly ;  and  the  previous  de- 
bates which  both  fides  cheri(h,  the  one  to  enhaiicc  the  value  of  their 
fupport,  the  other  to  depreciate  the  miniller  in  the  opinion  of  the 
public,  only  ferve  to  give  foreign  (laces  a  great  advantage  in  all  nego- 
ciatioDS,  and,  by  rendering  meafures  unpopuliu-^  to  weaken  the  ex- 
ertions of  the  nation.' — 

*  It  appears,  therefore,  that  pradlcally  our  parliament  is  not  com- 
petent to  rellrain  the  executive  power,  without  difordering  the  regular 
tenor  of  adminiftration.  It  can  only  ftop  the  whole  machine  of  go* 
vemmenty  and  refer  the  decifion  of  a  dilputed  point  to  the  nation  at 
large  :  for  it  is  certain,  that  a  new  parliament,  chofen  at  fuch  a  crifis, 
nufl  adopt  the  fentiments  of  the  public.  This  is  what  republicans, 
and  many  friends  to  a  limited  monarchy,  maintain  to  be  beneficial; 
and  a  niiniAcr  of  our  own  times  has  profefTed,  that  he  confiders  it  as 
his  duty  to  fubmit  his  opinions  to  the  inclinations  of  the  public.  Such 
«  principle  of  condudl  h  certainly  calculated  to  keep  a  man  in  place  ; 
but  it  is  as  certainly  repugnant  to  the  fpirit  of  monarchy,  for  it  places 
the  fovereignty  before  which  he  bows,  in  the  people;  and  we  may 
doubt  whether  a  nation  can  pofTibly  thrive  under  his  adminiftration* 
Beyond  difpute,  this  principle  militates  as  much  againd  a  govern* 
ment  by  reprefeotation  or  delegation,  as  it  does  againfl  a  monarchy  : 
it  annihilates  the  boafled  ruperiority  that  the  former  ponVfTes  over  on« 
in  which  the  people  ad  and  decide  in  perfon:  it  fignifics  nothing  how 
their  will  is  declared,  if  it  be  tlieir  will  which  rules.  In  vainfliall  we 
fcly  on  the  wifdom  and  integrity  of  the  chofen  few,  fuperior  to  the 
paOions  and  errors  of  the  multitude;  they  muft  ad  contrary  to  their 
judgments,  or  refign  their  pods  to  thofe  who  pretend  to  adopt  the 
popular  opinion.' 

That  the  crown  might  be  put  in  a  fltuation  to  fupport  itfelf 
without  being  under  the  neccffity  of  having  rccourfe  to  influ- 
ence, Mr,  M.  (ketches  in  the  following  words  an  outline  of 
the  additional  power  that  ought  to  be  given  to  it : 

*  A  king  (hould  at  his  acceffion  to  the  throne  receive  for  life  a  re- 
venue fufiicient  to  carry  on  the  bufinefs  of  government,  and  to  maintain 
whatever  military  force  may  be  deemed  nece/Tary  for  the  defence  of 
the  empire  and  its  dependencies.  He  would  not  then  be  forced  te 
acquire,  through  influence,  a  fupreme  dominion  over  his  parliament, 
in  order  to  maintain  his  political  cxiUcnce.  Either  party  might  then 
oppofe  (he  other  without  proceeding  to  extremities;  the  decifion  of  a 
difputed  point  might  be  deferred  until  time  had  cooled  their  agitated 
minds ;  and  the  vigilance  which  would  neceffanly  be  exerted  in  fuch  a 
fituation,  a  kind  of  armed  truce,  would  cfFcdlually  fcreen  the  conflitu- 

4  tira 


388  Micheir/  Prineipfes  of  Ligljlatim. 

cion  from  any  iondlous  attacks  in  the  interim.  A  Iriog  (houM  alfo  ht 
CDtrufted  with  the  fole  nomination  of  all  officers,  civil  or  militarf. 
Without  this  prerogative  he  cannot  maintain  his  authority  over  them* 
Bor  exercifc  the  fundions  of  his  flation.  If  he  is  reftridled  in  his 
choice  to  meji  of  proportionate  qualifications  as  to  age,  birth,  acd 
property';  if  the  iaiaries  annexed  to  the(e  offices  are  regu!ated  on  the 
principle  of  a  compcnfation  for  loflrs  and  extraordinary  expeoces ;  »e 
need  not  fear  that  he  can  ever  acquire  a  dangerous  inflaence  over 
them.  They  would  flill  be  refponfible  to  the  fenate  for  any  illegal 
aftsj  and  their  dependance  on  the  crown  would  virtually  be  diminifbed. 
The  favour  of  a  monarch,  whether  it  proceeds  from  caprice  or  de- 
fign»  is  leaft  reflrained,  when  the  greater  number  of  thofe  wboeo. 
deavour  to  obtain  it  are  devoid  ofperfonal  confeqoence.  An  eqoafity 
of  preteniions  would  produce  more  iuilice  in  the  diftribotioo  of  prew 
ferments.  Sinecure  placet  would  then  be  aboliflied ;  for  the  king 
would  prefer  a  clear  revenae«  which  would  increafe  his  confequeoce 
with  other  nations ;  and  the  vartons  adive  officers  of  (bte,  while  tkcy 
looked  up  to  him  as  their  fovereign»  and  obeyed  him  as  their  chief. 
would  feel  that  the y  conferred  favours  almoU  as  great  as  ther  received. 
'  No  di(linc\ion  (houM  be  made  between  that  part  of  the  revenue 
which  is  peculiarly  devoted  to  the  maintenance  of  the  dignity  of  the 
crown,  and  that  which  is  applied  to  the  pubHc  (ervice.  \{  fornerfy 
ihere  w^e  any  doubts  on  the  fubjedl,  the  alacrity  with  which  the  plan 
of  a*'  civil  lifl"  was  adopted  by  the  French,  and  the  confequences  of 
it,  would  remove  them.  It  is  certain,  that  the  leading  men  who 
planned  their  rrgal  conftitution,  adled  only  in  compliance  with  the 
prejudicci  of  the  people,  not  yet  ripe  for  a  complete  revolution;  ihef 
clearly  faw  that  nothing  could  be  more  likely  to  produce  fentimentsof 
ill- will  and  contempt  towards  the  king,  while  ic  would  probably  fedocc 
hint  into  a  line  of  conduct  calculated  to  aggravate  thefe  fentiment^. 

*  A  civil  lift  is  but  a  decent  exprcilion  for  what  Paine  and  other 
avowed  republicans  call  by  its  true  name,  a  falary  *.  A  prince  who 
is  forced  to  fee  that  his  own  interefts  and  profperity  are  onconcedcd 
with  the  intcreits  and  profperity  of  the  nation,  will  fcarcely  poflWi 
thofe  patriotic  fentiments  of  attachment,  without  which  he  mnft  be  a 
had  one  ;  the  people  muft  feel  fome  degree  of  contempt  for  him  whom 
tbcy  thus  hire ;  and  the  nation  incurs  the  ferious  inconvenience  ^^ ^t^ 
Toting  a  confiderable  part  of  its  revenue,  i.t  a  proportion  that  the 
fla<!tuation  of  events  may  render  yzjy  imprope^^  It  is  idle  to  exped 
a  king  will  voluntarily  relinquiih  any  part  of  his  private  income; 
Aay,  he  dares  rot,  for  the  prefervation  of  his  dignity  depends  proba* 
bly  on  the  influence  he  may  acquire  through  this  income;  and  no 
fenate,  onlefs  predetermined   to  change  the  form  of   government, 

.     .■  ■       .  .  »  ■'  ■       *  ...     .  y      ■  ■  M       ■         ^   -       .1   I  -  .         .  ^ 

*  *  Paine  has  faid,  that  no  office,  including  the  crown,  can  deferve 
a  higher  falary  than  10,000 1,  ptr  annum.  He  thus  betrays  the  ba(e- 
v^ti%  of  his  own  views,  and  his  ignorance  of  the  fird  principles  of  Je- 
giildtive  policy.  The  roan  who  could  think  himfelf  fuif.ciently  re- 
warded for  the  duties  of  a  kin^,  by  any  falary  whatever,  would  not  be 
worth  ten-pence;  and  the  nation  which  can  think  of  hiring  3  king, 
jl^iUas  feldom  find,  as  dcfcrYe>  a  good  one.' 

would 


MichcUV  PrhcipUt  tfLigiption.  '^ 

TRronId  enfoi-ce  fuch  a  meafiire ;  people  who  are  accuftomed  to  increase 
or  diininifh  as  they  plcafc  the  falarjr  of  their  king,  mutt  lofe  all  refpeft 
for  him,  and  coniidcr  him  as  really  their  fcrvant*.' 

In  Chapter  IX,  he  invcftigatcs  the  origin,  progrcfs,  and  de- 
cay of  abfoliite  power  in  France  ;  and  this  difcuffion  leads 
him  to  feafch  for  the  foundation  of  Britifii  freedom,  and  the 
caufes  of  the  real  danger  that  threatens  our  conftitution. 

He  concludes  this  chapter  with  the  following  obferraciont 
and  advice: 

*  Freedom  ii  never  ta  fo  great  danger  as'  when  the  corrupt  Hcea- 
tioufnei^  of  the  people  renders  it  neceifary  to  flrengthen  the  hands  of 
governn^ent;  and  if  corruption  is  fuffered  to  go  on,  until  the  revolcr- 
aon  is  effeded  by  any  other  means  than  the  deHberate  confent  of  the 
conttitu*ed  aathorittes  of  the  ttate,  freedom  mu(l  be  annihilftted.  But 
if  we  boldly  meet  the  evil  that  purees  and  mutt  overtake  as»  and  va. 
Ivntarily  grant  that  which  will  ibon  be  fersed  either  by  the  crown  or 
the  populace,  we  may  regulate  the  terms  and  aicertain  the  extent  of 
our  gift ;  and  while  we  ttrengthen  the  prerogative  of  the  king,  we 
may  leilore  to  their  purity  thofe  branches  of  government  which  are 
iocended  to  reftrain  hb  power ;  and,  what  is  of  ftill  greater  import • 
aoce,  we  may,  by  iniHtutions  that  accord  with  the  indioationa  and 
prejudices  of  the  age,  give  a  more  beneficial  fcope  to  thofe  paffions 
inWerent  in  mankind,  *<  the  deiire  of  diHinflion,  and  the  neceffity<»f 
occtipation,''  which  at  prefent  lead  to  profufion  and  venality  ;  and  wc 
may  check  that  corruption  of  morals,  which  is  fatal  to  liberty  under 
every  kind  of  conttitution  or  form  of  government.* 

In  the  beginning  of  the  Xth  and  laft  chapter  our  autkor  i» 
impartial  enough  to  acknowlege  that,  though  the  Britilh  Con- 
ftitution  be  in  its  nature  calculated  to  preferve  the  fabric  of 
liberty  in  this  country,  it  docs  not  follow  that  any  other  ftate 
would  to  a  certainty  ad  wifely  in  adoptrng  it.  ^  The  bleffing 
of  freedom,  (he  fays,)  depends  chiefly  on  the  manners  of  a 
people  ;  its  cxiftcncc  therefore  is  compatible  with  almoft  every 
form  of  government;  and  perhaps  it  will  be  found  that  every 
community,  far  advanced  in  civilization,  or  long  eftabliflied, 
contains  within  itfelf  fuch  remnants  of  pa{^,  or  (uch  feeds  of 
future  freedom,  in  cuftoms  and  prejudices,  which  have  crept 
in  by  degrees^  that  an  enlightened  patriotic  legiflator  will  al- 
ways adopt  the  maxim  of  Tacitus — the  fecret  of  fitting  up  a  ruvt 
fiati  confifis  in  retaining  the  image  of  the  eld.*  Obferving,  next, 
th4t  the  BritKh  Parlsagient  is  the  only  fenate  that  ever  was  able 
to  reftrain  the  power  of  kings,  without  annihilating  monarchy^ 
and  to  efFe£^  this  icftraint  without  tumult  or  violence,  he  fays^ 

*  •  Thcfe  evils  are  mitigated  in  England  hy  the  fentiments  tranf- 
mi^ced  to  us  from  our  anceftors.  For  much  of  our  prefent  happinef&, 
we  have  no  rca'on  to  ihank  the  fyftem  of  government  eftabliihed  by 
the  rcvolttdoa ;  we  is  yet  have  cortinued  to  profp«r  in  (pitc  of  it.' 


390  Michcll'i  PrinctpUs  of  Ligi/ktUn. 

*  it  is  worth  while  to  dircovcr^  if  pai&ble,  what  in  realitjr  ar6 
thofe  peculiarities  in  its  conftrudliony  to  which  we  ought  to 
afcribe  its  peculiar  excellencies.*  This  inveftigation  forms  che 
principal  fubjedt  of  the  Xth  chapter,  which  touches  on  too  gmt 
a  variety  of  objeds  to  be  particularized  by  us.  Some  reniarkt, 
however,  made  by  Mr.  M.  we  cannot  refrain  from  inferting 
here,  as  containing  new  ideas  on  fubjefts  already  fo  trite,  that 
it  might  have  been  thought  that  nothing  new  could  be  faid  on 
them. 

It  has  been  a  favouiite  meafure  with  reformers  to  counter- 
zQi  the  venality  of  rotten  boroughs,  either  by  admitting  the  in- 
habitants of  the  neighbouring  hundreds  to  a  right  of  voting 
,/equally  with  the  burgefles,  or  perfons  holding  by  burgage  te- 
nure, or  by  entirely  disfranchiflng  thofe  boroughs,  and  grant- 
ing to  populous  towns  the  right,  not  now  enjoyed  by  them,  of 
fending  members  to  parliament.      Neither  of  thefe  remedies 
would,  in  his  opinion,  remove  the  evil ;  for  the  venality,  taking 
its  rife  from  the  corrupt  manners  of  the  people,  cannot  be  re- 
medied by  a  transfer  of  the  franchife  from  one  fet  of  eledors  to 
another,  '  as  both  would  moft  certainly  ad  in  the  fame  man- 
ner.'    The  expences  attending  eleAions,  he  fays,  are  fucb, 
that  gentlemen  of  moderate  landed  property  are  almoft:  excluded 
from  the  Houfe  of  Commons  ;  and  fuch  land-owners  as  do  take 
feats   in  it  are  poflcfTed  of  eftates  fo  very  large,  as  to  be  can- 
didates for  a  peerage,  and  therefore  are  more  open  to  corrup- 
I  tion  than  men  of  moderate  incomes.     The  number  of  mer- 
chants admitted  into  the  Houfe  of  Commons  he  ajfo  conficlcri 
as   highly  dangerous  to  the  conftitution  ;    afl'umitig   it   as  a 
maxim  that  they  attend  more  to  their  private  intereft  than 
to  the  public  weal.     He  alfo  objed^s,  in  the  following  terms, 
to   the    admiffion   of  a   great  number    of   lawyers    into  the 
Houfe : 

*  Lawyers  muft  be  bad  legifhtors,  unlefs  to  profeflional  fklll  they 
join  a  mafs  of  general  knowledge.  This  cannot  be  cxpcdled  in  men 
whofe  time,  from  their  youth  upwards,  has  been  totally  abforbed  in 
the  fludicsand  practice  of  their  profcfHoD,  and  tills  muft  be  the  cale 
with  all  eminent  lawyers,  who  alone  can  afford  a  feat  in  parliunent. 
But  if  we  alfo  confidcr,  that  of  late  years  the  highell  honours,  and  the 
moil  lucrative  ofRces  of  flate,  are  prices  which  every  lawyer,  who  can 
join  parliamentary  confequcnce  to  profclTional  eminence,  is  furotooD- 
tain  ;  we  cannot  be  furprized  if  lawyers  have,  in  general,  proved  tbem« 
felves  the  mof^  zealous  partifans  of  fadion,  the  moft  fubfervieot  tools 
of  government.* 

The  conftitution  is  alfo  in  danger,  he  fays,  from  the  ad- 
miflion  of  too  many  military  men  ;  iince  fucb  members,  in  his 
opinion,  for  the  ipoft  part  con&der  their  feat  in  Parliament  as 
a  ftep  fubfervient  to,  perhaps  uecefTdry  for,  their  profeflional 

advancement^ 


Michell'i  Prineipbs  9f  LegiJIatUm  j^f 

advincement,  and  therefore  betray  their  duties  as  fenators.   He 
then  adds  the  following  obfervation : 

'  lU  in  addition  to  this  change  in  the  charadler  of  the  members,  we 
alb  take  into  coniideration  the  great  iDCreafe  of  power  thac  the  fenate 
baa  neceflarily  arrogated  to  itfelf,  fince  the  crown  was  rendered  ea- 
drely  dependeat  on  its  good  will ;  when  we  recoiled  that  excefSvc 
power  corrupts  the  bed  difpofitions ;  that  the  a<5lual  excrcife  of  what 
the  hoafe  of  commons  polfers,  is  incompadbic  with  a  monarchical 
^vemment;  and  that  this  defed  in  the  conditutlon  can  be  palliated 
only  by  the  general  venality  of  individuals ;  we  need  not  be  at  a  lofa 
to  account  for  the  degeneracy  of  parliament  *•' 

Hence  it  is  evident  that  our  author  is  an  advocate  for  re« 
fern,  but  on  principles  very  different  from  thofe  on  which  re- 
Ibrm  has  hitherto  been  defended :  he  would  firft  reform  tho 
manners  of  the  eledors,  as  the  beft  means  of  fecuring  political 
integrity  in  the  ele^ed :  he  would  then  introduce  a  greater 
portion  of  the  landed  intereft  into  Parliament,  and  confiderabjy 
lellen  the  number  of  profeffional  men  and  merchants  who 
fliould  be  admitted  to  fit  in  it ;  and  he  would  extend  the  power 
of  the  Crown,  at  the  fame  time  that  he  would  diminifli  that  of 
the  Houfe of  Commons,  by  making  the  prince  lefs  dependent 
on  it : — but  it  is  not  the  Lower  Houfe  alone,  according  to  Mr, 
M.,  that  calls  for  reform  ;  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  in  bis  opiniQn^ 
fiands  in  as  much  need  of  it. 

•  A  moment's  reflexion  (fays he)  will  ferve  to  convince  us,  that  the 
political  power  veiled  in  the  lords,  enables  them  to  perform  but  a  fmalt 
part  of  what  is  required  of  them  ;  and  unlefs  this  power,  their  titles  of 
boDoar,  and  their  infegma  of  rank,  are  united  to  great  perfonal  autho- 
rity»  derived  from  ample  hereditary  poITeflionsy  and  to  the  reipefb 
which  is  always  paid  to  honourable  birth,  their  power  would  be  nu- 
^atory,  their  infignia  ridiculous.  Luxury,  that  bane  to  national 
profperity,  by  caufing  the  extinction  of  old  families,  incurably  vi- 
tiates, to  a  certain  degree,  the  conflituiion  of  the  houfe  of  lords.  A 
new-created  peer  will  never  be  reff»eded  as  much  as  one  who  derives 
(is  honours  from  a  long  line  of  anccllors.  This  evil  would  not,  how- 
cver»  be  very  coniiderable,  if  the  vacancies  were  fupplied  as  they 
ought  to  be;  but  of  late  years,  inllead  of  felcdting  thofc  commoners, 
who  are  moll  diilinguifhed  by  their  family  and  fortune,  peerages  have 
been  lavifhed  on  profeffional  men,  often  of  the  moll  obfcure  birth, 
and  who  fometimes  have  not  even  attained  an  independence,  but  are 

•  •  'I'hofe  who  arc  advocates  for  the  prefeni  fyllom  of  govern ment^ 
yet  allow  that  it  is  fupported  by  influence,  leem  not  anare  that  their 
arguments  lead  to  an  abfurdity.  The  power  of  inBiiencing  a  prepon- 
derating part  of  the  people  veiled  in  the  crown,  is  niig.\rory,  udefa 
there  is  alfo  a  difpofilion  in  the  people  to  be  influenced,  buch  a  dif- 
pofition  implies  a  proportional  annihilaticn  of  political  integrity. 
But  where  political  integrity  is  in  general  cxtindl,  the  nation  muft 
decline/ 

compelled 


391  Micbdt^x  PfineipUs  d/Leg^atimt* 

tompelled  dill  to  follow  their  profeffions,  or  craft  to  placcf  aai  pei> 
fions  for  a  mainteoance.  This  pra£lice  partly  arifcs  from  the  indo- 
lence and  effeminate  frivolity  of  thofe  who  are  bom  to  opaleoee*  and 
who  ddcri  the  fervice  of  the  public,  or  at  leaft  confider  it  as  fobordi- 
uatc  to  their  pleafures  and  amufements ;  they  therefore  not  ooly  havr 
no  claims  to  any  recompence  from  government,  but,  from  the  degre- 
dation  of  their  perfonal  charader,  are  of  little  importance  in  the  eye 
of  the  mtnifter.  It  proceeds^  however*  ftill  more  from  the  necefiiy 
the  minifler  lies  under,  of  attaching  to  himfelf  as  many  men  of  profef- 
fional  eminence  as  poflible,  who,  knowine  their  owfi  importance*  make 
their  own  terms  ;  and  alfo  of  fecuring  a  devoted  majority  in  the  opper 
as  well  as  in  the  lower  houfe. 

*  It  behoves  all  parties  at  prefent  to  recoiled  tbemfelvea.  Power* 
fttch  as  is  Veiled  in  an  Englim  peer,  can  (afely  be  encrofted  only  to 
ooe  who  is  altogether  independent  of  the  fmiles  of  the  pfiioce,  or  the 
minifter,  as  to  his  fortune  ;  and  if  the  houfe  of  lords  b»  as  it  always 
has  been  ellcemed^  the  tirmeil  fupport  to  royalty*  and  a  necefla^ 
refuge  to  the  cor.lHtution  againll  the  ficklenefs  and  violence  of  the 
people,  it  ii^  the  interell  both  of  the  people  and  of  the  crowd  to  oniti^ 
as  formerly,  political  power  and  honorary  fplendoor  to  hereditary 
opulence  and  perfnnal  authority.  Whatever  may  be  his  abilities  ufk 
merits*  however  fplendid  his  fervices,  a  new  man*  (mvus  htm^} 
particularly  if  he  has  his  fortune  to  make>  is  not  competent  to  faU 
adi  that  is  required  of  a  peer.* 

Then,  criticifing  the  famous  pafTagc  in  Pope» 

*<  Princes  and  peers  may  flourifh  or  may  fiide^ 
A  breath  may  make  them*  as  a  breath  haa  made; 
But  a  bold  peafantry*  a  country's  pride* 
When  once  deHroy'd,  can  never  be  fupplied  :*' 

he  fays — The  fentimcnt  is  falfe,  for  itwould  be  dill  more  dificak 
10  (e-eftabli(h  a  peerage  than  a  peafantry  ;  and  be  is  certaioly 
right,  if  it  be  true  that  hereditary  nobles  arc  ufeful  inafmucka 
they  are  venerated  by  the  public,  and  that  antiquity  of  delceot 
is  one  of  the  caufes,  if  not  the  principal  one,  of  the  vcncratoft 
in  which  they  are  held  by  the  people.  He  then  proceeds  te 
ihew  that,  notwithftanding  the  many  additions  made  to  tbefift 
of  peers,  the  power  of  the  ariftocracy  is  rather  on  the  wane, 
and  that  the  influence  of  the  democracy  has  long  been  gaining 
ground  in  our  conftitution.  He  infills  that  the  monarchy,  de- 
prived  as  it  is  of  the  legal  power  neceflary  to  its  defence,  can- 
not  maintain  iifelf  without  influence:  but  at  the  fame  time  he 
admits  that  a  government  of  influence  is  baneful  in  its  nature; 
and  that  the  refources  of  no  ftate  whatever  can  for  a  continn- 
ance  fupport  it :  he  is  therefore  an  advocate  for  a  lefonn, 
though,  as  we  have  already  faid,  on  principles  difierent  from 
any  yet  recommended  to  thb  public. 

<  Unlefs  (fays  he)  a  radical  amelioration  of  legiflative  policy  takes 
place*  anarchy  will  triumph,  or  defpotifm  will  crulh  every  remnant  cf 

libeny. 


lUppn  of  tie  Commkiti  of  thi  Board  of  AgrUultuu.     393 

liberty.  This  horrid  alternative  can  be  prevented  only  by  adive  and' 
llrenaoaa  exertions  of  the  advocates  for  order  and  rational  freedom. 
Whoever  values  his  property  and  his  honours*  mult  owe  their  preferv- 
•tion  to  himfelf :  he  can  no  longer  enjoy  them  in  indolence  under  the 
protflAion  of  Iaws>  or  a  conftitution,  for  which  the  contending  parties 
Crei  no  reverence*  which  the  one  endeavours  to  dellroy,  and  the  other 
toabufe.' 

-  A  gre^t  blefBng  attending  our  government,  he  obfervef,  is, 
that  we  need  not  diforganize  in  order  to  regenerate  ;  and  thav 
a  complete  reformation  may  be  obtained  by  adhering  to  the  fpi« 
rity  without  departing  from  the  forms,  of  our  prefent  conftitu- 
tion  :— but,  in  order  to  proceed  with  effeS,  he  thinks  the  legif- 
lature  ought  to  begin  in  time.  To  thofe  who  have  property. 
and  to  t^ofe  who  have  hitherto  poflcfled  a  kind  of  monopoly  ot 
places,  \it  gives  very  wholefome  advice  in  the  following  words : 

'  The  rich  would  do  well  to  imitate  the  fabled  policy  of  the  beaver, 
wboxi  faid  to  bite  off  the  part  fdV  which  the  hunters  purfue  him,  and 
fDbinits  to  be  maimed  in  order  to  fave  his  life.  The  upper  ranks  can- 
not loog  retain  an  exdnfive  right  to  the  lucrative  offices  of  the  (late. 
The  greedy  multitude  will  at  firft  infift  on  having  a  (hare ;  they  will 
then  take  the  whole,  and  the  private  poiTeffions  of  the  rich  will  foon 
follow.  Before  it  is  too  late,  all  falaries  and  profits  arifing  from  of- 
fices of  ftate  Qiould  be  infinitely  reduced,  and  neither  the  populace  nor 
their  leaders  will  then  be  very  keen  in  the  pnrfuit  of  barren  honour 
and  unprofitable  labour.* 

After  the  laft  Chapter,  are  given  10 1  pages  of  notes,  illuf- 
tratiog  various  propofitions  laid  down  in  the  body  of  the  work  ; 
to  which  is  fubjoined  an  Appendix  of  31  pages,  containing 
naoy  very  judicious  obfervations  on  agriculture,  inclofures,{^c. 

Such  is  the  outline  of  a  work,  which,  we  are  convinced, 
cannot  be  read  without  benefit  by  any  clafs  or  defcription  of 
thinking  men.  It  contains  undoubtedly  much  that  will  be 
condemned,  or  at  lead  difputeJ,  by  many,  on  the  fabje£ts 
of  the  army,  militia,  religion,  garrifons,  royal  prerogative, 
commerce,  and  reform  :  but  the  p^rts  which  may  be  con- 
demned by  fomc  will  be  infinitely  overbalanced  by  thofe  that 
muft  be  praifed  by  all. 

Art.  V.  Report  tf  thi  CommitUt  of  thi  Boar  J  cf  Agriculture^  ap- 
pointed to  extradl  Information  from  the  County  Reports,  and  other 
Authorities,  concerning  the  Culture  and  Ufe  of  Potatoes,  4to. 
pp.  177.     5s.  fewed.     Nicol.     1795. 

BisiDES  extrads  from  the  County  Reports  of  the  Board, 
and  from  other  authorities,  printed  and  in  manufcript,  this 
Report- contains  upwards  of  twenty  communications  ^  many 
of  them  from  valuable  correfpondents  ;   and    thcfe    commu- 
nications fill  moretfaanone  half  of  the  volume, 
REV.DfiC.  I796,'  Ee  The 


394     Rip9ft  of  the  Cmmittee  of  thi  Board  cf  Jgriiultuni 

The  arrangement  of  the  body  of  the  work  it  judic!oir<, 
though  not  new :  but  the  reader's  attention  it  diftraAed,  la 
examining  the  digeflcd  extracts,  by  the  want  of  confifteiicj, 
and  by  the  direct  contradictions  which  continually  occur. 
Many  of  the  remark^,  alfo,  are  I'o  light  and  frivolous,  thati 
mind  converfant  in  the  fubjcdl  palls  with  the  detail. 

As  a  fpecimen  of  this  laborious  publication,  we  print  tbe 
(lift  chapter : 

♦Of  the  Sort  op  Potatoe. 
♦  Authdrities  cxtra3edfrom  thi  County  Reports. 

*  In  Lancafhire,  tbe  Ox  Noble  and  Clufler  forts  are  planted  fv 
cattle.  The  Old  Wioter  Red  is  pecoliarly  good  in  the  fpring^  wheo 
other  kinds  have  lofl  their  flavour ;  and  ii  has  never  been  koowa  to 
curl*. 

*  In  the  North  Riding  of  York,  Ox  Noble,  Champion,  and  Sflri« 
naoBy  are  culttvaied  ;  but  chiefl/  the  Kidney  ^. 

«  in  the  Ifle  of  Man,  the  forts  moll  in  ufe  are,  the  Kidney :  Mod, 
bat  not  prolific,  nor  keep  well— the  White  and  Apple  forti,  Ector 
than  moll  for  the  firil  part  of  the  feafon — the  Pink  Eyei  and  Coppl^ 
plates  :  hardy,  llrong,  and  admicofcoarfe  management — the  Blacks, 
a  late  fort,  keep  well  till  Augufl^. 

«  In  Mid  Lothian,  feed  is  fometimes  raifed  from  the  apple :  le- 
quires  two  years  ;  the  fird  only  as  large  as  nuts  :  many  forts  from  tht 
iame  apple  :  more  prolific.  The  Kidney  poutoes  the  bell ;  large 
produce  on  very  rich  foils;  but  will  hardly  grow  on  poor  land.  Curl 
avoided  by  changing  feed  from  other  counties'. 

*  In  Well  Lothian  the  purple  ilreaked  kind  aflTords  the  largefl  pro- 
duce. Ksufing  them  from  the  Hem  is  the  mod  eafy  and  certain  way 
to  come  at  the  fame  fpecies.  The  Stem  poutoes  are  (bme  fcalott 
found  in  plenty  upon  the  joints  of  the  flalk ;  are  in  perfeflioo  after 
the  fecond  year's  planting  :  raifing  from  feed  more  tedioof,  the  kiads 
numerous  and  uncertain.  The  white  Surinam  preferred  to  tberd, 
which  is  apt  to  hove  cattle*. 

<  In  £a(l  Lothian,  the  Blackamoors  and  Killamancas  are  at  prefent 
the  mod  produdive  '.  Renewing  the  feed  by  raifing  it  from  the  apple, 
has  always  proved  unfuccefsful  a. 

*  In  Kail  LothiaiY,  the  Surinam  potatoe  yields  30  per  cent,  more 
than  any  other  kind  *». 

*  In  Selkirk  (hire,  the  Kidney  and  Round  White  are  efleemed  tie 
bed,  being  dry  or  mealy  ;  and  yield  the  greated  produce '. 

«  In  Roxburgh Qiire,  found  good  to  change  feed  from  a  wet  cold 
foil  to  a  Iharp  one ;  and  from  this  county  to  Edinburgh,  where  tbe 
foil  is  differ  and  wetter*^. 

.  ■  >i  n 

•  Lancader,  p.  30.  ^  North  Riding,  p.  43. 
e  lile  of  Man,  p.  35.  '  M.  Lothian,  p.  68. 

c  W.  Lothian,  p.  z6.  ^  £ad  Lothian,  p.  go. 

<  Rad  Lothian,  p.  81.       .    ^  Ibid.  p.  8a. 

*  S.lkirk,  30.  *  P.  33. 

10  'In 


itgpcrt  tfihi  CMtmttee  ofthi  Btard  tf  Agriculiurti     39S 

*  In  Ayrihire»  the  Roupd  Red  and  the  Round  Whitc>  of  a  dry 
batufe,  txt  preferred,  both  for  tafte  and  produce  ^ 

•  Other  Authorities  on  the  fame  Suhje£it  from  Manufcript  Obfer<vationt 
iranfmittid  to  the  Boards  or  various  Agricultural  Publications. 

*  At  Jlford,  in  1784*  the  Red  Nofe  Kidney  laid  afide,  becaufe  fure 
to  be  curled.     Tht  Champion,  generally  preferred,  does  not  curl™. 

«  Mr.  Turner,  in  Suffolk,  part  of  a  field  Red  Nofed  Kidney,  and 
part  Aylcfbury  White  ;   the  former  all  curled  ;  the  latter  healthy  ». 

«  Mr.  Lord,  in  Suffolk,  White  and  Red  Kidney  :  the  former,  every 
plpnt  carted ;  the  latter,  not  one.  Alfo  Red  Nofed  Kidney  and  Phea- 
Unt  Eye;  the  former  all  curled,  the  latter  not  one*^. 

<  Mr.  Bucke,  of  Suffolk,  planted  the  Dutch  upright  fpecies  and 
the  Pink  Nofe.     The  latter  curled ;  the  former  did  not  F. 

«  Mr.  Pitt,  of  Staffordfliire,  (i.)  Champions  early;  never  curl; 
bat  not  a  great  produce,  (a.)  Aylelbury  Whites;  large,  and  great 
produce.  (3.)  Ox  Noble;  great  crop,  very  large,  but  apt  to  be 
koUow :  fell  readily.  Surinam  greateft  produd  of  all :  good  for 
cattle  1. 

•  Mr.  Billingfley,  of  Somerfet(hire»  Surinam^  Ox  Noble,  and  Horft 
LegSy  not  fo  nutritious  as  others  forts  ^. 

'  Mr.  Woolward,  in  Suffolk,  thinks  the  Gold  finder,  which  is  yellow 
witUn,  the  beit  fort  ^ 

'  Mr..  Young  compared  the  Clufter,  Red  Rofed  Kidney,  and 
Golden  Tags.  Produce  per  acre  under  the  fame  management  in  ^e 
driQ  snethodt 

CInfter        360  bufliels 
Kidney        144 
Tags  207 « 

<  In  Edinburghfhire,  the  Red  Neb  (fo  called  from  fmall  red  fpott 
00  the-foiallefl  end)  the  earlieft ;  ready  the  lafl  week  m  July  ". 

«  Sir  Thomas  Beever  compared  the  following  forts :  the  four  firl^, 
in  a  garden  border  where  a  row  of  apple-trees  had  grown,  and  taken 
ap  a  month  before  ;  the  three  laft,  in  garden-ground  that  had  been 
cropped  in  the  common  mapner. 


Wt.ofSeed. 

QuamityofLand 

WtQfPred. 

Boiheli 

Incomparable,  a  feed- 

lb.  oz. 

planted* 

lb.  ox. 

per  acre. 

ling          •         * 

4    9 

6  tenths  of  a  rod 

«3     0 

69* 

Dennes  Hill,  ditto 

3     » 

8  ditto 

16  10 

668 

Bayley's  ditto    -    - 

3     1 

5  ditto 

8    6 

539 

Manley  White     • 

4  »2 

3  ditto 

6    4 

670 

Kentilh  Seedling     - 

2  10 

4  ditto 

16  11 

13+* 

Champion 

3    6 

5  ditto 

11     I 

708 

Ox  Noble '^ 

3  II     I4  ditto                 1   14    0    1  1140 

*  Ayrfhire,  26.  "»  Annals,  vol.  2.  p.  98. 

n  Annals,  vol.  2.  p.  150.       ^  Ibid.  v.  1.  p.  133. 

P  Vol.  V.  p.  251.  ^  Ibid.  V.  7.  p.  40. 

r  Vol.  21.  p.  4.  •  Vol.  23.  p.  31.      • 

(  Society  of  Arts  Tranfa^lions,  vol.  3.  p.  34r 

tt  Wight,  V.  4.  p.  446.      "^  Bath  Society,  vol.  4.  p.  304^ 

Ec  2  < 


&Ir. 


jq6     Ripirt  rfthi  Canmtitei  rfibe  litUrd  ff  AphHHitt. 

'  Mr.  WhyQ  Bdker«  in  Ireland,  coflbpared  rarioas  (brtt  ai  under: 

lb.  oz« 
CommonwUe  produced        21     6 
Apple        -        -        -       20    a 
Red  French        -        -        15  12 
Munfter  White  -  16    o 

Crones  -  •        16    6 

Spani(h        -        -        -     15  10* 

f  And  repeating  the  experiment  the  year  following,  tke  refolt  wif. 

Sort.  Barrels  per  acre. 

Black            •  111 

Qualcerwife  108 

Red  French  88 

White  ditto  8$ 

Common  wife  103 

Apple             .  ,     j6 

EngliOi.  White  85 

White  Munftcr  79 

3p4ilifti            -  70 

Crones          -  60  x 

«  The  kinds  of  potatoe,  iays  Mr.  Halfal  of  Narbeth,  w&icli  I  kve 
found  moft  ufefal  for  family  coofumption,  are  the  Apple  asd  dc 
White  Kidney;  cuhivated;wtth  great  faccefs  ia  the  counfiesofWo- 
ford  and  Wicklow,  in  IrelanS.  Tiiefe  forts  produce  great  retnnu, 
are  firm  and  mealy^  pleafant  to  the  palate^  and  do  not  acquire  that 
difagreeable  tafle  at  the  approach  of  fummer,  to  which  many  (brti  are 
Ibbfc*. 

<  Mr.  Townfy » of  Belfield,  names  the  Early  RM  and  White,  IMrfk 
The  flat  White  Kidney,  by  fome  called  the  True  Spanifh,  for  {mmt 
nfe ;  alfo,  for  winter  dAr,  the  White  ifnd  Red  Ruflet,  the  Golden  T%t 
i!he  Irifh  Dan,  ahd  the  Smooth  Winter  White.  For  bbck  earflitle 
Irifh  Blue,  and  the  Old  Englifh  Red,  which  are  hardy,  with  ftmtogceits. 
The  White  Lantafhire  ^ws  ytxj  Jar^,  and  yields  plentifully  *. 

<  The  Royal,  or  Cumberland  £arly,  is  of  a  large  fi^,  very  pinik» 
of  an  excellent  flavour,  and  ripens  early  enough  to  admit  of  the  giwid 
b^ing  employed  either  in  rai^ng  another  crop  Of  the  fame  potaloctf 
er  a  crop  of  white  peafe,  turnips,  cabbages,  or  green  kash  lliele 
circumfbinces  render  it  a  yalu^Ieacquifidon ;  and  there  b  littledeibtf 
that  in  a  (hort  time  it  will  go  a  great  way  to  fnpplant  ever/  ocber 
kind.  What  gives  this  potatoe  a  decided  preference  is,  that  it  is 
ready  at  a  time  when  the  price  of  grain  and  other  neceflaries  of  lifcaiv 
at  the  higheft ;  that  is,  between  the  old  and  the  new  crop  \ 

'  Experiments  reported  to  the  Dublin  Society  1771,  p.  loo. 
r  Ibid.  1772,  p.  101.  *  MS.  Papers  oif  the  Board. 

•  Georgical  EfTays,  vol.  4.  p.  44. 
^  MS.  by  Mr.  Wm.  SomervHIe. 

•Mr. 


^Mr»  P^rkinfoDj  of  Doocafter»  compared  feveral  (brts. 

The  Black  produced,  per  acre,  looo  pecky* 
The  White  -  -  800 

Kidneys  -  •  500 

Champion  •  -*        1000 

Ox  Noble  -  -  1200* 

'  The  Black  potatoe  affbrdi  more  ftarch  than  the  White^  and  b  of 
a  greater  fpecific  gravity  ^« 

OBSERVATION. 

'  Such  are  the  authorities  concerning  the  fort  of  potatoe  which 
have  occurred,  whether  in  the  county  reports,  or  in  various  other 
commanications  tranfmitted  to  the  Board,  or  in  thefe  authors  who  ap* 
pear  to  have  treated  the  fubjed  the  more  immediately,  either  from 
adual  experiment,  or  the  obfervations  of  pradical  men.  Great  dif- 
ficalties  will  neceilarilv  atteAd  the  enquiry  from  the  uncertainty  of 
what  the  forts  are  which  pafs  with  different  perfons  under  the  fame 
denooiination ;  but  there  does  not  appear  in  the  prefent  (late  of  our 
knowledge  of  this  root,  any  means  of  removing  this  obfcurity.  In 
fbtore,  however,  it  will  be  highly  deferving  the  attention  of  pradical 
men  to  4efcribe  particularly  the  forts  of  their  potatoes,  relative  to  root» 
branch,  leaf,  bloifom,  or  any  other  circumfiance  that  (hall  promife 
aaore  accurate  difcrimination.  And  another  obje6l  deferving  of  at- 
tmtioQ  is  an  experimental  enquiry,  which  does  not  feem  hitherto  to 
have  been  made.  How  far  any  ibrts  of  this  root  may  be  more  pecu- 
liariy  adapted  to  certain  foils  than  other  forts  *  ?  It  is  not  the  purpofe 
cf  the  Board  to  give  any  opinion  on  this  fubje£l ;  they  \vi(h  only  to 
leport  fads ;  and  where  theie  appear  to  be  infufficient,  to  endeavour 
to  excite  the  attention  of  thofe  pradical  men  whofe  (ituation  enables 
ihem  to  try  the  neceffary  experiments.  It  may  probably  be  obferved, 
that  feme  of  the  contradidliocis  that  will  be  found  in  certain  authorities^ 
fliay,  from  this  circumftance,  be  more  apparent  than  real.' 

Among  the  communications,  is  a  valuable  paper  by  Dr.  Pear- 
loDy  comprizing  *  Experiments  and  Obfervations  on  the  con- 
fiitiicnt  Parts  of  the  Potatoe  Root  ;*  and  we  have  only  to 
icgret  that  it  is  too  long  for  our  infertion.  We  will,  how- 
ever,  extraA  fo  much  of  it  as  will  convey  to  our  readers  the 
kinds  and  proportions  of  the  different  fubllaaces  contained  in 
this  ufeful  root : 


<  MS.  Papers  of  the  Board. 

*  Mr,  A.  H.  Hemphill,  MS.  Papers  of  the  Board. 

•  It  is  (lated  by  Mr.  M<CuIloch,  minifter  of  Bothwell,  in  Clydei^ 
dale,  that  a  black  or  blackiih  red  potatoe  they  have  lately  got  in  that 
part  of  Scotland,  (lands  a  clayey  foil,  better  than  any  other  ;  and  in 
^  fpring  becomes  dry  and  mealy.— M.S.  Pafen  oftht  Beard. 

Ec  3  M.It 


398     Ripm  ofthi  Comrnittei  of  tbi  Board  of  Agritylimri^ 

•  I.  It  appears  from  the  above  experiments  (I. — VII.)  Thacifa 
parts  of  poutpe-root,  deprived  of  its  fkio  or  bran^  coofift  of 

1.  Water,         -         .     68  tp  7^ 

2.  Meal,        .        •     .3;k  to  28 

)oo      909 

'  2.  The  mca!  confifts  of  three  different  fubftancei : 
'  !•  Starch  or  fecula,  -  17  to  19 

2.  Leafy  or  fibrous  matter,  9  to     8 

3.  Estradt  or  foluble  mucilage,    6  to     5 

32       28 

'  The  potatoe-root  contains  alfo  potafh,  or  vegeuble  alkali  (b- 
ferimtnt  X.).  By  ellimation,  there  were  ten  grains  of  it  in  its  aild 
ilate  from  1000  grains  of  the  root;  b^^t^as  of  tbefe  ten  grains  boc 
lefs  than  tw^o  and  a  half  were  carbonic  acid,  or  fixed  air»  produced 
(during  burning,  we  cannot  reckon  the  quantity  of  this  alkali  aoie 
than  fevf^n  grains  and  a  half  in  1000  o\  the  root;  that  is,  tbree- 
foarths  of  a  grain  per  cent. 

'  4.  The  aihes  of  1000  grains  of  potatoe-root  afforded  alfb  fevci 
grains  and  a  half,  or  three-  fourths  of  a  grain  per  cenu  of  fubiboccs 
not  examined  (Experiment  \J) ;  but  which  are  very  probably  tbe  £uw 
fubiUnces  afforded  by  the  fcfhes  of  vegetable  matters  in  general; 
namely,  oxide,  or  calx  of  iron,  and  of  manganefe,  phofphoric  add 
united  to  lime,  magnefia,  and  muriate  of  foda,  or  common  fall* 

'  5.  The  fubflances  found  in  the  afhes  of  1000  grains  of  the  po- 
tatoe-root  amounting  to  fifteen  grains  (Exfcrimcfii  X,)  do  not,  we 
have  good  reafon  to  believe*  enter  into  the  compofition,  or  are  eflet- 
tial  conHicuent  parts  of  the  root,  but  are  merely  extraneous  matten, 
introduced  into  the  plant  along  with  water,  air,  and  other  aiiment,  or 
are  fecreted  by  the  power!^  of  the  vegetable  (Economy. 

'  6.  There  is  alfo  in  the  root  under  examination,  volatile  efTentia! 
oil,  ox/piritus  redor,  to  which  is  owing  its  fmell  and  the  little  ufie  it 
poOeires.  The  proportion  of  volatile  oil  is  too  fmall  even  to  bee(i- 
xnsted  ;  and  mod  of  its  feems  to  fly  off  with  the  water  during  diflilii- 
tion  or  evaporation.  The  greated  part,  or  the  whole  of  this  oH,  maf 
be  wafhed  out  along  with  the  extract,  or  foloble  mucilage,  as  appears 
from  Experiment  V I  f . 

•  7.  There  is  in  the  juice  or  water  of  the  potatoe-root  an  icd 
(Experiment  \X.)  which  difappears  upon  burning  the  root  to  aflies 
(Experiment  X.)  \  either  becaufe  it  is  decompounded  by  the  fire  or 
evaporated,  or  becaufe  it  enters  into  chemical  union  during  the  com* 
buftipn.  The  acid  is  not  difcoverable  in  the  filtrated  liquid  from  the 
bruifed  root,  becaufe  the  proportion  of  it  is  too  fmall  to  be  detedcd 
by  any  teft  when  diluted  with  water;  as  in  Experiment  VII.* 

This  volume  is  accompanied  with  feveral  plates;  moft  of 
which  are  negligently  defigncd,  and  of  little  advanuge  to  the 

work. 


Moore*/  Edward.  '399 

work.  That  which  (hews  the  method  of  cutting  the  fets,  is 
the  only  one  which  might  not  have  been  fpared.  This  p1ate» 
with  (he  fubftance  of  the  book  before  us ;  or  rather  fome  plaint 
conneiSled  pratSlical  directions  for  the  proper  management 
of  the  potatoe,  comprized,  as  they  might  well  have  been, 
in  a  twelve- penny  pamphlet ;  would  have  forwarded  the  views 
of  the  Board,  by  facil  eating  and  incrcafing  the  culture  of  thii« 
ufeful  root,  much  more  effe£iually  than  the  expenfive  work 
which  they  have  pubhflied—  expinjive^  we  mean,  to  tbi  Board. 


A*T.  VI.  Ed'-ward •'^Various  Vienvi  of  Haman  Nature t  taken  from 
Life  and  Manners,  chiefly  in  England.  By  the  Author  of  Zeluco, 
8vo.     2  Vol;.     ]6s.  Boards.     Cadell  jun.  and  Davies.     1796. 

'T'HB  author  of  Zeluco,  better  known  as  the  author  of  the 
^  Views  of  Society  and  Manners  in  France,  Swiflerland^Italy, 
&c.  is  recognized  by  the  public  as  a  writer  who  is  endowed 
with  more  than  an  ordinary  infight  into  human  nature,  and 
who  is  capable  of  defcribing  its  intricacies  with  difccrnment 
feafbned  by  pleafantry.  The  fccnes,  however,  which  he  has 
hitherto  exhibited,  were  chiefly  copied  from  the  manners  of  other 
countries  :  but  the  prefent  work  is  of  Britifh  manufa6lure,  and 
almoft  entirely  confined  10  the  illuftration  of  our  domeftic  ufages 
and  national  cui^oms. 

fLdward\%  a  foundling,  whom  chance  places  under  the  pro- 
te£lion  of  Mrs.  Barnet ;  a  woman  who,  without  being  recom- 
mended to  the  reader  by  beauty,  accomplifliments,  or  fingularity 
of  adventure,  i*  rendered  intcrefting  by  her  good  fcnfe  and 
tencvolence.  Under  her  maternal  guidance,  Edward  early 
difplays  an  amiable  and  manly  mind  \  which  the  author  exhi- 
bits, nor,  as  is  the  pra^ice  of  too  many  novelifts,  chiefly  by 
defcription,  but  by  placing  him  in  acftion,  and  by  making  him 
/peak  and  behave,  in  many  trying  fituations,  fuitabiy  to  his- 
charai^er.  )^'j  a  natural  feries  of  incidents,  Edward  is  finally^ 
though  fomewhat  abruptly,  brought  to  the  difcovcry  of  his  re- 
putable defccnt  nnd  wealthy  conneSions.  His  widowed  mother 
is  the  guardian  cf  a  beautiful  and  accomplifhed  heirefs,  of 
whom  he  is  enamoured  ;  and  who,  in  his  humbler  fortune,  had 
given  him  the  preference  to  (uitors  highly  recommended  by  rank 
and  merit.  The  ftory  concludes,  as  might  be  expefted,  with  thp 
marriage  of  theie  accomplifhed  lovers,  and  a  fummaj-y  diipofal 
of  the  lubordinate  charaders. 

We  (hall  infert  part  of  Cnap.  Ivii.  of  vol.  ii.  in  which  the 
fpeakers  explain  who  they  are,  and  what  are  their  ftations  in 
the  iQ^v\^  oi  adtion,  without  laying  us  under  the  necelfity  of  a 
formal  introdudion : 

E  e  4  'The 


400  lAoote^s  EdumrlL 

..  <  The  eoin{5any  at  dbnfer  at  Sir  Madiew  Maoldfli*!,  cofcMid 
of  Sir  Mather's  family,  including .  Lady  Virginia,  jpoloiKtl  Saiif « 
and  Mr.  Shadow,  Mr.  Mrs.  and  Mils  Barnet,  Mr.  and  lln. 
Temple,  Mr.  Wormwood,  and  a  Mr.  Grinder,  the  Ton  of  an  CTcr- 
feer  of  a  large  eflare  in  the  Weil  Indies,  who  on  the  death  of  kii 
'father,  having  fucceeded  to  the  fame  office,  had  in  the  cotirfe  of  t 
'few  years  accumulated  a  confiderable  fortune,  with  whidi  he  canfe 
to  England.  Mr.  Grinder  had  been  recommended  to  the  Mulatto, 
who  having  perfnaded  him  to  fettle  in  that  part  of  the  coitatry»  Mr. 
Grinder  was  adlually  in  treaty  with  Sir  Mathew  Maukifli,  for  tiM 
leafe  of  a  houfe  and  fome  lands  belonging  to  him,  which  was  tbe 
'reafon  of  his  being  invited  on  the  prefent  occafion. 

"  Shall  I  help  you  to  fome  falmon  ?"  faid  L,ady  Bab  to  Mr.Tcnpk. 

**  If  your  Ladyihip  pleafes,"  replied  he. 

•'  You  will  find  it  very  good,"  added  (he,  «*  k  was  brought  ii 
quite  alive,  and  I  ordered  it  to  be  crimp'd  diredly.  *' 

"1  a(k  pardon.  Madam,  I  will  uke  fome  of  this  diib  nextve 
lather.'* 

**  Yeu  had  much  better  try  the  falmon,'*  refonned  fiie,  Mforl 
aiTure  you  it  was  all  alive,  when  1  ordered  it  to  be  cut  acrofa.*' 

"  Forgive  me.  Madam,"  faid  Mr.  Temple,  (hrinldng. 

<'  To  let  your  Ladyfhip  into  a  fecret,"  faid  Mr.  Bamet,  **  mf 
brother  Temple,  although  he  is  fond  of  fifh,  never  will  tafte  any  tkta^ 
that  has  been  crimp'd  alive ;  he  in  fids  upon  it  that  all  animals  disc 
are  killed  for  our  ufe,  ought  to  be  killed  with  the  leaft  pain  poffibie, 
and  for  the  fame  reafon  he  will  allow  no  eels  at  his  ubie,  but  fodi  it 
have  not  been  ikinn'd  till  they  were  dead." 

'<  That  feems  very  flrange,"  refumed  I.ady  Bab  Mankifli,  **  ftr 
they  are  much  the  better  for  being  fkinned  alive.'* 

**  I  once  thought  fo  myfelf,"  faid  Barnet ;  *'  but  my  wife  happeil 
to  have  the  fame  fancy  witti  Mr.  Temple,  and  always  (hewed  fucain 
averfion  to  thofe  methods  of  improving  the  tafte  of  animals,  that  I  be- 
gan to  think  it  gave  her  as  much  pain  as  it  did  them  ;  and  althoogli 
i  am  not  one  of  thofe  hufbands  who  yield  to  the  whims  of  their  wives, 
yet  in  mere  compaflion  to  Mrs.  Barnet,  I  gave  up  that  point,  and  oov 
'that  I  am  accuftomed  to  eat  my  falmon  and  eels  and  pigs  in  her  arty, 
I  love  them  ju (I  as  well  as  if  they  had  been  crimp'd,  or  flea'd  aKfc, 
or  whip'd  to  death." 

**  As  animals  were  created  for  no  other  pufpofe,  than  for  being  (bod 
for  us,"  faid  Sir  Mathew  Maukiih,  *'  I  (hould  think  it  of  no  impon- 
ance  in  what  manner  they  are  put  to  death." 

*'  Now,  in  my  opinion,"  replied  Mr.  Temple,  "  the  difference 
between  a  painful  or  an  tz(y  death,  mud  be  of  more  importance  to 
them,  than  the  dilFerence  made  in  their  tafte  by  tortoring  them  can 
be  to  us." 

'  Here  Sir  Mathew  Mankifh,  who  was  apt,  when  the  company  was 
larger  than  ufual,  to  harangue  on  the  mod  trilling  fubjed,  intheftoe 
pompous  verbofe  (lyle  he  did  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  fpoke  as 
follows : 

*'  I  a(k  ten  thoufand  pardons  for  differing  in  opinion  from  the  re* 
verend  Gentleman  'wbofpoh  loft.    Left  my  meaning  (hould  be  msf- 

ukcn. 


CmkeSy  J-kcg  hvot  to  ex^n : — I  do  not  pretend  to  fay,  thit  others 
may  not  be  of  the  fame  fentiments  with  liirD,  but  only  that  1  myfeif* 
/or  ontt  im  not ;  being,  as  an  individual,  frte  to  cenfe/sy  that  I  prefer 
falmon  and  cod  that  have  been  crimpM  to  any  kind  oF  n(h»  or  /  migb$ 
he  boU  io  /ayf  to  any  animal  whatever ;  but  I  prefer  feveral  otner 
difhes  tO' both  falmon  and  cod  that  have  not  been  fo  treated  the  mo- 
ment they  are  drawn  out  of  the  water;  and  I  pledge  myfelf  to  prove 
that  crimping  is  a  very  great  improvement  to  bo(h  iti^ie  fifh,  and 
might  be  extended  with  utility  to  others  ;  from  which  it  clearly  fol- 
lows, that  brutes  ought  to  be  killed  in  that  manner,  or  acc.rdtng  to 
that  mode,  which  does  them  moft  good,  in  the  ex'ijiing  circumjiances i 
in  other  words,  they  ought  to  be  treated  when  alive,  and  dreif  ddead 
or  alive,  in  the  manner  that  renders  them  the  mofl  delicate  eating.  / 
afi  pardon  for  taking  uf  the  time  of  the  company  fo  long,  but  on  a 
-qaeftion  fo  interetting  to  the  brute  creation,  1  couiJ  not  be  filent.'' 

*•  The  queftion,  as  you  juftly  obferve.  Sir  MathwW,"  faid  Mr, 
Wormwood,  «•  fcems  to  incerelt  the  brute  creation  very  much  \ — but 
ovght  we  not  to  be  cautious  of  extendiiig  our  fcverity  to  airbrates 
vnthont  exception,  lell  it  (IiduIJ  occafion  the  crimping  or  whipping  of 
Ibme  brutes  who  little  dream  of  it  ?" 

*  Mrs.  Bamet  addreffed  Sir  Mathew  at  that  inflant,  on  purpofe 
CO  divert  his  attention  from  the  import  of  Wormwood's  r;rmark,  and 
Lady  Virginia  immediately  after  obfervcd,  *«  that  fome  people  were 
of  opinion  that  there  was  no  neceflity  for  killint;  any  animal  whatever, 
for  the  food  of  mankind,  as  they  might  be  nourilhed  on  grain,  roots, 
•and  other  produdltons  of  the  earth. " 

«*  That  would  be  carrying  the  joke  a  great  deal  too  far,"  faid  Mr. 
Bamet,  *'.and  reducing  us  all  to  a  llate  of  barbarifm,  like  the  Gen- 
toos,  and  other  favage  nations,  unacquainted  with  thelibcfra!  arts/' 

••  Although  this  cuftom  of  fparing  the  lives  of  animals  were  adopted, 
my  dear  brother,"  faid  Mr.  Temple,  "  1  do  not  clearly  percei*  e  how 
ic  Ihouid  render  us  more  barbarous,  or  prove  at  all  detrimental  to  the 
liberal  arts." 

'  Mr.  Bamet  fecming  a  little  at  alofs  how  to  make  eood  his  afTrr- 
tion.  Colonel  Snug  helped  him  out,  by  obfcrving  that  abibining  frcm 
animal  food  would  certainly  prove  detrimental  to  the  art  of  cook  ry. 

*'  That  it  would,"  cried  Bamet,  •*  and  very  materially  too  :"  a..d 
obferving  that  Mr.  Temple  Imilcd,  he  ad  Jed,  "  You  may  fmile  as 
much  as  you  pleafe,  brother,  but  the  Chriilian  religion  fays  nothing 
again  ft  good  cookery." 

*'  If  It  did,  how  could  it  be  fo  much  admired  by  fo  many  dignified 
men  of  the  Church?"  faid  Colonel  Snug. 

•*  I  know  few  clergymen,"  cried  Sir  Mathew,  delighted  with  the 
quibble  he  had  conceived,  **  who  do  not  give  an  example  oi good 
li'ving,*^ 

*  To  all  this  wit,  Mr. Temple  did  not  condefcend  to  make  any  reply. 

«*  I  have  often  thought  it  a  great  pity,"  rcfamcd  Mr.  Bamet, 
•'  that  the  flefh  of  carnivorous  animals  is  p:;t  as  fweet  and  delicate 
as  mutton  or  venifon,  for  if  it  were,  it  would  fufnifh  a  greater  variety 
to  the  table,  and  would  be  a  comfort  to  tender-hearted  people  like 
my  wife,  who  feel  fome  compundlion  in  killing  lamb  and  chicken, 

but 


4Qwt  MoorcV  Edward. 

W  would  eat  carnivorous  animals,  if  they  were  tgreeable  to  thetafie, 
ftilhout  any  rcmorfc." 

"  But,  take  care,"  faid  Mr.  Temple,  *'  for  if  all  carnivoroM 
^Muals  were  good  eating,  might  we  not  be  in  danger  of  eating  one 
soother  I 

♦*  How  fo  y*  cried  Mr.  Barnct  a  little  alarmed. 

**  Becaafe  m;in  is  the  moil  carnivorous  of  all  animals/'  anfwered 
Ur.  Temple ;  '*  and  i^  your  propofal  were  adopted,  you  youHcif.  mif 
jdea-ff  bf other,  would  be  in  danger  of  being  the  firll  devoured." 

^  The  company  having  laughed  a  \\K\k  at  thia  felly.  Colonel  Sai^ 
l»id,  that  in  Switi's  works,  there  was  a  propcfal  (or  bringing  the 
iduidren  of  poor  people  in  Ireland  to  market  in  tinTesH>f  fcarcity. 

^  \  have  perufed  ihat  treatile  myreif,"  faid  Mr.  Grinder,  »bo 
liiherio  had  taken  no  part  in  the  converfation,  *'  and  indeed  it  is  the 
ctfily  pajrt  of  Pean  .S.wift*5  works  that  ever  nuich  engaged  my  atiea- 
fion.** 

•*  I  can  readily  believe,"  faid  Wormwood,  •*  that  the  treaiUe  ii 
^neflion  is  moH  loyour  taHe,  but  pray  what  objedion  have  you  to  the 

**  Som«  of  the  reft  confifts  cf  your  idlje  kind  of  poetry,  thatteacka 
•OihJDg  uCeful  in  life^"  replied  Grinder. 

**  Nothing  uftiuli**  cried  Wormwood;  to  be  furc  u  Beiibir 
^aches  as  how  to  make  breeches,  nor  plupb-puddings.*' 

**  I  never  could  bear  poetry,'^  rejoined  Grinder. 

**  May  1  be  permitted  v>  a(k  why  V*  faid  Wormwood. 

**  Becaufe,  in  the  iirlt  place,  al^poetry  coniifts  of  rhyme :  yoi 
wmSi  allow  that,"  aufwerciid  Grinder. 

*^  I  am  not  quite  of  that  opinion,'^  faid-  Wormwood,  '*  but  I  ikjl 
tdntit  it  at  preicnt..     What  is  your  npxt  reafon  for  diiliking  it  ?*' 

*^  I^  the  next  place,' ^  relumed  Grinder,  f*  all  rnyme  is  diiagree- 
»b)e  to  my  ear,  and  ptrfed  nonfenfe.*^ 

*^  That  is  going  too  far,"  faid  Mr.  Barntt,  ^<  fmce  David  wfoce 
the  pfalms  in  rhyme,  as  we  find  in  the  Bible.'* 

*'  But,  Mr.  Grinder,"  faid  Mr.  Temple,  who  did  not  like  t» 
leave  the  Bible  in  fuch  hand»»  '*  what  do  >ou  objed  to  Swift's  otlMr 
profe  works :" 

*'  A  grrat  part,"  replied  Grinder,  **  confift^  of  filly  romances, 
store  child iih,  if  pofTible,  than  his  poetry,  all  about  dairies,  and 
giants,  and  hories  that  fpeak,  and  tales  of  a. tub — " 

<^^  Yes,  ard  2^:io^^xyaboos.  Do  you  know  nobody  who  refembict 
them  ?"  faid  Wormwood. 

"  No,"  replied  Grinder,  *•  I  think  them  as  bad  as  the  otherf,  asd 
without  any  meaning,  and  ail  for  mere  amulement.— Now  for  my  own 
fart»  1  never  couJd  read  any  book  of  that  nature,  though  I  was  aUa>s 
curious  to  pcrufe  whatever  inflruds  us  in  our  real  interell,  as  bow  the 
irery  utmoii  is  to  be  made  of  an  eftate  or  plantation,  and  therefore 
the  treatiie  mentioned  by  the  Colonel  drew  my  attention,  as  foon  as  I 
iiw  it,  bci.^g  intitled,  *  A  modtfi  Prc-pojalfer  prt<ventif\g  the  ChiUnrntf 
l^our  PiopUfnm  t*eing  a  Burden  to  tbgir  Parent St  and  rtndering  them  */f- 
Jul  to  tht  Puhitc\*  but  after  a  lerious  pcrufal,  1  could  not  help  lui« 
f  cdiiig  ihai  tiic  author  meaat  it  in  jell." 

"  Do 


0*firych— l/fn/w  flinr«  P  lie.  4«| 

V  Do  yoa  xtaWy/ufpea  iaV*  faid  Colonel  Snug,  with  an  irontctl 
look. 

**  I  do,  indeed.  Colonel,*'  replied  Grinder. 

««  I  fcwp,  Mr.  Grinder,"  rejoined  Wormwood,  ^' you  are  rather 
Df  zfyfpiciaus  temper,  for  that  treatile  is  wiitten  with  an  air  of  great 
/eriouifners." 

•*  Why,  it  is  fo,"  faid  Grinder,  «'  which,  indeed,  made  me  ofcea 
hefitate,  before  I  formed  my  opinion  :  but  whether  Dean  Swift  was  in 
jeft  or  earneft,  I  confefs  I  am  not  clear  that  a  fcarcity  of  provifioQs 
IMold  juRify  the  fapplying  the  market  in  the  manner  he  propofes.^* 

"  What  !••  cried  Wormwood,  «*  not  in  cafe  of  a  famine?** 

"  I  queftion  much,"  replied  Grinder,  *«  whether  it  could  be  le- 
gally adopted  in  Great  Britain  ur  Ireland,  evAn  during  a  iamine.^* 

Thofe  who,  in  novels,  look  for  originalicy  of  fentiment^ 
novelty  of  charader,  or  extraordinary  adventures;  and  who 
delight  in  having  their  minds  agitated  by  an  eager  curiofity, 
which  is  no  fooner  gratified  than  they  wonder  that  they  ever 
entertained  it  $  are  not  likely  to  bettow  much  commendation 
on  th«  prefent  performance.  It  is  not  diftjnguiflied  by  fii^gv. 
larity  of  chara6)er  and  of  thought,  by  deep  involutions  of  cventt, 
by  rapid  converfions  of  fortune,  by  fcenes  of  complicated  dif« 
trefs,  and  of  uncxpe^ed  deliverance.  It  employs  much  of  the 
machinery  of  ordinary  incident,  yet  forms  rather  a  dida^c  or 
pradical,  than  a  merely  amuiing  or  fpeculative  work.  The 
entertainment  given  by  Edward  can  be  enjoyed  with  rcfledion^ 
^nd  a  fecond  reading  of  the  volumes  will  point  out  difcrimina* 
tions  of  character,  and  ftrokes  of  humour,  which  on  the  firft 
perufal,  perhaps,  efcaped  obfervation.  As  to  its  compofition^ 
the  language  is  not  always  corrcft,  and  many  Scotticisms  oc* 
cur.  in  the  affair  of  the  duel.  Dr.  iVIoore  has  certainly  mifre- 
prefented  the  cuftomary  mode  of  operation  obierved  on  thofe 
occafions,  in  allowing  the  parties  «to  take  deliberate  aim.  Amoirrr 
the  chara£lers  is  pourtrayed  a  worthlefs  lord ;  which.  In  this 
feafon  of  political  irritability,  we  have  heard  arraigned  as  an 
attack  on  the  privileged  orders  :  but,  as  the  author  exhibits 
two  other  lords,  truly  ennobled  by  their  merit,  the  reader  has 
only  to  confider  whether,  in  the  diftribution  of  praife  and  blame, 
br%  M.  has  obferved  the  juft  proportions. 


c» 


Aax.  VII.     Utrum  Hornm?    The  Government;  or,  the  Country? 
By  D.  O'Brycn.     8vo.     pp.  122.     28.     Debrect.     .1796. 

nr^ERE  are  moments  in  the  hiftory  of  nations,  at  which  even 
-*  ferfonal  politics  aflume  an  importance  and  dignity  unknown 
to  their  ordinafy  ftate.  When  the  fate  of  a  country  may  depend 
on  the  choice  of  its  miniilers,  even  the  contelled  queftiun— 
who  (hall  goyer;;!  us? — lofes  all  the  littlenefs  of  rivalfliip  for 
power,  and  becomes  a  difpute  about  the  means  of  national 

falvation. 


falvation.  That  we  have  now  reached  that  critical  poiot  fttms 
to  be  not  only  readily  admitted,  but  zealoufly  maintaiaed,  by 
almoft  all  the  parties  who  divide  the  kingdom.  I'he  paitizans 
of  the  Minifter  infift  that  his  continuance  in  power  is^  as  it 
were,  identified  with  our  domeflic  quiet,  and  with  our  foreign 
fccurity  and  grcatnefs.  Thofe,  on  the  other  hand,  who  thinlc 
that  he  has  entered  on  war  with  injuftice,  and  conduced  it  with 
incapacity,  that  he  has  opprefTed  our  liberties,  wafted  our  rc- 
fources,  debafcd  our  grcatnefs,  exhaufted  our  power,  and  en- 
dangered our  fafety,  muft  confiftently  and  ftrenuoufly  conttod 
that  to  entruft  fuch  a  Minifter  any  longer  with  the  reins  of 
povttX'^dtffidUim9  reipuUiciB  temport^s  an  a£)  of  national  is- 
fanity,  which  muft  entail  on  usfure  degradation.abroad^  andez* 
pofe  us  to. probable  dcfpotifm  or  conf^fioa  at  home.  Of  thialaft 
number  is  the  author  of  the  pamphlet  before  us,  who  arraigns  tbe 
whole  conduct  of  Mr.  Pitt,  and  deprecates  his  continuaiKe  ia 

^power  as  one  of  tbe  greateft  calamities  that  can  befall  the  natioo. 

As  the  title  of  this  pamphlet  n)ay  alarm  the  qioderation  of 

foroe  readers,  it  is  but  fair  that  the  author,  who  appears  to  bea 

fiDcere  and  rational  friend  to  the  conftitution  of  Great  BritaiOf 

.ihould  explain  bis  own  title,  as  well  as  the  general  fcope  aad 

.fcbeme  of  his  reaibning : 

*  Before  I  endeavour  to  (hew  that  the  Empire  has  no  choice  betveci 
the  alternatives  which  form  the  title  of  this  pamphlet,  1  am  wiUifglo 
guard  againft  a  miftake. 

'  If  the  word  Government  (hould,  by  an  abufive  conftrudion  of  tke 
term,  be  fuppofed  to  comprehend  the  King's  authority  — if  it  vas  on- 
derftood  to  involve  the  other  eftates  which  compofe  the  frame  of  thii 
conftitution, — and  that  their  civil  extindiion  were  become  abfoletdy 
indifjpeniible  to  the  falvation  of  the  country  ;— even  in  this  ftiockin^ 
dilemma,  though  it  might  be  painful  to  adl,  it  could  not  be  difficik 
to  decide.  King,  Lords,  and  Commons,  tvtry  particle  of  wbofe 
fcveral  authorities  are  public  truds  for  public  purpofes,  what  are  tkry 
when  fet  in  comparifon  with  the  public  fafety  ?  If  it  were  clear  tbit 
their  civil  fundlions  were  incompatible  with  the  national  exiflencesfid 
moral  happincfs  of  the  propJe,  what  hefitation  could  a  man,  bomin- 
dcT,  and  bred  in,  the  principles  of  the  Britifh  Conftitution,  have  u 
fuch  an  extremity  to  piodayn, — pcrifli  a  thoufand  governments,  lire 
the  country  1  !  ! 

*  But  fiir  from  us— far  for  tvcr  be  it  fo— is  fach  a  iituation  \ 

*  The  fenfe  in  which  I  ufe  the  word  government  is  iis  vulgar  and 
popular  frnfe.  I  do  not  mean  the  conflituiion  or  any  eftate  of  iL 
Tnc  conllituiion  of  England  is  an  objedtofmy  fi nee :e  admiration. 
It  b  fo;  not  becaofe  Mr.  Burke,  (v^hom  I  name  with  reverence  zsJ 
mud  ever  regard  with  affeflion,)  not  becaufe  he  tells  me  that  the  peo- 
ple of  England  are  the  property  of  King  George  the  Third,  as  the 
focceflbr  of  King  William.  J  ihould  loath  a  fyllem  that  trar..»rrrf  J  i 
nation  like  a  herd  of  fvvine  in  fuch  a  manner.     Not  becaufe  Mr.  Dco- 


O'Brycn-— D/ram  Horum  ?  kfi.  405 

dftt  tells  me  in  a  barbarous  jargon,  well  faited  to  his  logic,  that  the 
man  can  have  no  love  for  the  Englilh  conftitution  **  who  thinks  ot 
poffible  for  any  form  of  government  to  be  ib  good ;''  a  diflam  fo  pre- 
fanptaons,  as  to  find  excufe  only  in  the  arrogant  ignorance  of  the 
perfon  who  thus  circumfcrlbes  the  immortal  intelled  of  man  to  the 
perfedion,  whatever  it  is,  of  the  fyftem  under  which  be  feeds  and 
fattena— a  fyftem  which  is  only  degraded  by  fo  fnfpicious  a  teftimo- 
nial,  and  whofe  juft  claim  to  the  attachment  of  reafonable  men  is 
founded  upon  a  baiis  very  different  indeed  from  fuch  hyperbolical  ab- 
fardity.  Nor  is  my  admiration  of  the  Eoglifli  conibtotion  becaufo 
Mr.  Payne  wildly  tells  me  it  is  a  non-entity,  and  triumphantly  chaU 
lenges  to  point  it  out,  if  we  have  a  conftitution. 

'  I  am  far  from  thinking  that  the  firitifli  conftitotion  is  generally 
■nderllood ;  but  without  referring  Mr.  Payne  te  this  page  or  to  that 
book  for  it,  no  man  need  be  at  a  lofs  where  to  find  the  Englilh  con-» 
ffitutbn.  It  is  to  be  found  in  the  known  principles  of  Britiih  free- 
dom, of  reprefentativelegiflation,  of  executive  refponfibility,  and  ftill 
inore  diftihfily  in  the  principles  of  its  jurifprudence.  The  common 
law  of  England,  and  the  maxims  of  our  judicial  code,  fof'm,  in  defpite 
of  many  frauds  in  the  pra^ice,  and  of  fome  provifions  which  are  a 
di%raiGe  to  the  flatute-book ;  in  defpite  of  the  fludied  obfcurity  of 
Isnryers,  and  the  frequent  fcrvility  of  jodges—the  moft  pef feA  juri- 
dical fyftem  with  which  the  civilized  world  has  ever  been  acquainted. 
The  moft  wholefomp  praife  of  the  Biiclfh  conftitution  is,  that  it  has 
prodoced  more  political  happinefs  than  any  other.  Of  the  American 
confticution  the  experience  i%  ftiort.  The  experience  of  the  French  is 
nothing.  It  is  poilible  indeed  that  the  Science  of  Government  may 
be  ftill  in  its  infancy.  A  hw  years  have  undoubtedly  produced  the. 
noft  ftupendous  events  amongft  nations.  The  worft  part  of  the  new 
Ijrftems  may  become  better  than  the  beft  of  the  old.  I  ftand  however 
apon  the  fureft  of  all  bafes,  the  bafe  of  pra£lice,  in  preferring  the 
firitifh  conftitution  for  the  Britifh  nation,  confcious  at  the  fame  timf.* 
of  many  defeats,  and  in  the  full  funfhine  of  convidlion  upon  this 
potnt-^  that  the  pre(J?nt  government  have  bereaved  the  people  of  iu 
Tital  parts. 

'  This  preference  of  mine  neither  infults  the  labours  of  other  na- 
tions, nor  excludes  the  poflible  fupcriority  of  other  fyftcms.  1  fhall 
demon Arate  before  the  end  of  thij  work  how  much  it  is  my  wifh  that 
the  only  rivalry  among  ftates  may  be  a  rivalry  of  happinefs,  and  a 
competition  in  the  arts  of  peace.  But  with  our  prcfent  limited  know- 
ledge ;  under  all  the  wifdom  and  all  the  ignorance  of  our  focial  con- 
dition at  this  time  of  the  world,  there  is  neither  oftence  nor  extrava- 
gance in  being  content  with  the  true  conftitution  of  England,  admi- 
niftered  according  to  its  genuine  principles,  that  is  to  fay — univerfally 
amd  ftriAly  for  the  public  good — one  of  my  objedls  in  this  publication 
being  to  vindicate  and  recover  that  conftitution. 

*  Of  that  conftitution  it  is  a  wife  maxim  that  the  K^ng  can  do  no 
wrong — but  in  fecuririg  the  perfonal  impurity  of  the  firft  maghlrate, 
it  aflerts  the  refponfibility  of  his  agents.  By  the  word  government  I 
m«;an  only  thofe  agents.  None  but  a  traitor  to  the  King  — none  but 
an  enemy  to  his  family  will  blend  his  perfon,  or  mix  his  fate  with' the 

15  fate 


4o6  0*Bryttt^tTtntm  Jtmrnf  lie. 

late  of  his  miniilers.  1  (hall  be  guilty  of  oo  fach  %&.  \  ihill  Uf^ 
itMt  the  royal  authority  from  the  cnmes  of  the  govern menc—aod^ 
without  once  touching  even  the  eXtfrior  of  the  conftitutioo,  1  (ha*li 
ftrlve  to  convince  my  reader,  as  I  am  coovinced  myfelf»  chat  the  ^. 
vation  of  the  Empire  calls  for  the  overthrow  o/the  adminiftration— 
and  that  its  future  fee urity  demands  the  punifliment  of  the  principab! 

*    THE    ARGUMEKT    OF    THIS    rAMPALET    IS     BriRECTB»    TO 

THREE    POINTS 

<  The  fir  ft,  to  (hew,  that  the  duration  ofthi  *war  is  ruin,  amdih^ 
ftace  alone  can/ave  us. — The  fecond-*— thdt  the  beft  feeee  which  com  hi 
rationally  expededfrom  the  prejent  mmiftry^  ivould  he  a  greater  caimmtj 
than  e*ven  a  continuance  of  the  'war*.— The  third— ^hat  the  trtu pohty 
end  heft  hope  of  the  country  luili  hefirft  in  a  grand  aS  of  JVSTICI-^ 
and  finally  in  a  courage  luorthy  of  its  antient  charaQerJ^ 

I'he  firft  propofitton  which  Mr.  0*Brycfi,  in  the  execorioa 
of  this  plan  of  argument,  thinks  it  neceflary  to  eftablifli  is, 
that  there  was  no  choice  prefented  to  an  Englifli  Miniiler  in 
found  policy,  but  either  that  of  ftruggling  to  cru(h  the  French 
Revolution  in  its  infancy,  as  dangerous  to  the  greatnefs  of 
England,  or  that  of  conciliating  the  friendfhip  of  emancipated 
France,  by  every  manifeflation  of  friend{hip  towards  its  new 
government.  The  fum  of  his  reafonings  in  fupport  of  this  pro* 
pofition  is  contained  in  the  following  paifage : 

<  Of  all  the  misfortunes  that  can  befal  this  country,  the  firft  and 
greateft,  beyond  all  quellion,  is  to  be  the  fettled  opponent  of  yhr 
France,  If  France  had  not  gained  one  vidtory  in  the  courfe  of  the 
prefent  war,  and  but  barely  retained  her  ancient  territory ;  ftill  the 
blackeft  enemy  of  the  Englifh  nation  could  never  wi(h  it  a  dttdtj 
more  fatal,  than  that  another  Rome  and  Carthage  (hould  be  revived' 
in  the  two  free  empires  of  France  and  England ! 

«  Memorable  enough  for  this  country  is  the  effeft  of  only  the 
*'  reftlefs  ambition  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon"— -but  no  imagioadoo 
can  contemplate  without  horror  th?  probable  confequence  of  the  ge* 
nlus  of  that  houfe  being  tran^fufcd  into  the  mafs  of  the  French  nation. 
It  is  this  very  thought  which  would  have  been  oppermoft  in  the  mind 
of  a  wife  Britifh  government,  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  French 
revolution.  \Mth.iIl  the  atrocity  of  the  attempt,  they  (hould  on  the 
inftant  have  taken  Lewis  the  Sixteenth  by  the  hand,  and  Mrangled  the 
revolution  in  its  birth, or  have  made  a  virtue  of  neceffity  and  cordially 
encouraged  it — a  courfe  which  in  no  degree  involved  any  inierferencs 
in  its  domeftic  progrefs.' 

We  are  far  from  fubfcribing  to  the  propofition  of  Mr* 
0*Bryen  in  its  full  extent.  The  Englifh  Minifters  do  not  ap* 
pear  to  us  to  have  been  driven  to  a  choice  between  alliaiiGe 
with   the  French  Revolution,  and  war  againll  it«     The  true 

•  The  Author  fecms  to  haveexprelledhimfelf  fomewhatobicarely. 
It  does  not  appear  an  cafy  matter  to  conceive  what  can  be  ivorfe  thaa 
ruiu* 

alternative 


O'Brycn— t/rnww  Horumt  &c/  40^ 

alternative  feems  to  have  lain  between  a  neutrality  with  pcrfeft 
good  faith,  and  hoftility  for  the  rcftoration  o\  monarchy.  Al- 
liance had  many  dangers,  neutrality  very  few,  war  moft  of  alL 

The  pafTage  which  follows  will  intereft  our  readers,  ii  it 
were  only  for  the  curious  anecdote  which  it  contains: 

'  The  F.ngliih  government  had  (hewn  its  teeth  long  before  any 
difap probation  had  yet  proceeded  from  the  early,  the  late,  and  ih^ 
immortal  enemy  of  that  revolution,  Mr.  Burke  hiiDfelf ! 

•  The  firrt'pamphlci  of  this  celebrated  perfon  upon  the  French  re- 
volation,  was  read  by  the  author  of  thcfe  ihcets  as  foon,  I  believe,  at 
by  any  man,  at  this  time,  in  the  land  of  the  living.  Flattered  and 
faoDOured  by  its  illuftrious  writer,  1  felt  more  troe  pride  in  his  kindneft 
and  condefcenlionj  than  from  any  favours  that  could  be  conferred  bj* 
any  of  the  tyrants  whofe  caufe  he  has  iince  pleaded  with  fuch  unri« 
vailed  eloquence.  Though  it  fell  within  my  knowledge,  by  having 
feen  the  manufcript  of  that  memorable  work  many  months  before  its 
publication,  and  by  various  converfations  with  him,  that  Mr.  Burke 
was  hollile  to  the  French  revolution,  yet  the  public  were  ignorant  of 
iiis  fentiments,  until  \\\tfr4uas  with  Mr. Sheridan*  on  the  ievcnth  cf 
February  1790;  long  before  which  period,  the  Engliih  minillry  had 
betrayed  their  hatred  to  the  recent  revolution.  It  is  probable  enough 
that  the  powers  of  fuch  a  man  as  Mr.  Burke  may  influence  the  opimon 
of  the  world  more  than  the  combined  efforts  of  the  adminiitracion—- 
but  it  is  againft  all  reafon  that  tbey  (hould  take  their  cue  from  a  gen« 
tieman,  whofe  abafement  had  been  the  labour  of  their  lives ;  wiio(e 
charafler  and  principles  they  had  fo  long  decried  with  enthuiiiltic 
rancour. 

•  Though  the  miniftry  were  rejoiced  no  doubt  at  fuch  an  allv 
againftthe  French  revolution,  the  French  nation  had  more  decifivc 
intimations  of  their  difpofition  than  in  the  eagernefs  with  which  they 
fomented  the  difference  between  Mr.  Burke  and  his  friends,  (a  con- 
dud  which  their  natural  malice  would  have  prompted,)  and  more,  even, 
than  the  encouragement  which  they  gave  to  ail  that  gentleman's  in- 
defatigable attacks  upon  the  French.  Every  part  of  the  revolution 
was  odious  in  the  eyes  of  Mr.  Burke.  Every  part  of  Mr.  Burke's 
former  life  was  odious  in  the  eyes  of  the  Engliih  minillry.  He  looked 
afkance  at  every  thing  that  refpetSled  the  French  revolution.  T/^ey 
furveyed  him  with  a  lover's  fondnefs,  and  could  difcern  no  fault  about 
him.     From  being  the  objedl  of  their  maledictions  he  became  a  fud- 

'  *  It  appeared  to  the  author  of  this  pamphlet,  that  the  difFere'nce 
between  thefe  two  great  men  would  be  a  great  evil  to  the  country,  and 
CO  their  own  party.  Full  of  tins  perfuafion,  he  brought  them  both 
tojrether  the  lecond  night  after  the  original  conted  in  the  Houfe  of 
Commons  ;  and  carried  them  to  Burlington-houfe  to  Mr.  Fox  and  the 
lOuke  of  Pordand,  according  to  a  previous  arrangement.  I'his  in- 
terview, which  can  never  be  forgotten  by  thofe  who  were  prefcnt, 
lafled  from  ten  o'clock  at  night  until  three  in  the  morning,  and  af- 
forded  a  very  remarkable  dil'play  of  the  extraordinary  ulents  of  the 
parties.' 

i  den 


4o8  O'Brytn^Uirum  Hofum  ?  bte^ 

drn  butt  of  their  panegyric ;  and  grew  into  their  graces  in  exaA  pro* 
portion  to  the  number  and  the  vigour  of  his  invedires  againft  every 
thing  that  was  French, —excepting  its  former  tyrants  and  tyranny  1 

*  That  IfQufiy  the  five  hundred  and  fi ft y- eight  members  of  which, 
(with  the  exception  of  ycry  ftw  indeed,)  will  be  no  more  known  to 
have  had  an  exiflence  than  the  cattle  they  drive,  when  Mr.  Borke, 
notvvithftanding  the  divifion  and  contradidion  of  bb  chara^er,  will  be 
a  lubjed^  of  the  admiration  and  the  ^mmentaries  of  mankind. -^Tbtt 
hooftr,  which  would  ihout  him  down  to-morrow  (if  inftead  of  publilh- 
tng  it,  h(f  were  afTerting  his  confiftency  there,  like  ihe  Karl  of  Fili- 
william  in  another  place)  for  oppofing  a  treaty,  at  lotsdly  and  di* 
Borouily,  as  the  vrry  fame  people  extolled  him  four  years  ago,  for 
laying  that  any  treafy  was  ftriking  at  the  head  of  King  George  tW 
Third — i'hat  hon;:tt  impartial  auditory,  which  would  fcarce  grut 
)iim  a  hearing,  when  with  all  the  fplendor  of  bis  vaft  genius  he  df« 
fended  the  liberties  of  his  country — hung  with  rapture  upon  kii 
tongue  and  beatified  hi^  fentimcnts— upon  their  finding,  very  usez- 
fe€tcd\y,  that  he  vindicated  the  defpotilm,  and  derided  the  free  ijpiric 
of  the  French  nation!' 

There  is  one  part  of  Mr.  0*B.'s  pannphlet  on  which,  u  «e 
Tcry  widely  difFcr  from  him,  we  feel  ourfelves  under  the  ne* 
ceffity  of  making  feme  animadverfions.  We  fball  cxtraAthe 
pailage : 

'  Whether  the  tenth  of  AuguH  gz  was  a  day  of  honour  or  of  tdk 
for  France  is  no  Britifhconfideration.  Attempts  have  been  madeia 
this  country  to  aflimilate  the  tenth  of  Auguft  with  the  diabolical  (e- 
cond  of  September ;  although  it  is  well  known  that  the  Gironde  partj, 
who  gloried  in  the  former,  have  iod  their  lives  upon  the  fcafibld  for 
endeavouring  to  puniOi  the  authors,  and  to  vindicate  France  from  the 
onperi(hable  difgrace,  of  the  latter  tranfadions.  But  between  thde 
two  events  there  is  no  fimilitude,  nor  can  any  be  imputed  except  bj 
the  mod  (lupid  prejudice  or  the  moithopeJers  malignity. 

*  In  human  crimes  fuch  another  inllance  of  cruelty  and  coA-ardicc 
cannot  be  found  as  the  murders  of  ^ptember — while  the  page  of 
hillory  cannot  (hew  a  difplay  of  heroifm  beyond  the  refiftance  firft 
made,  and  the  final  viftory  obtained,  by  the  people  over  the  Swiii 
guards  on  the  loth  of  Aui^uft. 

'  It  is  true  that  fome  ferocious  wretches  commitred  dreadful  atroci* 
ties  upon  flying  individuals  at  the  clofe  of  the  Icene  on  the  lotb  of 
Augiiil — but  the  real  conquerors  of  the  king's  guards  became  their 
proti'Ctor;  upon  fubduing  them,  and  with  their  own  bodies  covtredtbe 
few  that  rertnined,  into  a  place  of  fafety,  from  the  furies  that  ruihcd 
in  when  the  battle  was  over.  It  is  however  indifferent  to  toe  prelcol 
purpoic  wh:it  fenfe  may  be  entertained  of  the  loth  of  AugtifU^bst 
conip3f{ion  and  not  argument  is  due  to  ihofc.  if  there  be  any,  wbo 
ttn.ik  that  France  could  furvive  the  war,  if  Lewis  XVI.  had  ma- 
tagcd  it.  That  hell  fcroll,  (which  even  its  nominal  author  in  bii 
p^rional  and  political  chara£^r  has  difavowed)  the  mantfefto  of  the 
Dt]!£e  of  BruTifwick,  told  the  French  nation  what  they  bad  to  expcd; 
ar.i  le^^araicd  the  court  entirely  from  the  people.     The  people  thco 

ft  rc.'clrci 


tefbired  tliat  &t  court  flunild  not  coadua  tKe  war,  <— and  by  tktt  i«lb- 
loiioD  thpy  faired  their  couocry. 

*^  Jtfeffi  tMndim  ci^ei,  infauda  furtntfm 
"  Armaii  <ir<umfifiHHt^  ipfumqiUtdomumquex 
"  Ohtnmcwit  /ocias^  igmm  adfaftigiajaclant*^^ 
*•  £rgo  omnis  furiis  furrexii  Etruriajuftis  : 
•*  Regim  adfupfhcium  prafnai  Marte  repefcunt,** 
As  the  author  of  this  pubh'cation  has  informed  us  that  the 
fukjcA  of  this  .paiDige  is  *  no  BritiOi  confideration/  it  might 
luiMe  been  more  becomiog  to  have  excluded  it  altogether  from 
a  work  of  which  the  objedl  is  Britiih  affairs.  The  con- 
ftiGon  of  French  and  £ngli(h  politics  has  already  furniflied  but 
too  plaufible  a  pretext  for  calumny  againft  the  friends  of  free« 
dtom  in  this  country.  Hoc  Ithacus  velit  et  magno  mercentur 
Atriia.  Mr.  O'B.,  however,  has  compelled  us  to  confider  the 
infurrefiion  of  the  loth  of  Auguft  in  two  points  of  view,  either 
k%  politic  or  as  bonourahlt^  and  in  both  thefe  points  we  muft 
diiTcnt  from  him.  In  refped  to  policy,  he  contends  that  the 
depofition  of  the  King  was  neceflary  for  the  honeft  and  vigorous 
profecutioo  of  the  war.  Now  Briifot  himfelf,  one  of  the  Chiefs 
of  that  very  Glr$ndi  party  which  he  fo  highly  extols,  a  witnefs 
above  all  challenge  when  he  gives  teftimony  againft  himfelff 
has  exprefsly  told  the  world  that  the  war  was  contrived  to  com- 
pel the  dcpofition  of  the  King.  We  make  no  remarks  on  the 
cruel  perfidy  of  the  contrivance,  nor  on  the  effrontery  of  the 
confeffion  :  but  it  proves,  we  think,  that  the  war  was  made  to 
bring  about  the  loth  of  Auguft,  and  not  the  loth  of  Auguft  to 
carry  on  the  war.  This,  however,  is  a  fubjefl  on  which  differ- 
ence of  opinion  may  exiff ;  and  we  perufed  the  author's  remarks 
witheut  wonder,  though  without  afl*ent:  but  what  was  our 
aftooiihment  on  finding,  in  the  writings  of  a  man  of  feeling 
and  fpirit,  a  ftudied  panegyric  on  that  infurredion,  as  a  (ignal 
difplay  of  valour  and  unrivalled  effort  of  heroifm  !  Valour  and 
heroifm  1  How  are  the  terms  deb^fed  and  proftituted,  when 
they  are  applied  to  an  attack  on  one  miferable  family,  defended 
only  by  a  fmall  remnant  of  faithful  guards  and  gallant  gentle* 
rotftn,  againil  the  afiault  of  the  whole  armed  populace  of  a  great 
capital,  and  of  all  the  banditti  that  could  be  raked  together 
from  the  gallies  and  prifons  of  France.  *  The  page  of  hiftory* 
indeed  furnifties  feveral  parallels  to  this  event.  The  hiftory  of 
Imperial  Rome  defcribes  many  infurre^iions  of  the  profligate 
rabble  of  Rome,  and  the  licentious  foldiery  of  the  Praetorian 
camp,  for  the  murder  of  their  moft  juft  and  beneficent  fove* 
reigns.  Thefe  infurredions,  however,  are  not  celebrated  by 
Tacitus  as  ads  of  valour  and  heroifm:  the  characters  of  their 
leaders  are  not  confounded  by  that  great  hiftcrian  with  thofe  of 
Rev.  Die,  1796.  F  f  Cato 


410  O^Bryen^-UtnmHirumf  f^^^ 

Cato  or  Marcus  Brutus :  but  they  are  ftigmatized  in  the 
blacked  colours  of  his  eloquence  as  examples  ef  the  bafeft  aoi 
moft  daftardly  ferocity.  The  quotation  from  Virgil,  according 
to  Mr.  O'Bryen's  view  of  the  tranfadion,  is  certainty  not  un- 
happy :  yet  he  himfelf  would  probably  be  the  firft  to  remark  ik 
wide  difference,  or  rather  the  ftriking  contraft,  between  the 
meek  and  beneficent  Louis  XVL  and  the  furious  tyrant  of 
iTufcany. 

We  McA  the  following  paflages  on  account  of  their  fe- 
rious  application  to  the  prcfent  critical  fituation  of  die 
country.  Our  extracts  are  indeed  Jong,  if  we  coofider  die 
limits  of  the  pamphlet,  but  »ot  if  we  regard  the  importance  d 
the  matter.  A  "publication  which  difcufii:s  the  means  of  refai* 
ing  a  (late  from  ruin  is  of  more  prefent  intereft  than  the  grcalffft 
works  of  literature. 

'  The  duration  of  the  prefent  minillry  is  an  anomaly  in  poElkSf 
and  why  is  ic  fo? — Why  is  the  fyftem  of  human  opinions  to  bel^ 
verfed  for  fuch  men  ? — Why  is  their  fortune  to  have  no  inflnenceopn 
their  power  P—ln  all  the  ages  of  the  world,  miscarriage,  dvil,  atf- 
tary,  and  moral,  has  determined  the  fituations  of  mankind,  it  b  aoc 
France; — ^c  let  me  a(k,  what  foreign  nation  ia  likely  to  entemii 
tefpe^  for  a  country,  whofe  admintflration  is  at  once  a  mifehief  loki 
intereAs  and  a  reproach  to  its  fpirit. 

*  I  (bould  certainly  be  the  Brfk  to  exclaim  againd  any  extenud  Si* 
terference  in  the  compoiition  of  the  domeftic  government  of  ihif 
country — hulding  very  cheap  indeed  the  well  known  precedents  ia  ik 
prefent  rti^,  of  difplacing  and  di(a vowing  minifters  to  pleafe  tke 
court  of  France.  It  is  upon  Englifh  prmcipTes  and  for  Englilh  coii- 
de.rations  cxclufivcly,  thai  it  behoves  the  national  bononr  and  jolliaio 
put  fome  brand  upon  the  author  of  the  naiiooal  mislortunef . 

*  I  ihould  not  need  to  fay,  to  thofe  who  know  mc,  that  the  111 
thought  in  my  mind  would  be  to  afFed  the  life  of  any  thing  bo««. 
Criminal  as  1  feel  the  minifter  to  be,  1  (hould  even  expofe  my  peiin 
to  (hield  him  from  popular  violence,  if  any  accident  pat  his  peHbail 
fafety  within  the  proiedion  of  fo  powerlefs  an  individual.  God  be 
thanked  for  it,  not  one  life  excepting  a  government  fpj  has  been  U* 
crificed  (whatever  was  intaadcd)  in  this  country  for  any  civil  offetxr; 
though  the  perfecutions  have  undoubtedly  been  manifold  and  the  ps- 
ntfhmencs  dreadful.  Without  ftriking  at  his  life,  there  are  other 
modes  by  which  a  magnanimous  nation  may  iet  its  mark  upon  agreai 
delinquent,  who  (lands  in  the  way  of  hia  country's  real  peace  and  trot 
fafety  !  As  it  has  been  the  tludy,  fo  it  (hould  be  made  the  crime,  of 
the  miniilry,  to  have  interwoven,  as  it  were,  their  own  deftiny  with 
that  of  the  coniiitution,  and  to  endeavour  to  identify  themfelvei  with 
the  eilabliihed  government  of  the  country.  This  is  the  grand  grifv- 
arce  refpeCting  external  relations  which  cam  be  remedied  only  by  their 
difgxace  ;  for  the  'very  foint  of  national  falvation  depends  upon  a  dear 
didinAion  being  made  between  the  people  of  England  and  the  adni- 
nilbratioB — between  the  firfl  magiftrate  and  his  temporary  agents ! 

Socfi 


O'Brycn — Utrvm  Horum  f  (fc.  4 1  r 

Sucli  a  didindion  clearif  afferted  and  the  majority  of  tke  nation  fairly 
vindicated  from  the  iniquities  of  this  baleful  fy ftem-—depre(re<l  and 
reduced  as  the  country  is,  it  may  yet  be  redeemed  into  fafety  and 
reflored  to  honour. 

'  Under  fuch  circamftances  an  honell  able  minifter  may  hold  thU 
language  to  France. 

««  The  people  of  England  acknowledge,  and  never  refufed  to  ac- 
knowledge your  republic.  Free  themfelves,  they  never  repined  at  the 
freedom  of  Other  countries.  The  people  of  England  abhor  the  defpo- 
dfm  you  have  overthrown,  and  which  was  not  more  oppreflive  to  you, 
than  mifchievous  to  themfelves.  The  king  of  England,  in  his  eiedor 
rtl  capacity,  has  made  peace  with  you,  and  has  ever  fince  maintained 
his  neatrality  inviolate.  A  Briti(h  faction  with  a  lodged  hatred  to  the 
fpirit  of  liberty,  has  involved  their  country  in  a  common  cauft  mdi 
the  tyrant!  that  confpired  againti  you.  That  fadlion  is  difavowed  and 
branded.  No  impediment  now  remains  to  obftruft  the  peace  of  the 
two  countries.  Go  on  and  profper  with  your  republic,  or  with  what« 
«Tcr  you  pleafe.  The  people  of  England  will  never  meddle  in  your 
domeflic  concerns,  and  is  refolutcly  determined  never  to  admit  any 
interference  from  you  in  their  concerns.  Let  us  have  fuch  terms  as  a 
nation  like  England  has  a  fair  right  to  exped,  and  we  will  (hake 
bands  to-morrow  — But  if  juftice  and  policy  are  fuperfeded  by  revenge 
and  ambition—if  you  are  refolved  to  6ght  the  Englifh  nation,  on  ac- 
count of  the  guilt  of  the  minifter,  until  one  of  the  two  countries  ihall 
be  exnxigmihcd— if  diienJa  eft  Carthago  be  indeed  your  maxim— then 
I  warn  you,  that  the  people  of  England  will  perilh  in  their  lafl  gun« 
boat,  or  die  in  the  extremeil  ditch  df  the  ifland,  rather  than  owe  their 
national  independence  to  the  mercy  of  any  foreign  power.'' 

<  Such  language  could  not  be  fruitlefs,  if  the  French  diredory  are 
the  men  they  afFed  to  be.' — 

'  Can  any  doubt  then  exift  that  the  war,  though  ruinous,  is  better 
than  peace  from  fuch  men  \  It  is  an  abufe  of  the  term  if  it  (hall  not 
give  two  things-*fir{^,  a  reafonable  hope  of  union  and  fatisfadion 
among  ourfelves;— fecondlv,  fuch  a  reftoration  of  real  good  humour 
with  France,  as  may  bury  the  palt  in  oblivion  and  furnifh  a  fair  hope 
of  future  amity  ;  or,  to  repeat  once  more  the  phrafe  of  the  minifter 
upon  a  former  occalion,  "  to  (hew  the  world  that  France  and  England 
were  d^ligned  for  other  porpofes  than  mutual  daughter" — two  great 
Ueffings  which  I  conceive  to  be  morally,!  had  almoft  added,  phydcally 
hnpoffible  from  Mr.  Pitt  and  hib  aflbciates.' — 

*  The  perturbed  fpirits  of  the  minifter's  minions  may  reft  afliired, 
that  Mr.  Fox  will  never  be  the  favourite  of  fuch  a  court.  His  Ma- 
jefty,  well  read,  I  doubt  not,  in  Horace  and  Father  BoJJu^  makes  a 
moft  poetical  nfe  of  this  gentleman.  Epic  writers  never  introduce  a 
divinity,  but  when  the  objed  is  unaccomplifhable  by  human  power. 

**  Hec  Deus  inter/it  t  nifi  dignus  <vindice  nodus P 
Is  it  defigned  as  the  higheft  flattery,  that  the  king  never  calls  in  the 
aid  of  Mr.  Fox  but  when  it   is   dignus  <vindice  nodus  with  national 
affairs? — that  is  to  fay— when  they  are  in  the  lad  extremity— and  the 
government  becomes  a  kind  of  forlorn  hope  ? 

F  f  2  'In 


^12  Q^Brycn^Utrum  fhrumf  bfi, 

*  In  thefe  circumfi^nces  flood  the  coantry  wbeo  Mr.  Fosfirllw- 
came  minilter— One  £ngli(h  army  had  fucceeded  to  the  captivity  of 
another  Enelifh  army.  paiTini^y*^  jtgo  from  Saratoga  to  York  lowi. 
I'he  connc-dtion  with  Ireland  whclly  depended  upon  the  bare diCciCM 
of  an  armed  country ;  infulted,  wronged^  and  refting  upon  ber  ire- 
locky.  The  navy  of  France,  Spain,  and  Holland  chalad  the  EagliA 
fleet  into  Portfmouth  ;  anoiher  hundrrd  million  yna  added  to  the  aa* 
tional  debt,  and  the  3  per  cents,  were  at  57. 

*  In  thcfe  circumllances  Mr.  Fox  was  called  upon ;  and  if  the 
reader  have  any  cuiioiity  to  know  how  foon  the  call  ihall  be  repeated; 
1  will  tell  him  to  an  exadnefs.  When  the  likenefs  to  the  above  pic* 
ture  is  quite  complete,  we  fl.iill  fee  a  Urdy,  mortified^  langoid,  le- 
)u^ant  comp'iance  with  the  public  voice  in  his  favour*  smsi  ate  m 
bcur  iifori  •'*— 

'  Tne  bed  chance  then  of  real  peace  with  France  is  liireljr  fnm 
this  defcription  of  minifter. 

'  rrom  a  miniHer,  who,  bred  in  the  prindples  of  the  grand  alli- 
ance, and  Burtured  in  a  fear  of  French  power,  had  furveyed  the  fc- 
vOiDtion  in  Fi's^nce  as  the  harbinger  of  peace  to  England  and  to  Ea- 
rope — whO|  burning  with  the  ardor  of  a  patriot  for  the  freedom  of  Ui 
own  country,  beheld  the  rifing  liberty  of  other  nations  with  the  lap- 
ture  of  a  pbilofopher— who  was  the  firft  public  mtm  in  Europe  to  hail 
the  downfall  of  the  atrocious  defpotifm  of  the  court  of  Veriiulki* 
who  lamented  as  heartily  as  the  enemies  of  the  French  r e vol miqn  re- 
joiced, in  the  crimes  and  cruelties  which  were  not  fo  much  i^rodacid 
by  that  event,  as  by  the  unprincipled  combination  formed  agaiaiil 
t>y  foreign  tyrants — who,  gifttd  with  sn  underflanding  like  uui|iiiM 
eo  fee  in  the  right  fcafon  the  wifdom  or  folly  of  flate  meafares»  had 
V'amed  his  country  of  the  fntnl  policy  of  its  minillers  towards  Fraace, 
and  oppofed  this  defir unlive  v.  ar  in  all  its  Ibges,  with  invincible coo- 
Sancy  and  courage ;  (hough  deferted  by  thofe  who  were  nearei  bis 
heart,  and  fupported  only  by  a  few  firm  ^Ofrciates,  whofe  merit  is  u- 
creafed  by  the  Imallnefs  of  their  numbtrs,  and  the  general  deGrima 
which  the  adininidration  had  lo  artfully  excited^a  man  whofe  laorali 
prevent  him  from  exulting  nt  the  misfortanes  of  others^  and  i^fe 
manners  feciire  him  from  the  nrcefllry  of  humiliation.— Who  nrvrr 
iniukcd  France  in  the  prriod  of  her  depreflion,and  has  nothing  to  iiH- 
4V0W  or  expiate  in  the  hour  of  h^r  triumph — who  has  not  left  maakicd 
in  the  dark  about  hir  objedl  for  four  fatal  years  of  onexampled  car- 
naee—and  finally,  whole  difiinguiihing  charaAer  being  dircttnefs 
and  plain  dealing,  appear^s  the  properefl  man  to  negotiate  with  a 
people  who  afFed  to  fublHtute  candour  for  ttie  finefle  and  faflacy  of 
courts  !* 

There  is  one  ohfervation  in  t()efequel,  which  we  cannot  pift 
without  animadverfion.  Mr.  O'B.  compares  the  feveriries 
prafiifed  on  thofe  irifh  who  followed  the  arms  and  the  fortunes 
of  king  James  II.  with  the  cruel  and  undiflinguifhing  profcrip* 
tion  of  the  French  emigrants.  For  the  purpofe  of  this  argu* 
ment,  he  has  committed  the  moil  aflonifhing  nverlight  of 
which  we  recoiled  any  example  in  a  flatenent  of  fafls.    To 

make 


CyBVytVi— Wrifw  Horumf  faTr.  413 

tt;ike  A^  cafes  in  any  refpe^}  paralfel,  he  mud  afTume  that  the 
penalties  infli£)ed  on  the  Irifli  adherents  of  king  James  were 
extended  Uyond  tbofe  who  ad u ally  took  up  arms, — whkh  we 
have  n6'reafon  to  bePieve  to  be  true ;  or  tha^  the  profcriptioh 
of  the  French  emigrants  was  confined  to  thofe  among  them 
who  took  up  arms, — which  we  know  to  he  falfe.  If  we  might 
venture  to  fpeak  with  the  freedom  of  hiftory,  we  fliould  cer- 
tainly diftinguifli  the  general  tenour  of  the  Englifli  governmfnt 
in  Ireland  by  no  milder  appellacion  than  that  of  a  h;ir(h  and  ri- 
gorous foreign  tyranny.  A  frafon  of  confufion  and  civil  war 
did  not  foften  the  flernnefs  of  that  fevere  dcnnination ;  and  the 
revolution  of  1688  had,  with  refpefl  to  Ireland,  all  the  confe- 
quences  of  a  violent  and  oppreflive  conqueft :— but  the  govern- 
ment of  William  only  fubjefl^ed  to  the  penalties  6f  treafon  thofe 
who  had  been  in  arms  againft  him.  That  gbverntnent  did  not^ 
like  the  French^  raife  the  mere  a£i  of  emigration  tfiio  a  capital  crime* 
Of  five  hundred  emigrants  (a  defignedly  under-rated  efiimsrte) 
three  fourths  muff,  on  the  common  principles  of  political  arith- 
metic, be  fuppofedtobe  prieft5,oid  men,  women,  and  children  ; 
who,  by  one  fweepi'ng  edidf,  are  doomed  to  perpetual  exile  and 
beggary,  fabjedled  to  undiffinguifhing  confif(6atioti,  and  ex- 
pofed  contmgently  to  the  puniflinient  of  death,  tor  the  hew  crime 
df  having,  in  a  foreign  land,  foi/ght  a  temporary  afyluni  froih 
The  maflacreS  which  daily  defiroycrd  feme  of  their  number,  in  a 
country  in  which  either  the  laws  v^antfd  po^Ver,  or  the  mar- 
gillrates  inclination,  to  prote«5t  their  lives.  Men'  ^ho  were 
themfelvcs  the  tndigators  of  thefe  maflacres  did  not  blikfK  t6 
convert'  the  mere  a^  of  efcaping  froifi  their  mobs,  their  lamp- 
^fts,  and  their  guillotihes,  into  the  moil  atrocious  cf  all  crimed. 
Of  the  remaining  fourth,  not  half  had  taken  up  arms  when  thfe 
decrees  againft  emigration  p;i(rcd  ;  nor  until  aft^r  they  had  beeh 
driven  to  it  as  a  means  of  fubHlfence  by  the  riidft  hopel^fs  po^ 
verty,  and  after  their  return  to  their  country  had  been  prohibit- 
ed  under  the  pains  of  death.  Mr.  O'Bryen  charges  the  French 
emigrants  with  difobedience  to  fhe  commands  of  LouisX  VI.  :^— 
bot,  if  thtffe  commands  Were  fmcer^,  his  accufations  of  trea- 
chery againft  that  Prince  muft  be  groundlefs  ;  and  if  they  v9^rt 
inlincere,  his  charge  of  difobedience  againft  the  en^ignMtsr  ik 
without  foundation.  He  cannot  efcape  this  dilemma.  H^ 
muft'  acquit  either  the  Kin&r  or  the  Royalifts  on  thefe  indil^- 
mcnts.     They  cannot  both  be  guilty. 

On'  the  whole,  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  candour  and  good 
fdnfe  of  the  author  himfelf  will,  after  examination  of  the  fad^, 
lament  the  comparifon  into  which  he  has  been  betrayed ;  aAd 
will  confefs  that  the  decrees  againft  the  French  emigraiiti  ate 
without  parallel  in  the  hiftory  of  legiflatioh,  and  are  the  moft 

F  f  3  compre- 


414  Edwards  §n  tbi  Pnaedings  si  Jamaica. 

comprehenfive  edids  of  rapine  and  murder  that  ever  aflumd 
and  difgraced  the  facred  na<aie  of  Uws. 

We  think  it  our  peculiar  duty,  in  reviewing  the  pubIic4tioiii 
of  the  Friends  of  Liberty,  to  warn  them  againft  difhonouring 
their  noble  caufe  by  any  attempts  at  juftifyjng,  or  even  at  pal- 
liating,  thofe  deteftable  enormities  which  have  been  perpetrated 
in  its  name.  It  is  from  the  Frii^ds  of  Liberty  that  the  ftrong. 
eft  abhorrence  of  fuch  enormities  is  naturally  to  be  expcdcd 
and  juftly  to  be  required. 


B^ 


Art.  VIIL     The  Proceedings  of  the  Governor  and  Jfftmhly  o/yoi , 

in  regard  to  the  Marooa  Negroes :  publifhed  by  Oitler  ol  the  hC 
fembly.  To  which  is  prefixed.  An  Introdu^ory  Account,  coouiiK 
ing  Obfervations  on  the  Difpofition,  Character,  Maoncrsj  aod 
Habits  of  Life,  of  the  Maroons,  and  a  Deuil  of  the  Origin,  Piq. 
grefs,  and  Tormination  of  the  late  War  between  thofe  Peo^  and 
the  \Vbite  Inhabitants.  8vo.  pp.200.  5  s.  Beards.  Stockdale. 
1796. 

^Y  an  advertifement  prefixed  to  this  work,  we  are  inforind 
that  it  comes  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Edwards,  author  of  the 
Hiftory  of  the  Weft  Indies*;  that  it  was  wiitten,  and  pardy 
printed,  before  a  late  difcui&on  of  the  fubje«3  took  place  in  the 
Houfe  of  Commons ;  that  it  was  compiled  chiefly  for  the  grati* 
fication  of  public  curiofity  :  but  that  it  is  now  publiOied  fiOM 
a  ftronger  motive,  viz.  to  enable  the  reader  to  form  a  correA 
judgment  on  the  proceedings  of  the  government  of  Jamaica, 
.wiih  refpeA  to  the  Maroon  war. 

The  Maroons  were  a  part  of  the  Spantfli  flives,  who,  whca 
Jamaica  was  conquered  by  the  Knglifii  in  1655,  remained  in 
the  fa(ine(Ie»  of  the  Ifland  ;  and  from  their  retreats  continually 
Jiarafled  the  Britifli  planters.  They  have  often  been  rein/oictd 
by  fugitive  flaves,  and  in  1730  were  grown  fo  formidable,  that 
it  became  expedient  to  ftrengthen  the  colony  by  twe  legimcflts 
fA  regular  troops.  Thefe,  with  the  militia,  were  divided  into 
^rties;  one  of  which,  under  Captain  Stoddart,  in  1734,  at- 
tacked one  of  the  Miiroon  towns  called  Nauny,  fiiuated  on 
<Mie  of  the  higheft  mountains  of  the  Ifland  ;  and  he  fo  far  de- 
Atoyed  or  difperfed  its  inhabitants,  that  they  were  not  after- 
ward able  to  cffedt  any  enteiprlfe  of  moment  in  that  quarter. 
Another  viSory  gained  over  them,  by  Captain  Edmondf,  fo 
reduced  their  ftrength,  and  filled  ihem  with  fo  much  teixor, 
that  they  did  not  again  appear  in  any  conGderable  body.-^StiJi, 
.  however,  they  continued  to  diftrefs  the  planters :  fetting  fire  to 
the  cane. fields,  killing  the  cattle,  carrying  cfF  the  flaves,  and 

-■     ■  '  r  .       '      '  ' 

•  Sec  Rev,"  N.  5.  vol,  av.  and  xvii. 

barbarouffj 


£dwards  on  thi  Proceidings  at  Jamaicai  4X.5 

barbirouily  murdering  fuch  whiter  is  came  in  their  way,  and 
were  unable  to  make  refiftance.  To  prevent  thefe  horrid  de- 
predations,(the  AfTembly  ordered  barracks,  fortified  withbaftiont, 
CO  be  creded  in  difTerent  parts  of  the  Ifland,  and  as  near  as 
poffible  to  the  enemy's  favorite  bauntf.  Everv  barrack  was 
furniihed  with  a  pack  of  dogs  ;  *  it  being  ferefeen  that  thefe 
animals  would  prove  extremely  ferviceable,  not  only  in  guard- 
iog  igainft  furprifes  in  the  night,  but  in  tracking  the  enemy.' 

About  the  year  17379  the  Aflembly  took  into  their  pay  2C0 
Mofquito  Indians,  who  were  confiderably  ferviceable,  and  the 
moft  proper  troops  to  be  employed  in  a  bujh-fighting  warfare. 

in  1738,  Governor  Trelawney  propofed  to  the  Maroon 
Chiefs  overtures  of  peace :  the  Maroons  embraced  theofFer; 
articles  of  pacification*  were  drawn  up  and  ratified ;  and  2500 
acres  of  land  were  aifigned  and  fecurcd,  by  the  legiflature,  to 
them  and  their  pofterity  %n  pirpttuity.  *  1  hus  an  end  was  at 
length  happily  put  to  this  tedious  and  ruinous  conteft;  a  con- 
tpft  which,  while  it  laded,  fcemed  to  portend  nothing  left  than 
the  ruin  of  the  whole  colony.* 

Hitherto  the  account  given  by  Mr.  Edwards  is  extrafied 
from  Long's  Hiflory  of  Jamaica  f  *•  but  he  now,  in  Sedion  2» 
takes  up  the  fubje£i  where  that  writer  left  it;  and,  after  fome 
pertinent  refledions  on  the  charadier  and  manners  of  the  Ma- 
roons,  traces  the  caufes  of  their  laie  revolt  to  its  origin,  and 
gives  a  (bort  but  comprchenflvc  narrative  of  the  war  itfelf, 
their  defeat,  fubmiffion,  and  expulfion  from  the  Ifland. 

'  The  daufe  in  the  treaty  t  by  which  thefe  people  were  compelled  to 
r^iidewi^in  certain  boundaries  in  the  interior  country,  apart  from  all 
other  negroes,  was  founded,  probably,  on  the  apprehen/ion  that,  by 
fuffering  ihem  to  intermix  with  the  negroes  in  da  very,  the  example 
which  they  would  thereby  continually  prefent  of  fuccdfsful  hoftility, 
iBight  prove  contagious,  and  create  in  the  minds  of  the  (laves  an  im- 
patience of  fubordination,  and  a  difpoiition  for  revolt:  but  time  has 
abandandy  proved  that  it  was  an  ill-judged  and  a  fatal  regulation. 
Xhe  Maroons,  inllead  of  being  eftabliihed  into  feparate  hordes  or 
communities,  in  the  Arongeil  parts  of  the  interior  country,  ibould  > 
have  been  encouraged  by  all  poflible  means  to  frequent  the  towns  and 
to  intermix  with  the  negroes  at  large.  All  difbndtion  between  the 
Maroons  and  the  other  free  blacks  would  foon  have  been  loft ;  the 
greater  number  would  have  prevailed  over  the  lefs  :  whereas  the  po- 
licy of  keeping  them  a  di Hindi  people^  continually  inured  to  arms, 
introduced  among  them  what  the  French  call  an  i/prit  de  corps^  or  a 
community  of  fentimcnts  and  intereHs :  and  concealing  from  them 
the  powers  and  refources  of  the  whites,  taught  them  to  feel,  and  at 

*  The  articles  are  given  at  large  by  the  author,  at  the  concluiton 
of  his  firft  SeSiion. 
f  SeeM.  R.  vol.  li.  f^iig. 

F  f  4  the 


4t6  Umirit  on  tU  Frocit£ngt  at  Jamaica. 

the  fame  Hme  highly  to  overvatoe*  their  own  rdative  ilmgtk  ml 
importance.' 

We  perfefily  coincide  in  opinion  with  Mr.  Edwirdt.    The 
only  mode  of  civilizing  favages  is  to  incorporate  them  trtth  ci- 
vilized people :  the  ftronger  the  line  of  demarcation  is,  the  lieTft 
fufceptible  of  civih'zacion  will  they  be  who  are  kept  beyond  it. 
Mr.  £•  feems  alfo  to  admit  that  little  pains  were  taken  to  im- 
provr,  by  religious  inftru^lion,  the  morals  of  that  ignorant 
people:  yet  bethinks  their  *  converfion  to  the  knowledge  and 
pradice  of  Chriftianity  a  work  of  much  greater  difficulty,  than 
many  excellent  perfens  in  Great  Britain  (eem  fopdry  to  ima- 
frine.*     Has  the  experiment,  however,  been  ever  fiiirlj  tried? 
Have  the  kmwUge  and  praffice  of  Chriftianity  ever  been  pro- 
perly and  praSically  laid  before  thofe  favage  tribes  ?  Have  dk 
mild  maximi  of  the  gofpel  been  ever  apof^oIicalTy  preached  lo 
them  ?  Above  all,  have  they  fatind  thoTe  maxims  exemplified 
by  the  generality  of  flave-owners,  and  their  overfeers,  in  Ja- 
nmrica  I  We  apprehend  that  thefe  queries  muft  be  anfwered  ia 
tbe  negative;  and  if  fo,  can  we  talk  about  the  influence  of  re- 
ligion on  the  morals  of  an  unconverted  people,  who  have  never 
feen  its  influence  on  the  morals  of  thofe  who  profefs  it?  To  ai 
little  purpofe  is  it  to  paint  their  ferocity,  idleneft,  and  bra- 
t^lity ;  their  polygamy,  and  their  proftitution  of  their  daogb* 
ters.     All  thefe  charges  are  applicable  to  nations  which  deemed 
themftlves  as  poliflied  and  as  wife  as  the  white  inbabiunts  of 
Jamaica :  to  whom,  no  doubt,  it  is  in  fome  meafure  owing  that 
proftitution^  in  particular,  has  prevailed  among  the  Maroons. 

Mr.  £.  fufpe£is  that  the  Maroons,  with  all  xhcir  fuming  fury 
and  affiled  hr^vcry J  are  far  below  the  Whites  in  perfonal  va- 
lour ^  and  this  he  chiefly  infers  from  their  mode  of  fighting  in 
real  war,  which  is  a  fyftem  of  fratagemy  hujb-fighiing^  and 
amhufiade:  yet  he  feems  to  allow  that  the  Whites  once  thoughc 
Qtberwife : 

*  Poflibly  (he  obferves)  their  perfooal  appearance  contiiboted,  m 
iome  Ai:%Ttt9  to  prefcrve  the  deluiion ;  i^it^  favage  as  they  were  ia 
manners  and  difpgfltton,  their  mode  of  living  and  daily  purfoits  ao- 
dbubttdly  ftiengdiened  the  frame,  and  ferved  to  exalt  them  to  great 
bodily  perfedion.  Soch  fine  perfons  are  feldom  beheld  among  any 
other  clafs  of  African  or  native  blacks.  Their  demeanour  is  k>fty» 
their  walk  firm^  and  their  perfons  ere£^.  Every  motion  difplays  a 
combination  of  flrength  and  agility.  The  mufcles  (neither  hidden 
Bor  deprefled  byclodiing)  are  very  prominent*  and  ilrongly  marked. 
V  heir  fight  withal  it  wonderfully  acute*  and  their  hearing  rettarltably 
quick.* 

We  now  come  to  the  immediate  cauie  of  the  late  Marooo 
WV«    In  July  17959  two  Maroonsi  having  ftolen  fome  pig^» 

IS  were 


Edwards  9m  th  Pr$tuJingf  at  Jammcti.  4^7 

)  tpprbhtfndcd,  fenc  to  Montego  Bay,  and  tried  for  this  of- 
fence afgainft  the  law.  The  jury  found  them  guilty ;  and  the 
Aagift  rates  ordered  each  of  them  to  receive  thirty  ladies,  on  the 
bare  back :  which  flagelhtion  was  performed  by  the  black  over* 
leer  of  the  workhoiife  negroes.  On  thedifcharge  of  thefe  men, and* 
on  tbeir  arrival  atTrelawneyTown,  the  whole  body  of  Maroons 
aflembled  ;  and,  aftef  having  forced  Caprain  Craflcell,  the  fu- 
pcrintendant,  to  quit  the  town,  they  fenra  Written  defiance  to 
cfte  magiflrates  of  Montego  Bay,  and  threatened  to  attack  that 
town  On  the  20th  of  that  month.  In  confequence,  General 
Palmar  called  oift  the  militia;  and  eighty  dragoOns  Were,  at 
bis  requefty  (ent  from  Spanifli  town  by  Lofd  Balcarres,  the 
Goternor  of  Jamaica.  The  Maroons  theh  demanded,  and 
obtained,  a  conference.  Thev  complained  not  of  xYit  inju/Ha 
ifor  erf  the  ftverity  of  the  punifbment  that  had  been  infiidted  on 
thtir  two  companions,  but  of  the  difgractful  rhanner  in  which 
it  had  been  executed.  They  demanded  reparation  for  this  in- 
dignity, an  addition  to  their  lands,  the  difmiffion  of  their  fa - 
perintendant  Captain  Crafkell,  and  the  re-appointment  of  their 
former  fuperintendant,  Jamesr.  It  Was  promifed  to  therfi  that 
their  Erievances  (hould  be  laid  before  the  Commander  in  Chief, 
and  tney  were  afiured  that  the  Governor  fhouid  be  requefted  to 
g^ant  them  the  laft  of  their  demands ;  with  which  they  Teemed 
facisfied. 

<  It  fooia  appetred*  however,  that  the  Maroons,  in  dtfltrihg  this 
conference,  were  aduatcd  folely  by  nfotives  of  treachery.  They 
were  apprised  that  a  fleet  of  150  (hips  was  to  fail  for  Great  ffrtfairt  o* 
the  morning  of  the  26th  ;  and  they  knew  that  very  few  Briti/h  troops 
remained  in  the  liland,  except  the  83d  regiment,  and  that  this  very 
regiment  was>  at  that  juncture,  under  orders' to  embark  for  St.  Do- 
ningo ;  they  hoped,  therefore,  by  the  fpecioiis  and  delufive  appear- 
ance of  defiring  a  conference,  to  quiet  fufpicion*  until  the  July  fleet 
was  failed,  and  the  regulars  fairly  departed,  in  the  meanwhile,  they 
pleafed  themfelves  with  the  hope  of  prevailing  on  the  negrde  flaves 
tbrougboot  the  Jfland  to  join  them ;  and  by  rifing'  id  a  mau,  to  enable 
them  to  exterminate  the  whites  at  a  blotv. 

'  The  very  day  the  conference  was  held,  they  began  tamperirtg 
with  the  negroes  on  the  numerous  and  extenfive  planutions  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Montego  Bay  *.  Oo  fome  of  thefe  plantations 
their  emiflaries  were  cordially  received  and  fecreted  :  on  others,  th^ 
flaves  themfelves  voiunurily  apprized  their  overfcers,  that  the  Ma, 
roont  were  endeavouring  to  feduce  them  from  their  allegiance.  In. 
formation  of  this  nature  was  tranfmitted*  from  many  refpe^lable  quar« 
ters  ;  but  mofl  of  the  gentlemen  who  had  vilited  the  Maroons  on  th^ 
•  '  '        '  ■      '■^■"■^■^^■— ^■—.^M.^' 

'  *  Trelawney  Town  is  fituatcd  within  20  miles  of  the  town  and 
hif bpuff  of  M<mtcgo  Bay.' 

20th> 


4 1  ft  Edwards  e»  tie  ProcuXngs  ai  yiunmai.' 

sochy  were  fo  confident. of  their /^^Z///  and  mjfk^iom,  that  tlia  Go* 
pernor,  difbelieving  the  charges  againil  them,  was  prevailed  on  to 
let  the  troops  embark  as  originally  intended^  and  they  adually  failed 
from  Port  Royal  on  the  morolng  of  the  2;;th,  under  convoy  of  the 
Succefs  Frigate.' 

Fortunately,  the  courfe  from  Port  Royal  to  St.  Domingo  it 
altogether  againft  the  wind  ;  and  at  this  time  there  was  alfo  a 
ilrong /// current.  A  faft.failing  boat,  diTpaiched  after  die 
fleet  by  Lord  Balcarres's  order,  came  up  with  them  off  the 
north-eaft  end  of  Jamaica,  and  delivered  orders  to  Capuin 
Figot,  of  the  Succefs,  to  change  bis  courfc,  and  to  proceed 
with  the  tranfports  toMontego  Bay.  The  8^d  regimeoty  coo- 
fifting  of  looo  efietSlive  men,  was  landed  on  Auguft  4.  The 
vnexpe&ed  arrival  of  fo  powerful  a  reinforcement  immediately 
changed  the  face  of  affairs  : — yet  farther  meafures  were  adopted. 
The  whole  ifland  was  put  under  martial  law  :  130  more  dra^ 
goons,  commanded  by  Colonel  Sandford,  and  a  detachment  of 
JOG  men  from  th^  biA  regiment,  with  150  difmounted  dra- 
goons, embarked  at  the  fame  time  for  tiUck  River  ;  and  the 
Governor  himfelf  left  Spani(b*town  for  Montego  Bay,  in  order 
to  command  in  perfon  at  the  fceoe  of  adion. 

Mr.  Edwards  is  here  aware  that  his  readers  will  not  eafily 
conceive  that  meafures  of  fuch  extent  and  magnitude  were 
adopted,  in  the  belief  that  the  Maroons  y^/^/f  were  concerned. 

<  Moft  certain  and  abundant  proofs  (fays  he)  had  been  tranfmitt^d 
to  the  commander  in  chiefs  of  their  attempts  to  create  a  general  revolt 
of  the  en flaved  negroes,  and  it  was  impoinble  to  forefee  the  rcfuh. 
The  iituation  of  the  flaves,  under  prevailing  circumitanccs,  required 
the  mod  ferious  attention.  With  the  recent  example  before  their  eyes 
of  the  dreadful  infurredion  in  £t.  Domingo,  they  had  been  accuflomcd, 
for  the  preceding  feven  years,  to  hear  of  nothing  but  Mr.  Wiiber- 
force,  and  his  efforts  to  feive  them  in  Great  Britain.  Means  of  in- 
formation  were  not  wanting,  Inflruflors  were  conllaiuly  found  among 
the  black  fervants  continually  returning  from  England  ;  and  1  have 
not  the  fmallefi  doubt  that  the  negroes  on  tvtry  plantation  in  the  Weil 
Indies,  were  uughc  to  believe  that  their  mailers  were  eenerally  confi- 
dered  in  the  mother  country,  as  a  fet  of  odious  and  abominable  nif- 
creants,  whom  it  was  laudable  to  mafTacre  !  The  Society  in  the  Old 
Jewry  had  made  no  fcruple  to  avow  this  dodl/ine  in  its  fulled  extent, 
by  caufinz  pamphlets  to  be  difthbutcd  among  fuch  of  the  ntrgroes  as 
could  read*  and  medals  among  fuch  of  them  as  could  not,  to  apprize 
them  of  the  wretchednefs  of  tticir  ficuatlon,  ai'.d  to  alTijre  them,  ia 
language  and  tokens  well  fuiteU  to  their  cap.icitv ,  ibui  injury eSiicn  r:^^i 
thtir  duty 9  and  that  »«  criuIiUs,  iKhUh  they  jhaiiU  a-uiuut  in  the  ixfr.i/i 
^  Juch  a  duty,  could  be  confidend  as  iriminal. ' 
•  The  Maroons  now  became  indccided  in  their  counfelt :  man) 
of  the  old  men  recommended  peace  3    and  the  whole  of  the 

yfccmpoMg 


Edwards  9n  the  Prwedings  at  Jamais*  419 

Jittmpmg  people  declared  in  favour  of  the  Whites*:  but  the 
snore  violent  counfeh  of  the  younger  prevailed  ;  and  war  was 
the  final  determination.  Lord  Balcarres,  after  having  ioef* 
feAualiy  fummoned  them  to  furrender,  gave  orders  to  the 
troops  to  take  poflXfion  of  all  the  known  paths  leading  to  Tre- 
lawnejTowQ.-— The  Maroons  having  aflembled  in  a  body  near 
a  village  called  their  Nnv  Town^  behiod  which  were  their  pro* 
vifion-grounds.  Col.  Sandford  was  erdered  to  take  poiltffion  oF 
Chofe  grounds.  He  proceeded  thither  accordingly  :  bur,  being 
informed  that  the  Maroons  had  retired  to  th9  ruins  of  the  old 
town,  he,  contrary  to  his  orders,  pu(hed  after  them  :  a  fatal 
error,  to  which  he  himfelf  and  many  brave  men  fell  facrifices. 
The  retreat  of  the  Maroons  was  a  feint,  to  draw  him  into  an 
ambufcade  ;  and  the  troops  had  marched  only  about  halfway, 
when  a  heavy  iire  enfued  from  the  buflies,  by  which  37  men  were 
immediately  killed  and  many  wounded.  They  puflied  forwards, 
however,  drove  the  Maroons  from  their  hiding  places,  and 
brought  back  with  them  moft  of  their  wounded  companions. 

By  the  death  of  Col.  Sandford,  the  command  devolved  on  Col. 
Fitch :  but  his  caution  alfo,  notwithftanding  the  warning  juft 
given,  the  Maroons  found  means  to  elude,  and  he  periflied 
nearly  in  the  fame  manner.  Their  head  quarters  were  now 
eftablifhed  at  a  place  of  moft  difficult  accefs,  called  the  Cock^ 
pits ;  whence  they  fent  out  parties,  who  deftroyed  feveral  plant- 
ations, carried  off  the  negroes,  and  murdered  the  Whites  in 
cdd  blood,  without  diftindtion  of  fex  or  age. 

It  now  appeared  that  the  fuppreffion  of  the  Maroons  would 
prove  a  tafk  of  greater  difficulty  than  had  been  imagined.  The 
General  AlTembly  was  convened  towards  the  end  of  September; 
and,  on  this  occafion,  the  expedient  that  had  been  adopted  in  a 
former  war,  of  employing  dogs  to  difcover  the  concealment  of 
the  Maroons,  was  recommended  as  a  fit  example  to  be  followed 
in  the  prefcnt  jundlure :  it  was  therefore  refolved  to  fend  to  Cuba 
for  an  hundred  of  thofe  animals,  and  to  engage  a  fufficient  number 
of  Spanifli  huntfmen  todireft  their  operations.  Mr.  E.  here  en- 
ters into  aferiousand  argumentative  apology  for  the  conduSof 
the  Aflcmbly  in  having  recourfe  to  an  expedient  apparently  fo  fe- 
rocious ;  the  reader  will  find  it  at  p.  66,  67,  68,  69,  and  70. 
The  paflage,  however  interefling,  is  too  long  to  allow  of  our 
ioferting  it. — Meanwhile  the  Maroons  were  itill  carrying  on  a 
praedatory,  or  rather  a  devaftating  war  ;  yet  they  exprefled  a 
wUlingnefs  to  fubmit,  /^  delivir  up  thtir  anm^  to  fur  render  their 
lands  ^  and  intermix  with  the  general  body  of  free  Blacks^  in  fuch 

*  Thirty-eight  aduall^  farrendeied  themfdves  to  the  Gcvernor'a 
mercy. 

parts 


p4hra  6ffhi  t^untty  ds  ihi  cnhnial  gffffirnmma  JkotM  afpmn  f  tiid 
*  it  Was  the  opinion  (fay^  Mr  t.)  of  manj  wifc  amd  Wwtlhj 
fntn^  char  thofifr  Overtures  ought  to  be  accepted  :' — bUr  othen 
thought  that  a  cotnpVomife  of  any  kind  with  a  lawiefs  batf. 
cKttf,  mho  had  flaughter^d  fo  many  excell^t  nirn,  and  hil 
tnordeted  in  Cold  blood  eren  women  in  childbed  aiRl  infants  it 
the  breaft,  wat  a  fhameful  fiicrifice  of  the  public  honour,  a  total 
dtfregard  to  the  didates  of  juftice,  and  an  encouragement  to  the 
reft  of.  tht  Maroons. — It  was  alfo  alledged  that  the  Maroonl 
were  noe  in'earneft. 

While  chefe  matters  were  difciffling,  forty  Spanifli  huntert 
and  about  loo  dogs  arrived.  Such  extraordinary  accouno 
were  immediately  fpread  of  the  favage  nature  and  appearance  sf 
thele  antmab,  as  made  a  furprifing  impreffion  on  the  miarfi  of 
the  negroes;  Though,  g^n^rally,  not  larger  thanr  cb<  Briffli 
ifaepherd's  dog,  theft  dogs  of  Cuba  were  reprefirnied  as  eqoal  to 
the  maftifF  in  bulk,  to  <he  bull-dog  in  courage,  to  the  blood- 
hound  in  fcent,  and  eo  the  grey-hound  in  agility.^^Thefe  rr. 
ports  had  a  powerful  and  falurary  effedX  on  the  fear^  of  the 
Maroons,  and  foon  brought  about  a  negotiation,  foUowcid  b^ 
a^  treaty. 

This  treaty,  together  with  the  correfpondence  between  Lord 
Balcarres  and  General  VValpole,  and  many  other  nmereftng 
papebs,- the  reader  will  find  among  the  Procadings  9ftbi  Gwvtrwtt 
mid  AJifftbfy  rf  Jamaica  ;  which  make  more  than  one  half  of 
the  prefent  volume.  I'he  final  fteps  taken,  iir  omfornyicy  with 
ftie  treaty,  are  thus  rebted  by  Mr.  Ldwards' : 

*  SoOo  after  the  fubfcquent  minutes  Were  printed  by  Order  6t  tftb 
Afffertbly,  His  Wajclly*^  ftiip  the  DoVcr,  whh  two  tranfporti^  iA  cd*. 
#atiy»  having  tm  board  the  'Prelawney  Maroons,  (in  dnmbei'  iboot  fix 
iQudred)  provided  with  all  manner  of  fiec^iTaries,  as  well  for  their  ac* 
eommodatton  at  fea,  as  for  the  change  of  climate,  failed  froa{  fihie* 
ields  in  Jamaica,  for  Halifax  in  North  America,  the  beginniag  of 
latt  June.  They  were  accompanied  by  William  Dawes  (parrel  and 
Alexander  Oachterlony,  Ef'quires,  commiffioners  appointed  by  tkc 
AStiMy^  with  authority  and  inlbrudions  (fubjed  to  his  Maj^iiy'i 
aipprobation  and  further  orders)  to  purchafe  lands  in  Lower  Canada, 
of  where  clfe  his  MajcHy  Ihoii'd  pleale  to  appoint,  for  the  fatore  efta- 
bHfhmerfc  and  fabrrilehce  of*  tho(e  Maroons,  as  a  Ute  people.  The 
AMHnfiflioners  had  orders  withal,  to  provide  tbeifi  the  mea^y  of  a  cooi* 
ft>rt«bie  xbalntetiatice,  ontil  they  were  habituated  to  the  country  and 
dimate.  The  fom  of  ^.  25,000  was  allowed  for  thofe  purpofcs.' 
'  i/lf.  EdMrsmis  wrh^  with  the  energy  of  a  man  who  is  weH 
acquainted  with' his  fobjed,  and  who  is  convinced  of  the  truth 
of  what  he  advances ;  and  he  exprefles  himfelf  in  a  perfpfcuoui 
a^id  dignified  ftyle.  A  few  of  his  reflections  we  might  fed  our- 
fel vcs  inclined  to  controvert;  and  we  might  obferve  that,  in 

fooe 


w 


Ctrrt/^ffiJ^UcfytwiiH  a TraviUtr and m  Afuufttr rfSi^. ^f | 

Some  placet,  his  great  ihcMJgh  juft  abhorrence  of  lUintioufmtfi 
appears  to  make  him  rather  trench  upon  liherty  t— *but  his  morlc 
has  the  important  merit  of  clear  arrangement,  perfonal  know* 
lege,  local  accuracy,  and  official  authority. 

AaT.  IX.     Ctrre/f^amce  intrt  un  Voyagenr  tt  un  Miniftre,  Sec,    8ro* 

Art.  X.  TSe  Corre/ponJince  hei*ween  a  Tra*veUtr  anj a  Minifter  of 
Statii  in  O^ober  and  November,  1792;  preceded  b/  Remarks 
apon  the  Origin  and  the  final  Obje£l  of  the  preftnt  War  ;  as  wdl 
as  upon  the  political  Pofiiion  of  Europe*  in  Odobcr,  1796.  Tnanf- 
lated  from  the  original  French,  and  accompanied  with  a  Preface* 
By  N.  William  Wraxall,  E(q.    8vo.     as.  6d.    Debrecc.     1796, 

^E  have  reafon  to  believe  that  the  author  of  this  pam- 
phlet occupied  a  high  poft  in  the  adminiftration  of 
lodia,  between  the  years  1781  and  1788,  and  that  the  corre« 
fpondencc  here  detailed  was  really  addrefled  to  men  in  office  at 
the  period  of  itt  date.  The  work  is  ably  written  and  deferves 
fierural.     Its  objed  and  rife  are  thus  explained : 

<  The  traveller,  to  whom  the  following  correfpondence  relates,  be* 
gan  his  joonacy  towards  the  clofe  of  1 789.  His  ohje^  was,  as  he 
icpcefented  it,  at  the  dme,  to  a  perfon  of  the  higheft  cpnfideration, 
?«  to  dired  his  attention  to  the  extraordiQary  events  which  began  to 
un&ld  themfelves  upon  the  theatre  of  Europe ;  to  cone  nearer,  the 
principal  performers,  and  to  communicate  to  the  fame  perfon  his 
Opinions  upon  public  affairs  *." 

'  In  the  purfuit  of  this  object,  he  chanced  to  be  at  Turin  in  the 
«iooth  of  Odober,  1792.  The  moment  was  a  critical  one  for  the 
coort  of  Turin.  Nice  was  taken  by  the  French  :  Savoy  was  lod  : 
the  Duke  of  Biunfwic's  retreat  out  of  Champagne  was  by  no  means 
cleared  up.  A  Jacobin  infarredlion  was  dreaded  in  the  capital  of 
Piedmont ;  and  the  lateil  leuers  from  London  proved  that  the  £ng|r 
liQi  Miniftry  was  refolved  not  to  take  any  part  in  the  war  againft 
France. 

«  To  allay  the  apprehenfions  of  a  virtuous  Prince  at  fuch  a  cr'iCis, 
and  to  ftrengthen  the  ideas  of  his  Cabinet,  thefe  letters  were  written. 
They  were  addrefled  to  a  Minifter,  who  \s  ambitious  of  contributing  to 
the  happinefs  of  a  foreign  nation  by  whom  he  is  adored»  and  who  ably 
fupports  the  interefts  of  his  o»\n  Court,  while  he  upholds  the  caufe  of 
general  order. 

'  At  the  faii^  time  that  the  traveller  anilizcd  *'  the  cart/es  and  the 
frogrefs  of  the  revolutionary  *ar,  as  well  as  the  means  of  germinating 
i/,''  he  endeavoured  to  prove  that  every  power  of  the  European  Re- 
public had  an  intered,  connected  with  its  own  fafety,  in  maintaining 
the  independance  of  S^tlinia  as  a  Hate,  if  the  reafonings  of  the 
following  correfpondence  upon  thefc  tbr?e  gre?it  objeAs,  are  drawn 
from  the  true  principles  of  civilization,  (as  the  events  up  to  the  pre- 

*  ^  Letter,  loth  December,  17^9.' 

fent 


fent  time  hare  bot  too  well  proved,)  t«i^  great  qaeftioos  u«  refoltei 
m  modern  politics.  The  firft,  that  one  party  is  in  the  wroag  to  ac- 
cofe  the  other  with  being  the  author  of  the  war.  The  fecond.  that 
this  la((  would  be  dill  more  to  blame,  if  it  did  not  attain  that  which 
^ught  to  be  the  true  o^jeA  of  the  war,  and  which  ought  to  ha?e  beea 
its  objed  from  the  beginning. 

«  But,  what  is  this  falutary  obje^  f  That  is  the  qaeftton  which  ii 
agitated  in  the  prefent  little  work.  Jt  is  a  quelHon  that  the  reafoo- 
able  men  of  all  the  belligerent  flates  ought  thoroughly  to  exainine»  m 
its  true  point  of  view. ' 

This  rcfpcftablc  writer's  chara<acriftic  opinion  is  the  facred 
importance  of  every  form  of  property  :  not  Adam  Smith  can  be 
more  perfuaded  of  the  real  intereft  which  each  (late  has  in  the  wel- 
fare of  all  its  neighbours.     At  p.  45  be  thus  exprefles  himfclf: 

*  Baty  the  projed  of  the  ruling  party  in  France,  to  overturn  £•• 
rope,  in  order  to  regenerate  it  under  a  better  conAitution,  will  anlf 
fucceed  by  the  example  (if,  indeed,  it  ever  can  fucceed,)  of  the  &• 
perior  felicity  of  regenerated  France.  Happily  for  Europe,  000- 
znerce  is  at  prefent  its  abfolute  ruler  :  it  is  fo  bound  and  fettered  n 
all  its  parts  by  this  maftcr,  and  by  confolidated  finance,  that  none  of 
its  parts  can  flir  without  disjointing  the  general  chain.  The  atuck 
at  Nice  and  in  Italy,  will  be  felt  on  the  exchange  of  London  and  of 
Amfterdarti.  War  is  always  flopped,  Icfs  by  the  juftice  of  men,  thai 
by  the  failure  of  its  means :  it  is  conduced  and  fallained  by  finance, 
which  it  confumes.  Europe  will  in  the  end  be  enlightened.  The 
ftate^  that  compofe  k  will  be  perfuaded  by  their  intereib*  and  by  the 
ciFcfls  of  the  revolution,  of  the  moft  beautiful  troth  in  poltticf,  and 
the  one  leall  underdpod  ;  namely,  that  the  general  luilfare  •/  tuHms 
is  compcCed  of  a  commcn  flock.  This  is  the  ftock  into  which  erery 
llate  pours  the  iuperfluity  of  its  produdions  and  its  manufadoret. 
On  this  fund  every  nation  has  a  right  to  draw,  according  to  iu  €00« 
tribution.  The  capital  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  commerce,  which 
fupplies  the  nccelHtiesj  and  porchafes  the  produ6iioos  of  e?cry 
country. 

«  Jt  is  clear,  then,  that  the  more  the  fund  of  the  general  fuperfloity 
is  augmented,  the  more,  the  p-oplc  are  at  their  eafe.  Their  refpec- 
tive  wants  are  fupplied  at  a  cheaper  rate,  and  the  exchange  of  their 
commodities  is  eafier  and  more  advantageous.  This  general  fond  of 
the  wealth  of  nations  bein^  evidently  increafed  according  to  the  grow- 
ing property  of  each  particular  Hate,  we  arrive  at  the  bcautifol  theo- 
retn  of  civilization  ;  that  the  ftnnanent  intereft  of  t<very  flaie  diptmdi  m 
ike  general  property^  and  not  upon  a  momsntary/upirioritj,  or  ibt  little 
profits  of  an  ill-underflood  rinjality  * 

Confiftentlv  with  this  leading  irnpreflion,  he  confiders  the 
relloratioD  of  French  afBgnats  to  their  original  value  as  worthy 
of  being  made  a  condition  of  peace  ;  and  he  expe«3s,  from  the 
future  recognition  of  this  vaft  public  debt  by  the  French,  an  in- 
creafe  in  the  value  of  all  properties,  and  in  the  pacific  tendency 
of  the  ruling  authorities  at  Faris.  The  love  of  property,  ac* 
1 1  cording 


(UrriJ^daici  hetwan  a  Tr^tveUtr  mid  a  Minifter  $/ State.  423 

cording  to  our  author,  (p.  aS.)  is  the  great  (ecret  for  govern^ 
log  mankind  ;  and  his  huflility  to  the  French  Revolution  ap«- 
pears  to  arife  excluflvely  from  an  idea  that  the  French  inno. 
vators  are  contemners  of  property  by  profeffion,  and  have  been 
waging  a  war  of  the  poor  agatnft  the  rich.  This  do£lrine  it 
is  important  to  examine.  In  our  opinion,  this  revolution-war 
is  a  warof  eleflive  againd  hereditary  authority,  of  republican* 
jfm  againil  monarchy,  and  no  more.  Religion,  property^ 
matrimony,  have  been  attacked,  and  in  a  great  degree  Tub- 
verted,  by  the  republican^  of  France, — but  merely  inafmuch 
as  they  wiihftood,  and  becayfi  they  withftood,  the  inflitutionof 
reprefentative  government,  it  was  not  To  much  the  Chrijlian  as 
the  fftablified  religion  which  they  attacked  :  the  orators  of  the 
court,  the  clients  of  the  nobility,  thefe  were  the  perfons  exiled 
in  their  clergy.  It  was  not  the  landed  intereft  at  which  their 
confifcatory  fydems  were  levelled  :  on  the  contrary,  they  have 
ftridly  refpefled  all  landed  property  of  recent  acquifition  :  they 
have  withdrawn  tithes,  entails,  manorial  rights,  and  have 
rendered  all  landed  property  freehold  and  abfolute :  it  was  the 
inftrument  of  habitual  power  to  antient  noble  families,  which 
they  endeavoured  to  transfer  or  to  deftroy.  Their  law  of  divorce 
they  knew  to  be  mifchievous,  and  expeded  to  repeal :  but  they 
wanted  to  facilitate  mixtures  of  races  and  ranks,  and  to  effcA, 
during  the  ftorm  of  anarchy,  an  inextricable  confufion  of  pa- 
trician and  plebeian  origin.  Irreligion,  agrarianifm,  tranfitory 
marriage,  they  know  to  be  opinions  of  circumftance,  unfa- 
vourable to  civilization,  and  incompatible  with  the  permanent 
profperity  of  an  empire,  but  without  which  they  could  not  have 
recruited  their  fai5lion  with  fufficient  partizans.  Had  the  pro- 
perty of  France  courageoufly  lent  its  inftrumentality  to  the  in- 
trodudion  cf  a  republic,  thcfe  alarming  and  mifchievous  tricks 
of  profelytifai  might  never  have  been  adopted.  In  proportion 
as  the  new  government  acquires  (lability  and  confidence,  it 
will  naturally  refume  the  tried  habits  of  focial  union.  The 
conduflors  of  the  coalition  of  kings  were  aware  of  this  :  they 
knew  that  thefe  opinions  and  the  laws  refuhing  from  them, 
would  die  away  v.ith  the  olympiad  in  which  they  were  born  : 
but  they  could  arm  the  multitude  in  behalf  of  religion,  pro^ 
perty,  and  domefl'c  felicity,  and  not  in  defence  of  indefeafible 
hereditary  fovereignty.  It  luited  them  to  defcribethe  monflers 
of  Circe  .  her  own  form  would  not  have  excited  hoftility. 

The  original  pamphlet,  as  written  in  French  by  an  Kngli(b- 
man,  is  not  charadlerired  by  that  purity  of  flyle  which  can 
give  it  claim  to  pr^ife  on  account  of  its  dialed.  The  tranfla- 
lion  of  Mr.  Wraxall  is  well  executed,  and  preceded  by  a  pre- 
face which  recommends  unanimity  tw  the  leaders  of  £nglifh 
^ties  in  behalf  of  peace. 


<    4M     ) 

AUT.  XT.      Poemr  By  tht  Riv»  Henry  Rtwif     LL.  %    Kcftor  of 
^  RingihtH  in  Sulfblk.     8vo.     2  VoU.     7s.  BMrdt.     Cadell  ja. 
and  Davies.      1796. 

^i;e  have  been  informed  that  the  author  of  the  poems  in  this 
^^  collf  aion  has,  in  **  Thf  Poit*s  Lamtntatieni^  defcriM 
hts  own  melancholy  fitaation.  As  the  lines  cannot  but  excite 
compaffion  and  fympatby  in  every  humane  brcaft,  we  (hsB 
give  them  in  his  own  words: 

*  Though  poor,  rcfign'dy  I  fcrl  in  t:v*rf  (Ute» 
I  bear  with  patience,  nor  repine  at  fate ; 
Wretched  by  day,  1  loath  the  honra  till  oight. 
Tell  ev'ry  clock,  and  watch  the  wailing  light  ; 
Aairioiu  to  hear,  with  pleafure  to  relate, 
£ach  forrow  pait»  for  joy  wt^tx  comet  too  late. 
What  Ueav'n  decrees  no  prudence  can  prevent. 
For  bleffings  here  are  only  bleflings  lent. 
Thus  reigns  alternate  varied  good  and  ill» 
And  tbefe  by  turns  neceffitate  the  will ; 
With  ftorms  impetuous,  lo  !  abruptly  driv'n^ 
The  bad  our  own,  the  good  the  a6l  of  Heav'D< 
Man  then  with  all  his  knowledge  fiilloffeDdi» 
When  human  good  on  human  will  depeads. 
When  men  by  nature  frail  and  prone  to  fin» 
Find  weeds  o'erpow'r  the  purer  plant  withia  | 
Find  hunger,  third,  imprifonment,  and  paio» 
Condemn*d  to  feel,  and  guiltlefsofc  fnilaitt* 
Tho*  clad  in  virtue  like  a  coat  of  mail. 
The  bell  may  fuffer,  and  the  bad  prevail. 
Alas,  the  Poet !  hard  indeed  it  feems. 
That  all  thy  loyal  verfe,  poetick  dreams, 
Tny  country's  champion,  and  thy  loftier  ftnuns. 
Should  (ing  the  fong  of  Librrty  in  chains  ! 
Uncharitable  thought,  to  fcandal  prone. 
How  rare  the  world  makes  others  woes  chetr  own. 
Cenforious  beings  loud  alarms  will  beat» 
Eager  to  hear,  and  cruel  to  repeat ; 
A  thoroughfare  of  news  like  venom  flies. 
Things  never  heard,  or  mingled  truth  with  lies  ; 
}f  hanlen'd  creditors  my  fubllance  feiz'd, 
I  promised  them  no  more  than  1  belie v*d. 
What  muft  I  feel  to  view  the  hopeful  youth , 
Of  manners  gentle,  and  imprefs'd  by  truth  ; 
When  early  watch *d,  when  reafon  fiift  began. 
When  dawn'd  the  promife  of  a.  fini(h*d  man  f 
What  mud  I  feel  to  view  him  (h«ire  the  grief. 
Full  rode  |he  wind  that  furlo  the  fapling  leaf? 
Alike  I  view  with  ever  .anxious  thought^ 
Each  other  hope,  not  leCs  fublimeiy  taught ; 
Tho'  of  frail  life  the  bitter  cup  I  drink. 
Too  proud  to  beg,  almoll  too  poor  to  think ; 

Ye 


K\t\^*y kmdrh  conarnffrgStoneSj  &c.  4^ 

Yet  blefs'd  beyond  my  hope»  my  futnptuoos  board. 

My  children  yield  me  more  than  worlds  afford; 

Still  it  ihould  feem  the  Babe  but  newly  born. 

To  heave  the  iigh,  to  brook  the  deadly  thorn, 

Inftead  of  garment  of  the  pared  white, 

Shoold  wear  alone  the  folemn  robe  of  night. 

Can  I  forget  when  Heav'n  look'd  down  benign. 

Benignant  made  my  Eloifa  mine ; 

Ah !  Eloifa,  no !  thy  pioas  works, 

Heav'n's  record  tells,  nor  there  in  fccret  lurks. 

While  here  thofe  charms  which  moll  embelli(h  life, 

Blaae  in  the  parent,  and  adorn  the  wife ; 

Each  thought  an  honour  to  her  earthly  ftage, 

"Herfelf  a  pattern  for  the  riling  age ; 

In  filent  woe  a  tender  part  (he  bore. 

And  fliar'd  with  idl  her  heart  near  all  her  (lore/ 

The  foregoing  lines  are  offered  to  our  readers  as  a  fatisfac* 
^ory  fpecimen  of  the  poetic  talents  of  the  writers  who,  we  un- 
^rftand,  claims  fome  attention  as  a  relative  of  the  celebrated 
Bard  who  <*  Sung  th'  imnDortal  Tamerlane." 

That  difpofition  is  not  to  be  envied,  which,  while  it  con- 
templates human  mifery,  can  attend  to  the  niceties  of  criticifm* 
Inftead  of  pointing  out  any  defedls  and  inaccuracies  in  thia 
^ork,  we  ihould  rather  exprefs  our  furprife  that,  under  the 
prefliire  of  fuch  diftrefs,  the  author  could  write  at  all.     W« 
need  not  remind  our  readers  of  the  inconftancy  ofFortune, 
from  whofe  frowns  no  rank  nor  flation  is  exempt  ^  and  thofe 
who  value  themfelves  on  their  care  and  circumfpedion  ought 
to  coofider  that  no  man  is  uniformly  prudent ;  ntmo  mortalium 
OMNIBUS  horhfapit'y  and  that  a  fingie  a£t  of  indifcretion,  appa* 
ready  of  no  great  magnitude,  may,  by  an  unlucky  concur- 
rence of  circumftances,  involve  a  family  in  ruin.     That  Mr. 
Roweis  rather  unfortunate  than  reprehenfible,  we  are  led  to  fup- 
pofe  by  the  lift,  of  his  fubfcribers.     We  heartily  wi(h  that  ie 
were  in  our  power  to  remove  the  caufes  of  **  the  Poet's  Com- 
plaint:'* but  we  can  only  recommend  his  cafe  to  thofe  who, 
with  the  inclinatiottj  have  the  ability  to  aflift  their  fellow  crea- 
turcS|  in  whatever  kind  or  degree  of  diftrefs. 

Art.  XII.  Remarks  concerning  Stones  faid  to  have  fallen  from  the 
Clouds,  both  in  thefe  Days,  and  in  antient  Times.  By  Edward 
King,  £iq.  F.R.S.  &  F.  A.  S.  410.  pp.34.,  zs.  6d.  Nicol. 
1796. 

XX^HEN  a  phacnomenon  of  a  very  extraordinary  kind  is  brought 
before  the  public,  the  firft  thing  is  to  afcertain  the  reality 

^  the  h&i  the  feconcf,   to  account  for  ir.     Should  it  appear 

•bfolutcly  inexplicable  on  any  known  principles,  a  genuine 
Jliv.  Dec.  1796.  G  g  philofophcr 


4s6  King^ s  Rinmrh  i^HumiagStgiui 

philofophcr  will  not  for  that  retfon  pertinacioufly  rejed  all  thff 
teftimony  adduced  in  its  favour,  though  he  will  reqfttire  a 
clearer  and  more  circumftantial  evidence  than  would  be  nccct 
fary  to  prove  an  ordinary  event ;  and  it  rs  obfervable  that,  thougk 
the  advancement  of  Icnowlege  and  inquiry  has  tended  abiolutely 
to  overthrow  n»aiiy  of  the  wonderful  pretenfions  which  were 
aflbciated  with  human  fraud  and  credulity,  yet  it  has  coafimied 
certain  natural  wonders  which  bad  loft  their  credit  by  not  bairio|: 
•btained  fufficientty  accurate  examination.  The  enligihteoed 
natural  hiftory  of  modern  times,  while  it  has  cleared  away  a 
great  mafs  of  antient  fable^  has  alfo  eftablifbed  nnany  fa£ls,  the 
improbability  of  which  at  firft  fight  had  caufed  them  to  be  re- 
Je^ed  in  the  dawn  of  rational  inquiry. 

The  phaeaomenon  which  is  the  fubje£t  of  the  remarks  be- 
fore us  will  probably  feem,  to  moft  perfons,  to  be  as  littk 
worthy  of  credit  as  any  thait  could  be  offered.  The  MKngof 
large  ftones  from  the  fky,  without  any  affignable  caafe  of  their 
previous  afcent,  feems  to  partake  fo  much  of  the  marveRovsai 
almoft  entirely  to  exclude  the  operation  of  known  and  natani 
agents.  Yet  a  bodv  of  evidef>ce  is  here  brought  to  profe  that 
fuch  events  have  actually  taken  place  j  and  we  ought  not  10 
withhold  from  it  a  proper  degree  of  attention. 

The  immediate  occafion  of  the  prefent  learned  perforflsaaee 
was  an  account  of  a  ihower  of  ftones,  which  fell  in  Tofeaay 
•n  the  i6(h  of  June  1794.  The  account  was  tranfmitted  fraoi 
Italy  with  fuch  particular  details  and  atteftaiions,  as  almofttD 
remove  sll  doubt  of  the  reality  of  the  circumftance.  Ftoa 
Mr.  King's  narration,  abridged  from  a  pamphhet  written  bjtbe 
Abbate  Ambrofe  Soldani,  it  appears  that,  on  the  day  ^ore 
mentioned,  a  tremendous  cloud,  fending  forth  fparks,  flaAes, 
(moke,  and  explofions,  was  obferved  near  Siena  and  Radioofani, 
proceeding  from  the  north ;  about  feven  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing; from  which  a  number  of  ftones  were,  by  various  people,  feen 
and  heard  to  fall,  weighing  from  5|Ib.  to  lefs  than  an  otfnctr 
Thefe  were  in  general  approaching  to  fomc  regular  fbnn, 
black  externally  ;wichm,  afhy  and  chryftalline ;  with  metallic 
fpot^;  and  fome  of  them  fo  hot  as  to  burn  the  hand.  They  fcO 
\n  a  fpace  occupying  from  three  to  four  miles  ;  and  this  occur- 
xence  happened  on  the  very  day  after  the  great  eruption  of  Vc- 
fuvius ;  which  mountain  is  fituatcd  to  the  fdittb  of  this  (jpot, 
at  the  diftance  of  about  200  miles.  The  Abbate  Soldani,  con* 
(idering  the  contrary  direction  of*  this  cloud  from  the  bearing 
of  Vefuvius,  is  of  opinion  that  the  volcano  had  nothing  to  do 
with  it,  biit  that  the  ftones  were  formed  in  the  air  by  a  com^ 
biHktionof  minoral  fubftances  which  had  rifen  from  the  earth 
as  ixhalations^     Mr.  Iting,  gn  iht  other  hand,  (much  more 

probaUjt 


fali  t$  have  fallen  /rem  the  Clouds.  427 

probaUjy  is  we  conceive,)  conncifls  the  phxnomenon  with 
the  eruption  ;  fuppofing  that  the  vaft  height  to  which  the  mat'> 
ters  were  projeAed  might,  by  a  fmall  inclination,  csrry  them 
beyond  Siena  ;  to  which  place  they  might  be  brought  back  by 
a  northerly  current  pf  wind.  He  does  nor,  however,  imagine 
that  tbe  ftones  were  thrown  out  of  the  volcano  in  their  proper 
form,  but  conceives  that  an  immenfe  cloud  of  projected  afbes, 
with  pyritical  duft  and  particles  of  iron,  taking  nre  in  its  de* 
fcent,  melted  thefe  heterogeneous  matters,  which  by  fuddea 
cryftallization  and  confolidation  were  compared  into  hard- 
mafles  or  ftones.  We  muft  refer  to  tbe  work  for  his  argu- 
aents  in  fupport  of  this  theory.  They  confift  chiefly  of  fa£U 
relative  to  the  prodigious  diftance  to  which  duft  and  alhes,  from 
volcanic  explofions,  are  fometimes  carried. 

Mr.  King  next  goes  into  the  teftimony  pf  the  falling  ofjiemi 
from  tbe  clouds,  from  remote  ages  to  the  prefent  time :  but  in 
manyof  tbefe  we  confefs  that  the/a/?  feems  to  us  very  dubious^ 
cTpecially  thofe  relations  of  antiquity,  which  are  ufually  con- 
ncAcd  with  fome  piece  of  fuperftition  or  pious  fraud.  Mr.  King 
Iccmi  to  lay  confiderable  ftrefs  on  a  narration  of  this  kind  bjf 
Livy,  in  which  a  (bower  of  ftones  was  reported  to  the  fcnate  to 
have  fiallen  on  th«  Alban  mountain,  and  authenticated  by  ii^* 
^uiry  on  the  fpot :  but  he  (hould  not  have  omitted  to  remark 
^at  the  fame  authority  teftifies,  that  the  deputation  was  treat-. 
ed  with  a  new  (hower  in  their  fight,  and  heard  a  voice  from 
tbe  top  of  tbe  mountain  commanding  a  renewal  of  the  an- 
tient  Alban  facriiices.  We  are  furprized,  alfo,  that  Mr.  K. 
flsould  refer  to  Livy  for  only  three  ihowers  of  ftones,  when  be 
might  have  found  lapidibus  pluijje  in  the  greater  part  of  the  an- 
nual returns  of  prodigies  to  the  fenate  recorded  by  that  hifto- 
rian.  That  there  was  trick  in  moft  of  thefe  cafes,  we  prefume 
no  thinking  man  will  doubt. 

Some  of  the  modern  inftances  here  related  feem  as  well  fup« 
ported  by  evidence  as  the  cafe  will  readily  admit :  but  we  fear 
that  the  credibility  of  Cardan  will  hardly  bear  him  out  in  con- 
vincing the  reader  that  he  bimfelf  faw  xao  ftones  fall  from 
heaven,  one  of  which  weighed  120  and  another  60  pounds. 

We  do  not  well  underftand  why  the  author  ftiould  have  inter- 
mixed the  account  of  extraordinary  hail/lQnes  vlx\A  pieces  of  ice 
with  the  fall  of  real  ftones.  They  are,  indeed,  examples  of 
fudden  congelation,  but  of  a  very  different  and  much  more  in- 
telligible kind.  A  figure  of  one  of  thefe  cryftals  of  ice,  which 
be  has  prefixed  to  the  title-page,  would  miflead  a  perfon  who 
only  glanced  over  tbe  fubjed  of  the  work, 

G  g  a  Art. 


(  42»  y 

Art.  XIIL  The  Hijhry  of  tht  Inoculation  oftln  Small  Pcx  in  Great 
Britain  \  comprehending  a  Review  of  all  the  Publications  on  the 
Subjed :  with  an  experimental  Enauiry  into  the  relaUve  Advan* 
ttges  of  every  Meafure  which  has  been  deemed  necdTary  in  the 
Procefi  of  Inoculation.  By  William  Wood ville,  M.D.  Pbyficdo 
^o  the  Small  Pox  and  InocBlauon  Hofpitals.  In  z  Volt.  Vel.  !• 
8vo»    pp.  400.     7s.  Boards.     Phillipt.     1796. 

npBS  hiftory  of  the  inoculation  of  the  fnnall.poxy  a  pradite 
***  of'fuch  incalculable  benefit  to  mankind,  cannot  fail  of 
being  interefting,  not  only  from  its  connexion  ^ith  medical 
fcience,  but  from  the  exampFe  which  it  afFords  of  the  gradual 
pftivalenceof  truth  and  utility  in  the  midft  of  oppofition  froni  a 
variety  of  prejudices  and  errors.  Several  publications,  at  dif« 
ferent  periods,  have  recorded  the  ftate  and  progrefs  of  this  dif- 
cbvery  ;  yet  fufficient  room  was  left  for  a  full  and  fair  biflory 
of  it,  brought  down  to  the  prefent  time,  with  comments  die 
tated  hj  an  enlightened  fpirit  of  criticifm.  The  writer  behif 
us,  on  account  of  his  known  judgment  af)d  induftry,  and  the 
fituation  which  he  occupies,  will  gtsnerallv  be  admitted  to  be 
aaiply  qualified  for  f\x:h  a  talk ;  as  well  as  for  the  additional  and 
perhaps  morermportant  one,  of  carrying  on  ait  esiperiifiental  in* 
TeftiffiUion  into  the  mei-it  of  the  practices  which-  conapofe  ilie 
pro<Seirs  of  inoculation.  In  the  prefent  volume,,  however^  he 
appears  only  as  an  hiftorian. 

Dr.  W.  begins  with  a  brief  introdufiion,  in  which  he  treats 
on  the  origin  and  antiquity  of  the  natural  fmall-pox.  lis 
firft  appearance,  he  thinks,  cannot  with  certainty  be  traced 
beyond  the  fiege  of  Mecca,  A.  D.  569,  when  it  appears  to  hnie 
caufed  the  deftrudion  of  the  invading  army.  It  is  next  to  he 
difeovered  at  the  conquefl  of  Alexandria  by  the  Mohammedins 
111640;  and.  thence  it  feemf  to  have  been  rapidly  diflPufed. 
Dr.W.is  of  opinion  that  its  appearance  in  Europe  was  much  ear- 
lier than  is  ufually  imagined. 

The  fecond  Sedion  gives  an  account  of  the  praAfce  of  ino* 
culation  in  various  countries,  before  it  became  profeffional  in 
Great  Britain.  The  Dodor  traces  it  among  the  Barbary 
ftates,  the  Arabs,  the  Chinefe,  the  Hindoos,  theCircaffians,  and' 
the  Greeks,  and,  which  is  very  extraordinary,  among  the  in- 
filiated  people  of  South  Wales  ;  almoft  all  df  whom  agreed  in 
a  popular  pradice  of  communicating  the  difeafe  by  fome  artifi- 
cial mode,  which  they  called  buying  the  fmall  po».  The  firft" 
Britifli  fubjed,  on  whom  the  operation  was  performed,  was  the 
fbn  of  the  celebrated  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague,  at  hff 
jefidence  in  the  fuburb  of  Pera  near  Conftanttnople,  in  17 17* 

In  ScSt.  7.  is  contained  the  introdudion  of  inoculation  iiiro 
tegular  pra^icc  in  this  country,  and  in  America;  with  the  cir- 

0umftanccs 


Woody iHcTx  JS/h^  tflmcuhtimj  &r.  439 

«uinftanees  attending  its  progreft  during  1721  and  172a*  •  The 
fame  patriotic  female  had  the  merit  of  firft  giving  the  example  in 
her  own  country,  by  inoculating  her  daughter  here ;  and  in 
the  very  next  year,  1722,  another  lady  of  ftill  higher  rank,  the 
Princefs  of  Wales,  afterward  Queen  Caroline,  with  a  truly 
iphilbfophic  greatnefs  of  mind,  fupported  the  new  pra£lice  in 
the  moft  efFedual  manner  by  caufing  two  of  her  own  children 
to  be  the  fubjeSs  of  it.  I'hts  in  courfe  brought  it  ftrongljr 
into  the  public  view ;  and  the  war  of  controverfy  between  its 
promoters  and  oppofers  immediately  began  ;  of  which  an  enter- 
taining account  is  here  given.  Inoculation  was  at  the  fame 
period  introduced  into  N.  America,  and  there  alfo  the  fame 
•difputes  exiiled.  , 

Se£l.  4.  purfues  the  hiftory  of  inoculation  from  1722  to  the 
^ftablilhment  of  the  Inoculation  Hofpital  in  1746.  It  muft 
appear  very  extraordinary  that,  n6twithftanding  the  high  pa-» 
ironage  which  it  obtained,  and  the  writers  of  eminence  by. 
whom  it  was  fupported,  prejudices  of  various  kinds,  back^ 
hj  fome  unfortunate  cafes,  caufed  it  almoft  to  (ink  into  difufe  a 
few  years  after  its  introdu£lion«  It  was,  however,  making  its 
way  in  other  parts  ^  and  the  great  fuccefs  which  attended  it  in 
Anaerica  feems  to  have  been  the  particular  caufe  of  its  revival 
in  England. 

Sed.  5.  takes  it  from  the  laft  period,  and  circumflantiallj 
jelatea  the^eftablifhment  of  the  Inoculation  Hofpital,  a  very  im** 
portaot  ftep  in  the  progrefs,  and  various  other  efforts  in  its  fa* 
vour  in  this  country  ;  and  likewife  the  introdu£iion  of  inocula* 
tioD  10  feveral  countries  on  the  Continent,  with  the  fate  that 
attended  it. 

The  6th  and  lad  Se^^ion  gives  an  account  of  its  progrefs  in 
Britain  from  1753  to  1768.  Having  now  furmounted  all  con- 
fiderable  oppomion,  and  become  a  part  of  eftablifiied  medical 
praAice,  theeifurts  of  the  faculty  werediredled  towards  its  im- 
provement and  perfc£)ion ;  and  the  mode  of  operating,  the  pre- 
paration, and  the  after-treatment,  became  fubjedls  of  difcuffion 
and  experiment,  l^his  period  ends  with  the  rife  and  progrefs 
of  the  Suttonian  pradice,  and  the  termination  of  the  inquiries 
which  it  occafioned  in  Baron  Dimfdale*s  *^  Prefent  Method  of 
Inoculating;"  which  is  now  generally  received,  and confidered 
as  ftandard  pra£tice. 

From  the  (kstch  which  we  have  thus  given  of  the  contents  of 
this  volume,  they  cannot  but  appe.4r  curious  and  interefting  to 
ireaders  of  general  inquiry,  whether  profcffional  or  not.  Wc 
have  only  to  add  that  the  ftyle  is  plain  and  unaffefted,  that  the 
flatements  are  full  and  candid;  and  that  the  remarks  are  thofe 
of  a  lover  of  mankind.     Large  quotations  from  authors  ate 

G  ^  3  Oi:cafiona]Iy 


430  Burke  §n  a  Rigicidt  Piticit 

occafionally  made,  but  not  without  propriety  ;  fince  the  fUreft 
view  of  their  fa£ls  and  opinions  ii  to  be  derived  from  their  own 
language.  ' 

Art.  XIV.  Mr.  Burke'/  Tnvo  Letters  en  a  Peace  with  the  Re^Ue 
Diredofy^  Sec. 

[/frticle  conclude  J.     See  the  laft  Mwib^s  IUvie^»J\ 

OUR  duty  now  leads  us  to  oiFer  fome  obfervations  on  theretfixi- 
ings  by  which  Mr.  Burke  has  attempted  to  prove  the 
wifdom  and  juftice  of  the  war  in  its  commencement^  and  the 
necelTuy  of  its  continuance  at  prefent.  Thefe  two  fubjeAs  are 
fo  infeparably  conneded,  that  the  decidon  of  the  one  queftios 
muft  involve  the  fate  of  the  other.  If  the  war  ought  to  hafe 
been  commenced,  it  ought  now  to  be  continued  : — If  it  ought 
not  now  to  be  continued,  it  ought  never  to  have  been  con* 
menced.  Thofe  who,  like  ourfelvcf,  originally  blamed  the 
war,  are  now  perfediy  confiftent  in  deprecating  any  farther 
perfeverance  in  fo  fatal  a  fyftem.  Equally  confiftcnt,  oo  the 
other  hand,  are  they  who,  like  Mr.  Burke,  originally  main* 
tained  the  juftice  of  the  contefl-,  and  now  contend  for  the  aa* 
ceffity  of  perfevering  in  it.  Between  thefe  two  opinions,  there 
is  no  fpcice  that  can  be  occupied  by  a  confident  fyftem.  All 
the  intermediate  ground  is  filled  only  with  half-opinions,  with 
temporizing  fchea)es,  with  fecblenefs  and  fluduation  in  oon^ 
^ut\j  with  inconfidency  and  contradidiion  in  reafooiog. 
Thofe,  indeed,  who  contefs  that  they  were  originally  deceived, 
and  have  fince  difcovered  their  error,  may  be  entitled  to  the  pri* 
vilegcb  cf  honeft  miilake  and  ingenuous  confeffion  :  but  thole 
who  proudly  and  flubbornly  continue  to  claim  the  merit  of  con- 
fiiiency,  while  they  are  adopting  thofe  plans  of  negociatioa 
which  they  reprobated  four  years  ago,  incur  not  only  the  io* 
putaticn  ot  the  grofleft  inconfiHency,  (which  may  affed  only 
the  credit  of  their  underftanding,)  but  the  far  fuperior  blameof 
a  fcandalous  though  impotent  attempt  to  hide  that  ioconflftency 
by  ir.ipolture. 

£ctorc  we  confider  the  queftion  thus  ftated,  and  comprehend- 
ing alike  the  propriety  of  beginning  the  war  and  the  neceffity 
of  continuing  it,  we  (hall  offer  fome  remarks  on  apafljgeia 
the  pamphlet  pub!i(hed  by  Owen,  which  Mr.  Burke  has  in  bis 
own  edition  fupprefled.  '1  he  paflage  is  as  follows  :  (p.  63*-68.) 

*  *  Say  fome,  you  force  opinion.  You  can  never  extirpate  opi- 
nion  without  extirpating  a  whole  nation.     Nay»  by  purluiog  it,  yoo 

*  At  p.  64.  I.  10.  (hej^cader  will  eafily  difcover  that  there  moftbe 

fcttfcs 
Mford. 

ooJ/ 


*  /\i  p.  04.  I.  10.  tne  reader  will  eaiiiy  uncover  tnat  Xhcrt  moltoe 
fome  typographical  omiflion  or  miftake,  which  altogether  obfcurcs 
the  fenfe.  At  p.  65. 1.  8.  <  gathered'  appears  a  niifprinted  word. 
At  p.  66. 1.  6. '  corredt'  is  evidently  printed  for  *  conceive.' 


Builce  0f  9  Segid^  Pfoce.  431 

only  increafe  its  pardzans.  Opinions  are  things  out  of  human  junT- 
didioo.  I  have  formerly  heard  (his  from  |he  mouths  of  great  men, 
wich  more  furprize  than  fatis^clion.  They  alledged  as  a  proof  of 
their  doflrine,  the  wars  of  Charles  the  V'xhl,  and  tome  of  his  fuccef- 
fors»  againfl  the  Reformation. 

(P.  64.)  *  It  is  fo  common*  chough  fo  unreafonable,  it  is  hardly  wDrth 
remarking,  that  no  perfons  purfue  more  fiercely  with  criminal  procefs, 
and  with  every  kind  of  coercion*  the  publication  of  opinions  contrary 
t»  their  own»  than  thofe  do*  who  claim  in  this  refpeA  the  mod  un- 
bounded latitude  to  themfelves.  If  it  were  not  for  this  inconftflency* 
then  war  againft  opinions  might  be  judified  as  all  others,  more  or  lefs* 
a^ording  to  the  rcaibn  of  the  cafe  :  for  the  cafe  judged  on  by  moral 
prudence*  and  not  by  any  uoiverfal  abftradl  principle  of  right*  is  to 
goide  government  in  this  delicate  point. 

'  As  to  the  mere  matter  of  extirpation  of  all  kinds  of  opinions,  whe- 
tlierright  or  wrong*  without  the  extirpation  of  a  people*  it  is  a  thing 
fo  vtTj  common*  that  it  would  be  clouded  and  obfcured  rather  than  il- 
Infirated  by  examples.  Every  revolution  in  the  predominant  opinion 
made  b^  the  force  of  domeiUc  legal  government*  by  the  force  of  any 
oforpation*  bjr  the  force  of  any  conquell,  is  a  proof  to  the  contrary ; 
—and  there  is  no  nation  which  has  not  experienced  thofe  changes. 
^nn;uiQes  enough  may  be  furni(hed  of  people  who  have  enthufialti* 
caUy^  ar«d  with  force*  prppagated  thcfe  opinions,  which  fome  dme 
before  the^  refilled  with  their  blood.  Rarely  have  ever  great 
cbaneet^n  0|^nion  taken  place  without  the  application  of  force*  more 
^  kis.  Like  every  thing  elfe  in  human  life  and  human  affairs,  it  it 
noc  univerfally  trjie*  that  a  perfecution  of  opinions  le/Tens  or  increafet 
the  number  of  their  votai'ies.  In  finding  where  it  may  or  may  not 
have  gathered  thefe  e8e£ls,  the  fagacity  of  Government  (hines  or  it 
difgraced*  as  well  as  ;n  the  time*  the  manner,  the  choice  of  the  opi- 
nions on  which  it  ought  to  ufe  or  forbear  the  fword  of  domedick  or  of 
foreign  ju dice.  But  it  is  a  falfe  maxim,  that  opinions  ought  to  be 
indijFerent  to  us,  either  as  men  or  as  a  State.  Opinion  is  the  rudder 
of  baman  aflion ;  and  as  the  opinion  is  wife  or  foolifh,  vicious  or  mo- 
ral* the  c^iufe  of  adiion  is  noxious  or  fajutary.  It  has  even  been  the 
great  primary  objei.^  of  fpecul^tive  and  dodlrinal  philofophy  to  regu- 
late opinion.  It  is  the  great  objcd  of  political  philofophy  to  promote 
that  which  is  found  ;  and  to  extirpate  what  is  mifchievous,  and  which 
dire£lly  tends  to  render  men  bad  citizens  in  the  community*  and  m\C» 
chievons  neighbours  out  of  it.  Opinions  are  of  infinite  confequence. 
They  make  the  manners— in  fadl,  they  make  the  laws  :  they  make 
the  Legiilator.  They  are,  therefore*  of  all  things,  thofe  to  which 
provident  Government  ought  to  look  mod  in  their  beginnings. 
After  a  time  they  may  look  to  them  in  vain.  When,  therefore,  I  am 
told  that  a  war  is  a  war  of  opinions*  I  am  told  that  it  is  the  moft  im- 
portant of  all  wars. 

'  Here  I  muft  not  be  told  that  this  would  lead  to  eternal  war  and 
perfecution.  It  would  certainly,  if  we  argued  like  metaphyficians 
run  mad,  who  do  not  correft  prudence,  the  queen  of  virtues,  to  be 
any  virtue  at  all*— and  would  either  throw  the  bridle  on  the  neck  of 
iieadk>ng  Nature,  qr  tie  it  up  for  ever  to  the  poll.    No  fophiftry  —no 

G  g\  chicane 


43  2  Burke  w  a  R^gwM  P^^^ 

chicane  hfre.  Government  is  not  to  refine  men  oat  of  iuioccnC  u4 
moral  liberty  by  forced  inferences,  drawn  by  a  tortaring  logic ;  or  to 
fuiFer  them  to  go  down  hill  the  highway  that  leads  dire&ly  to  every 
crime  and  every  vice. 

*  Without  entering  much  into  the  comparifon  of  the  two  cafa. 
(that  of  this  war  and  that  of  Charles  the  Fifth  againft  the  refbraa- 
tton,)  which  holds  very  ill,  I  (hall  only  beg  leave  to  remark,  that  then- 
lojrical  opinions  as  fuch,  whether  found  or  erroneous,  do  not  go  £- 
reflly  to  the  well  being  of  fodal,  of  civil,  or  of  politick  fodety.  lot 
as  long  as  opinion  is  the  very  ground  and  pillar  of  Government,  aad 
the  main  fpring  of  human  adion,  there  are  opinions  which  direfilf 
affedt  thefe  wcxy  things.  An  opinion,  that  it  is  a  man's  doty  to  take 
from  me  my  goods,  and  to  kill  mc  if  I  reiift  him.  An  opinion  diat 
be  has  a  right,  at  his  will,  to  pull  down  the  Government  by  which  I 
am  protend  in  that  life  and  property,  and  to  pUce  it  in  the  hands  of 
the  enemies  of  both.  Thefe  it  is  wtry  extraordinary  to  hear  compared 
to  the  theological  dogmas  concerning  grace  and  juftification^aiid  the 
nature  and  eflence  of  the  facrament  and  other  pioas  opinions  on  the 
one  fide  or  on  the  other— which  left  .human  focicty  alt^echer,  or 
nearly,  as  it  was.  They  did  not  preach  vices  or  crimes.  Thepartiei 
difputed  on  the  bed  means  of  promoting  virtue,  religion,  and  morals. 
Wiscthcr  any  collateral  points  relative  to  thefe  queflions  or  other  or* 
cumftances  of  a  more  political  nature  mingled  with  them,  might  or 
might  not  juftify  a  war,  is  a  matter  of  hillorical  criticifm,  with 
which,  at  this  day,  we  are  little  concerned.  Bat  in  the  cafe  before 
us,  I  mull  declare,  that  the  do6lrine  and  difcipline  of  this  feA  is  one 
of  the  mod  alarming  circumdances  relating  to  it,  and  the  attempt  to 
compare  them  with  the  opinions  of  fchool  theologicians,  is  a  thing  ii 
itfelf  highly  alarming.  I  know  that  when  men  poHefs  the  bed  pria* 
ciples,  the  paiCons  lead  them  to  zdX  in  oppoiition  to  them*  But  whci 
the  moral  principles  are  formed  fy dematica]]y«to  play  into  the  haad 
of  the  paflions  ;  when  that  which  is  to  corredl  vice  and  to  redrain  vio- 
]ence,is  by  an  infernal  dodrine,  daringly  avowed,  carefully  propagat* 
ed,  enthufiadically  held,  and  praflically  followed,  I  (hall  think  my- 
felf  treated  like  a  child,  when  i  hear  this  compared  to  a  controvert 
in  the  fchools.  When  I  fee  a  great  country,  with  all  its  refoorccfi 
podciTcd  by  this  fcfl,  and  turned  to  its  purpofes,  I  mud  bevvoifethia 
a  child  to  conceive  it  a  thing  indiderent  to  me.  When  thif  grea: 
country  is  fo  near  mc,  and  others ife  fo  dtuated,  that  except  through 
its  territory,  I  can  hardly  have  a  communication  with  any  other,  ILe 
date  of  moral  ard  political  opinion,  and  moral  and  political  di/cipline 
in  that  country,  becomes  of  dill  greater  importance  to  me.  Wh» 
rolbcrs,  afTadins,  and  rebels,  are  not  only  debauched,  but  endcc- 
trinated  regularly,  by  a  courfc  of  inverted  education,  into  murder,  in- 
furreflion,  and  the  violation  of  all  property,  I  hold,  that  this,  infteai 
of  e::cunng  or  palliating  their  odences,  infpires  a  peculiar  venom  into 
every  evil  ad  they  do ;  and  that  all  fuch  univcrfities  of  crimes.  srJ 
all  fuch  profeflbrs  oi  robbery,  are  in  a  perpetual  idate  of  hoAility  will 
mankind.' 

Perhaps  few   queftions,  ever  difcuflcd  among  meni  arc  of 
more  importance  than  the  extent  and  limits  of  tSc  auchoricy  of 

civil 


^  Burke  en  a  RtgUidt  Peaeo  a^ 

civil  government  over  opinion.  We  are  ready  to  concede  to 
Mr.  Burke  that  neither  the  modefty  which  belongs  to  true 
philofophy,  nor  the  caution  which  diftinguiflies  pradical  pru. 
oence,  will  authorize  either  Tpeculators  or  ftatefmcn  to  aflent  to 
principles^  or  to  lay  down  rules,  on  this  great  fubjc£l,  which 
arc  flridly  and  abfolutely  univerfal.  If  we  were  engaged  in 
controverfy,  perhaps  we  might  be  juftified,  in  popular  language, 
in  excluding  univerfally  the  intcrpofition  of  the  magiftrate  in 
checking  or  regulating  opinion: — but,  fpeaking  impartially 
9Qd  corredly,  it  is  difficult  to  deny  that  cafes  may  be  imagined 
gf  opinions  fo  extravagant,  monftrous,  and  pernicious,  as  to 
call  on  the  magiftrate  to  protedl  the  quiet  of  fociety  by  prevent* 
ing  their  diflemination.  Mr.  Locke  himfelf  has  allowed  this 
exception,  and  in  language  which  is  perhaps  fomewhat  vague 
9ind  incautious:  "  No  opinions,"  fays  he,  **  contrary  to  hu- 
man fociety,  or  to  thofe  moral  rules  which  are  neceflary  to  the 
prefcrvation  of  civil  fociety,  are  to  be  tolerated  by  the  magi. 
ftratc*/*  This  is  an  exception  which  is  cxpreflcd  in  language 
Ivge  enough  to  furnilh  a  pretext  for  every  perfccution  that  hat 
been  carried  on  among  mankind.  It  was  not  without  juftice 
that  Warburton,  fpeaking  of  a  fimiiar  argument,  ftyled  it, 
*•  a  reafon  which  has  been  in  the  mouth  of  all  perfecutors^ 
from  St.  Auftin  to  St.  Dominic.*'  (Divine  Legation,  vol.  iv« 

In  treating  the  fubjed  fully  and  fyflematically,  therefore,  it 
feem9  difficult  to  exclude  rhis  exception;  yet  there  is  nothing 
which  it  is  more  the  duty  of  the  moraiifl  to  keep  back  from 
general  view.  I^  has  been  often  obfcrved  that  dominion  over 
the  minds  of  men  is  the  moft  flattering  and  (educing  of  all  the 
objeds  of  ambition.  AH  other  power  reaches  only  to  external 
actions.  This  alone  fways  the  convulfions  and  paflions  of 
men.  The  authority  of  the  moft  defpotic  prince  is  founded  on 
the  interefts  and  feus  of  his  unhappy  fubje6ts,  who  hate  the 
tyrant  whom  they  are  compelled  to  obey.  The  dominion  of  the 
leader  of  a  fcil  fubfifts  only  by  the  devoted  attachment  and  un- 
bounded reverence  of  his  followers.  His  power  is  more  excen- 
five  than  that  of  a  mafler  over  his  flaves.  The  fubmi/Iion  of 
the  difciples  is  more  p-rfecl,  and  more  fpontaneous,  than  that  of 
freemen  to  the  laws  which  ihcy  m()ft  cherifti  and  revere.  The 
power  may  be  alniofl  faid  to  be  without  limits,  and  the  obedience 
is  without  hypocrify.  The  acquifuion  ot  this  intoxicating  do- 
minion has  often  excited  private  men  to  difturb  and  diftradfc 
fociety.  How  dreadful,  then,  are  the  evils  which  muft  arife 
from  planting  in  the  breads  of  magiftrates  this  new  principle 

•  Letter  on  Toleration^  Locke's  Works,  p.  150,  Ed.  Lend.  1714. 

of 


^^4  Burke  en  a  Rigicidi  Peaa. 

of  anibiUon,-— the  dcfire  of  reguUting  the  opinions  Jk%  well  M 
the  liQions  o^  their  fubjc£ls^*-of  hecoming  leaders  of  feA$  as 
yrell  as  chitfs  and  governors  of  ftates.  The  combination  of  the 
.defpotifm  of  opinion  with  the  defpotifni  of  force  is  the  moft 
horrible  evil  that  c^n  a0)i£t  a  community  \  When  I^ouis  3(1  V», 
jioi  contented  with  difpofing  of  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  hi| 
fub]e£lS)  bec/ime  alGo  ambitious  of  regulating  their  fpectiIattonf| 
J^ran.ce  felt  the  tStSt  of  the  ^eal  of  profelytifm  kindled  ip  the 
br^aft  of  a  mafter  arm^d  with  abfolute  power^  The  undiftin- 
guifhiug  toleration  and  ioipartial  protedion  of  opinions  (hould 
be  the  general  rule  of  the  magjftrace's  conduA.  His  occafiooal 
interpoiition  to  check  opinions  that,  under  very  peculiar  cir^ 
cumftances,  may  beconne  ipjurio.us  and  dangerous  to  the  great 
interefis  with  which  he  is  entruftcd,  is  but  a  rare  eitccption. 
and  jcaloudy  to  be  watched.  Our  moral  feelings,  our  pradical 
habits,  even  the  general  train  of  ovr  fptculations  themferveSi 
are  adapted  to  rules,  and  not  to  exceptions.  There  vf^%  no 
feature  in  the  countenance  of  our  motUm  fyftems  of  philofo* 
phizing,  To  agreeable  to  a  benevolent  mind,  as  thofe  libera!  doc* 
trines  which  taught  the  magiftrate  to  refpedt  tbp  liberty  of  opi« 
nion,  and  to  guard  the  rights  of  confcjefice  ;  srul  which  (eecned 
to  fecure  the  world  from  at  leaft  ope  fatal  fcourge,  that  of  per« 
fecution^  Thefe  were  wholefome  fpeculations,  which  delerved 
to  be  admired  and  encouraged  even  when  they  were  carried  coa 
noble  and  generous  excefs.  It  is  an  excefs  which  is  very  raidy 
attei)ded  with  danger ;  and  happy  will  be  the  condition  of 
ibcret)'^  when  the  greateft  evil  that  we  have  to  dread  if  that 
human  magiilrates  will  become  too  humane^  too  nyodefate,  and 
too  tolerant. 

There  feems  to  us  no  fymptom  qiore  alarming  in  theprefeot 
Hate  of  our  fpeculations,  than  the  difpofltion  to  moot  queftions 
on  the  limits  of  toleration  \  by  which  our  horror  at  intolerance 
is  gradually  weakened,  and  we  are  but  too  furely  prepared  t» 
lecur  to  thatbor/ible  pra£lice,  fo  long  the  peft  and  the  dif^race 
of  the  world.  If  men  could  be  prevented  from  relapfing  into 
thefoliies  of  their  anceftors,  by  the  fatal  experience  of  former 
ages,  we  (bould  have  a  fufficient  fecurity  againft  the  recur- 
rence of  this  dreadful  evil :  for  there  is  no  fubje6l  on  which  the 
tedifDony  of  hiilory  is  more  dec iiive,  than  on  the  ineficacv  of 
force  to  refill  the  propagation  of  opinions.  We  do  not  aofo* 
lutely  afl'ert  that  perfecution  has  not  fometimes,  to  the  misfor- 
tune of  mankind,  been  fuccefsful ;— but  we  will  venture  to 
aiUrm  that  its  inefficacy  is  a  fadl  as  nearly  univerfal,  as  the  na- 
ture of  human  affairs  will  permit  any  fa£t  regarding  human 
condu£)  to  be.  Two  great  men  have  left  us  their  judgment  on 
this  matter^  who  wrote  at  the  clofe  of  a  century  of  wars  and  per- 

14  fecutioDS 


B4rke  ^n  a  RegiciJe  Peace*  43  j 

feradofis  for  opinion ;  and  they  were  both  clofe  as  well  2%  Ta- 
gaeioos  obfervers  of  the  progrefs  and  event  of  this  terrible  cx« 
perinnent.  One  was  a  Catholic,  the  other  a  Proteftant:  bu^ 
both  were  alike  great  and  wife  men,  friends  of  virtue,  of  hu- 
manity and  of  quiet,  lovers  of  their  countjy  and  of  mankind. 
We  fpeak  of  Grotius  and  Thuanus ;  and  the  refult  of  their 
judgment  and  experience  is  not  unworthy  of  attention  from 
chofe  who  feel  any  rifmg  tendencies  towards  intolerance,  pro* 
duced  in  their  minds  by  the  conflifl  of  opinions  which  now 
diftrads  Europe,     The  words  of  the  former  arc  rcmarif  able, 

«  SeJ  contra  fventusfutt^  effeilout  perirent  multi,  plures  fuccrefccrent* 
Ea  nimirum,  qu^e  corf  ore  exircemus^  mortis  et  cruciatuum  mclu^  «i//  atqu§ 
imftrio  obnoxia/unti  n/ermm  eMimus  ut  eji  It  her  et  immor  talis,  fi  amd  per 
Jk  arripitity  nou  ferre,  non  igm  eviceris\  quitt  ip/a  imjttant  pericuia^ 
ieaimmque  et  glortp/um  babetur  extra  fceleris  con/cientiam  crudelia  atque 
inv^A  perpeti ;  cui  ret  docununto  funt  et  meteres  Chriftianorum  res  W  b^c 
iempora.  Nam  foft  carnijicata  bominum  non  nunus  centum  millia^  ex  qM 
tentatum  an  pofTet  iDCendium  hoc  fanguine  refiingui,  tanfa  multitudoper 
Bilgicam  in/urrexerat  9  ut  publica  interdum/upplicia,  quoties  injlgnior  reus^ 
aut  atrociores  cruciatus  feditione  impedirentur** 

Hug.  Grot.  Ann,  Belg.  Lib.  i.  p.  12,  Ed.  Amftel.  1658. 
The  teftimony  of  Thuanus  is  not  Icfs  decifive.  The  beauti- 
ful and  pathetic  dedication  of  his  hiftory  to  Henry  IV.  (what  a 
writer,  and  what  a  patron  !)  which  perhaps  as  much  as  any 
human  compofition  breathes  the  genuine  fpirit  of  charity  and 
peace,  is  almoft  entirely  empluyed  on  the  confideration  of  this* 
melancholy  and  important  fubjed  *• 

<  Hac  vero  dara  et  pr2erupca  confilh populorttm  in/ecuta  eftdefperath  et 
poftremo  defeSlionest  qua  id c unique  ad  tempus  compofita,  tandem  bune 
exit  urn  babuerunty  ut  major  et  opimior  pars,  a  reliquo  cor  pore  quafi  anjulfa^ 
nunc  ordinum  auQoritate  adminijlretur^  et  bellum  non  J'otum  cum  altera 
tariefed  cum  tot  is  Hifpanorum  viribus  fcliciter  gerat^^"* 

Thuani  Hilh  fui  Tcmporis,  p.  5,  Ed.  fol.  Offenb.  i6og« 

It  may  not  be  irtiproper,  before  we  confider  the  war  of  Mr. 
^urke,  to  beftow  a  few  words  on  that  of  Mr.  Pitt. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  year  1793,  the  whole  body  of 
fupporters  of  the  war  feeoied  unanimous ;  yet  even  then  was 
perceptible  the  germ  of  a  diiference  which  time  and  events  have 
fince  unfolded,  and  which  has  in  a  great  meafure  given  rife  to 
the  produdion  before  us.  The  Minifter  had  early  and  frequent 
recourfe  to  the  high  principles  of  Mr.  Burke,  in  order  to  adorn 
bis  orations,  to  aflail  his  antagonifts  in  debate,  to  blacken  the 
charader  of  the  enemy,  and  to  roufe  the  national  fpirit  againft 
them.     Amid  the  flmSuating  fortune  of  war,  he  Teemed  in  the 

•  The  great  Lord  Mansfield  declared,  in  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  that 
he  could  fcarccly  read  tliis  dedication  without  tears. 

moment 


43^  Bvrk«  on  ti,  IUpcid$  Pi^u. 

ii|onient  of  vliSory  to  deliver  opinions  fcarcely  diflinguiihablt 
from  thofe  of  Mr.  Burke,  and  to  recede  from  them  by  iinpa- 
ccptible  degrees,  ^s  fucc^fs  abandoned  the  arms  of  tku:  allies. 
\Vhen  the  ^rmie^  of  the  French  Republic  were  every  where 
triumphant,  and  the  pecuniary  embarraflments  of  Great  Bri- 
taifi  began  to  be  fev^rcly  feir,  he  at  length  difmifled  altogether 
^he  confideration  of  the  internal  (late  of  France,  and  profcfled 
to  view  the  war  a$  merely  defenfive  againft  aggrcffions  cob»- 
mitted  on  Great  Britain  and  her  allies.  That  the  war  b  afiC 
deienfiblc  on  fuch  principles,  perhaps  a  very  (bort  argumcol 
will  be  fufficient  to  demonftrate.  War  is  juft  only  to  thofe  by 
whom  it  is  unavoidable  ;  and  every  appeal  to  arms  is  ttmigfa* 
teous,  except  that  of  a  nation  which  has  no  other  reburcc  for 
the  maintenance  of  their  fccurity  or  the  aflcrtion  of  their  ho* 
noun     Injury  and  iiifult  do  not  of  themfelves  make  it  lawfal 


fatisfadion  for  infult,  may  be  obtained  by  amicable  negociatioot 
It  is  not  either  injury  or  infult,  but  injury  for  which  reparatioB 
has  beeq  afked  and  denied,  or  infult  tor  which  fdtisfaflion  has 
been  demanded  and  refufed,  that  places  a  (late  in  the  fituation 
in  which,  having  in  vain  employed  every  other  means  of  vio- 
^icating  her  rights,  (he  may  juiily  a(rcrt  thetn  by  arms.  Any 
commonwealth,  therefore,  which  (huts  up  the  channel  of  nc- 
gociation  while  difputes  are  depending  between  her  and  other 
communities,  is  the  author  of  the  war  which  may  follow  ;  be- 
caufe  {he  has  deprived  thofe  other  nations  of  every  means  but 
war  for  the  vindication  of  their  rights.  As  a  perfcft  equality 
prevails  in  the  fociccy  and  intercourfe  of  nations,  no  (late  is 
bound  to  degrade  herfelf  by  fubmitting  to  unavowed  and  cko« 
defline  negociation  :  but  e«.ery  government  has  a  perfcA  right 
to  be  admitted  to  that  open,  avowed,  authorized,  honourable 
negociation,  which  in  the  pra£lice  of  nations  is  employed  for 
the  pacific  adjuftment  of  their  contefled  chims.  To  refufe 
auuujrizcd  negociation  is  to  rctufe  the  only  negociation  to 
vhich  a  g^overnment  is  bound  to  fubmit.  It  is  therefore  in 
iffcdl  to  rcfufe  negociation  altogether;  and  it  follows^  as  a 
ncceflary  confequence,  that  they  who  refufc  fuch  authorized 
negociation  are  rerpoiilible  for  a  war  which  that  refufal  makes 
on  their  part  unjufh  Thefe  principles  apply  with  irrellftible 
force  to  the  conduct  of  the  Englifh  Government  in  the  com- 
mencement of  the  prefcnt  war.  l^hcy  complained,  perhaps 
very  jullly,  of  the  opening  of  the  Scheldt,  of  the  decree  of 
fraternity,  of  the  countenance  diewn  to  difaftecled  Lngli(h- 
men;— bat  they  refufed  that  autbori:&ed  intercourfe  wiiA  ttie 

FlCBCll 


Burke  tn  a  Rigid Je  Tiace.  437- 

French  government  through  Its  ambaflador  M.  Clauvelin* 
which  might  have  amicably  terminated  thefe  difputes.  It  is  no 
anfwcr  that  they  were  ready  to  carry  on  a  clandeftine  corref- 
pondence  with  that  government  through  Noel,  or  Maret,  or 
any  other  of  its  fecret  agents.  That  government  wa^  not 
obliged  to  fubmit  to  iuch  an  intercourfe  ;  and  the  Britifli  go« 
vernment^fff  thnnfilvet  in  the  wrang  by  refufing  an  intercourfe' 
of  another  fort.  This  fingic  argument  is,  in  our  opinion,  fuf- 
ficient  to  fubvert  and  demolifh  the  whole  fyftem  of  Mr.  Pitt  j' 
which,  indeed,  is  fo  wanting  not  only  in  juftice  and  reafon, 
but  in  confiftency  and  common  plaufibility,  as  to  make  the 
confutation  of  it  an  eafy  and  inglorious  enterprize. 

It  is  now  time  for  us  to  enter  on  the  confideration  of  the  fyftein- 
of  Mr.  Burke^  which,  as  it  was  not  made,  like  that  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
toflu£tuate  with  events  and  to  be  the  flave  of  fortune,  has  all- 
the  confiftency  of  a  plan  founded  on  defined  principles  and  df- 
reded  to  avow^  ends.  No  difficulties  arifing  from  a  refufal  ta 
negociate  embarrafs  this  fyftem.  It  is  founded  on  the  principle 
that  the  naturt  of  the  French  government  is  a  juft  ground  of 
War  for  its  deftrudion,  and  regards  the  particular  a£ls  of  that. 
government  no  farther  than  as  they  are  proofs  o^  its  irrecon-* 
cileable  hoftiltty  to  all  other  ftates  and  communities.  We  (hall, 
ftate  the  grounds  of  this  fyftem  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Burke  : 

*  Diflance  of  place  does  not  extingui(h  the  duties  or  the  rights  of 
men ;  hot  it  often  renders  their  exercife  iropradicable.  I'he  fame 
circamftance  of  diftaoce  renders  the  noxious  effedts  of  an  eril  fyftem 
n  mny  commanity  lefs  pernicious.  Bat  there  are  ficuations  where 
this  difficulty  does  not  occur;  and  in  which »  therefore,  thefe  dnties 
are  obligatory*  and  thefe  rights  are  to  be  aiTerted.  It  has  ever  beea 
the  method  of  publick  jariUs  to  draw  a  great  part  of  the  analogies  0% 
which  they  form  the  law  of  nations,  from  the  principles  of  law  which 
prevul  in  civil  community.  Civil  laws  are  not  all  of  them  merely 
pofitive. '  Thofe  which  are  rather  condufions  of  legal  reafon,  thair 
nmtters  of  ftatu table  ^provifion,  belong  to  univerfal  equity,  and  are 
oniverfally  applicable.  Almofl  the  whole  pntitorlan  law  is  fuch. 
There  is  a  Lofw  of  Neigbkourbood  which  does  not  leave  a  man  perfcfl* 
snsfter  on  his  own  ground.  When  a  neighbour  fees  a  reiu  creaion,  in 
the  na.tnre  of  a  nulfance,  fct  up  at  his  door,  he  has  a  right  to  repre- 
fent  it  to  the  judge ;  who,  on  his  part,  has  a  right  to  order  the  work- 
to  beftaid;  or  ifeftabli(hed,  to  be  removed.  On  thi?  head,  the  pa- 
rent law  is  exprefs  and  clear  ;  and  has  made  many  wife  provi  lions*? 
which,  without  deftroying,  regulate  and  reltrain  the  nght  of  c^ner- 
fiif,  by  the  right  of 'vicinage.  No  innovation  is  permitted  that  may 
redound,  even  fecondarily,  to  the  prejudice  of  a  neighbour.  The 
whole  doctrine  of  that  important  head  of  prxtorian  law^  *'  De  novC^ 
9peris  nuttciatione^**  is  founded  on  the  principle,  that  no  u^^v  M 
^ftitrai^  be  made  of  a  man's  private  liberty  of  operating  upon  his  pri- 
vate property,  from  whence  a  detriment  may  be  juftiy  apprehended? 
13  by 


438  Burke  an  a  Rigicide  Fioc^  • 

by  his  neighbour.  This  law  of  dcnuDciation  is  proTpeAive.  It  u  to 
atiticipate  what  is  called  damnum  infedum^  or  damnum  nombtmfoBMM^ 
Uiat  is  a  damage  iuflly  apptehended  but  not  adluallv  done.  Even  be* 
fore  it  is  clearly  known,  whether  the  innovation  be  damageable  or 
not,  the  jadge  is  competent  to  ifTue  a  prohibiuon  to  innovate,  mtzl 
the  point  can  be  determined.  This  prompt  interference  is  gromdcd 
on  principles  favourable  to  both  parties.  It  is  preventive  of  mifchief 
difficult  to  be  repaired^  and  of  ill  blood  difficult  to  be  foftened.  The 
rule  of  law,  therefore,  which  comes  before  the  evil,  is  amongft  the 
^ery  bed  parts  of  equity,  and  julliftcs  the  promptnefs  of  the  remedy; 
bccaufe,  as  it  is  tvcll  obferved.  Res  damni  InfeQi  ultritaUm  difid^m 
l£  periaulofa  cjl  (filaiio.  This  right  of  denunciation  docs  not  hoU^ 
when  tilings  eontinu^,  ho\^'ever  inconveniently  to  the  neighbourhood, 
according  to  the  cntiatt  mode.  For  there  is  a  fort  of  prefunpdoa 
againfl  novelcv,  driwn  out  of  a  deep  conftderation  of  human  nature 
and  human  affaifs ;  and  the  maxim  of  jurifprudence  is  well  laid  doiva, 
Vituftas  fro  legefimper  hahetur, 

'  Such  is  the  law  of  civil  vicinity.  Now  where  there  is  no  conftU 
tuted  judge,  as  between  independent  ftates  there  is  not,  the  vicinatt 
nfelf  is  the  natural  judge,  it  is,  preventively,  the  aflertor  of  its 
otvn  rights ;  or  rcmtdially,  their  avenger.  Neighbours  are  prefuiaed 
to  take  cognizance  of  each  other's  afis.  **  Vicinit  viclmrum  ft£€ 
fre/umuntur  /cire»**  This  principle,  which,  like  the  reft,  is  as  tme 
of  nations,  as  of  individual  men,  lias  bellowed  on  the  grand  vicinage 
of  Europe,  a  duty  to  know,  and  a  right  to  prevent,  any  capital  in- 
novatKHi  which  may  amount  to  the  ere6Hon  of  a  dangerous  nuifance*. 
Of  the  importance  of  that  innovation,  and  the  mifchief  of  cbatMri- 
£ince,  they  are,  to  be  fure,  bound  to  judge  not  litigioiifly  3  but  it  is 
in  their  competence  to  judge.  They  have  uniformly  a6ted  on  tkii 
right.  What  in  civil  fociety  is  a  ground  of  adion;  in  politick  ibciety 
is  a  ground  of  war.  But  the  exercife  of  that  competent  jurifdidin 
is  a  matter  of  moral  prudence.  As  fuits  in  civil  fociety,  fo  war  in  the 
political  mull  ever  be  a  matter  of  great  deliberation.  It  is  not  this  or 
that  particular  proceeding,  picked  out  here  and  there,  as  a  fubjedof 
quarrel,  that  will  do.  There  mud  be  an  aggregate  of  mifchief. 
Xherc  mull  be  marks  of  deliberation ;  there  mutl  be  traces  of  drfif^ ; 
there  mufl  be  indications  of  malice ;  there  moft  be  tokens  of  ambittOB. 
There  mull  be  force  in  the  body  where  they  exifl ;  there  muft  be 
energy  in  the  mind.  When  all  thefe  circumflances  combine,  or  the 
important  parts  o(  them,  the  duty  of  the  vicinity  calls  for  the  exercife 
of  its  competence  ;  and  the  rules  of  prudence  do  not  reftrain,  but  dt* 
mand  it. 

*  In  defcribing  the  nuif;«nce  ere£ied  by  fo  peflilential  a  maanfac* 
tory,  by  the  conllrudlion  of  fo  infamous  a  brothel,  by  digging  a  otgkt 
cellar  for  fuch  thitives,  murderers,  ntni  houfc-breakers,  as  never  u- 

*  *'  This  ilate  of  things  cannot  cxid  in  France  without  involving 
all  the  furrounding  powers  in  one  common  danger,  without  giving 
them  the  right,  without  impofinj;  it  on  them  as  a  duty,  to  flop  the 
progrefs  of  an  evil  which  attacks  the  fundamental  principles  by  which  t 
mankind  is  united  in  civil  fociety.'*    Declaration,  29th  O^.  1793. 

fefifd 


Bitfke  OH  u  RigUide.PiUCi*  4J9 

fdird  the  worlds  lam  fofar  from  aggravating,  that  I  have  fallra 
iafimtely  ftort  of  the  evil.  No  man  who  has  attended  to  the  partica- 
lars  of  what  has  been  done  in  Frflnce»  and  combined  them  wich  tlie 
principles  there  aiTerted,  can  poflibly  doubt  it.  Whrn  \  compare 
vm\i  this  great  caufe  of  nations,  the  trifling  points  of  honoar>  xhe 
iHIt  more  contemptible  points  of  intcrefl,  the  light  ceremonies,  the 
indefinable  puadilios,  the  difputes  about  precedescy,  the  iotveriag  or 
the  hoifting  of  a  fait,  the  dealing  in  a  hundred  or  two  of  wiJd  cac- 
ikios  on  the  other  fide  of  the  Globe,  which  have  often  kindled  up  the 
flames  of  war  between  nations,  I  ^and  allonithed  at  thofe  ^tious, 
who  do  not  feel  a  refentment,  not  more  natural  thaa  poliiick,  at  the 
atrocious  infuhs  that  this  monftrous  compound  offers  to  the  dignity  of 
every  nation,  and  who  arc  not  alarmed  with  what  it  threatens  to  their 
fefely. 

•  I  have  therefore  been  decidedly  of  opinion,  with  our  declaration 
at  Whitehall,  in  the  beginning  of  this  war,  that  the  vicinage  of  Ev- 
rope  had  not  only  a  right,  but  an  indifpenfible  duty,  and  ao  exigent 
iatereft,  to  denundate  this  new  ^vork  before  it  had  produced  the  dan-- 
ger  we  have  fo  forely  felt,  and  which  we  (ha^I  long  feel.  The  exam-. 
pJe  of  what  is  done  by  France  is  too  important  not  to  have  a  vad  and 
exteniive  influence ;  and  that  example  backed  with  its  power,  'mtifl 
bear  with  great  force  on  thofe  who  arc  near  it;  cfpecially  on  thofe 
who  (hall  recognize  the  pretended  Rcpublick  on  the  prinriple  noon 
which  it  now  /lands.  It  is  not  an  old  ftruflure  which  you  have  found 
as  it  is,  and  are  not  to  difpute  of  the  original  end  and  defign  with 
virhich  it  had  been  fo  fafhioned.  It  is  a  recent  wrong,  and  can  ple.id 
no  prefcription.  It  violates  the  rights  upon  which  not  only  the  coiorr 
manity  of  France,  but  thofe  on  which  all  communities  are  founded*. 
The  princtple5(  00  which  they  proceed  ars  ^ejieraJ  principles,  and  are. 
as  true  in  England  as  in  any  other  country.  They  who  (though  with 
the  pureil  inienuons)  recognize  the  authority  of  thcfe  Regicides  and 
robbers  upon  principle,  julTify  th<:ir  adls,  and  cftablifh  tliem  as  pre- 
cedent^. It  is  a  quellion  not  between  France  and  England.  It  is  a 
qaeftion  between  property  and  force.  The  property  claims ;  and  its 
daim  has  been  allowed.  The  property  of  the  nation  is  the  nation. 
They  who  mafTacre,  plunder,  and  expel  the  body  of  the  proprietary, 
are  murderers  and  robbers.  The  State,  in  its  efTence,  mufl  he  moral 
andjuft:  and  it  may  be  fo,  though  a  tyrant  or  ufurper  fhoulJ  be 
accidentally  at  the  head  of  it.  This  is  a  thing  to  be  lamented  :  but 
thisnotwitbilanding,  the  body  of  the  commonwealth  may  remain  in 
all  its  integrity,  and  be  perfeflly  found  in  its  compofition.  The  pre- 
fent  cafe  is  different.  It  is  not  a  revolution  in  government.  It  is  not 
cbe  vi^ry  of  party  over  party.  It  is  a  deflruflion  and  decompofition 
4>f  the  whole  fociety  ;  which  never  can  be  made  of  right  by  any  fac* 
Aon,  however  powerful,  nor  without  terrible  confequences  to  all  about 
ic,  both  in  the  aft  and  in  the  example.  This  pretend rd  Republick  is 
IcMtnded  in  crimes,  and  exids  by  wrong  and  robbery  ;  and  wrong  and 
robbery,  far  from  a  title  to  any  thin^  is  war  with  mankind.  To  be 
at  peace  with  robbery  is  to  be  an  accomplice  with  it.'  (I'.  ( 13  —  1 19. ) 

It  is  a  common  and  miferable  art  of  controvcrfy,  when  the  po* 
kmic  bides  his  inability  for  anfyrering  powerful  arguments 

ander 


i^40  Burke  on  a  Regicide  Peace. 

under  an  afTeAation  of  contempt  and  difdaiA.  We  (corn  to 
avail  ourfclves  of  this  forry  and  hackneyed  trick.  "  ^e  nei 
pas  refprity  fc  we/embUj  a  fez  gate  par  la  contagion  controvert 
fifle^  pour  fa  ire  le  (ier  fur  ceite  obje£iton^  et  pour  la  traiter  J'lm 
air  dedaigneux  et  meprijanty  comme  fon  fait  d'ordinairoj  /ors  fn't* 
fefont  incapable  de  bien  repondre*.*'  Wc  are  not  difpoCed  to 
deny  that  (o  mighty  a  change  in  the  frame  of  govemaient,  and 
the  ftate  of  (ociety,  of  one  of  the  greateft  nations  of  the  civilized 
world,  as  was  effefled  by  the  revolution  of  France, — attended 
by  fuch  extravagant  opinions,  and  producing  fuch  violent 
paffions, — was  of  a  nature  to  be  dangerous  to  the  fafety  of  the 
feveral  governments,  and  to  the  quiet  of  the  various  communi- 
ties, which  compofe  the  great  commonwealth  of  Europe.  To 
affirm  the  contrary  would  be  in  cfFed  to  maintain  that  aian  is 
not  the  creature  of  fympathy  and  imitation;  that  he  is  not  al« 
ways  difpofed,  in  a  greater  or  lefs  degree,  to  catch  the  feelings, 
to  imbibe  the  opinions,  and  to  copy  the  condud  of  his  fellow 
men.  Moft  of  the  revolutions  which  have  laid  antient  fyflems 
in  ruins,  and  changed  the  whole  face  of  fociety,  have  fprung 
from  thefe  powerful  and  adive  principles  of  human  nature. 
The  remote  eSeA  of  thefe  revolutions  has  been  fomctiaies 
beneficial  and  fometimes  pernicious :  but  the  evil  which  ac* 
companied  them  has  ever  been  great  and  terrible ;  their  future 
tendency  was  neceifarily  ambiguous  and  contingent ;  and  their 
ultimate  confequences  were  always  dependent  on  circumftancct 
which  were  beyond  the  controul  of  the  agentSi  With  thefe 
opinions,  the  only  queftion  that  can  be  at  iiTue  between  Mr. 
Burke  and  ourfclves  is,  whether  a  war  was  a  JVST^  effectuai, 
and  SAFE  mode  of  averting  the  danger  with  which  the  French 
revolution  might  threaten  the  eftablifhcd  governments  of  Eu- 
rope ;  JUST  in  its  principle,  effectual  for  its  propofed  eod^ 
and  SAFE  trom  the  dangtr  of  collateral  evil. 

On  all  the  three  branches  of  this  comprehenflve  quefUoOf 
we  are  obliged  to  diflent  very  widely  from  the  opinions  of  Mr. 
Burke.  We  are  not  required  to  a^rm,  univerfally,  that  there 
never  are  cafes  in  which  the  llate  of  the  internal  government 
of  a  foreign  nation  may  become  a  juft  ground  of  war  ;  and  we 
know  too  well  the  dan^^cr  of  univtrfal  afHrmations,  to  txiend 
our  line  uf  polls  farther  than  is  abfoiutcly  neceflary  for  our  own 
defence.  Wc  neither  aiHrm  nor  deny  any  thing  on  fubjtiis 
which  are  out  of  the  cafe  before  us. — We  are  not  convinced  of 
xYitfaSI  that  the  French  government,  in  the  ycir  1791,  (when 
the  royal  confederacy  originlted,)  was  of  fuch  a  nature  as  to 
be  incapable  of  being  fo  ripened  and  mitigattd  by  a  wife  mo« 

*  CamiMiftiaire  rhi/o/bpl'ie^ifCf  \S\.  zdcPurtiti  CL-i^,\w  Otuvre*  Ji 
Sajle,  Tom  vi.  /.  4. 

deriitioo 


Burke  on  a  Regicide  Peace.  44! 

deration  in  the  furrounding  powers,  that  it  might  not  become 
perfedly  fafe  and  inofFcnftve  to  neighbouring  ftates.  Till  this 
faA  be  proved)  the  whole  reafoning  of  Mr.  Burke  appears  to  us 
inconclufive.  Whatever  may  be  done  by  prudence  and  for- 
bearance is  not  to  be  attempted  by  war.  Whoever,  therefore, 
propofes  war  as  the  means  of  attaining  any  public  good,  or  of 
averting  any  public  evil,  mufi  firft  prove  that  his  obje£l  is  un« 
attainable  by  any  other  means; — and  peculiarly  heavy  is  the 
burden  of  proof  on  the  man  who,  in  fuch  cafds  as  the  prefent, 
is  the  author  of  extreme  and  violent  counfels ;  which,  even 
when  they  are  moft  fpecious  in  promife,  are  hard  and  difficulc 
in  trial,  as  well  as  moft  uncertain  in  their  iflue;  which  ufually 
preclude  any  fubfequent  recurrence  to  milder  and  more  mode- 
rate expedients  ;  and  from  which  a  fafe  retreat  is  often  difficult, 
and  an  honourable  retreat  is  generally  impoffible.  Great  and 
evident  indeed  mud  be  the  neceffity  which  can  juftify  a  war 
that  in  its  nature  muft  impair,  and  in  its  efFedls  may  fubvert, 
the  facred  principle  of  national  independence ; — that  great 
mafter-principle  of  public  morality,  from  which  all  the  rules 
of  the  law  of  nations  flow,  and  which  they  are  all  framed  only 
to  defend;  of  which  the  balance  of  power  itfelf  (for  which  Co 
many  wars,  in  our  opinion  juft,  have  been  carried  on)  is  onlv 
a  fafeguard  and  an  outwork ;  and  of  which  the  higher  refpeft 
and  the  more  exadt  obfervance  *  have  To  happily  diftinguifhed 
our  weftern  parts  of  Europe,  in  the&  later  times,  above  all 
other  ages  and  countries  of  the  world.  Under  the  guard  of 
this  venerable  principle,  our  European  focieties,  with  the  moft 
different  forms  of  government  and  the  greateft  inequalities  of 
ftrength,  have  fubfifted  and  flouri(hed  in  almoft  equal  fecurity  ; 
(he  cnarafier  of  man  has  been  exhibited  in  all  that  variety  and 
vigour  which  are  neceflary  for  the  expanfion  and  difplay  both 
of  his  powers  and  his  virtues  ;  the  fpring,  and  fpirit,  and  noble 
pride,  and  generous  emulation,  which  arife  from  a  divifion  of 
territory  among  a  number  of  mdependent  dates,  have  been 
combined  with  a  large  meafure  of  that  tranquil  fecurity  which 
has  been  fo  rarely  found  reconcilable  with  fuch  a  divlflon. 
The  opinion  of  enlightened  Europe  has  furniflied  a  mild  but 
not  altogether  inelFcflual  controul  over  the  exccflcs  of  defpo. 
tifm  itfelf;  and  the  vidims  of  tyranny  have  at  lead  found' a 
(afeand  hofpitable  afylum  in  foreign  countries,  from  the  ra^e 
of  their  native  oppreflbrs.     It  has  alike  exempted  us  from  the 

•  Wc  arc  not  able  at  prcfcnt  to  rccoUcft  any  great  and  confiJer- 
tMc  violation  of  the  principle  of  national  independence,  from  thecrta- 
hlilbment  of  the  modern  ryilem  of  Europe^  till  the  late  dcteftable 
Partition  of  Poland. 

Rev.  Dec.  1796.  Hh  lethargic 


Ittlurgic  qtiiet  of  extenfive  «fnpir«9  from  the  fcoorge-  of  mrk 
9ni  rafMd  conqueft,  and  from  the  peft  of  frciiuent  doBcftic 

revolutions. 

Tii»  excellent  principle,  like  every  other  rule  which  gD» 
wttn%  the  morai  conduct  of  men,  may  oe  produAive  of  oco- 
fionai  a»d  accidental  evil.  It  wad  be  owned  that  the  aUblvtl 
independence  of  ftates,  and  their  fupreme  exclufive  juriflk- 
tjon  over  all  ads  done  within  their  own  territory,  fecttie  aa 
impunity  to  the  mod  atrociotus  crimes  either  of  ufurpert  or  of 
lawful  governments  degenerated  into  tyrannies.  There  b  no 
tribunal  competent  to  punifh  fnch  crimes*  becaufe  it  is  not  fv 
the  int^reft  of  mankind  to  veft  in  any  tribunal  an  authoritj 
adequate  to  their  punittniient  i  and  it  is  better  th«t  thefe  crioci 
(hould  be  unpunifiied,  than  that  nations  fliould  not  beiadt* 
pendent.  The  abufe  of  an  authority  to  puniih  them  is  OMte 
probable  than  the  u^c,  and  the  evils  of  the  abufe  are  gcciter 
than  the  benefits  of  the  ufe.     To  admit  fuch  a  power  io  fiff- 

,  rounding  governments  would  only  be  to  fupply  frefii  iociv* 
nients  to  ambition  and  rapine;  to  multiply  the  grounds  of  vtrj 
to  enlift  domeflic  fadions  in  the  fervice  of  foreign  prioco; 
to  (harpcn  the  rage  of  national  animofity  ;  to  deftroy  the  eoa* 
.fidence  o^  independence  and  internal  quiet  ^  and  to  f urnift  oev 

.  pretexts  for  invafion,  for  conqueft^  and  for  partition.  Whet 
the  Roman  Gcwetdl  Flams nlnys  was  accomplifliing  the  coofvl 
of  Greece  under  pretence  of  enfranchifing  the  Grecian  rcpab* 
lies,  he  partly  covered  his  ambitious  drfigns  by  the  fpccioiis 
colour  o*  punifhing  the  atrocious  crimes  ot  the  LacedcmcMiiaa 
tyrant  Nabis*.  When  Catherine  11.  and  her  accomplices  per- 
petrated the  greateft  crime  which  any  modern  governmenthas'cvcr 
comiiiitied  againfl;  another  nation,  it  was  eafy  for  them  to  prdriMi 
that  the  partition  ot  Poland  was  necefliiry  for  the  extirpation  cf 
Jacobinifm  in  the  north  of  Europe  :<— >buc  we  repeat  that  tberc 
are  few  evils  which  ought  to  be  averted  at  the  hazard  of  eodaa* 
geiin^  national  independence,  and  there  is  fcarcely  any  goad 
which  can  be  obtained  by  increafing  the  ftrengthand  nultipij- 
ing  the  pretexts  of  ambitious  pjwer. 

We  are  thereu>re  of  opinion  that  the  war  propofed  by 
Mr.  Burke  is  UNju>T,  both  becaufe  it  has  not  heen  proved 
that  no  other  n)eans  than  war  could  have  preferved  ■> 
ftom  the  dan;>er  i  and  becaufe  war  was  an  expedient  wUtb 
it  was  impoffibte  to  employ  for  fuch  a  purpofe,  withovC 
(hakmg  the  authority  of  that  great  tutelary  principle,  iioder 

•  Tit.  Liv.  Hift.  Lib.  xxx'iv.  Cap.  xxiv.  et  fe^.  The  whole  air- 
r^t<ve  is  extremely  curioasy  and  not  witbont  rcfemblaace  and  app2i- 
<:ation  lo  later  events. 

ibe 


Burke  $n  a  Rtgicidi  Ptactl  443 . 

the  (hade  of  which  the  nations  of  Europe  have  To  long 
flouriihed  in  fccurity.  The  whole  argument  of  Mr.  Burke 
proceeds  on  an  afiumption  of  the  fa£k  that  the  French  govern- 
ment,  at  the  time  at  which  the  princes  of  Europe  firft  armed 
for  its  deftrudion,  (and  indeed,  according  to  him,  long  before,) 
was  of  fuch  a  nature  that  no  policy  nor  prudence  could  have 
made  the  exiftence  of  that  government  compatible  with  the 
fccurity  of  the  other  dates  of  Europe.  This  fad  has  not  been 
proved :  this  fad  we  deny  ;  and  until  this  fad  ht  proved,  the 
reafoning  which  we  oppofe  has  no  foundation  to  fupport  it* 
There  is  no  cafe  of  fad  made  out,  to  which  the  principles  of 
the  law  of  vicinage  are  to  apply.  If  the  fad  had  been  proved^ 
we  might  confefs  the  juftice  of  the  war :  though  even  in  that 
cafe  its  wifdom  and  policy  would  fHlI  remain  to  be  confidered. 

The  firft  queftion  to  be  difcufled,  in  the  examination  of  every 
meafure  of  policy,  is  whether  it  is  likely  to  be  effectual  for 
its  propofed  ends.  That  the  war  againft  France  was  inade* 
quate  to  the  attainment  of  its  objed  is  a  truth  which  is  now 
demonftrated  by  fatal  experience :  but  which,  in  our  opinion^ 
cc  the  time  of  its  commeneement,  was  very  evident  to  men  of 
fiigtcity  and  foreficrht.  The  nature  of  the  means  to  be  em- 
ployed was  of  itfelf  fufficient  to  prove  their  inadequacy.  The 
firft  condition  eflential  to  the  fuccefs  of  the  war  was  that  the 
confederacy  of  ambitious  princes,  who  were  to  carry  it  on^ 
ihould  become  perfedly  wife,  moderate,  and  difinterefted  ; 
that  they  (hould  bury  in  oblivion  paft  animofities,  and  all  mu- 
tual jealoufies  ;  that  they  fliould  facrifice  every  view  of  ambi- 
tion, and  every  opportunity  of  aggrandizement,  to  the  grea/ 
pbied  of  fecuring  Europe  from  general  confufion  by  re-efta- 
UiA^ing  the  antient  monarchy  of  France.  No  man  has  proved 
she  neceiSty  of  this  moderation  and  diftntereftednefs  to  the  fuc- 
cefs of  the  war,  more  unanfwerably  than  Mr.  Burke  himfelf. 

'  The  true  nature  of  a  Jacobin  \var«  in  the  beginning*  was,  by 
moftof  the  Chriilian  Powers,  felt,  acknowledged,  and  even  in  the 
moft  precife  manner  d<-clared.  In  the  joint  manifello,  publifhed  by 
the  Emperor  and  the  King  of  Pruflia,  on  the  4ch  of  Augull  1792,  it  is 
expreiTedin  the  cleared  terms,  and  on  principles  which  could  not  fail^ 
if  they  had  adhered  to  them,  of  clafling  chofe  monarchs  witli  the  fird 
benefadors  of  mankind.  This  mantfeilo  was  publifhed,  as  they  them- 
felvei  exprefs  it,  *«  to  lay  open  to  tlie^  prefcnt  generation,  as  well  as 
topofterity,  their  motives,  their  intentions,  z.^\\\tdijlntireftednefs  oi 
their  perfonal  views;  caking  up  arms  for  the  purpoie  of  preferving 
fecial  and  political  order  amongd  all  civilized  nations,  and  to  fecure 
to  iocb  ftate  ii's  religion,  happinefs,  independence^  territories,  and 
real  conftitution." — ^"  On  this  ground,  they  hoped  that  all  Empires, 
and  all  Sutes,  ought  to  be  unanimous;  and  becoming  the  firm 
guardians  of  the  happioefs  of  mankind,  that  they  cannot  fail  to  unite 

H  h  J  thetc 


444  Burke  en  a  Rigicidi  Veace. 

their  efforts  to  refcue  a  numerous  nation  from  it's  own  furj*  to  pre* 
fervc  Europe  from  the  return  of  barbarifm,  and  the  Univerfe  frt)m 
the  fubverfion  and  anarchy  with  which  it  was  threatened.'*  TW 
whole  of  that  noble  performance  ought  to  be  read  .at  the  firft  meeting 
of  any  Congrefs,  which  TtxTvf  atTemble  for  the  purpofe  of  pacificatioo. 
In  that  piece  **  thefe  Powers  exprefsly  renounce  all  views  of  peiioDal 
aggrandizement,"  and  confine  themfelves  to  obje^s  worthy  of  ibge- 
nerou.s  fo  hercic,  and  fo  perfeflly  wife  and  politick  an  entcrpiSe. 
It  was  to  the  principles  of  this  confederation  and  to  no  other,  that  we 
wiflicd  our  Sovereign  and  our  Country  to  accede,  as  a  part  of  the 
commonwealth  of  Europe.  To  thefe  principles  with  Ibnse  triffiog 
exceptions  and  limitations  they  did  fully  accede  •.  And  all  our  friends 
who  did  take  cfHce  acceded  to  the  Miniflry  (whether  wifely  or  doc) 
as  T  always  under  flood  the  matter,  on  the  faith  and  od  the  piincipks 
of  that  declaration. 

'  As  long  as  thefe  powers  flattered  themfelvcs  that  the  menace  of 
force  would  produce  the  efi'ed  of  force,  they  aded  on  thofe  declan- 
tions :  but  when  their  menaces  failed  of  fuccefs,  their  efforts  took  a 
new  diredlion.  It  did  not  appear  to  them  chat  virtue  and  heroeiiB 
ought  to  be  purchafed  by  millions  of  rix-dollars.'— 
■  «  Without  the  principles  of  the  Jacobin?,  perhaps  wtthoot  aof 
principles  at  all,  they  played  the  game  of  that  fadion.  There  was  a 
beaten  road  before  them.  The  Powers  of  Europe  were  armed; 
France  had  always  appeared  dangerous;  the  war  was  eaiily  divertdl 
from  France  as  a  fadion,  to  France  as  a  flate.  The  Princes  weic 
eafily  taught  to  flide  back  into  their  old  habitual  courfe  of  politicks. 
They  were  eafily  led  to  confider  the  flames  that  were  confnmiDr 
France,  not  as  a  warning  to  proted  their  own  buildings,  (which 
were  without  any  party  wall,  and  linked  by  a  contiguation  into  tke 
edifice  of  France,)  as  an  happy  occafion  for  pillaging  the  goods,  and 
for  carrying  oft  the  materials  of  their  neighbour's  houfe.  Their 
provident  fears  were  changed  into  avaricious  hopes.  Tlicy  carried  on 
their  new  dcfijjns  without  feeming  to  abandon  the  principles  of  their 
old  policy.  They  pretended  to  feek,  or  they  flattered  themielves 
that  they  fought,  in  the  acceffion  of  new  fortrefles,  and  new  territo- 
ries, a  dcfenfe've  fe.curity.  But  the  fecurity  wanted  was  againft  akiod 
of  power,  which  was  not  fo  truly  dangerous  in  it's  fortreffes  noriail*s 
territories,  as  in  it's  fpiritand  it's  principles*  They  aimed,  or  pre* 
tended  to  aim,  at  tiefiKiiing  thcmfelvcs  againfl  a  danger,  from  which 
there  can  be  no  fecurity  in  any  defenjive  plan.  If  armies  and  fcrtre£es 
were  a  defence  againll  jacobinifm,  Louis  the  Sixteenth  would  this 
day  reign  a  powerful  monarch  over  an  happy  people. 

'  This  error  obliged  them,  even  in  tiieir  oiFenfive  operations,  to 
adopt  a  plan  of  war,  againil  the  fuccefs  of  which  there  was  fomethiof 
little  fhorr  of  mathematical  demonflratioo.  They  refufed  to  take  any 
ilcp  which  might  flrike  at  the  heart  of  affairs.  They  feemed  as* 
willing  to  wound  the  enemy  in  any  vital  part.  They  adled  through 
the  wliole,  as  if  ihcy  really  wifaed  the  confervation  of  the  Jacobio^ 
piivcr;  a;  vviiat  might  be  more  favourable  than  the  law/al  Govern- 

«  •  See  Dcdaration.    Whitehall,  Oft.  29,  1793.* 

neot 


Burke  on  a  Rigid Ji  Piace.  445 

neat  to  the  attainment  of  the  petty  objeds  they  looked  for.  They 
always  kept  on  the  circumference ;  and  the  wider  and  remoter  the 
circle  wsls,  the  more  eagerly  they  chofe  it  as  their  fphere  of  adlion  in 
this  centrifugal  war.  The  plan  they  purfucd,  in  it's  nature  demanded 
great  length  of  time.  In  it's  execution,  tney,  who  went  the  neareft 
way  to  work,  were  obliged  to  cover  an  incredible  extent  of  country. 
Ic  left  to  the  enemy  cvary  means  of  dellroying  this  extended  line  of 
weaknefs.  Ill  fuccefs  in  any  part  was  (are  to  defeat  the  efFe^  of  the 
whole.  This  is  true  of  Auftria.  Jtis  illll  more  true  of  England. 
On  this  falfe  plan»  even  good  fortune,  by  further  weakening  the  vic- 
lor,  put  him  but  the  further  off  from  his  obje<^. 

'  As  long  as  there  was  any  appearance  oi  fuccefs,  the  fpirit  of  ag- 
grapdizement,  and  confequently  the  fpirit  of  mutual  jealoui'y  fcizcd 
upon  all  the  coalefced  Powers.  Some  fought  an  acceffion  of  territory 
at  the  expence  of  France,  fome  at  the  expence  of  each*other ;  fome 
at  the  expence  of  third  parties ;  and  when  the  vici^itude  of  difalier 
took  it's  turn,  they  found  common  dillrefs  a  treathcrous  bond  of 
faith  and  friend  (hip. 

*  The  greateil  (kxil  conducing  the  greatell  military  apparatus  has 
been  employed;  but  it  has  been  worfe  than  ufelef:>ly  employed, 
through  the  falfe  policy  of  the  war-  The  operations  of  the  field  fuf- 
fered  by  the  errors  of  the  Cabinet.  If  the  fame  fpirit  continues  when 
peace  is  made,  the  peace  will  fix  and  perpetuate  all  the  errors  of  the 
war ;  becaufe  it  will  be  made  upon  the  fame  falfe  principle.  What 
has  been  lolt  in  the  field,  in  the  field  may  be  regained.  An  arrange- 
ment of  peace  in  it's  nature  is  a  permanent  fettlement;  it  is  the  cfivd 
of  counfel  and  di.'liberation,  and  not  of  fortuitous  events.  If  built 
npon  a  bafis  fundamentally  erroneous,  it  can  only  be  retrieved  by 
feme  of  thofe  unforefeen  difpoiitions,  which  the  all-wife  but  myde- 
nous  Governor  of  the  World,  fometimes  interpofes,  to  fnatch  nations 
from  ruin.  It  would  not  oe  pious  error,  but  mad  and  impious  pre- 
fumptionfor  any  one  to  trud  in  an  unknown  order  of  difpenfations^in 
defiance  of  the  rules  of  prudence,  which  arc  formed  upon  the  knoivn 
inarch  of  the  ordinary  providence  of  Gcd. 

*  It  was  not  of  that  fort  of  war  that  1  was  amongll  the  le.ii^  caniider- 
^ble,  but  amongfl  the  mod  z:;aJous  advil'ers  ;  and  it  is  not  by  ihc  fort 
of  peace  now  talked  of,  that  I  widi  it  concludt-d.  It  would  anfwer 
fiO  great  purpofe  to  enter  into  the  pariicular  errours  of  the  war.  The 
whole  has  been  but  one  errour.  It  was  but  nominally  a  war  of  al- 
Kance.  As  the  combined  powers  purfued  it,  there  was  notliing  to 
bold  an  alliance  together.  There  could  be  no  tie  of  honour,  in  a  fo- 
cicty  for  pillage.  There  could  be  no  tie  of  a  common  intcrcji  where 
the  objed  did  not  offer  fuch  a  dividon  amongd  the  parties,  as  could 
well  give  them  a  warm  concern  in  the  gains  of  each  oiiter,  or  could 
indeed  form  fuch  a  body  of  equivalents,  as  might  make  one  of  them 
willing  to  abandon  a  feparate  objed  of  his  ambition  tor  the  jadi6ca- 
tioo  of  any  other  member  of  the  alliance.  The  partition  of  Polaiid 
offered  an  objeft  of  fpoil  in  which  the  parties  might  agree.  They 
were  circumjacent ;  and  each  might  take  a  portion  convenient  to  his 
own  territory.  They  might  difputc  about  the  value  of  their  feveral 
ibare8>  but  the  contigiiity  to  each  of  the  demandants  always  fur- 

H  h  3  niihcd 


446  Burke  m  a  R^gkidi  Ftau. 

niOied  tke  means  of  an  adjaftmenc.  Though  hereafcec  die  irorU 
will  have  caufe  to  rue  this  iniquitous  oneafure,  and  thejr  moft  wto 
were  moft  concerned  in  it,  for  the  moment,  there  was  wherewithal 
in  the  objefl  to  preferve  peace  amongft  confederates  in  wroag. 
But  the  fpoil  of  France  did  not  afford  the  fame  facilities  for  accooi- 
jnodation.  What  might  fitisfy  the  Houfe  of  Auftria  in  a  Ffemiih 
frontier  afforded  no  equivalent  to  tempt  the  cupidity  of  the  KiB| 
of  Pruffia.  What  might  be  defired  by  Great  Britain  in  the  Wdf 
Indies,  muft  be  coldly  and  remotely,  if  at  all,  felt  as  an  interei  n 
Vienna  ;  and  it  would  be  felt  as  fomething  worfe  than  a  nentive  ia- 
tereit  at  Madrid.  Auftria,  long  poffeired  with  unwife  and  oangenMs 
defignson  Italy,  could  not  be  very  much  in  eameft  about  the  cob- 
fervatioo  of  the  old  patrimony  of  the  Houfe  of  Savoy  :  and  Sardinia, 
who  owed  to  an  Italian  force  all  her  means  of  fiiotting  out  Fraact 
from  Italy,  of  which  ihe  has  been  fuppofed  to  hold  the  key,  would  aet 
purchafe  the  means  of  ftrength  upon  one  fide  by  yielding  it  oo  the 
Other.  She  would  not  readily  give  the  poflfeffion  of  Navara  fdr  tke 
hope  of  Savoy.  No  continent^  Power  was  willing  to  lofe  any  of  it's 
continental  objeAs  for  the  encreafe  of  the  naval  power  oi  Great  Bri* 
tain  ;  and  Great  Britain  would  not  give  up  any  of  the^  obje^  fte 
fought  for  as  the  means  of  an  encreafe  to  her  naval  power,  to  fatte 
their  aggrandizement. 

*  The  moment  this  war  came  to  be  confidered  as  a  war  mereTy  of 
profit,  the  adual  circumihtnces  are  fuch,  that  it  never  coold  becoM 
realty  a  war  of  alliance/ 

This  moderation  and  this  difintereftednefs  were  not  only 
neceflary  for  the  union  of  the  allies,  but  for  the  difunioooiF 
France.  Thefe  principles  alone  could  hold  together  the  alli- 
ance:— they  alone  could  pievent  it  from  having  to  encounicr 
the  unanimous  oppofition  of  France ;  and  if  that  oppofition 
were  unanimous,  it  muft  of  necefiity  be  irrcfiftible: — butve 
will  venture  to  affirm  that  the  fuppofition  of  a  difintcrefied 
confederacy  of  ambitious  princes  is  as  extravagant  a  chimera,  if 
any  that  can  be  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  wildrft  vifiooaries  of 
democracy.  The  univerfal  peace  of  the  Abbe  St.  Pierre  was 
plaufibb  and  reafonable,  when  compared  with  this  fuppofuioo. 
The  univerfal  republic  of  Anacharfis  Cloots  himfelf  was  not 
much  more  irreconcilable  with  the  uniform  experience  and 
fober  judgment  of  mankind.  We  are  far  from  confbuodtog 
two  writers,  one  of  whom  was  a  benevolent  vifionary,  and  the 
other  'a  fanguinary  madman  ;  wiio  had  nothing  in  commoo 
but  the  wildnefs  of  their  predictions  and  the  extravagance  of 
their  hopes.  The  Abbe  St.  Pierre  had  the  fimplicity  to  mif* 
take  an  ingenious  raillery  of  the  Cardinal  Henry  for  a  delibe- 
rate adoption  of  his  reveries.  That  Miniftcr  told  him  *^  thA 
he  hadforgotUn  an  indifpen/able  preliminary^  that  of  fending  m  hodji 
sf  mijftenaries  to  lurn  the  hearts  and  minds  of  the  Primes  efEn* 
rofe.*'    Mr.'  Burke^  wiib  all  bia  itiiowicge  of  hqmaa  nature^ 


Bmke  n  m  PigftfA  pMm  447 

^ni  with  M  his  txperience  of  public  affairs,  hu  ff>rgoCfrn  a 
eircumftance  M  impbrtant  a«  that  which  was  oTcrtookrd  bj  th^ 
fiaiple  and  retlufe  fp^culafor.  He  has  Fbrgctien  that  he  inoft 
have  made  ambition  difintr reftcd,  power  tncderate^  the  (elfifli 
MnerouSy  and  the  fbortfightcd  wife^  before  he  coufd  hope  for 
ittccefs  in  the  conteft  which  he  recommended.  He  has  for- 
gotten ihat  the  condition  efTcntially  r? quifite  to  the  fucceft  of 
bis  projed  was  a  mora)  and  poKticai  impofTibDity.  He  cannot 
be  permitted  to  tefl  us  that  hrs  plan  would  have  been  fviccefsfu), 
if  the  Princes  of  Europe  had  been  tmambltious  and  Moderate; 
if  tfaey  had  purfiied  no  views  of  prlyace  aggrandizeYnent,  or 
fcheoies  of  feparate  conqtieft :  for  it  was  in  the  nature  6f 
dlings  that  they  Oiould  be  guided  by  fuch  views.  To  fay  that, 
if  the  authors  of  the  partition  of  Poland  could  be  made  per- 
fe£Uy  Wife  and  hon^R,  they  might  prevail  over  the  French  de« 
mocracy,  is  very  little  more  than  the  moft  chimerical  proje<Stor 
has  to  cmer  for  his  wildcft  fcheme  Such  an  anfwer  only  gives 
us  this  ne#  and  important  information,  that  impradicable  j)ro* 
jbSts  will  be  realized  when  inftirmoun table  obflacles  are  over* 
come.  The  framersof  imaginary  commonwealths  and  perfeft 
dcAnroc^eies  graiT^ly  tell  in  that  their  experiments  would  be  per- 
<e£Uy  fuccefsful,  if  they  were  not  difturbed  by  the  profligacy 
and  paffions  of  mankind:— we  anfwer  them,  juftly,  "Your 
aflertion  may  indeed  be  true,  but  it  is  trivial  and  impertinent* 
Who  arc  you  that  prefume  to  frame  laws  for  men,  without 
taking  human  paffions  into  the  account :— to  regulate  the  ac- 
tions of  mankind,  without  regarding  the  four cc  and  principle 
of  thefe  anions?** — Surely  wc  are  alfo  entitled  to  aflc  Mr. 
Surke,  how  he  could  calculate  the  probable  condu£l  of  a  con- 
federacy of  Princes,  with  an  utter  difregard  of  the  univerfai 
principles  the  uniform  habits,  and  the  recent  proceedings  of 
the  confederates.  If  he  omitted  thefe  elements  in  his  calcula- 
tion, the  refult  muU  indeed  be  erroneous,  but  could  fcarcely 
be  unexpe«S^ed  by  any  thinking  man.  A  chemift,  who,  in  his 
experiments,  fliould  forget  the  power  of  fteam,  or  of  eleftri- 
city,  would  have  no  right  to  be  furprifed  that  his  apparatus 
£bould  be  (hivered  into  piece«,  and  his  laboratory  covered 
with  the  fragments  :— he  has  merely  his  own  folly  to  accufe  for 
the  failure  of  his  exprrimenc.  It  muft  be  owned,  indeed,  that 
oo  man  could -have  ventured  to  predid  the  extent  and  extra* 
vagance  of  that  monftrouc  and  almoft  incredible  infatuation, 
which  has  dillraded  the  counfcls  and  palfied  the  ftrength  of  the 
allied  Powers  :— but  it  was  eafy  to  forcfce,  and  it  was  in  faft 
predified,  that  a  fufficieiu  degree  of  that  mfatuation  miift  pre* 
vail  to  defeat  the  attainment  of  their  profefled  objeft.  Wc 
cannot  beip  expreffing  our  furprife  that  the  immenfc  di€er- 

H  h  4.  etice*^ 


44^  Burke  en  a  Riglciii  PiMCi. 

ence^  in  this  refpeft,  between  tlie  prefent  confedency  tnd  tiie 
grand  alliance  of  King  William  III.  did  not  prefeot  itfelf  to 
the  great  underftanding  of  Mr.  Burke.  The  infuperable  difi- 
culcy  of  which  we  have  fpoken  had  no  exifience  in  the  grand 
alliance.  This  is  a  war  to  avert  the  danger  of  the  Freneh 
Revolution,  in  which  it  was  indifpe nfably  neceflary  Co  avoid 
all  appearance  of  a  defign  to  aggrandize  the  allies  at  the  ex* 
pence  of  France.  The  other  was  a  war  defigned  to  limit  the 
exorbitant  power  and  dangerous  greatnefs  of  Louis  XIV. 
which  was  chiefly  to  be  e£Fe^ed  by  diminifhing  his  overgrown 
dominions.  The  members  of  that  confederacy  gratified  their 
own  ambition  by  the  fame  means  which  provided  for  the  ge- 
neral fafety  ;  for  every  conqueft  made  from  France  by  any  of 
the  allies  was  an  advantage  to  the  common  caufe,  and  an  ac- 
ceffion  to  the  fecurity  of  Europe. — In  that  conteft,  every  con- 
queft promoted  the  general  obje{>.  In  the  prefent  contcft, 
every  conqueft  retards  and  tends  to  defeat  it.  Noj'omantic 
moderation,  no  chimerical  difintcreflednefs,  no  facrifice  of 
private  aggrandizement  to  the  caufc  of  Europe,  was  required 
by  that  confederacy.  Selii(bnefs  and  public  fpirit  there  pre- 
fcribed  the  fame  condu£l,  and  were  not,  as  in  the  prefent  war, 
at  irreconcilable  variance ;  yet,  with  this  great  advantage,  it 
is  almoft  the  only  confederacy  recorded  in  hiftory  which  has 
ever  been  fuccefsful ;  and  it  required  other  talents  than  tbofe 
of  petty  intrigue  and  pompous  declamation  to  build  it  up  and 
to  hold  it  together. — It  required  all  the  exalted  genius,  aJl  the 
comprehenfive  wifdom,  all  the  difinterefted  moderation,  and  all 
the  unlhaken  perfevcrance,  of  King  William  liL— -but  the  bit- 
tereft  enemies  of  our  prefent  Minifters  could  fcarcely  imagine 
fo  cruel  a  fatire  againft  them,  as  any  comparifon  between  their 
talents  and  policy  and  thofe  of  that  great  monarch.  We  have 
no  animofity  againft  them  fo  ftrong  as  even  to  iniinuate  fuch  a 
mortifying  parallel  \  nor  (hall  we  fo  far  forget  the  rules  of  de- 
corum and  moderation,  as  to  make  (o  fevere  and  humiliating 
an  attack  on  their  chara^er.  The  difapprobation  of  the  con- 
dudl  of  the  Britifh  Cabinet  muft  have  rilen  to  an  extraordinary 
degree  of  warmth  in  the  mind  of  Mr.  Burke,  before  he  could 
have  prevailed  on  himfelf  to  bring  into  the  view  of  his  readers 
the  policy  of  other  and  better  times  ;  and  to  awaken  recollec- 
tions of  paft  wifdom  and  glory,  which  muft  tend  fo  much  to 
embitter  our  indignation  at  the  prefent  mifmanagement  of  pub- 
lic aiFairs. 

Many  other  remarks  prefent  themfelves  to  our  minds  on  this 
branch  of  the  fubje£t :  but  our  limits  only  permit  us  to  offer  a 
very  fmall  part  of  our  own  ideas  ;  and  it  is  not  our  wifti  to  in« 
trudc  on  the  patience  of  the  public  by  repeating  what  has  al- 
ready 


Burke  m  «  Rt^cidi  Peace.  449 

rfstdy  been  better  faid  by  others*  It  is  fufficient,  in  one  word, 
to  ftate  that  the  fuccefs  of  the  war  required  it  co  be  felt  by 
Frenchmen  to  be  a  war  direded  againft  the  Revolution,  and 
not  againft  France;  while  the  ambition  of  the  allies  ne* 
ceflarily  made  it  a  war  againft  France,  and  not  againft  the  Re- 
volution ;  and  that  this  fatal  and  incurable  repugnance  between 
the  views  of  the  allies  and  the  only  means  of  fuccefs  made  the 
failure  of  the  war  inevitable.  Mr.  Burke,  M.  de  Calonne, 
M.  Mallet  du  Pan,  and  all  the  other  diftineuifhed  writers  who 
have  apf>eared  on  behalf  of  the  French  Royalifts,  (a  name 
which  no  man  fliould  pronounce  without  pity,  and  no  Englifh- 
man  ought  to  utter  without  (hame!)  have  acknowlcgcd,  la- 
mented, and  condemned  the  wretched  policy  of  the  confede- 
rates. We  have  ftill  to  accufe  their  fagacity  of  not  having  ori* 
ginally  forefeen  what  a  frail  and  brittle  inftrument  fuch  a  con- 
federacy muft  prove.  We  have  ftill  to  reproach  them  for  not 
having  at  firft  perceived,  that  to  embark  the  fafety  of  Europe  on 
the  fuccefs  of  fuch  an  alliance  was  a  moft  ambiguous  and  peri* 
lous  policy ;  only  to  be  reludantly  embraced  after  every  other 
expedient  was  cxhaufted,  in  t  cafe  of  the  moft  imminent  dan* 
ger,  and  in  circumftances  of  the  moft  imperious  necefSty.  .  ■ 

Thefe  reflefiions  naturally  condud  us  to  the  ibird  branch  of 
the  propofcd  inquiry  ;  namely,  to  the  confideration  of  the 
8AF£TY  of  the  war,  or  the  collateral  evil  with  which  it 
was  pregnant,  in  either  alternative  of  its  failure  or  fuccefs  ; — 
and  we  do  not  hciitate  to  affirm  that,  in  our  humble  opinion, 
the  fuccefs  of  the  war  was  dangerous  to  the  independence  of  na* 
tions,  and  its  failure  hoftile  to  theftability  of  governments.  The 
choice  between  two  fuch  dreadful  evils  is  embarra/ling  and  cruel. 
Yet,  with  the  warmeli  and  moft  fincere  zeal  for  the  tranquillity 
of  every  people  ;  with  the  ftiongeft  wifhes  that  can  arife  from 
perfonal  character  and  habits  for  quiet  and  repofe  ;  with  all 
our  heartfelt  and  deeply  rooted  deteftation  for  the  crimes, 
calamities,  and  horrors  of  civil  confudon;  we  cannot  pre- 
vail on  ourfelves  to  imagine  that  a  greater  evil  could  befall 
the  human  race,  than  the  partition  of  Europe  among  the  fpoilers 
of  Poland. — All  the  wild  freaks  of  popular  licentioufnefs,  all 
thefantaflic  transformationsof  government,  all  the  frantic  cruelty 
of  anarchical  tyranny,  almoft  vanifii  before  the  terrible  idea  of 
gathering  the  whole  civilized  world  under  the  iron  yoke  of  mi* 
liiary  defpotifm  I  It  is,  at  leaft  it  was,  an  initin£i  of  the  Eng- 
liib  character  to  feel  more  alarm  and  horror  at  defpotifm,  than 
at  any  other  of  tbofe  evils  which  afflict  human  fociety  ;  and 
we  own  our  minds  to  be  (iill  under  the  influence  of  ihis  old 
and  perhaps  exploded  national  prejudice.  It  is  a  prejudice, 
however,  which  appears  to  us  founded  on  the  moft  fubiime  and 
profound  pbilofophy  3  and  it  has  been  implantW  in  the  miuds 

7  ^^ 


45^  Burke  ^n  4t  Hggicide  Pikee^ 

oF  Engliihmcn  by  therr  long  experience  of  the  mitdeft  and  i 
free  government,  with  which  the  bounty  of  Divine  Provklciioe 
has  been  pleafed,  for  fo  many  centuries,  to  favour  fo  confider- 
ftble  a  portion  of  the  human  race.  It  has  been  nonriflitd  by 
the  blood  of  our  foref,jthers.  it  is  embodied  with  our  moft  vc* 
tierable  inftitutions*  It  is  the  fpirit  of  our  moft  facred  laws. 
It  ts  the  animating  principle  of  the  EngliHi  chara<5ter.  it  n  tke 
very  life  and  foul  cf  the  Britifh  Conliitution.  Jc  is  the  diftio- 
gui&ing  nobility  of  the  meaneft  £ngli(hman.  It  is  that  proud 
privilege  which  exalts  him,  in  his  own  refped,  above  ttetnaft 
iKuftrious  (lave  that  drags  his  gilded  chain  at  the  court  of  a  tf 
rant.  It  has  given  vigour  and  luftre  tq  our  warlike  enter* 
prifes,  juftice  and  humanity  to  our  lau^s,  and  charaOer  ind 
energy  to'our  national  genius  and  literature.  Of  fucb  ii  V^^J^ 
dice  we  are  not  aOiamed,  and  we  have  no  defire  to  outlive  in 
fxtinfiion  in  the  minds  of  our  countrymen :— - 
■  tunc  amtte  Latinum 
Fahula  Mmin  trit Luc.  Pharf.  lib.  vii.  v,  591,  jc^t. 

To  return  from  what  may  be  thought  a  digreffion,  but  which 
IS  infpired  by  feelings  that  we  hope  at  leaft  a  few  of  our  readers 
may  be  f(i)l  old-fa(hioned  enough  to  pardon  us  for  inddging, 
we  prociKd  to  make  fome  remarks  on  the  dangers  with  iHiidi 
the  failure  of  this  war  threatened  iLurope^     It  is  a  menM>nMe 
example  of  the  intoxication  of  men  and  of  their  governon, 
that,  at  the  commencement  of  this  war,  the  bare  idea  of  the 
poffibility  of  its  failure  woutd  have  been  rejeded  with  indigiia- 
tion  and  fcorn.     Yet  it  became  (latefmen  to  confider  this  event 
as  at  IcB^poffitle;  and  in  that  aUtrrnattve,  v^hat  were  the  ceil* 
fequences  which  the  European  governments  had  to  apprehend? 
With  their  cuunfels  bafHcd,  their  armies  defeated,  their  trea* 
furies  exhaufled,  their  fubjeAs  groaning  under  the  weighted 
taxes,    their   military  ftrength  broken,    and   their   reparation 
of    military   fuperiority    deftroyed,  they  have  to   contend  in 
their  own  ftates  againfl  the  progrefs  of  opinions  which  their 
own  unfortunate    policy    has  furrounded  with   the  dazzling 
luftre  of  heroifm,  and  with  all  the  attractions  and  fafcinations tJ 
vidory.     Difgraced  in  a  conflifl  with  democracy  abroad,  wi:h 
Mfhat  vigour  or  cft'ei:^  can  they  reprefs  it  at  home  ?    if  they  had 
forborne  to  enter  on  war,  the  reputation  of  their  power  would 
at  lead  have  been  whole  and  entire  ;   the  awful  quef^ton,  whe- 
ther the  French  revolution  or  the  eftabliihed   governments  of 
Europe  are  the  (Irongcfb,  would  at  leafi  have  remained  unde- 
cided; and  the  people  of  all  countries  would  not  have  witntiTcd 
the  dangerous  example  of  their  fovereigns  humbled   before  the 
leaders  of  the  new  feci.     The  French  democracy  of  1792, 
covered  with  maflacre  and  blood,  had  not  fo  many  attradioos 
for  the  ^people  cf  other  counlrief)  as  the  French  deoidcracy  of 


Burke  m  a  RigtiUi  Ptat^l  451 

17969  crowned  with  the  laurels  and  the  fplendour  of  vidory,  Mr, 
Burke,  indeed,  tells  us  that  the  war  has  at  leaft  procured  a  re* 
fptte  for  Europe  :  but  he  has  forgotten  to  inform  us  that  there 
are  refpites  which  aggravate  the  (everity  of  the  puntibment,  And 
that  there  are  violent  ftruggles  which  provoke  a  fate  that  might 
dberwife  be  avoided. 

We  purpofety  forbear  to  enlarge  on  this  fubjeft,  bccaufe  the 
difplay  of  thofe  evils  which,  at  the  commencenvent  of  the  war^ 
Were  likely  to  arife  from  its  failure,  is  now  unfortunately  be** 
come  the  melancholy  picture  of  the  a£tual  fituation  of  Europe* 
This  is  a  theme  more  adapted  for  meditation  than  difcour(e.-« 
.  it  is  as  (incere  wellwifhers  to  the  ftability  and  tranquil  im-* 
provement  of  eftabliflied  governments  ;  as  zf  alous  and  ardent 
friends  to  that  admirable  conftitutron  of  government,  and 
happy  order  of  fociety,  which  prevail  in  our  native  land  ;  that 
we  originally  deprecated  and  ftill  condemn  a  war  which  has 
brought  thefe  invaluable  bleffings  into  the  moft  imminent  periL 
All  the  benevolence  and  patriotifm  of  the  human  he^rt  cannot^ 
tn  our  opinion,  breathe  a  prayer  more  aufptcious  for  EngHfli* 
ncn  to  the  Supreme  Raler  of  the  world,  than  that  theymay  en« 
joy  to  the  latefl  generations  the  bleffings  of  that  conftitntion 
Wbieh  has  been  bequeathed  to  them  by  their  forefathers.  We 
defire  its  improvement  indeed— we  ardently  defire  improve* 
sient,  as  a  means  of  prefervation :  but  above  all  things  wf 
f$zj  for  its  prefervation  ! 

We  cannot  clofe  a  fuhjed  on  which  we  are  ferious  even  to 
ipelancholy,  without  offering  the  flender  but  unbiafled  tribute 
of  our  admiration  and  thanks  to  that  iiluftrious  ftatefman,  the 
friend  of  (what  we  muft  call)  the  better  days  of  Mr.  Burke,— 
whofe  great  talents  have  been  devoted  to  the  caufe  of  liberty  and 
of  mankind ;  who  of  all  men  moft  ardentiyvloves  becaufe  he 
moft  thoroughly  underftands  the  Britifti  conftitution  ;  Who  has 
made  a  noble  and  memorable,  though  unavailing  ftruggle  to 
preferve  us  from  the  evils  and  dangers  of  tie  present  war;  who 
is  requited  for  the  calumny  of  his  enemies,  the  defcrtion  of  hit 
friends,  and  the  ingratitude  of  his  country,  by  the  approbation 
of  his  own  confcience,  and  by  a  well-grounded  expe£kation  of  the 
gratitude  and  reverence  of  pofterity.  We  never  can  refleA  ok 
the  event  of  this  great  man's  counfeh,  without  calling  to  mind 
that  beautiful  paflage  of  Cicero,  in  which  he  deplores  the  deatk 
*  of  his  iiluftrious  rival  Horienfius :  *<  Sifuii  iempus  uttum  cum 
gxtcrquere  arma  poffit  e  manihm  iratorum  civium  boni  <dvis  auc» 
toritas  el  orath  \  turn  pnfi^ofuit  cum  patrocinium  pacis  iktlu^ 
Jum  eft  out  errore  bominu  n  aui  timore  *•" 

*  Dt  Claris  Orator,  ap.  Cic,  Op.  Olivet,  vol.  i.  p.  379.  Gen^ 
»7«-  Art. 


-  (    4S*    ) 

Art.  XV. 


Clunntint,   a  Novel,      tzmo.      3  Vciu      loi.  6i> 
Boards.    Robinfons.     1 796. 


'  "1JII7HETHER  it  be,  (fays  Dr.  Tohnfon. )  that  wc  comprebend 
^y    butfcwof  thepoilibilijr     •    iic,  or  that  life  iffclfaffoidi 


jpoffibi! 
but  littlr  varirty,  every  man  who  has  tried  knows  how  much 
labour  it  wi;i  loIi  : :  I'jim  fuch  a  combinaiion  of  circumftances 
as  (hall  have  at  once  the  grace  of  novelty  and  credibilitj,  and 
delight  the  fancy,  without  violence  to  reafon/'  The  truth  of 
this  obfervation,  we  fufped,  has  been  fenfibly  felt  by  writers  oi 
novels,  and  even  fometimes  by  their  readers  ;  and  it  ought  to 
incline  the  latter  to  regard  with  indulgence  the  labours  of  the 
former,  who  take  fo  much  pains  to  contribute  to  their  amufe* 
ment.  The  work  before  us  does  not  abound  with  any  ftrik* 
ing  delineation  of  charadler,  artful  contexture  of  fable,  oor 
peculiar  illuftration  of  any  moral  or  religious  truth  ;  but  dK 
language  is  eafy,  fpirited,  and  flowing;  the  heroine  is  ftricUy 
virtuous  ;  {he  condudl  of  the  principal  perfons  in  the  hiftory  iS| 
on  the  whole,  unexceptionable ;  and  the  tale  is  tfarougbouc  ia« 
terefling.  To  fay  that  fome  of  the  converfations  are  infipidi 
and  fome  of  the  chara£):ers  unimportant,  would  be  co  cenAiie 
the  manners  of  the  age,  rather  than  the  novel :  for  every  wnier 
of  fictitious  hiflory  ought  to  copy,  as  nearly  as  he  can,  living 
charaders  ;  and  if  dialogue  in  t$mjb  company  be  frequently 
trifling  and  uninterefting,  and  if  coxcombs  and  coquettes  bt 
not  only  fuffered,  but  carefled  and  encouraged,  in  the  fa- 
ihionable  circles,  there  can  be  no  impropriety  in  introdudog 
them  into  novels. 

The  beft  drawn  character  in  this  book,  in  our  opinioo,  ii 
Mrs.  Herbert : — cold,  felfifli,  and  unprincipled,  but  artful  aod 
fedu<3ive ;  (he  is  neverthelefs,  as  is  common  with  womeo  of 
that  csii\j  a  dupe  to  her  vanity,  and  betrays  herfelf.  Somcr- 
fet  is  pofTcfled  of  every  great  and  noble  quality,  aod  is  well 
worthy  of  the  afTedlion  of  Clarentine.  Some  of  the  excemri- 
cities  and  follies  of  Sir  Edgar  might  have  been  fpared ;  aod 
many  readers  may  think  that  his  brother  Frederick  has  fome 
reafon  to  complain,  that  he  does  not  make  a  more  confpicuous 
figure  in  the  hiiiory.  Eltbam,  perhaps,  is  not  quite  fo  great  a 
favourite  with  us  as  with  the  author  :  we  fcarcely  think  him 
deferving  of  the  aiFedions  of  the  generous,  fprightly,  good-bu« 
moured,  and.unaffcdled  Sophia.  We  cannot  give  a  fairer  fpe- 
cimen  of  the  author's  (tyle  and  manner,  than  by  the  infertion  of 
the  following  letter  from  this  young  lady  to  Clarentine : 

*  Why,  what  an  unconfcionable,  mcrcilefs  little  monopolift  of  ha- 
hian  hearts,  you  are,  Clarentine  !  A  few  days  fince  arrived  at  Wei- 
wyn  parkj  with  as  love-lorn  and  almoft  as  woe-begone  a  face  as 

ercr 


Clarmtmi^  a  Novti^  453 

ever  n^  poor  brother  Edgar  had,  your  Jhcnd  ca/l-vf,  George  £1. 
thitm,  Bfq. — ^^The  man  really-  made  me  give  a  nervous  Jf art   (I  am  . 
'uny  nervous,  yoa  know)   the  inftant  I  beheld  hidi  ;  nor  for  a  long- 
while.  gaefs»  try>  puzzle  and  perplex  myfelf  as  1  would,  coold  £ 

foflxbly  make  out  what  was  the  matter  with  him.  "  Surely,  thought* 
,  that  folemn  phiz  mud  portend  fomething  direfa)  and  ftrange  I 
Whom  have  I  feen  that  ever  looked  at  all  like  him  ?  Why,  Edear* 
And  why  did  Edgar  look  like  him  ?  Becaufe  he  was  croffkd  in  love. 
£rgo,  fhis  man  mud  be  crofled  in  love  !  Now,  the  next  thing  is  to 
£nd  out  tvho  has  done  this  wicked  deed."  Accordingly,  I  fet  about 
this  arduous  undertaking  {Mpe&\ngyou  a  little,  all  the  tims)  ;  and 
4fter  four  failures,  four  days  ihuffling  and  evafion  on  Jbis  part,  and 
four  days  fruitlefs  examination  and  crofs-cxamination  on  mine,  at. 
length  drew,  or  mlhcr  dragged  from  him  his  horrifying  fecret. 

**  Vou  iball  hear,  for  your  edification  and  inflrudion  in  a  fimilar 
cafe,  how  I  finally  fuccceded. 

.  *f  I  went  yeflerday  morning  (I  (hould  certainly  not  have  gone  but 
f6r  the  above-mentioned  purpofe,  for  the  day  was  piercing  cold,)  to 
call  open  Lady  Julia,  who  is  now  at  her  father's.  Never  having- 
lived  in  the  great  world,  you  know,  I  am  as  regardlefs  of  all  cere- 
fisony  as  the  wild  inhabitant  of  an  Africandefert:  — O,  you  mayiruly 
call  me  an  unadulterated  Child  of  Nature  /  Well,  in  at  the  little  park 
gate,  to  which  fhe  gave  us  a  key  lail  year,  I  went  (marching  up  the 
iolemn  avenue  is  my  averlion),  and  from  thence  making  the  bed  of. 
my  way,  through  the  glafs  door  in  the  breakfaft-room,  entered  the 
houfe.  All  was  profoundly  (ilent  in  that  quarter  of  the  manfion ;  and 
£0,  after  taking  an  inventory  of  the  many  fupernumerary  moveables  X 
beheld — fuch  as  a  fierce  cocked-hat  of  Mr.  Eltham's  upon  one  chair;- 
a  muff  and  cloak  of  Lady  Julia's  upon  another  ;  anodious  fqualling 
parrot,  I  prefume,  of  her.Ladyfhip's  likewife ;  a  (lately  gold- headed 
cane  of  my  Lord's,  &c.  Sec— I  moved  on,  and  without  any  interrupt 
tion  fafely  reached  the  dreHing-room. 

''  I  entered  — and  lo  !  the  firfl  obje£l  I  beheld  was  Mr.  Elthara  ia 
perfon, 'alone  and  reading.    <'  Times  are  difmally  changed  :"  thought 
i — this  poor  man  never  ufed  to  fit  thus  quietly  dofing  over  a  book  !  V 
*'  I  curtfied  with  my  accudomcd  profundity — he  bowed  with  »/rac- 
cnftomed  gravity ;  lifter  which  we  both  fat  down.— 
"  A  very  cold  day.  Sir,"  faid  I-^ 
•'  Yes,  extremely  fo,"  anfwered  he, 
•*  Have  you  been  out  this  morning  ?'* 

*'  A  little  way  with  Lady  Julia,  but  (he  found  the  wind  high,  and., 
turned  back  in  lefs  than  ten  minutes." 

«*  Upon  this  I  (larted  up,  and  flying  to  the  glafs,  "  Ah,  true," 
cried  I,  "  the  wind  is  high,  and  ought  to  have  given  me  a  bright  co- 
lour :  and  fo  it  has,  I  proted  !  Look  at  me,  Mr.  Eltham,  \  really  am 
extremely  like  my  cou(in  Clarentine  to-day  :  don't  you  think  (o}" 

*  Mr.  Eltham  forced  a  fmile,  and  faid,  '*  why  (hould  you  not  be  as 
well  contented  to  look  like your/ii/'? 

^  *•  Beile  demande r'  cried  1,  *•  Why  becaufe,  you  know,  Claren- 
tioe  has  always  been  reckoned  the  beauty  of  the  family  ;  nay,  if  I 
am  not  midaken,  yon  thought  her  fo  as  well  as  ^y^ty  body  elfe. 

Pray,'» 


4S4>  Ct0r4nihiy  it  I/lmh 

Pray/'  added  I«  delijibted  to  oUtnre  be  ftemcd  to  fit  oiNirf  i>d 
Jidgetud  npoq  bis  chair — <«  pivy,  for  I  forget  what  foo  fiiid  ahw 
it,  have  you  fecn  her  rery  lately  ?" 

**  No,"  aofwered  he,  rifing  and  ftrolling  to  the  iwiidow  »kh  at 
mir  of  afe£ted  indifference  — *•  not  very  lately.** 

"  Uxnph  ! "-"thought  I—"  that*«  a/*,  1  hare  no  doobtP* 
,  *<  I  fatd  nothing  more,  however,  but  movior  to  the  pano  foctc^ 
ftood  turning  over  fome  of  the  mafic  that  lay  (cattered  upep  h,  uk 
iimb;)g  the  fed,  fpying  the  (Yale  old  A>og^ 

**  Why  fo  pale  and  wan,  fond  lover?** 
fat  down  to  the  inllrument,  and  with  all  the  cxpreflion  I  ooold  givek, 
began  playing  and  finging  it,  I  may  almod  fay  at  bim,  rather  that 
/#  him. 

**  Very  indecorous,  Clarf  ntinc,  was  it  not  \ 

«<  The  poor  man  could  not  Hand  this — but  approaching  me  wiik 
a  look  fomewhat  angry  and  tremendous—*'  Mifs  Sophia/*  cried  he— 
(he  feems  to  hate  the  name  of  Delmington,  and  never  utters  it  wkea 
be  can  avoid  it),  '*  thefe  fignificant  looks,  your  choice  of  this  te|, 
the  flrange  and  repeated  queilions  you  have  aflted  me— -what  dotkqr 
all  mean  ?   What  is  it  you  wiih  me  to  nnderftand  by  them  ?** 

**  «I  thought  it  beft  to  be  honeft  with  him  at  once,  and  tberefortai* 
fwered  very  calmly—**  Only  that  I  am  exremely  corious,  Mr.  Eh 
tharo,  and  have  an  earned  defire  to  know,  when  the  ca(e  becomei  wff 
own,  how  it  will  be  mod  proper  and  well-bred  to  dtfcard  ao  TOfocccf> 
fill  lover:  I  am  fure^^i^  can  give  me  this  information,  for  3roiir whole 
afpe^t  tells  that  you  ha^e  been  difcarded,  and  by  one.  I  fafped*  vho 
would  do  it  in  the  civiled  way  in  the  world — Mifa  ClareotiDe  Dd* 
mington.'* 

**  Civil!''  repeated  he,  turning  from  me  and  walking  about  At 
room  in  great  agitation,  **  Civil! — No;  die  was  imperiotts,  iah^ 
manl'* 

"  So  far,  fo  good,"  again  thought  I — "  my  conjedurea  wtit 
right,  1  find ! 

•<  Then  ftduming  an  air  of  mingled  furprife  and  concern*  *'  CU* 
f§ntine  deferve  fuch  an  imputation  ?*'  cried  I — **  ImpolGble  !  She  is 
gentlenefs  and  goodnefs  itfelf,  and  I  am  perfuaded,  Mr.  filtham,  to 
yfm  could  never  oehave  with  impropriety.** 

«<  Is  this  adonidiment  real  or  aifeaed  ?'*  dried  be,  fitting  doira 
near  the  indrument,  and  looking  didrudfully  at  me—**  Has  (he  not 
written  to  you  ?  Has  die  not  exulted  in  her  fcorn,  her  haoghtine6» 
her  inflexibility?** 

**  You  amaze  me!"  cried  I,  what  diould  lead  yoo  to  entertm 
fach  an  opinion  ?  She  has  written  to  me,  it  is  true,  and  to  my  mo- 
ther alfo ;  but  not  one  word  it  there  in  my  letter,  at  lead,  that  in  ihe 
mod  didant  degree  relates  to  you.*' 

**  This  feemed  to  wound  his  pride  more  than  all  the  refL  Ant 
he  arofe,  and  renewing  his  qttarur^dtck  walk,  fatd  in  a  harried,  iaioig- 
nant  manner,  **  I  believe,  indeed,  I  need  have  been  onder  no  ame- 
henfion  that  die  would  take  the  trouble  to  record  her  crudty !  die 
murderi  unconfcioufly — and  when  die  has  dabbed  the  deeped,  toras 
from  her  vidim  with  the  cool  unconcern**-* 

m  Of 


^  Of  m  i«f<^fr|'*-*ioternipted  I  — <'wa6  not  that   what   yon 

**  Angry  as  he  wta,  hefcemcd  half  tempted  to  faille  :  bat  repreffiag 
the  anfeemly  propen(ity>  and  moving  towards  the  door — *<  I  will  leave 
yea.  Madam;*' cried  he,  **  r-iillery  npon  thb  fobjed  is  more  than  lean 
bearV  and  was  then  adtually  going:  but  calling  him  back,  and  apo- 
logizing very  (eriouHy  for  my  unfeafonable  flippancy,  I  at  lengtk 
foftened  him.  and  he  ended  (by  no  means  fcrry»  I  believe,  to  have 
an  aaditor  (o  willing  to  liften  to  him)  by  recoanting  to  me  hit  «i4ole 
difallrous  ftory. 

**  I  wiih,  dear  Clarentine,  you  could  have  Teen  with  what  a  half* 
pitying*  half- laughing  countenance  I  heard  him.  It  was  impoffible 
to  attend  to  his  impafTioned,  and  fometimes  almoft  frantic  exclamations 
and  complaints,  without  being  ready  to  expire  :  I  contrived*  how- 
ever, to  conceal  my  rifibility,  upon  the  whole,  pretty  well;  but  I 
fincerely  hope  I  (hall  never  (it  in  fuch  mifery  again. 

*^  I  believe  we  were  together  almoll  half  an  hour  after  he  had  di(^ 
hardened  hit  sW-frmu^i^i  hearty  before  Lady  Julia  came  to  us.  Never 
was  relief  more  welcome  !  for  though  his  hillory  was  concluded,  hit 
ravings  ftill  continued ,  and  the- whole  exprelTion  of  his  countenance 
often  aliimed  fuch  a  fierce  and  /avagt  call,  that  feriouily  fpeaking,  I 
was  more  than  once  ^o  heartil>  frightened,  I  would  have  given  the 
world  to  have  been  out  of  the  room  ! 

**  Lady  Julia,  who  had  bfen  fitting  with  her  father  in  the  library^ 
aed  did  not  know  I  was  in  the  houi'e  till  (he  faw  me,  prefled  me  ex« 
cremety  to  (lay  dinner,  but  that,  not  having  had  leave  given  me,  I  de- 
cfined.  After  fitting  with  her  therefore  as  long  as  I  dared,  I  went 
home  efcorteJ  by  Mr.  Elthani,  who  fpent  the  remainder  of  the  dajr 
wkh  us. 

««  We  parted  at  night  exceeding  good  friends;  but  if  heconcltides 
the  hornble  fright  he  put  me  int  >  is  to  pafs  unrevenged,  he  is  wonder* 
folly  miilalcen  !  It  was  impoifible  to  do  any  thing  yefterday  but  ap- 
pear to  pity  him  ;  the  next  tirre  he  come?,  however,  he  will  find  me 
a  little  lefs  compafllonate  !  Arc  people  to  be  put  in  fear  of  their  livet 
by  every  impatient,  mortified  lover,  who  wears  willow  inftead  of 
myrtle ! 

•*  I  wanted  extr'-mely  to  make  him  talk  to  me,  as  we  were  walk* 
ing  home,  of  Mr.  Somcrfct,  but  could  not  manage  it  at  all.  Why 
this  Aiynef?  ?  Does  he  apprehend  in  him  a  rival  i  Clear  up  this  point 
to  me,  dear  girl,  I  enrrcat ;  and  write  to  me  a  detailed  account  of 
every  wife  man  or  e* cry  fool  ynu  fee,  every  place  you  go  to,  every 
crea'ure  you  vi(it,  every  pleafure  or  difappointment  you  meet 
with  !' 

Mrs.  Harrington  ferms  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  au- 
thor, in  order  to  fet  forth  the  folly  of  an  implicit  fubmiffioa 
to  tyrannical  and  wrongheaded  relations,  from  the  hope  of  in- 
heriting (heir  fortunes  :  hut  we  own  that  we  are  concerned  to 
fee  that  (he  fucceeds  in  all  her  plans  ;  and,  although  flie  is  fuf* 
ficien^y  malignant  in  her  nature,  ihe  is  not  mifchievous  eoough 
to  be  completely  dcteftable. 

II  We 


456       Monthly  Catalogue,  Natural  Pbltefophf. 

Wc  need  not  enter  into  farther  particulars  relative  to  thil 
work,  though  we  would  diftinguKh  it  from  the  common  herd 
of  novels  ;  for  it  difplays  much  adroitneft  of  compofttion,  vi« 
Yacity  of  dialogue,  and  morality  of  fentiment.  We  obferve 
in  it  that  fort  of  refemblance  to  the  novels  of  Miff  Burney, 
(now  Mrs.  D'Arblay,)  which  in  the  features  of  the  human 
countenance  we  (hould  term  a  family  likenefs. 

MONTHLY     CATALOGUE, 

For    DECEMBER,    1796. 

'      NATURAL     PHILOSOPHY. 

Art.  16.  De/cription  of  an  imfr<yved  Air-Fump^  and  an  Account  of 
ibme  Experiments  made  with  it,  by  which  its  Superiority  above  all 
other  Air.Pamps  is  demonll rated.  With  Plates.  By  John  Csth* 
bertfon^  Mathematical  I adruxnent  Maker.  8vo.  is.  6d.  JoIib- 
fon. 


VjR.  Cuthherifon,  an  ingenious  Englifh  artifl*,  was  (ettled 

years  at  Amilerdam,  but  is  now>  we  believe,  eftabliflied  in  J 
don ;  where,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  his  talents  will  meet  with  due  encoa* 
fagement. 

The  mod  capital  improvement  in  the  confiru£tton  oFair-pumpswu 
firH  introduced  by  the  late  exceltenf  mechanic,  Mr.  Sroeacon,  about  die 
year  1752.  Since  that  time  various  ufeful  improvements  have  been  at- 
tempted by  Mr.Nairnc,  and  by  Mcflfrs.  Haas  and  Hurter,  two  Germai 
artiflswho  refide  in  London.  Stilt,  however,  the  performance  of  the 
modern  air-pump  generally  fell  ftiort  of  expedation,  and  feldom  ao- 
fwered  tlie  views  oi  thofe  who  profecutcd  the  nicer  and  more  fobcik 
inquiries  of  experimental  phyiics.  The  unwearied  applicacioo  of 
yix,  Cuthbertfon,  afiilled  by  the  advice  cf  the  Dutch  philcfopher,  M. 
Pacts  van  Troollwyk,  has  at  lad  removed  the  principal  imperfed^iocMt 
and  has  given  a  new  form  to  that  valuable  machine,  which,  in  the 
hands  of  expert  and  fcientific  operators,  promifcs  a  harvell  of  important 
difcoveries. 

Without  engravings,  it  would  be  impoflible  to  give  any  diftiBA 
conception  of  the  feveral  contrivances  fo  happily  combined  by  Mr. 
Cuthbertfon.  Our  curious  readers  will  have  rccourfe  to  the  pamphlet 
itfelf .  Suffice  it  to  fay  that  the  (kill  of  the  artiil  is  chiefly  diredcd  to 
procure  the  means  of  opening  and  fliutting  the  valves,  or  rather  whit 
txt  i'ubflitutcd  in  their  place,  without  employing  the  enfeebled  fprisg 
of  the  rarefied  air.  A  conical  piece  of  brafs,  terminating  the  pifton- 
rod,  is  fitted  into  another  correfponding  piece  to  form  the  pifton,  bat 
admits  a  fmalt  degree  of  play  ;  and  thus  the  motion  of  the  pilhm  alone 
performs  ail  the  funflions  of  a  valve.     That  rod  is  hollow,  atidcoa- 

*  Lor  his  former  publications,  refpefling  hisnew-tovented  Electri- 
cal Machines,  confult  the  Coniinuaiivn  of  our  General  Index,  {j^dL 
pubHfhcJ,)  p.  206. 

uios 


MokTkitir  (?ATALo6uB,  MiUiary  Law:  igf 

tiuns  ft  wire ;  which,  as  the  pi(bn  dcfcends*  (hat9  the  aperture  com- 
Ihonicacing  with  the  receiver.  The  pi^oa-tod,  befides,  paflet 
tbroiigh  ka  oil  veflcl,  which  keeps  the  working  air-tight. 

the  power  of  Mr.  Cuthbertfon*s  air-pump  imift  be  very  conlider- 
Hble  indeed,  iince  it  is  capable  of  rarefying  the.  air  twelve  or  even 
twenty-four  hundred  times.  The  beft  air-pumps  of  the  ordinary  con- 
ftradion  hardly  produce  an  ochauftion  of  fix  hundred  times.  Wheir 
the  rarefa£lion  of  the  air  was  pulhed  to  its  utmoll  limit,  then  about 
fourteen  hundred  times,  the  eleftrfcal  phaenomena  became  fcarcely 
vifible.— This  machine  poffefles  over  the  common  pumps  feveral  other 
inferior  advantages  ;  it  is  not  fubjedt  to  be  leaky,  it  is  eafily  worked, 
and  there  is  no  rifk  of  fpilling  the  oil. 

Solicitous  as  we  are  to  encourage  the  exertions  of  a  deferving  artifl:, 
to  whom  fcience  is  much  indebted,  we  fhall  here  fet  down  the  prices 
that  Mr.  Cuthbertfon  has  fixed  on  his  different  forts  of  air-pumps. 
The  befl  fort  of  double  barrelled  pumps,  -     jC*  3^    ^    o 
Ditto,  fingle  barrelled,         •  -  -         17  lo    o 

Common  fort  double  barrelled,  with  a  wainfcot  frame,  one  inch 
fliorter,  and  of  inferior  workmanfliip,  but  equal  to  the  former  in  ex- 
hanfting  power,  -        -        -        £•  2^ 

Ditto,  fingle  barrelled,         -  -        14 

MILITARY     LAW. 

Art.  17.  7%i  Ca/e  0/ Captain  Downing.  With  the  Proceedings  of 
a  General  Court  Martial,  and  Copies  of  Letters  to  and  from  the 
Duke  of  Richmond,  Sir  Charles  Morgan,  Jadge  Advocate  Ge* 
neral,  &c.  &c.  By  Captain  John  Downing,  in  the  Royal  Regi- 
nent  of  Artillery,     lamo.     is.     1796. 

Whatever  be  the  merits  of  this  cafe,  ours  is  certainly  not  the  court 
foritsdifcaffion.  We  pretend  not  to  arraign  the  proceedings  of  courts 
martial :  but  we  have  always  deemed  it  happy  for  thofe  who  are 
fubjed  to  them,  that  in  cafe  of  apprehended  hard  meafurt^  the  fuf* 
ferers  may  conflitutionally  appeal  to  the  juftice  and  clemency  of  the 
Sovereign.  In  the  prefent  cafe,  however,  the  complainant  feems 
to  have  been  fingularly  unfortunate.  From  a  private  letter  to  U8» 
which  accompanied  a  prefent  of  his  pamphlet,  it  appears  that  he  has 
been  difappointed  in  his  hope  of  appealing  to  his  Majefty,  as  the  pre* 
ftnt  Mailer  General  of  the  Ordnance  will  not  interfere  becaufe  not 
in  office  at  the  time  ;  the  late  Matter  General  refufes  becaufe  not  nonxj 
in  office ;  and  the  Judge  Advocate  is  not  difpofcd  to  aid  him  on 
this  occafion.  He  mentions  the  opinion  of  Counfel,  which  he  has 
had,— *  that  the  evidence  •  againft  him  ought  not  to  have  convidled; 
that  it  could  not  have  been  received  in  a  civil  court,  to  the  extent  that 
it  was  in  the  military ;  and  that  courts  m?.rtial  are  bound  as  in  civil 
courts,  by  the  laws  of  evidence  :*— We  think  it  a  pity  that  Capt.D. 
did  not  print  the  opinions  of  Mefirs.  Erflcinc  and  Barrow  "jcrbatim, 
and  at  length,  in  their  own  words,  for  the  more  entire  fatisfadion  of 

•  The  cafe  was  of  a  private  nature  ;  a  difference  in  fettling  accounts 
between  Captain  D.  and  his  paymaftcr  ferjeant;  who  [the  ferjeant] 
was,  in  his  o-ivn  cau/e,  the  pnly  evidence  againil  the  defendant. 

i,rv.  Dec,  1796.  li  '  his 


452^         MoirTHtT  Catalogue,  EdfioHUw^  t^ti 

his  attentive  readers.— Od  the  whole,  we  cannot  hot  greatlf  amai* 
ferate  the  cafe  of  an  officer  who  has  fo  uofortonately  '  UA,*  as  he 
exprefTcs  it,  •  the  dear  earned  prize  of  thirty*re?en  years*  fenrkc  i* 
and  who  has,  morepver,  a  family  to  fupport. 

EDUCATION,       SCHOOL    BOOKS. 

Art.  1 8.     IttJiru^ioH  to  the  CbiUren  of  SunJay  Schools  and  other  eh» 
ritabU  Seminaries  of  Learning  ;  defigned  for  the  Promodon  of  thrlr 
Welfare  in  this  Life,  and  of  their  Happinefs  in  that  which  b  to 
come.     By  Abraham  Crocker.     i2mo.     ^d.     Wills.      1796. 
This  little  work  appears  to  be  well  calculated  for  the  benerolec: 

purpofes  of  its  author.     The  inilrudioh  is  (imple  and  eafy  to  be 

underAood,  chiefly  turning  on  moral  duties,  and  perfectly  oneahar* 

raffed  with  matter  of  controverfy. 

Art.  19.     Rambles  farther :    A  Continuation  of  the  Rural  Walkt: 
In  Dialogues  intended  for  the  Ufe  of  yoong  Perfons.     By  Char- 
lotte  Smith.  lamo.  2V0IS.  5s.  Boards.  Cadelljon.  and  Davies.  1796. 
After  the  account  which  we  gave  in  the  Rev.  for  luly  1705*  of 
tills  lady's  former  publication,  "  Rural  Walks,"  it  will  not  he  se- 
ccilary  to  add  many  remarks  on  this  continuation.     It  is  givfntoai 
in  a  varied  form,  and  under  fome  change  of  circamftance.     Tbe«vts 
properly  denominated  nualks,  as  it  confines  the  mother  with  her  pleafinf 
young  party  chiefly  to  domedic  employments,  enlivened  occafiooaDjr  bf 
wanderings  in  the  morning  or  evening  to  a  fmall  diflaince:  but  thepideit 
volumes  are  more  fuitably  infcribed  rambUst  as  they  confiftof  eicarfioes 
Af  greater  length  both  refpedting  time  and  diftance  ;  they  alfb  idate 
Occurrences  of  a  diflin£l  nature.     The  fame  views,  however^  of  pre 
moting  mental  improvemcrfts,  and  forming  pleafing  manners,  arefKD 
preferved  ;  together  with  a  iimi'ar  endeavour  to  convey  ufeful  iaibvc- 
cion  in  a  manner  which  might  more  forcibly  iroprefs,   while  it  ester* 
tains  th(;  juvenile  difciple.     Befides  the  fcenes  which  travelliag  asd 
change  of  pUces  prefent,  the  dialogues  are  interfperfed  with  linle 
narratives  of  a  moral  tendency,  and  well  adapted  to  reach  the  heart. 
Larger  works  of  the  novel-kind  prove,  no  doubt>  more  deeply  ioie- 
reding,  and  for  that  very  reafon  may  fometimcs  be  objediooable ;  aid 
there  is  always  a  danger,  however  good  the  execution  may  be,  of  di- 
verting the  attention  from  the  more  common  tenor  of  life  to  the  ex- 
Deflation  and  purfuit  of  what  is  extraordinary:  this  is  one  ill  effeA; 
and  in  this  view,  the  dialogues  before  us  have  an  advantage.     Tary 
ire  twelve  in  number.     Their  blemi(hc$  are  neither  many  nor  re* 
nurkablcj  but  their  beneficial  tendency  is  apparent. 

NOVELS. 

Art.  20.     The  Sorcerer ;  a  Talc,  from  the  German  of  Veit  Weber. 

8vo«     2s.  6d.    Johnfon.     1795. 

Art.  21.  The  Black  Falley ;  a  Tale,  from  the  German  of  Veit  Weber, 
Author  of  the  Sorcerer.  8vo.  zs.  6d.  Johnfon.  1796. 
Veit  Weber  is  a  fiditious  name  sffumed  by  a  well-known  novehU 
©f  liamburg,  who,  under  the  title  of  Sagen  der  Forsuit^  (Talcs  of  for- 
mer Times)  has  already  publifhed  four  or  five  volumes  of  ihortro- 
mances«  and  is  dill  adding  to  the  collcC'Uoa*    The  terri£c  is  princi- 

palli  ^ 


MoNTHtY  Catalogus,  Novils.  459 

pally  attempted  in  all  thefe  narratives,  and  the  fcene  of  event  is 
moftly  laid  in  the  age  of  feudal  anarchy.     Doflrinea  of  the  modera 
philofophy  have  tindared  the  author's  mind ;  and  he  feldom  miiTes 
an  opportunity  of  attacking  the  fuperftitions  of  popery,  and  the  ty- 
ranny of  hereditary  infliiutions.    The  (lyle  is  of  that  kind  which  the 
French  term   the   convulfionary.      It  is  all  effort,  all  hyperbole :  it 
breaks  a  butterfly  on  the  wheel :  it  fends  for  the  deeds  of  Juno  to  take 
a  morning  tide :    tyi^x"^  fentence  difpatches  the  imagination  to  the 
very  boundaries  of  the  univerfe.     This  fatigues ;  yet  the  author  has 
great  force  of  fancy,  much  originality  in  the  invention  of  his  fable, 
and  Headily  attends  to  that  unity  of  end  and  that  climax  of  intereft 
yirhich  are  fo  perpetually  negleded  in  £ngli(h  works  of  art. 
A  fpecimen  from  the  fecond  tale  will  be  fufficient : 
*  He  left  three  daughters,  the  two  elder  of  whom,  by  a  former 
wife,  were  fomewhat  in  the  wane  ;  but  the  younger,  by  hb  lail  con- 
Yort,  bad  been  born  to  him  in  his  old  age,  and  was  flill  in  her  iitti, 
quarter.     The  avarice  of  their  father  kept  fqitors  at  a  dillance ;  and 
neither  of  them  was  yet  a  wife,  though  Gertrude,  the  cldeft,  had 
reacjicd  her  fortieth  year.     She  was  the  very  t^g^  of  her  parent  in 
•a  female  drefs ;  but  like  as  were  their  perfons,  her  mind  was  ftill 
snore  the  exa£t  counterpart  of  his.     Her  face  was  long  and  narrow  ; 
4ief  eyes  from  excefs  of  fufpicion  were  ever  half  out  of  their  cafements^ 
ber  nofe  was  (harp  and  prominent  as  a  church  fpout,  and  her  chin 
p<nnted  and  projeding  as  the  beak  of  a  galley.    Her  cheekbones 
patted  beyond  her  fhrunken   cheeks  like  promontories;    and  jud 
above  thefe,  her  lurid  t^t%  glimmered  dimly  like  di(bnt  beacons. 
Extreme  pariimony  bad  pared  her  whole  form  to  the  thinnefs  of  a 
ireed,  and  her  bones  rattled,  when  (he  moved,  like  a  pair  of  caftag- 
neu,  or  a  fet  of  lace  bobbins.     Although  her  father  knew,  that  an 
anple  dowry  alone  could  fupply  hei"  de(iciency  in  perfonal  endow- 
flaents,  and  procure  her  a  partner  of  her  joys  and  forrows,  be  would 
as  (bon  have  given  the  lad  ruddy  drop  that  warmed  his  heart,  as  a 
piece  of  his  precious  metal  to  provide  her  a  confort.     Avarice  watch« 
«d  like  a  Cerberus  over  his  coffers,  and  permitting  entrance  to  every 
fum,  great  or  fmall,  denied  regrefs  even  to  an  obolus.     Fortunate 
was  it  for  her,  that  to  all  that  can  render  man  alluring  fhe  was  an  ab* 
-folute  dranger ;    for  the  va(rals  of  the  baron,  hard-worked  and  ill* 
fed,  lean,  dry  and  £a)low,  were  antidotes  to  defire,  and  fcarecrows 
to  every  tender  feeling.      No  feads,  no  tournaments  collefled  the 
neighbouring  k.iights  at  Sunau,  and  afforded  the  haplefs  virgins  a 
chance  of  a  wcer  ;  nor  were  rich  merchants  ever  tempted  to  refort  to 
a  place,  which,  from  penury  in  the  lord,  and  poverty  in  the  fervants, 
<>dercd  no  fale  for  their  commodities.     *Twas  not,  that  yonng  defires 
did  not  germinate  in  the  heart  of  Gertrude ;   but  not  io^trt^  and 
cherilhed  from  without,  they  languifhed,  and  died  like  rofcbu(is  tranf- 
planted  into  a  frigid  atmofphere.     Defpairiog  at  length  of  a  huf- 
band,  the  haj^efs  virgin  made  a  merit  of  nece(fity,  and  refolved  ta 
devote  that  to  Heaven,  which  die  was  redrained  from  bedowing  elfe- 
where  ;  to  renounce  the  ufufrud  of  her  charms  in  this  world^  that 
flie  might  be  repaid  with  large  intered  by  the  embraces  of  angels  ia 
the  next  I  and  die  hoped,  thit  though  no  trophies  (hoold  be  erefted 

I  i  «  IP 


46o  MoKTHLY  CArALOO0I,  Novik. 

to  her  fame  in  the  pantheon  of  love,  (he  (hould  gain  a  'nich  in  tfit 
teifiple  of  religion.  This  determination,  joined  to  correfpondecce  of 
tharadler,  made  her  the  favourite  and  confident  of  her  parent,  with 
whom  fhe  contemplated  for  hours  the  beloved  goId»  which  the  father 
did  not  idolize  more  than  did  the  daughter  (for  whenever  the  heart  i» 
left  vacant  of  its  proper  tenants,  vermin  and  noxious  weeds  will  \Ml 
it).  They  ogled  and  fondled  their  darling  money,  counted  it  mora 
and  eve,  prayed  to  Heaven  for  its  mcreafe,  and  mocked  all  the  joys 
of  exiftence ;  the  father,  becaufe  age  and  difufe  had  left  him  no  feafe 
of  their  favoor,  the  daughter,  becaufe  (he  dcfpaired  of  ever  ufiiag 
them.  The  favourite  of  her  father,  fhe  was  the  check  and  fcoorge  of 
her  fillers,  whom  (he  retrained  from  every  (lemier  amafement  and 
pleafure,  left  within  their  reach  by  the  paternal  penury,  and  laboored 
inceiTaddy  to  wean  their  fancies  from  the  fading  delights  of  love,  and 
to  infpire  them  with  a  paflion  for  the  incorruptible  joys  of  a  fpiritoal 
life,  for  the  fainted  ecflafies  of  midnight  vigils,  and  the  deliooos 
pangs  of  conventual  penance/ 

The  tranflations  are  executed  with  diflbguifhed  propriety. 

Art.  22.    Joan! I!    By  Matilda  Fitz- John.     lamo.     4  Vols.    141. 
fe.ved.     Hookham.     1796. 
The  myflical  meaning  of  the  triple  mark  of  interje£kion»  annexed  ta 
the  name  in  the  title  of  this  novel,  we  cannot  decypher.     We  fiod 
nothing  \tTy  ijjonderful  either  in  the  charafter  or  the  ftory  of  tkis 
Joan.     She  bears  no  refemblance  either  to  Pope  Joan,  or  to  Joan  of 
Arc.     She  is  a  damfel  of  ordinary  talents  and  virtues,  and  of  M 
uncommon  fortune.     She  wants  fortitude  fufficient   to    fupport  the 
temporary  mortifications  and  vexations  of  a  (ituation   beneath  her 
birth,  and  throws  herfelf  away  on  a  profligate,  who  abandons  ker  % 
and  afterward  is  conveniently  •*  killed  off.^* -^Xn  the  mean  lime,  her 
firft  lover,  a  man  of  rank,  married  to  an  old  lady  of  large  fortoof, 
kindly  takes  her  under  his  protection,  and,  when  the  antient  dame 
has  decently  retired  to  her  grave,  makes  the  young  widow  his  nife. 
In  all  this  there  is  nothing  very  furprifing,  nor  any  thing  very  amuf- 
ing,  nor  edifying.     The  latter  pare  of  the  novel  is,  however,  more  in- 
terefting.     Jt  relates  the  adventures  of  loan's  daughter  Elizabeth,  at 
innocent  and  lovely  girl,  who,  in  the  niidil  of  fnares,  lias  the  happioris 
of  meeting  with  a  good  genius,  who  conftantly  apprifes  her  of  the  plcti 
laid  for  her  rain,  afiills  her  efcapes  and,  at  Jaft,  difcovering  himfclf, 
makes  her  his  bride.   A  great  number  of  infamous  charadlers  are  intro- 
duced, but  their  villanoiis  projects  ultimately  revert  on  themselves. 
The  low  chara£iers  are  more  marked  by  vulgarity  of  language,  thao 
by  peculiaricy  of  humour.      The  Ayle  is  throughout  eafy,  but  feldcia 
elegant.     Learned  allufions  arc  not  often  introduced,  but  in  one  in- 
ilance  mod  unfortunately:  — Who  ever  heard  of  the  fury  of  a  Naiad  .^ 
On  the  whole,  this  performaj»ce  has  too  many  faults  to  rark  highly 
among  novels  :  yet,  to  readers  not  failidioulTy  nice  in  this  kind  of  ea- 
tertainment,  it  may  be  amuiing. 

Art.  23.  Thg  Sorrc-ws  of  Edith :  or  the  Hermitage  of  the  Cliffs ;  a 
defcriptive  Talc,  founded  on  Fads.  Hy  Mrs.  £urke.  iimo. 
2  Vols.     6s.  fewcd.     Crofby.     1796. 

This 


MowTHtY  Catalogue,  Lmf.  461 

This  novel  is  charafierifed  in  the  title  by  an  improper  epithet.  It 
lliould  not  have  been  cailed  a  Je/criptive,  but  a  pathetic  tale.  The 
writer  deals  litdo  in  defcriptions  either  of  fcenes  of  nature*  human 
chara^ers,  or  romantic  pidlares :  but  fhe  relates  a  talej  which*  with- 
ont  fplendid  fcenery,  philolbphical  fentiments*  or  even  an  highly  em- 
beiliQied  flyle,  will  iatered  the  heart  of  the  reader. 

LAW. 

ArU  24.  Reports  of  Cafes  argued,  l3c.  in  the  Court  of  King* s  Bench , 
from  Michaelmas  Term  35th  to  Trinity  Term  ^6th  George  3, 
both  inclufive.  With  Tables  of  the  Names  of  Ca/es  and  principal 
Matters.  By  Charles  Durnford  and  Edward  Hyde  £aft*  Efqrs. 
Vol.  VI.  Folio,  pp.  840.  2i.  4s.  fioards.  Butterworth.  1796. 
We  have  only  to  announce  to  our  readers  that,  by  the  publication 
of  the  lad  number,  the  fixth  volume  of  this  valuable  work  is  com- 
pleted, \ 

Art.  25.  The  New  Infiru^Ior  Ciericalis,  dating  the  Authority*  Jurif- 
didion*  and  modern  Pradice  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench.  By 
John  Impey,  Inner  Temple.  The  Sixth  Edition  corrcdcd.  With 
many  material  Alterations,  and  confiderable  Additions*  including 
ail  the  Cafes  in  Practice  to  the  End  of  lail  Term.  8vo.  pp.  860. 
I  OS.  6d.  Boards.     Butterworth. 

Mr.  Impey's  preface  informs  his  readers  that  '  many  material  al- 
terations and  confiderable  additions  will  be  found  in  the  prefent  edi- 
tion ;  that  the  new  rules  of  court  are  inferted  ;  and  alfo  that  the  ad- 
judications are  continued  down  to  the  end  of -Trinity  term  1796.' 
We  have  examined  the  voluqae  with  fome  attention,  and  think  that 
the  author  defer ves  praife  for  the  pains  which  he  has  taken,  from 
time  to  time*  in  improving  an  ofeful  book  of  pradice. 

Art.  26.     The  PraSice  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  9  originally  published 
by  Jofeph  Harrifon  of  Lincoln's  Inn*  Efq.  and  enlarged  by  John 
Griffith  Williams,  Efq.  Barrilkr  at  Law.     The  Sth  Edition*  with 
confiderable  Additions*  including  the  Proceedings  before  the  Ma- 
iler on  Sales  of  EUates*  Maintenance  for  Infants*  the  Appoint- 
ment of  a  Receiver*  &c.  and  feveral  new  Precedents.     By  Wilmot 
Parker*  Solicitor.     8vo.     2  Vols.     16s.     Butterworth.     1796. 
This  work  was  originally  publiftied  in  17419  and  dnce  that  time 
has  gone  through  feveral  editions  ;   the  feventh  edition*  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liams* which  is  mentioned  in  the  title-page*  we  noticed  in  our  8th 
vol.  N.  S.  p.  221.     Ic  is  an  ufeful  practical  treatife*  and  the  prefent 
editor  has  improved  it  by  the  addition  of  much  valuable  matter.    We 
could  have  wi(hed  that  the  Index  annexed  to  each  of  the  volumes  had 
been  included  in  one. 

Art.  27.     A  Syllabus  of  a  Courfe  of  Le^ures  intended  tc  he  deli'vered, 
in  Purfuance  of  an  Order  of  the  Honourable  Society  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  in 
their  Hall.      By   Michael   Nolan*   Efq.  of  Lincoln's  Inn.     8vo. 
pp.  94.     2s.  6d.     Butterworth.      1796. 
Mr.  Nolan  obferves  in  his  preface  that  he  has  availed  himfelf  of 

the  labours  of  Sir  Matthew  Hale,    and   Sir  William  Blackflone; 

jind  that*  in  his  arrangements,  be  has  ventured  to  differ  from  them 

I  i  3  only 


462  Monthly  Catalogue,  Law* 

only  in  thofe  particulars^  in^which  he  conceived  their  perfbrnaAcef 
inadequate  to  the  purpofe  of  explaining  the  civil  part  o?  oar  munici- 
pal inilicutions,  as  they  now  exift.  He  proceeds  to  remark  that  the 
method  purfued  by  Sir  William,  in  his  Commentaries,  is  nearly  the 
fame  in  its  great  outlines  with  that  of  his  predeceiTor,  thotigh  he  hit 
in  many  places  improved  on  his  plan  : — but  that  his  chapters  on  J^ 
latinje  Rights^  Per/onal  Property ,  and  the  Remedies  in  Equity,  are  not 
foextenike  as  thofe  fubjedks  require. — In  thefe  particulars  Mr.  Nolan 
propofes  an  improvement,  and  thinks  it  right  to  apprife  the  readtrof 
one  p>art  of  the  plan  of  his  Leflures,  as  he  cannot  colled  it  from  a 
perufal  of  the  Syllabas^namely,  the  attempt  to  facilitate  the  koow- 
lege  of  the  Practice  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Law. — The  follotiing 
ire  his  remarks  on  this  fubjed : 

'  '  At  prefent,  the  fludent  who  has  not  been  in  an  attorney's  office 
fees  nothing  of  the  proceedings  in  an  aAion>  except  draughts  of  the 
pleadings  ;  and  he  finds  itdifhcuh  to  comprehend  what  is  thus  carried 
on  in  a  manner  invifible  to  him.  Evtry  one  mull  be  aware  ho« 
much  the  memory  is  afHded  in  the  recolIeAion  of  technical  difttac- 
tions,  by  the  exhibition  of  the  very  procefs  ou^of  which  thefe  diftinc- 
tions  arife.  For  this  purpofe,  it  is  the  intention  of  the  author,  wbeo 
treating  of  the  general  tenor  in  which  remedies  at  common  law  are 
purfued,  to  produce  fac  fimilcs  of  all  the  ufual  proceedings  in  a  per- 
fonal  aflion.  By  this  means  the  gentlemen  who  attend  iiis  ledurrs 
may  view  the  whole  progrefs  of  a  fuit  as  it  is  ad^uaily  carried  thrnogh 
the  hands  of  the  refpeflive  attornies,  and  through  the  frvcral  offices 
from  the  commencement  to  the  conclu(ion.' 

Such  is  Mr.  Nolan's  plan,  and  we  Hncerely  wifli  him  fuccefs  in  aa 
ufeful  and  arduous  undertaking.  In  an  inn  of  court  fet  apart  for  the 
ftudy  of  the  law,  it  is  not  only  extremely  proper  that  lectures  fhoold 
be  publicly  delivered  on  the  fubjedlof  our  municipal  inlHtuticns,  but 
it  is  matter  of  regret  and  furprife  that  fuch  a  meafure  flioulJ  now,/rr 
the  Jirjl  time,  be  adopted  and  encouraged  by  the  Society  of  Lincoir.*i 
Inn.  We  have  only  to  exprefs  our  hopes  that  thofir  difecuhics,  cf 
which  Sir  Henry  Spelman  in  the  preface  10  bis  Glofliry  has  given 
fp  juil  a  pi^ure^  will,  as  far  as  tbey  now  exiil,  be  done  away  by  ibe 
labours  of  Mr.  Nolan. 

Art,  28.  The  Nenv  Pocket  Conveyancer ^  or  Attorney's  complete 
Pocket-Book;  comprifmg  a  fiiort  Sel'd^ion,  and  great  Variety  of 
the  mod  valuable  and  approved  Precedents  in  Conveyancing.  In 
which  the  modern  Forms  introduced  by  Conveyancers  of  Eruincncf, 
now  in  Praflice,  are  particularly  attended  to,  an:!  tht  tificAcy  rf 
them  explained.  To  which  are  alfo  added,  Obl"crv.-> tions  rclitiv? 
to  the  Nature  and  U/e  of  each  particular  Species  of  Deed,  an  In- 
trodudlory  DifCourfe  On  the  Sabjefl  of  Diit6.%  io  general,  and  coa> 
cluiive  Remarks  on  the  inurement  and  Conllrudion  of  Deeds. 
By  James  Barry  Bird,  of  New  Inn,  Efq.  izmo.  2  Vols.  95, 
Clarke.  1796. 
After  the  above  minute  enumeration  of  particulars,  it  is  neceCary 

fpr  us  only  to  obfcrve  that  the  plan  and  execution  of  this  work  a'e  in 

a  great  meafure  the  fame  with  that  of  the  Jttorney^s  Nrw  Pocket  Booi, 

which  we  noticed  in  our  i3th  volume,  N.  S.  p.  84. 

ArU 


MoKTHLT  CataIOCUB,  Poitry^  (fc.  463 

Art.  «Q»     Rif^rts  of  Cafis  argued  and  ruled  at  l{iji  Prius  in  the  Courts 

of  Ktng*i  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  from  Eafter  Term  1793,  to 

•  Hilary  Term  1796.  By  Ifaac  'Efpinaffe,  of  Gray's  Inn,  Barrifter  at 

Law.      Royal  8vo.     pp.510.     16s.  6d.  bound.      Buttcnvortb. 

"  1796. 

This  publication  confiftsof  three  numbers,  which  have  been  pub- 
(iflied  fpparatcly.  Of  the  firft  we  gave  an  account  in  M.  Rev.  vol.  xv. 
N.  S.  p.  200 ;  and  we  fee  no  reafon,  on  the  completion  of  the  vo- 
lume, to  rctraft  the  praife  which  we  there  bcftowed  on  the  undertake 
ing.— The  author*  we  ondcrftand,  propofes  annually  to  continue  the 
publicadon  of  thefe  Reports. 

POETRY    and    DRAMATIC. 

Art.  30.  Poetic  Trifles,  8vo.  2s.  Dilly.  1796. 
Tbcfc  are,  indeed,  no  more  than  trifles.  From  reading  or  ob* 
Nervation,  the  writer  has  picked  up  fome  of  thofe  ideas  called  indif- 
jfefently  pidtnrcfque  or  poetic,  but  he  is  not  pofleflcd  of  fkill  to 
^lanage  them  fo  as  to  produce  any  confiderable  or  lafting  c£e6t.  The 
following  piece,  however,  is  not  deftitute  of  merit,  though  we  believe 
C^at  the  principal  circumflance  in  the  picture  does  not  occur  fo  fre- 
^aucBtljr  AS  to  be  cbaraderillic. 

*    A    SCOTCH    SCENE. 

•  The  breath  of  Zephyr  fcarccly  llirs 

The  impervious  gloom  of  yonder  firs : 

White  points  of  Ihiver'd  rock  emerge 

From  the  Hill  darkncfs,  at  the  wtrgQ 
Of  evening's  fmooth  empurpled  lake : 

But  hark  !  what  founds  the  woodland  (hake  ? 

The  rufti  of  eagle  wings  '.•Behold, 

She  cleaves  yon  weftering  cloud  of  gold> 

Mounts  the  dim  azure  of  the  fky. 

And  foars  to  daze  the  ilraining  eye. 

Yet,  fudden  as  the  lightning- glare. 

She  plunges  down  the  depth  of  air. 

Wheels  dizzily  around,  and  drops 

At  diftance,  'mid  the  dufky  copfe. 
«  Now  on  a  crag  I  fge  her  perch. 

And  pierce  the  glen  with  keener  fearch. 

I  view  her  tawny  plumes,  her  beak. 

Her  talons,  that  their  fury  wreak 

OTt  on  the  fawn,  or  friendlefs  hare; 

1  mark  Her  hov'ring  in  mid  air  ! 

Some  animal  that  (brinks  difmay'd 

Amid  the  thickets  of  the  glade 

She  threatens  with  an  inflantlslow— 

See«  fecj  (he  pounces  on  a  roe ; 

And,  fcreaming,  bears  it  thro'  the  wood. 

To  feaft  her  ravenous  young  with  bloody 
.  Where  on  rock-ledges  rudely  pil'd. 

She  fternly  fram'd  lier  eyrie  wild  1' 

^  i  4  Bc4de% 


464  Monthly  Catalogue,  P0itry^  fga 

Befides  the  lyric  and  elegiac  pieces  which  fill  the  firft  part  of  tbii 
little  volume,  thefe  are  fotne  canzones  and  fonnets*  and  a  mock- 
heroic  poem ;  all  which  relate  to  feme  local  and  private  inddems. 
equally  unintelligible  and  uninterefting  to  the  comoion  reader. 

Art.  3 1  -     Poems  on  inter efiing  Events  in  the  Reign  of  King  EJwmrJUU 

Written  in  1352.     By  Laurence  Minot.     With  a  Preface«  Differ! 
,  tations.  Notes,  and  a  Giotlary.     8vo,    pp.  aao.      6».    Boards, 

Egcrton.     1795. 

All  tedious  poems  are  the  proper  prey  of  plagiarifm.  Every  bright 
image,  every  pat  expreffion,  which  chance  may  hide  there,  fhcoU 
be  carefully  picked  up  and  tranfplanted  into  better  compofitxMu. 
Unluckily,  thofe  vcrfcs  which  precede  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  are 
modly  fo  inept,  as  not  to  reward  the  profefled  gleaner  even  with  a 
jrrain:  they  fecm  colledlions  of  the  fchool-exercifes  of  the  wits  of 
Gotham.  The  rhimes  of  our  antient  makers,  like  toads  difcovered 
in  a  leaden  ^offin,  would  excite  univerfal  difguft,  were  it  not  for  tfe 
jniracle  of  their  prefer vation.  The  patience  of  Grifilde  may  be  id* 
mired  in  poring  through  the  Tales  or  Chaucer :  but  it  were  a  peaaoce, 
even  for  monkifh  idlcnefs,  to  coil  through  the  burden fome  vohiaiei 
of  his  cotemporaries.  It  is  true  that  the  very  Jimplenefs  of  thde 
poems  is  fometimes  a  caufe  of  their  afcertaining  a  point  of  manoer^ 
perfonal  hiilory,  or  chronology,  which  would  have  efcaped  a  more 
folemn  record ;  and  for  this  reafon  it  is  dcfirable  that  even  the  oioft 
obfcure  of  our  poets  fhould  ht  printed  off,  and  depufited  in  our  prxBO- 
pal  libraries,  for  the  inftrudion  of  the  antiquary  or  the  hiftorim, 
vhofe  duty  it  may  become  to  confult  them.  Befides,  our  manufcripc 
literature  is  rapidly  periQiing ;  and  we  owe  it  to  poftericy  to  prefene 
what  latent  information  it  Inay  contain.  There  is  an  ad\'ancedagetc 
which,  from  chemical  caufes,  ink  bleaches,  and  parchment  moolc&rs; 
and  this  aera  of  inevitable  difToIuiion  may  not  long  fpare  the  merrieft 
Tomaunce,  nor  the  holieft  myfterie.  We  approve,  therefore,  and 
praife  the  patriotifm  which  undertakes,  and  the  liberality  which  pa- 
tronizes, the  patient  office  of  laying  out  for  the  prefs  thefe  periihihlc 
documents. 

Laurence  Minot  appears,  from  his  dialed,  to  have  been  a  oatife 
of  one  of  the  northern  counties,  and  to  have  completed  the  poems 
here  colledcd  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  13^52.  They  cpnfift  often 
hiftorical  ballads  relative  to  the  warlike  exploits  of  Edward  III.  The 
ftioricft  may  be  given  as  a  fpecimen.  It  will  alfo  fervc  to  (hew  diit  it 
was  the  manner  of  our  forefiathers,  as  it  fiill  is  of  their  defceodaotS| 
to  Billing/gate  the  nation  with  whom  they  were  at  war. 

'    NOW  FOR   TO  TELL    ZOW   WILL     I    TURK 

OP  [the]  batayl  op  banocburn, 
<  Skottes,  out  of  Berwik  and  of  Abirdene> 
At  the  fiannokburn  war  ze  to  kene ; 
Thare  flogh  ze  many  fakles,  als  it  was  fene. 
And  now  has  king  Edward  wroken  it,  i  wene: 
It  es  wroken  i  wene,  wele  wurth  the  while ; 
War  zit  with  the  Skottes^  for  thai  tx  ful  of  oile. 

•  Wbnf 


MoHTHLY  Catalogue,  P^^fy,  Iste^  465 

#  Wharc  cr  ze,  Skottcs  of  Saint- Johnes-.toone? 
Tbe  bofte  of  SKwre  haner  es  betin  all  doune ; 
When  ze  bolting  will  bede,  fir  Edward  es  boone 
For  to  kindel  zow  care,  and  crak  zowre  croMrtie : 
He  has  cr^kked  zowre  croune*  wele  worth  the  while; 
Schame  bityde  the  Skottes,  for  thai  er  full  of  gile, 

*  Skottes  of  Striflin  war  fleren  and  flout. 
Of  god  ne  of  gnde  men  had  thai  no  dout ; 
Now  have  thai  the  pelers  priked  obout, 
Bot  at  the  lad  (ir  Edward  rifild  thaire  root : 
hie  has  rifild  thaire  rout>  wele  wurth  the  while  | 
Bot  ever  er  thai  under  bot  gaudes  and  gile. 

f  Rugh-futeriveling,  now  kindcis  thi  care, 
Bere-bag,  with  thi  bofle,  thi  biging  es  bare  ; 
Fal^  wretche  and  forfworn,  whider  wiltou  fare  ? 
Bufk  the  unto  brig,  and  abide  thare : 
Thare,  wretche,  fahou  won,  and  wery  the  while | 
Thi  dwelling  in  Dondc  es  done  for  thi  gile. 

f  The  Skotte  gafe  in  burghes,  and  betes  the  flretes^ 
All  thife  Inglis-men  harmes  he  hetes ; 
Faft  makes  he  his  mone  to  men  that  he  metes, 
Bot  fone  frendes  he  findes  that  his  bale  betes; 
Func  betes  his  bale,  wele  wurth  the  while  i 
He  ufes  all  threling  with  gaudes  and  gile. 

/  Bot  many  man  thretes  and  fpekes  ful  ill. 
That  fqm  tyme  war  better  to  be  (lane-ilill ; 
The  Skot  in  his  wordes  has  wind  for  to  fpill. 
For  at  the  laft  Edward  fall  have  al  his  will : 
He  had  his  will  fX  Berwik*  wele  wurth  the  while. 
Skottes  broght  him  the  kayes,  bot  get  for  thaire  gile.* 

Two  difTertations  on  the  Scottifh  wars  of  Edward  III.  and  on  his 
fitle  tQ  ^he  crown  of  France,  are  prefixed.  Copious  notes  and  a 
glofTary  are  given.  All  thefe  have  great  merit  of  refearch,  and  they 
will  fervc  to  elucidate  many  points  of  hillory.  In  luberefor,  there/or^ 
the  author  drops  the  e  final,  which  is  unufual,  but  perhaps  proper. 

Art.  32.     TheChace.     A   Poem,  by  William  Somerville,   Efq.     A 
new  Edition.     To  which  is  prefixed  a  Critical  EiTay,  by  J.  Aikin, 
M.  D.    Small  8vo.  pp.  186.    6s.     Cadcll  jun.and  Davies.    1796. 
The  old  foldier  does  not  "  fhoulder  his  crutch  and  (hew  how  fields 
were  won"  with  more  pride  and  glee,  than  the  old  fportfman  re- 
counts the  adventures  and  incidents  of  the  chace.     When  Somerville 
was  unable  to  take  an  a^ive  part  in  the  pleafures  of  hunting,  he  had 
jrecourfe  to  his  Mufe  to  pidure  paft  delights,  and  to  make  the  fports 
of  the  field  **  live  in  defcription."     Gentlemen  of  the  chace  allow 
him  to  have  wonderfully  fucceeded  ;  and  as  they  admire  his  poem, 
they  may  be  gratified  by  this  new  and  elegant  edition  of  it.     The 
Critical  EfiTay  prefixed,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Aikin,  contains  an 
anaiyfis  of  the  Chace>  with  an  appreciation  of  the  poetical  charader, 
of  its  author. 

•  He 


456  Monthly  Cataiooue,  Poitrj^  &V. 

•  He  is/  fays  Dr.  A.  '  ftri(?ily  and  almoft  foIcljra^$/2r/>//wpoet| 
and  his  talent  lies  in  delineating  adtual  fccncs  with  fidelity  and  fpim, 
adorning  them  with  beauties  of  didlion,  but  leaving  them  to  ad  open 
the  imagination  by  their  uwn  force,  without  aid  fronn  the  creaiioDsof 
fancy,  in  clafEcal  allufion  he  is  not  deficient,  but  it  is  of  the  more 
comnion  kind,  and  little  occurs  in  his  writings  that  indicates  a  mind 
infpired  by  that  exalted  cnthufiafm  which  denotes  the  genius  of  fa- 
perior  rank.  His  verlilication  is  generally  corre£^  anc  well  varied, 
and  evidently  flows  from  a  nice  and  well  praaiied  car.  His  language 
is  well  fuited  to  his  Aibjedls*,  rfing  and  finkii>g  with  them,  and  ittt 
Jrom  that  llifFncfs  and  affedlaiion  fo  commonly  attendant  upon  black 
M^x{t,  It  more  rcfembies  that  of  Armstrong,  than  of  Tnousox 
and  /\  K  E  N s I D  E .  Seme  of  his  other  poems  (hew  him  to  have  had  a 
Jlrcng  pjrceptionof  the  ludicrous  ;  and  in  this,  too,  traits  of  humoar 
are  difcernible.  On  the  whole.  So  m  e  r vi  l  l  e  occupies  a  rcfpedabie 
))lace  among  our  native  poets ;  an  J  his  Chace  is  probably  the  bcA 
performance  upon  that  topic  wliiclr  any  country  has  produced.' 

This  edition  is  embellifhed  with  copper- plates  ;  on  the  acrit  of 
which,  as  delineations  of  the  fcpnes  of  the  chace,  we  leave  country 
gentlemen  to  decid?.  They  perhaps  may  wifh  that  the  painter  bad 
been  a  fportfinan,  that  he  might  have  known  as  well  how  tochxfe 
ab  to  delineate  each  iutcrelling  fubjed. 

Art.  33.  Scoilan.rs  Ska:tb;  or,  the  Hiftcry  o'Wili  ^  Jean:  owre 
true  a  Talc  !  ^logethtr  with  fome  adJi:ionaI  Poems,  fimbel-ifhed 
with  elegant  Engravings.  The  Second  Edition.  8vo.  Edin- 
burgh.    1795. 

Tnis  new  atid  handfomc  edition  of  a  very  elegant  poem  ♦,  bf 
Mr.  M'N/ill,  in  our  Djric  diiileft,  repeats  the  fimple  ftory  cf  a 
young  couple,  vvhofe  earnings  were  fufii:ient  to  maintain  them  com- 
ibrtably,  until  the  huPoor.d  ivent  to  an  alchoufe,  formed  a  weekly 
cliib,  and  at  length  took  to  daily  drinkln<^.  The  progrcflive  mi.^rv 
of  the  family  is  pathetically  described.  May  it  be  as  ufcful  as  the 
Uory  of  ifaac  Jenkino,  in  cppofiiig  a  vice  which  has  Jkatb^d  maov  a 
hut  on  this  fide  alfo  of  the  Tweed. 

Art.  34.     ^b€  Tunfh  cf  Apollo y  being  a  Seleflion  of  the  fceft  Pocnii 

from  the  moll  admired  Writers,  confiding  of  Odes,  EcIogi:t% 
,      Elegies,  Infcripiions,    Paftorals,    Defcriptions,    F:/oles,  Epitaph*, 

Hymns,    Tales,    Invocations,    &c.       By    VV.  HoJgfon,    M!  D. 

i2mo.     pp.  2c8.     IS.  6d.     Symonds. 

The*  contents  of  th]i  work  but  little  correfpond  with  the  pompcjs 
title  :  it  includes,  like  all  other  ffleftions,  fome  few  of  the  betl  pieces 
of  our  mod  approved  antient  and  modern  poets,  but  m.iny  are  let: 
out  that  might  with  propriety  have  been  inferted,  and  would  hate 
done  greater  credit  to  the  tafte  of  the  compiler  than  the  generality  of 

'  A  mutilated  Englifh  verfion  of  this  tale  was  reviewed  ia  our 
xixth  vol.  p.  223.  and  even  in  that  (late  attracted  our  praife;  acd  a 
fcqucl  to  it  was  noticed  in  our  laft  Review  (November)  p.  ^37 — 33^. 
Mr.  McNeill  is  alfo  the  author  of  %he  Har^^  a  \<i^  plea&ng  pocis: 
Sec  Rev,  N.  S.  p. 225. 

thofa 


Monthly  Catalogux,  fatrj^  Ifc.  467 

thofe  which  have  been  the  obje£ls  of  his  choice.  How  far  Dr.  H. 
is  poflefled  of  chat  nice  difcriminatiooy  which  is  requifuc  in  works  of 
this  kind,  may  be  edimated  according  to  the  following  rmrceau  ex- 
traded  from  the  preface : 

«  Who  can  contemplate  without  ecllacy  the  innumerable  beauties 
•f  that  luxuriant  garden,  into  which  our  countrymen  have  fo  amply 
tranfplanted,  from  the  hot-beds  of  their  fertile  and  exuberant  ima- 
ginaticn,  the  choiceil  flowers,  the  richeft  flavoured  fruits,  and  the 
moft  delightful  evergreens  ;  where  thty  form  a  magnificent  and  un- 
perifliable  Temple  to  Apollo^  in  which  the  tuneful  Nine  will  bold  their 
coart>  until  the  fey  the  of  Time  (hall  have  ihorn  the  laft  of  moruls.* 

,  Art.  35.  The  Alps.  A  moral  and  dcrcriptive  Poem  of  the  Great 
Haller.  Tranflated  from  the  German  by  Henry  Barrett.  8vo. 
IS.     Parfons.     1796. 

We  have  already  noticed  a  tranflation  of  the  poems  of  Haller, 
(M.  R.  vol.  XV.  p.  389,)  which  comprized  the  woik  before  us. 
What  is  gained  in  clotenefs  is  loft  in  eafc  in  this  new  verfion.  Yet 
the  native  force  and  peculiarity  of  manner,  which,  :)t  the  cxpence  of 
Eoglifh  idiom,  are  fo  fully  prefervcd  by  Mr.  Barrett,  will  prob:tb!y 
obtain  the  thanks  of  thofe  who  only  wi(h  to  know  corrcd'y  the  nature 
and  fpirit  of  German  poetry,  without  regarding,  with  coo  much 
nicety,  the  fafhion  of  its  Englilh  garb. 

Art.  36.  H^'illiam  and  Ellcft  A  Tale.  i2mo.  pp.22.  Reyncl, 
Piccadilly.  1796. 
The  objedl  of  this  ballad  appears  to  be  to  render  Kirconnel  Ice  in 
Scotland  a  claffical  place,  by  aiTociating  the  foot  with  the  memory  of 
a  pathetic  love  adventure :  the  poem  TurpafTcs  mar.y,  buc  has  been 
forpaiTed  by  more. 

Art.  37.     Fortune* s  Fool\  a  Comedy  in  Five  Ac^«.     As  performed  at 
the  Theatre- Royal,    Covent  Garden.      J^y  Frederick  Kcyuolds. 
.  8vo.     2s.     Longman.     1796. 

The  art  of  writing  fuccefsfuliy  for  the  flage,  and  that  of  compofing 
a  good  comedy,  depend  on  principles  fo  ditF':rcnt,  that  a  mailer  in 
one  may  fcarcely  be  a  tyro  in  the  other.  It  is  enough  for  the  firll  pur- 
pofe  to  give  fcope  to  the  comic  tziler.ts,  or  perhaps  buffoonery,  of 
ibme  favourite  after,  and  to  contrive  what  are  call-d  happy  J;t nations. 
For  the  other,  an  union  of  qualifications  is  requifu^*,  which  it  would 
frighten  a  modern  dramacill  even  to  contemplate,  and  which  certainly 
will  never  be  obtained  while  fo  much  eafier  methods  will  anfwer  the 
end  in  view.  Mr.  Reynolds  has  gained  reputation  and  emolument 
by  indurtriouQy  purfaing  the  point  of  amuftng  the  frequenters  of  the 
theatre,  the  prefent  ta(le  of  whom  he  feems  to  underlland  ;  and 
aiier  fuch  fuccefs,  he  may  well  refign  a  (hare  in  the  literary  fame 
of  the  Molieres  and  Congreves.  In  truth,  the  piece  before  lis,  as  a 
clofet  compofition,  is  fo  void  of  any  thing  that  can  entitle  it  to  critical 
notice,  that  we  (hall  not  lengthen  our  article  with  any  difcuflion  of 
particulars.  It  was  apparently  written  to  difplay  the  peculiar  cha- 
jaderillics  of  Mr.  Lewis's  afting,  and  is  well  calculated  for  tba( 
purpofe. 

Art. 


468  Monthly  Catalooujt,  P$lkical. 

Art.  38.     Tbi  ff'ay  to  Get  Married;  a  Comedy  in  Fire  Aftj.    M 

performsd  ac  the  Theatre- Royal,  Co  vent- Garden,     fijr  ThOBM 

Morton,  Efq.     8vo.     2S.     Longman*     1796. 

Tnis  piece,  though  in  point  of  plot  and  charaAer  tpproacbaf 
more  to  farce  than  comedy,  aiFords  fomc  painting  in  the  carkaare 
fcyle  which  may  give  amufement  even  in  a  clofec  view ;  at  well  u 
fom^Jfroies  and  piftis  which  arc  not  amifs,  compared  with  the  wit  o£ 
the  day.  There  are  touchei  of  the  pathetic*  too:  but  the  fceae  k 
which  a  father  and  daughter  are  going  to  (hoot  themfelves  has  furdf 
too  much  horror  to  coalefce  with  broad  humour.  After  all,  vein 
confcious  that  any  crlticifm  beflowed  on  compodtions,  which  areob- 
vioutly  calculated  only  to  run  their  feafoo  and  be  forgotten,  is  miiap* 
plied.  If  they  anfwer  their  end  in  the  playhoufe,  it  is  enoogh:-* 
they  can  fcarctly  be  faid  to  form  a  part  of  the  Hteratare  of  the  age. 

This  play,  alfo,  feems  defigned  more  for  Mr.  Lewis  than  fbrtiK 
fiterary  part  of  the  public.     (Sec  Art.  37.) 

POLITICAL,   (fc. 

Art.  39.  7]&^  Rigbfs  e/  Nature,  againft  the  Vjurpatims  of  Efisilt^ 
ments*  A  Series  of  Letters  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain,  00  tte 
State  of  Public  Affairs,  and  on  the  recent  EfFufions  of  the  Right 
Hon.  Edmund  Burke.  By  John  Thelwall.  Letter  the  Firft.  Sfo. 
pp.  94.     2S.     Symonds. 

In  the  former  publication  of  Mr.  Thelwall  againft  Mr.  Borke  •,  wt 
were  happy  to  acknowlrgc  not  only  marks  of  literary  talents,  boti 
temper  and  modefty  which  feemed  to  confute  many  of  the  ckirges 
againfl  him ;  and  which,  if  they  had  been  confidently  maiotaioad, 
might  have  very  materially  changed  the  anfavourable  opinion  eater- 
tained  of  his  public  condudl  and  character.  We  are  concerned  toob- 
ferve  that  the  production  before  us  is  deficient  in  all  the  qoalitiei 
which  formerly  excited  our  approbation.  The  Ayle  appears  to  osez* 
tremely  exceptionable.  Mr.  T.  ought  to  recoiled  that,  in  all  attempu 
at  fiiblime  eloquence,  whatever  is  not  admirable  is  ridiculous ;  hot, 
forgetful  of  this  unquellionable  maxim,  he  has  engaged  in  enterprizn 
beyond  his  powers.  He  has  attempted  two  apollrophes  to  nature  aoi 
humanity  ;  which  the  genius  of  Roulfeau  might  have  made  pathetic 
and  magnificent,  but  which,  in  the  hands  of  the  prcfcnt  writer,  arc 
only  common. place  fentiments,  in  which  the  fcanty  flock  of  tboogkt 
15  buried  under  an  accumulation  of  gaudy  and  unmeaning  words  ;  not 
flowing  from  ibe  heart ;  not  laboured  by  taile  ;  alike  dcllitute  of  fptrit 
and  art,  of  fimplicity  and  dignity ;  neither  glowing  with  the  fir^  of 
n.'iture,  nor  polifhed  with  the  elegance  of  rhetoric.  Among  the  many 
cximpies  of  inferior,  though  confiderablc,  vices  of  compofition  which 
are  fcittcrcd  through  this  pamphlet,  not  the  leaft  of  them  is  the  liceo- 
tious  intermixture  of  poetical  words,  which  frequently  occur, «-fach  as 
enJiUt  and  rriu.T.-ne :  the  latter  is  improperly  ufcd  in  another  rt^ptB,, — 
it  applies  to  a  lights  and  not  to  ^Jiame.  There  are  alfo  fome  inftances 
of  ignorance,  which,  if  Mr.  T.  did  not  fo  confidently  and  glibly  u!k 
of  *  men  of  reading,*  we  ihould  for  obvious  reafons  have  pafied  ia 
£lence.     We  find  *  rotine*  for  routiutr-^*  Memcraary  for  Mamemwfwcit 

•  Vid.  Rev.  March,   1796,  p.  346. 


MoNtRLT  Catalogue,  Political  469 

•*-*  BUiMgmbalus*  for  Heliogabalus^--'*  Hifioir"  for  Hiftoin^  ice.  Sec.  He 
fpeaki  of  the  celebrated  imaginary  commonwealth  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  wilh^ot  attending  to  the  orthography  of  the  word  which  de- 
Botes  it ;  fince  he  twice  calls  it '  Eutopia^  inllead  of  Utopia:— but  the 
aioft  remarkable  example  of  confident  ignorance  is  that  in  which  he 
fpeaks  of  the  fate  of  Socrates,  and  in  which  he  chalHzes  what  he  calls 
tke  biftorical  mifreprefentation  of  Dr.  Biflett  in  his  Sketch  of  Demo* 
cracy  •.  Mr.  T.  has  difcovered  a  truth  of  which  Xenophon  and  Plato 
never  dreamed,  that  their  illudrious  mailer  was  a  *fam  adotte  Usurer* 
the  predeceiTor  and  prototype  of  Orator  Henley! — The  moft  modcft 
and  peaceable.of  men,  who  abftained  from  all  concern  in  the  adminr- 
iradoQ  of  public  affairs,  and  who  fealed  with  his  blood  the  principle  of 
a  poffive  and  nnlimited  obedience  to  the  laws  of  his  country,  is  tranf- 
formed  by  Mr.  T.  into  a  democratic  incendiary.  If  Mr.  T.  had 
drawn  his  information  from  purer  fources,  he  might  have  learned  that 
Socrates,  on  account  of  the  crimes  of  his  friend  and  pupil  Critias, 
(one  of  the  thirty  tyrants,  and  not  one  of'  their  ftate  lawyers,'  as  Mr* 
T.  calls  him,)  was  accufed  of  a  bias  towards  the  ariilocratic  party. 
The  accufation  was  indeed  falfe ;  for  the  venerable  fage  was  an  im- 
partial moralill,  and  not  the  abettor  of  any  faction  :  but  even  the  falfe 
accnfation  proves  that  he  (who,  by  the  way,  irfv^r  lectured)  was  not  a 
dimocratsc  ledurer.  The  accufation,  falfe  as  it  was,  had  probably 
feme  ihare  in  his  infamous  judicial  murder ;  which  is  (o  foul  a  ilain  on 
the  Athenian  democracy.-- Anytus,  who  is  '  damned  to  everlafting 
fame'  as  the  chief  accufer  of  the  philolbpher,  was  one  of  the  moil 
noted  demagogues  of  his  time,  and  had  even  rendered  fome  iignal 
fervices  to  the  liberties  of  his  country,  which  he  contributed  to  reicue 
from  the  yoke  of  the  thirty  tyrants.  Fifty- four  years  after  the  mur- 
der of  Socrates,  the  tribunal  wliich  condemned  him  was  thus  addreffed 
by  E/cbines :  *'  You  who  condemned  to  death  the  fophiil  Socrates, 
convidied  of  having  given  lefTons  to  Critias,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants 
who  deftroyed  the  //emocracyf.**  Frcrety  one  of  the  moft  profound 
and  faeacious  critics  of  the  prefcnt  age,  thinks  the  murder  of  Socrates 
in  no  Imall  degree  afcribable  to  the  jealoufy  and  refcntment  of  the 
democratic  fa^ion. 

The  foander  of  the  Chriftian  religion,  the  mcekcft  and  moft  paci- 
fic of  moralifts,  (waiving  his  claims  to  a  higher  charafter,)  is  reprc- 
fented  by  Mr.  T.  as  a  turbulent  innovator  and  a  '  fans  culotte  phiio* 
fopher.*  That  community  of  goods  which  was  almofl  realized  in  the 
infant  church  of  Jerufalem,  by  the  generofity  and  charity  of  the  richer 
members  towards  their  poor  brethren,  is  rcprefented,  in  defiance  of 
the  whole  New  Teftament,  as  a  fyftcmaiic  principle  of  primitive 
Chriltianity.  Thefe  ftatements  may  fcem  new  as  well  as  juft  to  the 
uninformed  part  of  mankind  :  but '  men  of  reading'  know  them  to  be 


•  Of  this  work  we  intend  fpeedily  to  give  an  account. 

\  iEfchin.  in  Timarch.  p.  287.  Mr.  T.  iecms,  in  his  note 
p.  13,  24..  to  have  fallen  into  the  inconceivable  miftake  of  fuppof- 
tng  that  Socrates  was  put  to  death  by  the  thirty  tyrants  !  The  death 
of  Socrates  took  place  th^ce  years  after  the  recllabliftimcnt  of  the 

deax)cracy»  • 

^  Hale 


470  Monthly  CATALoctrE,  PwStiOd^ 

ftale  and  exploded  conceits,  as  old  as  they  are  grooadkft;  oln 
abufcd,  againil  the  quiet  of  rociety,  by  pernicious  fanatics^  and  it- 
peatedly  confuted  with  unanfwcrable  and  fuperflaous  force  of  argi- 

xncnt  by  fcholars  and  divines. 

Mr.  T.  informs  us  that  the  number  of  Chriftiaot  in  Ckiaaor  J^ 
pan,  at  the  time  of  the  extirpaiion  of  Chritlianity  from  chofe  vai 
empires,  probably  did  not  amount  to  eight  hundred.  Ic  would  be 
well  if  men  would  read  hiilory  before  they  either  wrote  or  fpoke  aboit 
it.  The  vjll  multitude  of  Chridian  converts,  in  both  tkofc  empires, 
is  peilVdIy  known  to  all  who  have  taken  the  trouble  of  confokiag  tie 
origi>:al  and  authentic  accounts  of  the  Chritlian  miflions  id  the  Eai. 

Mr.  1'.  fuppok's  hat  he  has  convidted  Mr.  Burke  of  a  notable  a^ 
furdity,  v.hcn  that  ^rciuleman  afTcrts  that  the  informed  part  ef  the 
public  arc  *  tiic  natural  reprefentattves'  of  the  nation  at  large.  A 
Nation,  fays  Mr.  Th  el  wall,  is  an  artificial  body — How  can  ao  anii* 
cinl  body  have  a  ii-^tural  rcprefentative?  This  argument,  wbicli  h 
ur^cs  with  To  much  triumph,  is  in  truth  only  a  fophifm,  founded  dckr 
on  an  ignorance  of  langu.ige  or  on  a  play  of  words.  Natural,  ioderd, 
in  n>  primitive  impcrt,  is  cppofed  to  artificial  :  but  it  lias  fevenllc- 
conJary  and  derivid  fi gnif: cations ;  among  which  there  is  one  wel 
knovvi^  hy  which  it  denotes  whatever  is  agreeable  to  the  Hated  coarfe 
and  order  of  nature.  In  this  fenfe,  it  is  ufed  by  Mr.  Burke  to  convey 
a  very  harmlcfb  end  hitherto  univerfally  received  opinion,  tlMt  it  ■ 
conformable  to  the  nature  of  man  and  of  fociety  for  the  uaitdormei 
muiritudc  to  be  led  and  guided  (not  blindly  led  and  defpoDcall/ 
guided,  hue  inHuenced  and  directed)  by  thofe  who  are  better  inftrid- 
cd.  1  ha:  the  immunity  of  crimes  is  the  natural  confequencc  of  atak 
governmcnr,  or  thnt  the  dcarncfs  of  commodities  is  the  natural  cicd 
of  mjnopclit..'',  or  that  a  vicious  life  is  the  natural  fruit  of  a  badedu- 
cai::>n,  ar.'  aM  prcpcliiions  Wiiich  are  not  the  lefs  corred  becaoiep- 
vernmcnt,  moncpoly,  and  education  are  the  creatures  of  homaa  srt. 

The  moil  cfrcnfive  citcumftance  belonging  to  this  pamphlet  is  the 
pctulacit  I'cjrrility  vv'th  which  the  author  has  treated  Mr.  Burke.— To 
proie^t  the  glory  and  fame  of  great  writers  from  prefumptuous  aad  li- 
centious aticick  is  on?  of  the  moil  natural,  as  well  as  one  of  theinoi 
pleafm^^  oiiices  of  li:en;ry  criticifm.  The  republic  of  letters,  Uke 
every  oilier  uell-ordcred  community,  has  difFercnt  degrees  of  e^ 
bliihed  r.ir;<  aixJ  dignity,  with  afyllem  of  manners  and  rules  of  pofite- 
ncfs  correlpondini^  to  ili'at  variety  of  rank.  Every  member  of  if, 
however  obfcuic,  pofTcfios  the  moll  unbounded  right  to  difcufs  wiik 
perfect  freedom  the  opinions  and  rcafoninoj  of  every  other  :— but,  is 
the  cxcrciTe  of  tlii;*  right,  all  men  are  bound  to  obferve  the  roles  of 
decency.  Obscure  men  owe  ibme  deference  to  edabliflied  reputa- 
tion; and  n:cn  of  moderate  talents  ought  to  (hew  feme  reverence  fiar 
men'cf  ijpcrior  genius.  On  the  outrageous  violation  of  all  thefe  rulfJ 
of  4it  rr.ry  decor jm  and  propriety,  which  diilinguiihcs  this  pamphiCt, 
we  did  moan,  therefore,  to  have  animadverted  :-* but,  on  (ecood 
thoughts,  we  believe  that  the  mere  ftatcment  of  a  few  of  Mr.  Tbel- 
iv;:irs  oifenfive  exprefTicns  will  be  perfcflly  fulTicicnt  to  give  the  pub- 
lic a  juil  imorcfTion,  without  any  remarks  from  us.  Be  it,  tbea, 
known  that  Mr.  John  Thelwall  has  thought  it  fecmly  and  becomiaf 
lo  ia 


MoiiTflLY  Catalogue^  PoUtUaL  47 1 

in  him  to  ftpply  to  one  of  the  greaceft  of  writers  fuch  langiinge  as  the 
following  :  '  hireliog  apoIUces,'  '  hireling  plunderers,'  *  riotous  pau* 
perSy*  *  purchafed  panders  •  of  official  corruption*'  «  grey-licided, 
pendoned  apoilates*'  *  penfioncd  pander,'  '  grey-headed  procur  uor  of 
profcriptioo  and  blood,'  *  bafe  renegade,'  *  penfioncd  prolUtute,* 
*  diilradting  the  world  with  the  ravings  of  Bedlam  and  the  filthy  loqua* 
city  of  the  (lews/  feV.  ^r.  All  this  language,  however,  is  rochinir 
to  one  word  which  remains.  Be  it  alfo  known,  then,  that  he  the  i'aid 
Mr.  John  Thelwall  has  deemed  it  decent  and  proper  for ///»  10  call 
£dmund  Burke  *  afcribbUr*  /  i^?*^  ^^  ^^  majora  rcjh-vo  ? 
Aft.  40.  Remarks  on  Mr,  Barkers  T<ivo  Litters  •*  on  cHe  PropofaTs  for 
,    Peace  with  the  Regicide  Direftory  of  France."     By  S.  F.  Wad'- 

dington,  fifq.  Svo.  pp.  34.  is.  Johnfon. 
;  This  is  a  lively  and  fenfible,  though  hafty  and  fcmewhat  ncgH- 
^ent,  produdion.  The  f  uhor  animadverts  wi:h  freedom  and  feverity 
OB  the  celebrated  Letters  of  Mr.  Burke  :  but  a  regular  and  fy /lematic 
Apfwer  was  not  to  beexpedled,  in  a  pamphlet  which  made  ivs  appear- 
ance in  ten  or  eleven  days  after  Mr.  B.'s  Letters.  It  confifts  of  dc- 
fultory  ftriAures,  which  are  always  animated  and  often  jufl.  Mr.  W« 
feeiDSa  however,  to  have  miilaken  the  fundamental  principle  of  Mr. 
il.'a  political  iyllem.  •  Surely  (fays  he)  even  Mr.  Burke  will  not  af- 
firm that  the  aggregate  of  a  nation  have  not  a  right  to  new-model 
^cir  government,'  p.  31.  Now  it  does  happen  that  Mr.  Burke  nOc 
poly  contends  for  this  proportion,  but  confiders  the  oppodce  to  it  as 
the  nod  abfttrd,  mifchicvous,  and  pernicious  of  all  political  opinions* 
An  anfwerer  ihould  be  well  acquainted  with  the  opinions  of  him  whom 
he  anfwers.  In  a  reply  to  Mr.  Paine,  we  (hould  be  furprifed  to  find 
it  faid — "  Even  Mr.  Paine  will  not  contend  that  monarchy  is  not  a 
good  form  of  government,  or  that  Chriftianity  is  not  a  revelation  of 
the  Divine  Will :"  yet  the  miftake  of  Mr.  Waddington  is  not  Icfs  con- 
fidcrable  than  that  of  this  fuppofed  anfwerer  to  Thomas  Paine. 

The  general  tone  of  this  pamphlet  is  temperate  ;  yet  there  arc  fomc 
paflages  and  exprefiions  which  the  author  himfcif  would  farcly,  on 
more  mature  reBeflion,  wi(h  to  mitigate,  it  is  very  doubtful  to  us 
whether,  after  the  experience  of  our  times,  a  wife  and  good  man  can 
be  julHficdin  wilhing  for  a  political  con  vulfion,  as  a  means  of  reforming 
ihe  wcrft  government  in  Europe—  hii^uijfwiam  pacem  jupjfimo  btlU 
mntefero. 

Art.  41.     A  Reply  to  Mr,  Burk-^s  Tivo  Letters  on  tie  PropafuU  for 

Peace,  Sec.     ]iY   William   Williams,    Author   cf  «*  Rights  of  the 

People  t»"  &c.     Svo.      ir.  6d.     Jordan.     1796. 

V/ith  many  violent  thrufts  at  Mr.  Burke,  this  republican  cham- 

jplon  has  made  feme  good  hits :  but  yet  he  is  not  a  very  expert  fwordf- 

inan  ;  he  is  by  no  means  a  match  for  the  Hibernian  Master  of  the 

*»  Noble  Science  ;*'  \^ho,  like  Virgil's  old  fcomhacant,  remains, 

in  fpite  of  the  deprciIion5  of  age  and  the  ravages  of  time,  unequalPd 

in  the  fieid  ! 


*  This  word  is  not  Englifh  in  the  fenfe  in  which  it  is  here  ufed. 
f  For  the  "  Rights  of  the  People,"  fee  Rev.  Oaober,  p.  217. 

Mr. 


Hft  Monthly  CATALoodi^  PiSikA 

Mr.  W.  often  makes  acute  remarks,  and  draws  veiy  (hre«^  coi* 
dufions  from  the  dodkrines  and  opinions  of  his  veteran  adverfar j :  but 
then  he  as  frequently  flies  off*  into  fuch  wild  fancies,  and  fays  fach  ex* 
uavagant  things  in  favour  of  the  French  revoludon,  and  the  nev 
conflitution  of  that  lingular  government,  (and,  confcqueotly ,  in  de- 
rogation of  the  powers  now  at  war  with  the  Repablic,)  that  he  is  fne 
to  lo!e  in  one  page  dS  much  as,  in  the  other,  he  had  gained  b  the 
good  opinion  of  his  reader. — In  trath,  he  fometimes  appears  to  have 
ivandcred  out  of  his  way,  merely  for  the  fake  of  faying  things  which, 
like  Pope's  Straws  in  Amber,  *'  are  neither  rich  nor  rare,"  andodtf 
fervc  to  make  us  *<  wonder  how  the  devil  they  eot  there," 

For  example :  '  As  to  war,  it  may  and  will  be  pat  an  end  lo^ 
it  may  and  will  be  extirpated  from  the  earth,  and  the  French  Revo* 
lution  is  the  firft  efledual  Hep  towards  its  banilhinent.  The  French 
principles  are  of  that  bland  homogeneoua,. nature,  that,  when  har- 
mdkiized  by  religion,  they  will  digeft  not  only  all  Europe,  bat  the 
whole  world,  into  one  vaft  commonwealth.  With  many  I  ezpeft  O 
be  fet  down  as  vifionary,  as  the  antitype  and  facceflbr  of  Brothers, 
when  1  declare  my  firm  belief;  nay,  more,  my  abfolute  coavifiioab 
that  the  millennium  is  at  hand,  the  reiga  of  chrillianicy  and  of  peace; 
but  it  mull  be  nurfed  in  the  cradle  of  univerfal  war,  the  laurel  Cfovn 
muflberent  away,  before  the  brow  can  receive  a  crown  of  olive.** 

Again ;  *  Blot  out.  Oh,  memory !  the  ungentlemanlike,  the  n- 
manly  opprobriums  with  which  Mr.  Burke,  throughoat  the  whole  of 
his  book,  and  in  no  place  more  than  the  page  belbre  ne  *,  has  de* 
filed  his  paper.  Root  out  thofe  poifonous  night- (hades  from  tUi 
Eden,  where  every  blooming  flower,  every  fragrant  fweet,  floiri(h 
in  perpetual  fpring.  His  language  needs  no  foil,  it  wants  no  cflB« 
trail,  to  add  a  borrowed  lullre  to  its  beauties.  Oh,  that  he  was  al- 
ways himfelfl' 

To  this  let  Echo  add,  rehearfing  on  Mr.  W.  his  o«vn  fstmb, 
«*  Oh,  that  he  was  always  himfelfl** 

Art.  42.  Thoughts  on  a  Peace  iiith  France  ;  with  fome  Obfenraiioaf 
on  Mr.  Burke's  Two  Letters  on  Propofals  for  Peace  with  the  Regi- 
cide Direftory.  8vo.  IS.  6d.  Debrett.  1796. 
Thcfe  Thoughts,  which  are  dated  from  the  Inner  Temple,  aai, 
indeed,  manifefl  their  origin  by  an  intermixture  of  legal  phrafcokfy, 
are  diri-<^ed  to  the  humane  purpofe  of  refloring  peace,  and  bear  the 
ftamp  of  good-fenfe  and  moderation.  Beginning  with  controveroof 
ths  propoiition  of  Mr.  Burke,  that  "  no  feledion  of  lime  or  ofea 
means  could  obtain  any  thing  deferving  the  name  of  peace  from  the 
horde  of  regicides,** — a  fcntence  of  perpetual  or  exterminating  war! 
•—he  coolly  confiders  the  proper  grounds  of  negociation,  and  the  fa- 
crificcs  that  mull  be  made  to  obtain  peace.  We  cannot  fay  that  he 
probes  this  point  to  the  quick  ;  and,  indeed,  the  fubflance  of  the  pam- 
phlet rather  coniifls  of  general  remarks,  intended  to  conciliate  the 
minds  of  men  to  a  nccedary  event,  and  of  fome  particular  obferva* 
tions   defigned  to  counterad  the  obflacles   which    Mr.  Burke  has 

•  Page  116. 
8  thrtmi 


MoNTHiv  Ca^miooue,  PiRtmi.  47i 

cYiroim  in  tlie  way  of  pacificatioD>  than  of  any  clofe  difcoffion  of  poli^ 
tical  topics. 

Art.  A  I.  An  Expofithn  of  the  Principles  of  the  EngUpj  Jacobins  %  with 
StriSures  on  the  Political  Condud  of  Charles  James  Pox,  William 
Pitt,  and£dmund  Burke,  &c.  By  R.  Dinmore,  Junior.  8vo.  is, 
Jordan.     1796. 

A  warm  defence  of  the  caufe  of  liberty  and  equality ;  written 
much  in  the  fpirit  of  T.  Paine,  but  with  lefs  vulgarity,  yet  with 
equal  zeal  for  the  fydem  of  government,  &c.  lately  adopted  in 
France,  known  there  by  the  name  of  Jacobinifm,  and  in  England  by 
that  of  Democracy.  If  this  writer  were  lefs  violent,  he  would  have 
rsiOTt  approvers :  as  it  is,  he  will  have  ^i»/r^/, — for  he  fays  many 
fpe^ious  things,  with  fome  notable  truifms :  which  will,  doubtlefs, 
have  their  effed^.—efpccially  on  minds  that  may  be  already  prepof-^ 
fefled  by  an  unfavorable  opinion  of  the  times. — As  a  fpecimen,  take 
the  following  very  brief  expoiition  of  the  Jacobinical  notion  of 
equality: 

'  The  Brik  grand  principle,  from  which  ^'  all  others  flow,*''  ia 

BqvALiTY  ;  without  which,  the  Jacobins  contend,  there  can  beiio 

liberty;  but  this  principle  mud  not  be  confbanded  with  a  deitre, 

forcibly  to  equalize  all  property.     They  entertmn  no  fach  abford  no-) 

tions ;  the  equality  they  contend  for  if,  "  That  every  man  (hbula 

poflefs  an  equal  right  to  the  honours  and  to  the  juftice  of  his  coait-' 

cry  ;*'  they  are,  of  courfe,  enemies  to  all  hereditary  claims,  ftc.  Sct.^ 

in  his  (ketch  of  the  chara^ers  and  condud  of  MefTrt.  Fox,  Flttp 

auid  Burke,  he  finds,  in  x\itfirfl,  fomethin^  to  admire,  and  fomething 

(on  thefcore  of  inconfiftency)  to  blame  ;  m  t\it  fecond,  he  fees  nothhg 

to  admire,  and  much  to  cenfure;  the  third  he  confiders  as  <  an  avowed 

mrijlocratic  republican -^v/hooiAy  fupports  monarchy  becaufe  monarchy 

fapports  nobles ;  vj\io  founded  the  war- hoop  againft  France,  and  again 

fHves  to  Simulate  the  bloody  career.     With  his  principles  the  Ja* 

cobins  do  not  invariably  differ,  &c.  &c.'— They  who  wifh  to  fee  in 

what  manner  this  notion  of  Mr.  Burke's  political  character  and  prin« 

ciples  is  here  fupported,  may  confult  pp.  25  and  26  of  the  trad  be« 

fort  us :— which  dofes  with  an  encomium  on  General  Wafliington^ 

and  on  the  economical  government  of  the  United  States. 

Art.  44.  Another  Corufcation  of  the  Meteor  Burke.    The  Retort  Politic 

on  Mafler  Burke;  or,  A  few  WovAs en pajfant :  occaiioned  by  his 

Two  Letters  on  a  Regicide  Peace.     From  a  Tyro  of  his  own 

School,  but  of  another  Clafs.     Second  Edition.    With  Remarks 

on  that  Rt.  Hon.  Author's  Condemnation  of  the  Plan  of  War  hi* 

therto  adopted.     8vo.     is.  6d.     Jordan. 

Specimen.'^'  Many  there  are  who  will  never  be  perfuaded  to  be* 
lievc  that  you  have  apprehended  thofe  dangers  with  which  you  affedi 
to  reprefent  the  country  as  furrounded  by  ;  nor  that  you  are  moved' 
by  thofe  forebodings  and  anxieties  which  you  employ  to  operate  opoft 
the  minds  of  your  readers.  In  fpite  of  the  reiterated  denial  of  St. 
Omer's  claiming  the  merit  of  your  education,  they  will  infill  upon  it 
they  can  (lill  difcover  a  little  of  the  Jefuit  in  all  you  fay  and  do  otf 
this  occafion.  It  is  univcrfally  acknowledged  that  you  have  a  fanci- 
R£v.  Dec.  1796.  Kk  fid 


4(^4  Monthly  Catalooui,  PMtUaL 

fj}UintgiDation«  capacious  and  various  is  your  abundant  and  diver£- 
fied  diSion.  Men  are  never  worked  upon  To  eafily  and  efifeduaily  u 
through  their  fears ;  this  you  well  know  :  you  have  therefore  poi  an 
'*  air-drawn  dagger"  in  the  eye  of  every  rich  man  in  the  country,  in 
nearly  the  farps  manner  as  you,  three  years  ago,  threw  down  a  rca! 
6ne  on  the  floor  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons  to  the  view  of  the  mem- 
bers. I'hc  fird  dagger. a£t  produced  a  parliamentary  inclination  to 
war  with  the  Republic  of  France  even  to  extermination  ;  the  ftccivd 
may  induce  the  monied  men,  who  alone  hold  in  their  haiid«  the  fiottts 
of  war,  (according  to  the  prefent  principle  of  carrying  on  war) ;  1  fay, 
this  fecond  difplay  of  that  tragic  weapon,  may  induce  them  and  all 
the  wealthy  part  of  the  nation  to  another  effort  for  carrying  that  in- 
clination into  efftdt. 

•  *  Whatever,  therefore,  is  feigned,  whatever  is  really  felt  by  yoo, 
the  ollenlible  purpofe  of  your  Letters  before  me,  is  to  revive  all  the 
rancour  and  animofity  which  have  through  the  whole  contcft  been 
created  and  cherifhed  by  the  refpedlive  parties  at  war.  Thereby  voq 
hope  to  do  away  the  bare  pofTibility  of  pacification  from  the  eibyini 
treaty  :  a  pacification  de/ired  by  a  great  majority  of  the  commaoity 
it  large,  but  deprecated  by  the  revengeful  Mr.  Burke.* 
^'-^^he  foregoing  quotation  will  give  our  readers  a  tolerable  idea  sf 
^e  fpiritand  manner  of  this  political reiorter, 

^t..45.  jf  Plain  Tale  fir  tbt  Ne^  Parliamint ;  or  a  Sketch  of  the 

(  Hillofpy  of  England,  from  the  Ciofe  of  the  Campaign  in  179410 

.the  j^refcnt  Time.      By  the  Author  of  Letters  to  the  King  aad<r 

'jthe   Signature  of  Junius.     Part  I.     8vo.      as.  6d.      Chapman. 

^  T^xis  fecond  Junius  is  contented  with  telling  his  tale  almofl  en- 
tirely by  tran(cripC6  of  parliamentary  fpeeches,  from  the  per.odic&i 
regiders  of  the  time.  The  oppofition  fpeakers  occupy  much  the 
greaitcr  part ;  and  the  little  of  his  own  which  th^  compiler  has  addrd 
IS  violently  Kofliie  to  miniilry.  His  avowed  purpofe  is  *  to  hang  up 
t))e  nirfmory  of  the  late  Houfe  of  Commons  on  the  gibbet  of  eternal 
infamy  I' 

Art.  46.  ReftcSIions  on  the  Prefent  State  of  the  Refources  of  the  Ccuvin^ 
8vo.  13.  Stockdale.  1796, 
This  pamphlet,  though  much  fliorter  and  lels  rhetorical  than  the 
7*ivtf  Letters  to  a  Britijb  Merchant  *,  has  the  fame  purpofe  in  view, 
<^/js.  to  keep  up  the  ipirits  of  the  nation  under  the  burdens  and  dif- 
appointments  of  the  war,  and  to  prepare  the  way  for  new  and  cod- 
pulfory^phms  of  finance.  The  writer  (faid  to  be  a  diplomatic  nobk- 
man)  (ets  out  with  a  poficion  which  we  conceive  to  requir.'  either  ex- 
planation or  limitation  to  render  it  admiilibie,  —  that  '  the  greatcft 
public  diflrefs  could  never  jullify  his  iVIajelly's  mtniflers  in  acctdin; 
tp  diO^onourablc  terms  of  peace.*  Difioncurable  in  this  fen fe  is  per* 
itOXy  indefinite.  A  peiice  which  gives  up  the  avowed  objeA  of  s 
war,, like  that  which  concec^ed  independence  to  America,  may  plauu- 
bly  enough  be  called  diihonourable  ;  yet  who  will  deny  that  it  oaf 
^  preferable  to  the  grcate/i  public  dijrefs,  caufed  by  the  continuance 

f  Sec  Monthly  Rev.  for  November,  pj3a. 


MoNtULT  Catalogue,  Ammcan  Jfairs.       475 

of  a  hopelefs  and  ruinous  contention  ?  A  peace  at  prefent,  whicli 
iboold  acknowlege  and  confirm  the  republican  conilitution  of  France^ 
would  certainly,  by  Mr.  Burke  and  his  followers,  be  (ligmatized  as 
the  height  of  dilhonour  to  the  allied  powers ;  and  all  inferior  concef- 
iions  would  be  reckoned  by  them  as  trivial  i'acrifices  to  public  necef« 
lity  ;  yet  fuch  a  peace  muit  probably  be  the  termination  of  protraded 
years  of  bloodihed.  Surely,  before  we  are  (timulated  to  frefh  exer- 
tions, we  ihould  explicitly  be  told  what  is  the  mighty  purpofe  for 
which  every  thing  is  to  be  hazarded,  and  not  be  referred  to  a  mini- 
fier's  interpretation  of  the  word  honour. 

If,  however,  the  doflrine  of  this  pamphlet  be  found,  ihett  is  no  . 
fort  of  occafion  for  impatient  longings  after  peace,  fmcc  the  war  has 
had  no  other  effedl  than  to  make  us  more  flourifhing.  The  writer 
gives  ftatements  of  our  comparative  commerce  before  and  fince  the 
war— of  the  money  fubfcribed  to  navigaiion-projeds — and  of  thtf 
number  of  inclofure  bills ;  and  he  finds  in  all  (from  documents  which 
we  believe  unqueftionable)  the  proofs  of  vaft  increafe  in  our  internal 
and  external  buftnefs,  and  conlequently  (as  he  concludes)  in  our  real 
opulence  and  rcfources.  He  alfo  repeats  the  arguments  of  the  Chan- 
cellor  of  the  Exchequer,  to  prove  that  the  want  of  money  is  owing 
folcly  to  the  increafe  of  our  commerce;  and  he  ftates  the  difFertfnce 
between  private  and  public  debt ;  (hewing  that,  in  the  latter,  the  ufuat 
confequences  of  debt  are  in  great  part  obviated  by  no  engagemint  /ult- 
fiP'tng  to  repay  the  principal.  We  wi(h  not  to  interfere  with  the  fair 
operation  of  thefe  arguments ;  though,  for  our  part,  we  conGder  the 
profperity  of  a  nation,  and  its  ability  to  bear  farther  burdens,  as 
fr.lely  to  be  inferred  from  the  degree  in  which  the  lower  and  middle 
ranks  of  fociety  polfcfs  the  ejfential  comforts  of  life. 

The  author  has  kept  fo  llriOly  to  his  topic  of  refources,  that  he  has 
Act  faid  a  (ingle  word  on  that  of  humanity  ;  a  (ilence  which  is,  on  the 
whole,  well  judged  :  though  perhaps  he  (hould  not  quite  have  omitted 
to  inquire  after  refources  of  men^  as  well  as  of  money ^ 

AMERICA. 

Art.  47,  Epiflles  domcftict  confidential,  and  oficiaU  from  General 
H'ajhingtony  written  about  the  Commencement  of  the  Americaa 
Conteit,  when  he  entered  on  the  Command  of  the  Army  of  the 
United  States  :  with  an  intercfting  Series  of  his  Letters,  particu- 
larly to  the  Briti(h  Admirals,  Arbuthnot  and  Digby,  to  Generals 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  Lord  Cornwallis,  Sir  Guy  Carleton,   Marquis 

.  de  la  Fayette,  &c.  &c.  I'o  Benjamin  Harrifon,  Efq.  Speaker  of 
the  Houfe  of  Delegates  in  Virginia,  to  Admiral  the  Count  de 
GraiTe  ;  General  Sulivan,  refpedting  an  Attack  on  New  York  j  in- 
cluding many  Applications  and  AddrefTes  prefented  to  him,  with 
~  his  Anfwers :  Orders  and  Inftrudlions  on  important  Occafions  to 
his  Aids-de-Camp,  l^c.  Uz,  None  of  which  have  been  printed  in 
the  two  Volumes  pabliihed  a  few  Months  ago.  8vo.  pp- 303. 
58.  Boards.  Printed  at  New  York :  reprinted  for  Rivingtons, 
London.  1 796. 
We  believe  that  the  ^xihole  of  what  are  here  intitlcd  "  Epiflles  do- 

sncftic,  confidential,  and  ofHcial,  from  General  Wafhington,"  are  only 

a  republication  of  the  Letters  which  were  notorioafly  fabricated  and 

Kk   2  ^\^ 


476  MoNTBiy  Catalocue,  AftfidUnnus. 

firll  publittied  in  London>  foon  after  the  commencement  of  eke  Ame* 
rican  war,  for  the  parpofe  of  engaging  the  people  of  this  codntrj  to 
approve  the  continuance  of  it.  We  ought,  however,  to  except  tfwfe 
fnaterialt  which  compofe  the  Apfendix^  and  which  hav»  been  copied 
from  newfpapers,  &c.  in  order,  no  doubt,  to  refled  fome  credit  oa 

thofe  that  were  forged ;  and  forged,  nndoobtedly,  by  a  Mr.V 1 

then  a  young  Epifcopal  clergyman,  who  came  from  New  York»  k 
order  to  make  his  fortune  here,  in  the  charadcr  of  a  Lcyalifi, 

For  our  account  of  a  former  publication  of  Letters  by  Gemti 
Wajbingtont  £pe  Rev.  N.  S.  vol.  xviii.  d.  389.  The  autbencidtjr  of 
ihat  colledUon  has  not,  we  are  pcrfuaded,  ever  been  broogbt  mo 
queltion. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 
^rt.  48.     On  the  Repuhlic,     A  Continuatien  of  the  »*  Pditicei  Saroi^^ 

rf  the  future  Condit'iMsrf  France  .^^    ByDumouriez.     8vo.    is.6ii 

Dilly.     1796. 

Not  having  received  the  original  of  this  work,  we  ihall  aOoc  tk 
more  fpace  to  die  tranflation.  Of  the  author,  and  of  tke  vabe  of 
bis  opinbns,  we  have  already  ^iven  our  fentiments.  He  now  deli* 
vers  his  ideas  concerning  vanons  matters  which  prefi  on  osr  aoi 
immediate  national  interefts, 

*  Thefe  repeated  defeats,  however,  of  which  I  forefaw  tbe  pofibi- 
lity  in  the  ftrft  number  of  my  **  Coop  d*oeil  Pditique,"  ought  it 
feach  the  two  Councils  and  the  Government,  that  the  tamoiis  barrier, 
the  Rhine,  is  of  imporunce  no  where  but  upon  the  map.  The  Frcack 
Bave  proved  to  the  Germans,  and  they  in  their  turn  to  tbe  Preach, 
that  one  may  pafs  this  great  river,  where  and  how  one  pieafes.  There 
are  no  true  barriers,  but  ftrong  places,  and  the  inclinatioo  of  the 

Seople.  All  the  country  between  the  Rhine  and  tbe  Sarre,  from  the 
f  ozelle  to  Landau,  is  open  and  without  any  ilrong  pods.  There  is 
only  one  iingle  pod  between  Coblentz  and  Treves,  for  the  defence  of 
the  Mozelle.  Trevesis  not  flrone; ;  and,  fituated  as  it  is  on  therigbt 
bank,  it  is  an  hindrance  to  the  defence  of  that  river.  Coblentz  is 
fituated  in  the  fame  manner,  and  is  alfo  commanded  by  Ehrenbreti* 
Uein.  Upon  the  capture  of  this  caftle,  which  has  been  too  mochnr- 
gleded  by  the  French,  depended  the  fuccefs,  or  the  failare,  of  tbe 
fiege  of  Mayeoce.  Jourdan  fhonid  not  have  pafTed  tbe  Sieg  till 
lie  had  taken  Ehrenbreitftein,  in  order  to  fecure  all  the  cooHe  of  the 
Rhine  from  Dufleldorf  to  Mayence ;  or  rather,  he  ought  to  hare 
followed  an  entirely  different  plan  in  paffing  that  river. 

<  Treves  and  Coblentz  will  always  be  an  eafy  prey  to  the  Germanf, 
whenever  they  choofe  to  invade  them,  and  ferve  as  depots  of  anni 
for  carrying  the  war  to  the  left  bank  of  the  Mozelle,  and  takisg 
Bonn,  Cologne,  Aix*la*Chapelle,  and  Liege  in  the  rear,  withoa; 
troubling  themfelves  with  Luxembourg ;  which  is  too  much  behiad, 
and  at  too  great  a  diftance,  to  give  any  annoyance  to  the  aiTailaats. 

'  If  there  were  an  intrenched*  camp  at  the  Chartreufe  de  Liege, 
and  Huir  were  (Irongly  fortified,  as  well  as  Limbourg  and  Namor, 

*  For  our  account  of  the  preceding  part  of  this  work,  fee  Ap- 
pendix to  the  xviith  vol.  of  the  M.  Rev.  0795)*  P*  S'5« 

ooe 


MoNTHtr  Catalogue,  Mifcillani^us.  477 

Cne  might  flop  an  enemy  npon  the  Meufe*  and  hinder  him  from  pene- 
trating into  Belgium,  by  drawing  one's  line  of  defence  from  Luxcin. 
bourg  to  Venloo.  But  in  that  cafe,  the  whole  country  between  the 
Meuie  and  the  Rhine,  the  courfe  of  the  Mozelle  quite  to  Thionvilie* 
and  all  that  diflHft  bounded  by  the  Sarre  and  the  Mozelle,  the  Rkiae 
and  Landau,  osud  be  facri/iced,  in  order  to  make  them  the  theatre  of 
war.  Car  NOT  *,  who  is  certainty  well  ficilled  in  military  matters, 
exprefles  nearly  the  fame  opinion,  in  his  fpeech  upon  retaining  the 
conqoefts.  Aa  to  the  attachment  of  the  psople,  there  certainly  can- 
not be  fuppofed  to  be  any  on  the  part  of  the  Germans  of  the  left  banle 
of  the  Rhine ;  they  have  been  treated  with  too  much  infolence,  and 
plundered  with  too  much  rapacity,  ever  to  unite  cordially  with  thena* 
cion  into  which  they  have  been  incorporated  without  their  confent  s 
nor  can  they  be  cxpeAed  to  attach  themfelves  to  a  Republican  Confii- 
tation,  which  has  robbed  them  of  their  religion  and  caftomta  and 
given  them  in  exchange  nothing  but  war,  maifacres,  famine,  poverty, 
tod  every  fpecies  of  vice.  There  can  be  no  doubt  of  their  ofFenng 
op  their  mod  fincere  prayers  for  the  fuccefs  of  their  countrymen, 
whom  they  look  upon  as  deliverers  ;  and  if  they  are  prevented  from 
joining  them,  it  is  merely  by  the  difarmed  and  degraded  ilate  to  whick 
cbey  have  been  reduced. 

^  A)  to  the  Belgians,  we  (hall  fee  that  opprefTed  people,  upon  the 
approach  of  the  Imperialilh,  give  the  lie  to  the  falfe  aflfertions  of 
M£  RL  t  N  of  Douay,  and  to  the  abfurd  certificates  of  the  French  Com* 
Biaoders,  and  the  Commiflioners  of  the  Executive  Power,  which  he 
oppofes  to  my  letter  to  the  Convention,  of  tfie  12th  of  March  17^39 
and  gives  as  proofs  of  their  wiih  for  the  incorporation  of  their  country 
with  the  Republic  of  Prance.  A  new  La  Vendee  has  already  fprung 
op  in  that  country  ;  and  even  if  it  fhould  not  increafe  fo  much  as  to 
make  an  eficacious  diverfion  in  favour  of  the  Auftrians,  the  Befgic 
nation  will  at  the  lead  remain  neuter  between  the  contending  parties* 
and  wait  with  the  fame  r.pathy  as  before  for  the  decision  of  its  fate. 

*  Such  IS  the  public  fpirit  of  all  the  eaftern  frontiers  of  France. 
The  Directory  is  equally  well  acquainted  with  the  true  difpo&tion  of 
Savoy,  of  the  Comp:e  of  Nice,  and  of  Corfica.  And  this  ftate  of 
a£Fairs  perfcdlly  jjlHHed  the  opinion  of  *•  the  faftion  of  ^he  limits,"  as 
it  is  called  by  thofe  who  are  the  really  fa£Uous,  in  the  legiQative 
body. 

*  Itfeem<;  certain  indeed  that  the  French  Government  cannot  hope 
to  preferve  its  conqaefts,  both  becaufe  the  great  extent  of  country 
which  it  has  acquired  dcnards  very  llrong  armies  tu  preferve  it,  and 
becaufe  the  people  of  the  conquered  countries  will  not  even  affid  ia 
defendin;^  themfelves.      Ic  is  alfo  dear  that  France  cannot  obtain 


* 


'  It  is  a  fafl  highly  honourable  to  Car  not,  that  he  was  not  in 
office  during  the  time  when  the  French  were  fo  frequently  defeated 
towards  the  conclufion  of  the  year  1795.  Indeed  the  f.lans  of  this 
very  able  man  havrr  been  uniformly  fuccefsful ;  and  to  his  excraordi- 
nary  talents  the  Repubic  is,  no  donbt,  much  indebted  for  a  fcries 
of  vid>ories,  not  to  bf  equalled^  cither  in  brilliancy  or  innpv^rtancf,  in 
chc  bitlcry  cf  the  world.' 

peace. 


47S  Monthly  Catalogue,  MifitUmn$9us. 

peace>  without  renouncing  her  conquef!s,  and  declaring  explicitlj  bcr 
intention  to  do  fo.  And  it  is  equally  clear^  that  (he  has  the  greaicft 
want  of  peace;  as  without  it  her  conflitution  is  not  or.ly  infecnre,  b«l 
(he  has  every  tning  to  fear  even  fdr  her  liberty  itfelf.  Such  are  tkc 
grand  ubjeds  which  ought  to  occupy  the  attention  of  the  reprefeoti* 
tives  of  the  people,  and  which  they  ought  to  difcufs  with  chegreald 
attention,  in  order  to  prepare  ilie  nation  for  the  reign  of  wifdom  aod 
jullice. 

*  I  do  not  fay*  that  the  feafon  of  defeat  is  that  which  ought  to  he 
chofen  for  announcing  the  dccifion  of  this  important  quellion.  Gai 
forbid  I  that»  after  tivc  years  of  triumph*  France  (hould  feem  to  jM 
to  force.  She  has  dill  immenfe  refources,  and  the  paflage  of  the 
Rhine  by  the  imperialilh  calls  upon  her  for  the  imoiediate  exertiODCf 
them.  But,  as  foon  as  flic  has  re-ellabiifhsd  her  fupcriorit^»  eru 
the  leaft,  her  equality,  in  military  operations ;  and  when  it  (hall  be 
vo  longer  difgraceful  for  her  to  negociate  ;  then  it  is  much  to  be 
winded,  that  (abjuring  for  ever  the  dangerous  and  unjuft  fjHcoidf 
conqucll)  (he  would  put  an  end  to  this  war,  and  add  to  her  maay 
bloody  and  mournful  triumphs,  that  more  noble  one  of  being  juAi^ 
generous.  The  French  people  owe  this  to  the  principles  of  the  ow- 
flitution  which  they  have  jull  adopted — a  conftitution  which  profenki 
conqued  and  offenfive  war.' 

It  is  agreeable  to  learn,  from  fuch  authority,  that  the  barrier  of 
the  Rhine  is  poflibly  no  anxious  intcred  of  the  French  Directory ;  u 
it  certainly  is  of  importance  to  the  future  and  moft  permanent  intcrc£s 
of  England,  to  (hcrten  the  northern  coad  of  France  ;the  extent  of  which 
is  already  formidable  to  our  naval  fuperiority,  and  may  become  (bio 
our  national  independence.  It  is  by  nur(ing  up  fome  great  power  ia 
the  North  of  Germany,  that  a  fpirit  of  counter- incroachxnent  msf 
molt  probably  be  generated,  which  will  be  ultimately  fata!  to  the 
French  afcendancy  over  Holland,  and  perhaps  to  its  (overcig&ty 
over  Belgium. 

Dumouriez  thus  fums  op  his  opinions: 

*  Every  thing  which  1  have  (aid  above,  concerning  the  Freocb 
Republic,  is  founded  upon  the  hypothe(i8  :  1^,  That  there  was  aa 
abfolutc  majority  of  fcti'rages  for  accepting  the  conftitution  of  179;. 
2iilyp  That  the  French  nation  will  perfevere  in  their  new  r^gine, 
which  requires  gre.t  virtues  and  great  facri(ices.  J/^/v,  That  the 
new  government  has  both  the  power  and  the  will  to  fupprefs  all  fac- 
tions. \tblyt  That  it  is  wife  enough  to  feek  for  an  immediate  peace. 
^tUy^  That  it  is  able  to  re-cdablilh  the  hnances ;  -to  withdraw  froa 
circulation,  or  give  irelh  credit  to,  the  alFignats ;  to  equalize  the  ex- 
pences  and  receipts :  to  revive  agriculture,  commerce,  and  induftrj: 
and  to  make  julHce  the  lolc  balls  both  of  its  foreign  politic*,  and  do- 
medic  conducl. 

*  if  this  hypotheds  he  a  mere  chimera ;  if  the  prefent  promifing 
date  of  affairs  be  on'y  in  appearance,  and  without  reality  ;  if  the  oh- 
jedl  be  to  deceive  the  people,  and  to  render  them  cruel  and  feditioos, 
by  cheating  them  with  the  pretence  of  a  democracy,  no  more  likely 
to  haveduration  or  (olidity,  than  the  podure  ef  a  man  who  walks  with 
his  head  upon  the  ground  and  hi&  feet  in  the  air  ;  if  the  Aflembly  of 

9  the 


CORRBSPONDENCE.  479 

i  ReprefentatWes  does  not  reftrain  itfelf  flriftly  to  its  o^vn  Legifla- 
e  dacies  ;  if  it  (hackles  the  progrefs  of  government  by  fadions,  by 
rufationsy  and  vague,  ignorant,  and  indecent  declarations — 
'  If  the  Dire^ory  (hew  itfelf  to  be  cither  fafHous  or  feeble,  unjuft 
cruel,  divided  or  ignorant ;  if  ic  continues  the  war  upon  ralh  plans, 
le  nnelancholy  coniequences  of  a  deteilable  fy ilem  of  ufurpation)  if 
iocs  not  fucceed  in  immediately  fupplying  the  armies  with  pFOvi(]on8» 
ciplining  them,  (Irengthening  or  reanimating  their  confidence, 
'hich  feems  much  lelTened  (ince  the  month  of  September) ;  above 
,  if  it  be  not  able  to  rai(e  the  credit  of  the  finances,  and  eflablifa 
em  upon  a  folid  bafis ;  if  the  enormous  mafs  of  aflignats,  after  hav- 
9  been  the  fcaffblding  of  the  Republic,  Ihould  become  its  funeral 

*  If  the  evils  which  the  nation  has  fufPered  for  (ix  years,  be  not  re- 
ired  by  the  new  order  of  things,  or  rather  by  the  agents  charged 
th  the  care  of  healing  the  calamities,  of  which  they  themfelves  were 
irtly  the  caufe— 

•  The  conftitution  may  ftill  be  found  to  have  the  property  of  the 
DCe  of  Tele  phus,  and  be  able  to  heal  the  wounds  which  it  has 
ade.  lt\  order  therefore  to  avoid  bankruptcy,  anarchy,  civil  war, 
id  defpotifm,  it  will  be  necefTary  exa^ly  to  preferve  this  conftitution, 
ithout  any  change  but  in  the  title  of  the  Executive  Power,  which 
oM  be  (implified  by  uniting  it  under  one  fingle  head,  and  calling  it 
f  whatever  name  may  be  thought  bel(. 

'  The  fate  of  France,  then,  will  be  finally  decided  in  the  year  1796; 
id  Frenchmen,  after  a  metamorphoQs  of  fcven  years,  will  again  be- 
>memen.' 

Correspondence. 
Rmfticus  complains  that  we  fometimes  omit  to  note  the  price  of  a 
ablication,  which  is  ufually  added  to  our  tranfcripts  of  the  titles  of 
ich  article.  We  believe  that  this  charge  can  be  very  rarely  proved 
pen  us :  but  where  fuch  omifTion  happens,  our  readers  may  be  af- 
ired  that  it  is  not  owing  to  inattention  on  our  party  but  to  the  difii- 
llty,  fometimes  xVt  impraSlicability^  of  procuring  the  exadl  knowlegc 
fthe  circamllance.  The  blame,  in  fuch  cafes,  lies  wholly  with  the 
thlijhers',  who  generally  omit  to  print  the  price  of  a  new  publication, 
hich  they  ought  to  put  at  the  bottom  of  the  title-page.  PofObly 
lis  may  often  be  an  intent icnal Juppreffion  :  but,  if  fo,  the  proprietor 
f  the  work  certainly  mi(!akes  his  own  incerell;  efpecially  where  the 
rice  is  a  fair  one.  We  are  afTured  that  many  readers,  particularly 
I  the  country,  are  prevented  from  fending  their  orders,  under  the 
ifpicion  that  the  charge  of  the  purchafe  may  be  greater  than  it  really 
. — Wc  wifh  that  bookicllers,  or  authors  who  print  or  publiih  on  their 
wn  account,  would  be  more  attentive  to  this  very  proper  article  of 
rcvious  information  ;  which  is  certainly  regarded  as  a  matter  of 
>mc  confcquence,  by  many  who  may  be  apprehenfiveof  being  taken 
f  by  prices  which  they  did  not  expefl. — The  Reviewers,  too,  have 
TCat  reafon  to  complain,  on  this  head ;  as  it  is  often  very  troublefome 
>  them  to  fend  (fometimes  miles  I J  to  inquire  the- price  of  a  book,  or 
amphlct,  before  they  can  venture  to  commit  their  review  of  it  to  the 
refs. 

Asv 


4^0 


CoREE5POffD£HC  C. 


All  o!i  crudy  Re£h>r  of  a  parifh  not  far  frotn  Lamh^tU  (to  «^m 
we  acknowtegc  no  gre^t  obligauons)  ufcd  occ4(}Of^Al[/  to  (ay,  **  14 
not  always  mind  the  opinton^  of  thefe  Reviewers,  wliich  iamemtt 
4ton*(  fecm  to  b^;  over- and -above  OfilaJsx:  but  the  i&fon&aiioft  thCf 
gi^  mc  of  the  /ivi<i  of  books  //  o/iiie  to  me.'* 

We  recognize  with  pleafure  the  hand-wniing  of  the  friec^f  A*  B^ 
f  Ncwcaillc  ; — but  wc  had  before  deKCtc4  the  error  %^hicli  lie  nodas* 

A.  C,  who  alfo  dates  from  Newcallte^  inuCl  excufe  o^r  tenmniilg 
reje^iDQ  of  Uls  rt; quell.  If  he  knew  the  numerous  af»plicMOOl  mkk^ 
wc  recti ve,  of  a  nature  firniL>7  ;o  chat  which  he  has  made,  ii^  ik 
utry  little  time  that  we  can  fpdre  for  any  CYtr«  offictat  parpolet»l« 
wfKild  fee  the  necclTity  of  our  noo-compliaTiCC.  H  i  letter  W9Mm 
duubc  obuin  a  fatisUdory  anfwcr,  if  irifci  ted  in  one  of  the 


fgmtus  brgs  OJ  to  circulate  his  wiQi,  with  thut  cf  m:inv  o<«hcn«tl< 
authors  vvc^ul  J  prelix  (or  fubjoin  in  a  note)  cranHai  Mtetcesii 

lorcTgn  languages,  efpecially  French,  when  occai;  Eofenedtf 

their  worki*  We  have  before  had  this  hitit  given,  with  appItcMt 
to  ourfclves ;  and  we  think  the  requell,  in  many  refprCli,  resUoaahlc. 
In  oar  own  cafe*  various  circum fiances  mail  prevent  Hi  from  a" ^ 
complying  with  it:  but  we  woajd  recommend  it  to  ib«  sttdnkwu 
authors  in  general.  The  mere  Englilh  reader  has  certaioty  fast 
ground  for  comptaint,  when  he  finds  himfelf  deprived  of  part  of  i^ 
entcrtair^ment  and  inflruflion  w  hich  he  expected  to  tkrtvc  frAB  a 
workj  lor  the  ^hdt  of  which  he  has  chccrfi:IIy  paid  his  tnoney.-^ 
The  halle  with  which  we  are  ftcquently  obliged  to  write  and  to  fritt 
war  remarks,  and  the  faricty  of  hands  which  corripofc  '' 

OiiOt  will  fuggcfi  to  the  reader  fonieof  ti>e  reatbns  w 
fcarcely  pra^licable  for  us  to  obTcrvc  this  mode  : — hot  tl  cy  mUI  i^ 
apply  to  iodii/idual  writers,  who  have  only  iheir  owo  lalle  lauMdi^ 
and  can  ukc  their  own  tiaie. 


The  work  tntiiled  Plan  di  Duu  f/svtn  Us   Hommes^  ffC^ 
in  our  lail  Kevicw,  p.  241,  was  inadvertently  aicnbed  toy^ 
Etntayd*u  dt  Zt»  Ptcrrt: — the   rame  i/f  the  anthor  of  that  wo*kbebf 
Stfdinand  Olivief  Piittpian,     The  rcidcr  i»  therefore  re<)«cr 
obliterate  the  paiTage  which  makes  thii  erroneous  applicitioo. 


InOflober  Review,  p.  139*  L  sS,  wc  hjiftily  copied  the 
the  ccritJiiiitGr  forthatofthe  t^%fOtisr  of  the  improved  mode  of 
faduring   white  had,     Mt,  Anhtr  irard^   and  00 1   Mf^  MrtmM^vi 
Derby,  is  tiic  author  of  this  improvement. 


Letters  from /".—W-R*  kc,  are  received. 


t5*  In  the  Review  for  Oftober,  p*  177,  L  6  froro  bottcm^  r^r 
*  Genefa,*  r.  Ganefmi,  p.  178-  t  i,  for  '  3i  pathetic  si>di^teoCf/ 
r.  apothetic  indilFcrcQce ;  p.  179^  1,  j^  from  bottoni^  for  *  €ik 
Ciittat'  r.  London* 

ty  Intlie  lall  Review,  p.  163.  I*  10  from  bottom,  for  *  ^ 
t*Jfanids\  p,  x6*^.  I.  31.  for  *  reguiariiy,  ana  form/  &c»  r, 
fuJitritifi  form  |  y*  199.  \,  9.  Vt^ott  ^<^  ^^^^  — 


APPENDIX 


TO    THE 

TWENTY.FIRST    VOLUMK 

OF     T  H  1 

MONTHLY      REVIEW 


FOREIGN    LITERATURE. 


A«T»  I.  Zujlani  der  Neueflin  Litter afur,  dir  Kufifle^  vnd  Wijinfibaf' 
tilt,  in  Frankrehht  kz,  i.  t.  On  the  State  of  Lcttertj  Am*  tnd 
Sciences,  in  France,  lincc  the  Revoiudon ;  being  Extract  and 
Remarks  on  tbofe  Subjeds.  By  C^A*  Bottigbr.  8vo.  Vol.  L 
pp.  170.     VoL  II.  pp.  228.     Berlin.     1795  and  1796. 

"pRANCf »  in  her  tran&formed  ftatc,  after  having  precipitate!/ 
-*  adopted  the  principle  that  whatever  exiftcd  during  the  mo- 
fiarchica!  government  was  unworthy  of  republicans,  could  not 
be  fuppofed  willing  to  exempt  literature  and  the  fine  arts  from 
the  general  innovation.     We  may^  intiecd,  even  at  this  early 

;iod^  trace  in  the  changes  which  they  have  undergone  fince 
the  year  1789  feveral  epochs,  beginning  at  the  fame  date  with 
the  leading  events  of  the  revolution. 

The  Jirji  epoch  commences  with  that  memorable  decree  of 
Odober  8,  179^1  hy  which  all  academies  and  literary  focieties 
in  the  country  were  fuppreffcd  ;  and  the  tree,  inftead  of  having 
fbme  of  its  ufelefs  branches  and  rank  excrefcences  lopped  off» 
was  totally  extirpated* 

'  The  y^^fl;7^  may  be  fixed  at  May  31,  1793,  the  day  on  which 
the  downfall  of  the  BriJTotins  and  Girondiits  happened,  when  a 
new  political  rnquifition  began  to  overawe  all  free  difcuifiony 
and  to  annihilate  the  liberty  of  the  prefs  by  the  terrors  of  the 
guillotine  and  the  horrors  of  a  dungeon*  TbtJ  was  the  period 
of  Mar&th  crimes,  and  of  a  tafte  in  arts  and  fciences  as  gro* 
tefque  and  difgufting,  as  the  prefumption  of  ilyling  it  antique^ 
and  comparing  it  with  that  which  is  difplay^d  in  Gre^k  and  Ro-» 


Arp.  R<v,  VoiuXXi. 


LI 


man 


482        Bottiger  on  the  Stati  of  Letiirs^  bfc.  in  Ftomcu 

man  models,  was  ridiculous.  Robefpiem  and  his  accomplica 
deftroyed  all  productions  of  the  Ane  arts,  all  cmbinets,  Ubrirics, 
archives,  and  even  tombs,  with  a  fury  that  was  truly  baibi- 
rous.  To  be  a  man  of  letters  amounted  to  treafon ;  and  xk 
moft  claffical  performances  were  condemned  as  icriu  infitun^ 
while  frivolous,  infipid,  and  immoral  writings  were  cx^cikl 
and  difleminated. 

When,  however,  on  the  9th  of  Thermidor  (July  28, 1794)  1 
new  revolution  efFefled  a  total  change  in  public  affair»,  rofoa, 
genius,  and  tafte  were  reinfiated  in  the  pofleflion  of  their  righn. 
The  printing  and  public  diftribution  of  Condoreef%  laft  work, 
the  releafe  of  Profeflbr  Lacroixy  the  deflrudion  of  the  CeK* 
ere&ed  monuments  of  terrorifm,  the  careful  colledioo  i 
the  few  remaining  produdions  of  the  arts,  the  eftabliflimentflf 
Normal  fchools,  the  confiderable  augmentation  of  the  mufeim 
of  natural  hiftory,  and  the  liberal  bounties  beftowed  on  indigBtf 
artifts  and  literati,  are  events  that  may  be  confiderMascodt 
tuting  the  third  epoch  in  the  hiftory  of  literature  and  tafkia 
France,  flnce  the  revolution  ;  which  has  not  yet  been  fuperfcU 
by  a  more  recent  one. 

That  an  impartial  and  judicious  hiftorjr  of  thefe  events 
prove  highly  interefting  will  not  be  doubted  :  but  the  oMoa 
diflkultv  of  accomplifliing  fuch  a  work  is  fufficiently  eriacsdi 
fay  the  ulence  which  the  numerous  publications  on  the  Frenck 
revolution  are  found  to  obferve  on  this  head  :  at  leaft  no  oae 
has,  to  our  knowlege,  profefledly  and  fyftematically  treaid  thr 
fubje£l  before  M.  Bottiger,  who  defer ves  the  thanks  of  Ui 
countrymen  and  of  the  world  for  the  pains  which  he  has  taba 
in  GoUedling,  arranging,  and  fifting  the  vaft  variety  of  requilB 
matter,  fcattercd  about  in  the  books  and  pamphlets  of  thehft 
eight  years. 

In  order  to  enable  our  readers  to  judge  of  the  prefcnt  id* 
lumes,  we  (hall  ifiril  give  a  (ketch  of  their  contents,  and  iko 
feleA  a  few  paflages  as  fpecimens. 

I.  Marcus  Antonius.  Pierre  la  Rarnee.  Cmebreet*  a-Thi 
Coloilal  decree  of  the  National  Convention,  November  17, 
1793*  3-  ^^^  profeffional  Ufeof  the  artift  Dtnnd,  4.  Bis* 
ports  of  the  committee  of  public  inftru£lion  on  the  ftate  of  am 
and  fciences  during  the  government  of  Bjhefpierre.  5.  Conti- 
nued account  of  the  ftate  of  the  fine  arts  in  Modem  France. 
Vol.  II.  6.  Projefied  reform  of  muiicat  Paris.  7.  Telegraphy, 
to  which  is  added  La  Kanat%  report  made  in  the  name  of  tk 
committee  of  public  inftrui^ion  on  the  26th  of  July  1793*  t* 
On  the  inftitutions  for  inftruAing  the  deaf  an^  dumb  in  France^ 
and  on  their  late  changes.  9.  New  national  mufeum  of  naoi- 
ral  hiftory  at  FarU.    10.  Anti«Obituary,  or  a  lift  gf  raan  cf 


letters  and  artifts  falfdy  fuppofed  to  have  been  put  to  death. 

On  the  prefcnt  tafte  of  archiiedure,  as  well  as  the  new 

rnanner  of  fitting  up  and  ornamenting  the  interior  parts  of  tfie 

houfesat  Paris.     12.  On  the  projefled  national  drcfs  in  France. 

3.  The  new  acquifnions  of  paintings^  flatues,  natural  cu- 

loiities,  &c.  made  during  the  late  conqiieib  of  the  French 

mies.— Appendix.  1.  Women  o^  anticnt  Rome  and  modern 

Wis  infe£^ed  with  the  revolutionary  vertigo*    2*  Revolutionary 

ibunalsof  Athens  and  Pari^. 

The  particulars  of  Condcrat's  cataftrophe  not  being  very  ge- 
eraliy  known »  we  fliall  extra^  them  from  the  firll  article  : 
•  Among  the  Girondifts  profcribcd  by  RoSe/purri  on  the  3iilof 
fay,  Con^orcet  wis  the  very  firll  on  tbe  lilt,  and  was  obliged  to 
:ttlk  in  the  moll  liiddei  corners  to  elude  the  perlecuuons  of  the  fu- 
ndus Jacobins.  A  lady>  to  whom  he  was  known  only  by  name,  be- 
Imc,  at  the  inftancc  of  a  common  friend,  his  generous  protedlrefsi 
ceating  him  in  her  houfe  at  Parts,  at  the  moH  imminent  hazard^ 
n  the  latter  end  of  April  1794;  when  the  apprehenfion  of  general 
miciliary  vifits  (o  much  increafcd,  and  the  riflt  of  expofing  both 
imftflf  and  his  paironefs  became  fo  prefGng  on  the  mind  of  Condone t^ 
\l  he  Tefolved  to  quit  Paris.  Without  either  paiTport  or  civic  card, 
contrived^  under  the  difguife  of  a  Proven9al  countrywoman,  with 
white  cap  on  his  hfad,  to  ileal  through  the  barriers  of  Paris^  and 
'  the  plains  of  Mont  Rouge  in  the  diftrtd  of  Bourg-Ia-Rcine  j 
he  hoped  to  have  found  an  afylum  in  the  country-houfe  of  a 
raan  with  whom  he  had  once  been  intimate.  This  friend  hav- 
t^'»  unfortunately,  at  that  very  time,  gone  to  Paris,  Condorcet  was 
er  the  dreadfu!  neceHity  of  wandering  about  in  the  fields  and 
Is  for  three  fucceflivc  days  and  nights,  not  venturing  to  enter  anjr 
unprovided  with  a  civic  card,  Exhaulled  by  hunger*  fatigue^ 
idanguiih,  with  a  wound  in  hii  fool,  he  was  fcarcely  able  to  drag 
ifelt  into  a  deferred  quarry,  where  he  purpofed  to  await  the  return 
hit  friend.  At  length,  having  advanced  towards  the  road  iide* 
hrcet  faw  him  approach,  was  rccogni2cd,  and  received  with  open 
\ti — but,  as  they  both  feared  leil  Condorat^^  frequent  inquiries  at 
friend's  houfe  thould  have  raifed  fufpicions  y  and  as,  at  any  rate^ 
fvaj  not  advifablc  for  them  to  make  their  entrance  together  in  the 
time*  they  agreed  that  Cond^rctt  fhould  flay  in  the  fields  till  du^» 
then  be  let  in  by  a  back  door.  It  was  then,  however,  that  im-* 
idence  threw  him  off  his  guard.  The  forlorn  exile,  after  having 
tly  borne  hunger  and  thirft  for  three  days  together,  without  io 
ich  aj  approaching  an  inn,  now  finds  himfcif  incapable  of  waiting 
few  hours  longer,  at  the  end  of  which  all  bis  fuifcrings  were  to  Tub- 
1e  in  the  bofom  of  friendfhip  Tranfported  with  this  happy  prof- 
and  foregoing  all  caution,  which  fecmed  to  have  become  ha- 
al  to  him,  he  entered  an  inn  at  Clamars  and  called  for  an 
mclctte.  His  attire,  his  dirty  cap  and  long  beard,  his  pale  mea- 
countenancc,  and  the  ravenous  appetite  wiih^vvhich  he  devoured 
?i^ual9»  could  not  fail  to  excite  the  curiofity  ted  fufpicion  of  the 
li  1  a  company* 


484        Botdger  on  ihi  Siati  0/  LttUrs^  isft.  in  Fr^nus 

company.     A  member  of  the  revolutioDary  committee,  who  1up« 
pened  to  be  prefeoc,  taking  it  for  granted  that  this  woe-bcg^me  figure 
could  be  DO  other  than  fome  runaway  from  the  fiicetre,  addrcfTcd  «od 
queftioned  him  whence  he  came,  whether  he  could  produce  a  paff- 
port,  &c.  which  inqairies,  Con^orcet  having  loft  all  felf-comniiuidy 
were  fo  unfatisfaderily  anfwered,  that  he  was  taken  to  the  hoofe  of 
the  committee  as  a  fufpeded  perfon.     Thence,  having  undergone  t 
fecond  interrogatory,  during  which  he  acquitted  himielf  equaUy  i!!, 
he  was  conduced  to  Bourg-la-Reine ;  and,  as  he  gave  very  mconfift- 
cnt  anfwers  to  the  queilions  put  to  him  by  the  mnnicipality,  it  wii 
inferred  that  this  unknown  perfon  moft  have  fome  rtry  important 
reafoDS  for  wiihing  to  continue  undifcovered.     Being  fent  to  a  tein- 
porarv  confinement  till  the  matter  (hould  be  cleared  up,  on  the  neit 
morning  he  was  found  fenfelefs  on  the  ground,  without  any  marks  of 
violence  on  his  body;  whence  it  was  conjedured  that  he  mufthafe 
poifoned  himfelf.     Indeed,  C^nJorcet  had,  for  fome  time  pad,  car- 
ried about  him  the  mod  deadly  poifon  ;  and,  not  long  before  hu  fattl 
exit,  he  owned  to  a  friend  that  he  had  more  than  twenty  times  bcca 
tempted  to  make  ufe  of  it,  but  was  checked  by  motives  of  afieffioa 
for  his  wife  and  daughter.     It  was  during  his  concealment  of  ten 
months  at  Paris  that  he  wrote  his  excellent  hiftory  of  the  progrds 
of  human  underftanding*. — Thus  p:ri(hed  one  of  the  moft  iUnimoas 
of  the  French  literati  that  the  prefent  age  had  produced.' 

The  author  (p.  27)  compares  the  maflacre  of  Lyons  ia  1571 
with  that  in  17Q39  which  but  too  much  confirms  the  old  fay* 
ing)  quoted  by  niai»  ^*  U  Franfois^  aufond^  eft  U  pmpU  U^ 
iruildeV  Europe^:' 

The  abfurdity  of  creeling  a  Coloflfal  ffatue,  reprefendng  the 
people  of  France,  as  was  decreed  by  the  Convention  in  17939 
is  fufEciently  expofed  by  our  author.  The  (ketch  of  thelifis  of 
Davtd^  the  painter  $•  feems  to  be  well  drawn  up.  He  was 
born  at  Paris  in  17599  and  joined  to  the  advantages  of  a  good 
education  the  comforts  of  a  comp-tent  fortune.  So  early  u 
the  year  17749  when  a  lad  of  fourteen,  he  received  the  princi- 
pal prize  from  the  Royal  Academy  of  Painting,  which  alfo  en- 
titled him  to  ftudy  at  Rome  for  four  years  at  the  king's  ex- 
pence  :  but  he  himfelf  owns  that  the  depraved  ufle  then  pre* 
vailing  in  his  country,  which  looked  on  copies  after  nature  in 
the  light  of  fervile  imitations,  prevented  him  not  a  little  from 
improving,  at  the  commencement  of  his  refidence  at  Rome* 
He  therefore  confined  himfelf  to  the  contemplation  of  the  (iib« 
lime  fimplicity  in  the  antiques,  until  his  tafte  was  thoroughly 
purified. 

•  See  Rev.  vol.  xviii.  N.S.  p.  544.  Appendix. 

t  "  The  French  are,  at  bottom,  the  moft  cruel  nation  in  Europe.'* 

i  Well  known,  fincc  the  Revolution,  as  having  been  employed  by 

the  executive  ^ower  to  deGgn  the  decoration*  for  their  natlowd  fijabi 

fpe^adcs,  national  drefles,  &c. 


Bottiger  mtht  State  aftiiUrs^  t^^JinTrana.        ^fj 


Fof  the  whole  of  the  fjrft  ' 


(fays 


>  clofdjr  ) 


author^) 

pTicd  himfelf  to  the  ftudy  of  the  Biflbrelievos  on  Trajan'a  colwnn; 
which,  not^ith landing  the  fymptoms  of  an  already  vitiated  tafle,  faid 
to  be  diicovcred  in  it  by  connoifTeurs,  David  declared  to  be  the  fooft 
unerring  guide  to  the  kao^vlege  o*  Roman  cottome  and  the  grouping  of 
^mntient  Agurcs.  Raphael's  tidiodorus  became  his  idol,  and  he  often 
cd  before  it  for  hours  together,  wrapt  in  fpeechlcfs  admiration/ 

David  well  improved  his  time  at  Rome,  finiflttd  feveral 
inaHerpieres,  recurtted  to  Paris,  and  was  admitted  member  of 
the  Royal  Academy.    Hiiving  found  means  to  be  recommended 

_to  iht  kttig,  he  was  again  fcnt  to  Rome,  in  or  er  to  paint  & 
ircfte  from  Corneilie's  Horatir,  of  which  he  had  already  drawn 
Isiti  publiciy  exhibired  a  bold  and  animated  fitctch.  Arrived  at 
S»s  fiv'jurue  (poc,  and  having:  once  more  taken  deep  draughts 
>f  t  1  :iim  with  which  the  frequent  contemplation  of 

ln\'  ^  lovers  and  profciTors   of  the  fine  arts,  he  fpi- 

|r»teti«/  let  i>iiitiLlUo  work,  and  at  the  end  of  nine  months,  Ay- 
g^ll  1785,  ^:3d  completed  that  famous  piece,  *  the  oath  of  the 
foritii.' 

•  ft  tjcciicd   (fays  our  author)  fo  general  an  attention  at  Rome, 
bait  iKc  tt sect  in  which  he  lived  was  for  three  weeks  crowded  with 

itaitvcf  ^:;  J  r'vdgners.  The  phenomenon  of  fuch  a  miracle  in  paiot- 
iflgy  in  a  city  in  which  every  individual  values  himfelf  on  being  a  con- 
ttifeur,  Ux  all  in  an  uproar.     The  encomiums,  opinions,  and  criti- 

Fctfms  occafioned  by  Daviii'f  pifture,  io<jk  place  for  a  confiderablc 
time  of  all  other  topics  of  converfation*' 

The  merits  of  this  performance,  as  well  at  of  other  works 

lof  the  French  artift,  arc  weighed  by  M.  Bottioer  in  the 
Icalei  of  a  connoifleur  :  but  we  cannot  follow  him  tii rough  this 
inftrutlivc  part  of  his  work.  In  the  account  of  David's  life 
is  an  intcrefting  digrcflion  concerning  young  DrQuait^  which 
we  fhall  cxtra£t  i 

•  Droualst  the  fon  of  a  portrait  painter,  having,  even  when  a  Bby, 
difcovered  uncommon  eothufiarm  for  painting,  was  placed  under  Du- 

[  -1//V,  on  the  ftrft  return  of  this  artill  from  Rome.  Mrouais  (in  1783) 
enlified  among  the  competitors  for  the  academical  prize,  bdc  cut  his 
picture  to  pieces  when  it  only  wanted  the  ftnifhing  ftroke,  and  (hewed 
to  hif  mailer  fome  remnant  of  it.  ••  What  have  you  been  about  here* 
(cried  Da^vid,)  you  deprive  yourfelf  of  the  prize.**  "  1  am  fuiS- 
ciemly  rewarded  (replied  the  pupil)  by  meeting  with  your  approbatton; 

I  next  year,  1  fhall  endeavour  to  be  llill  more  worthy  of  you.**  He  kept 
hb  word»  for  he  obtained  the  prize  of  I7S4,  which  was  awarded  to  him 
by  the  academy  ;  and  had  not  the  rcgulanons  of  the  academy  op  poled 
it>  he  would  have  bcL-n  immediately  admitted  of  their  bwiy  :  but  he 
wss  coodudled  in  triumph  to  his  miller,  and  thence  to  his  mother. 
On  Davi£i  return  to  Rome,  Dreuats  accompanied  him.  Although 
lie  polfelVed  a  yearly  revenue  of  20,000  livre9»  the  ufual  pl^uref  of 
y^ithhad  no  charms  for  him,  whdjfe  idol  wat  Raphttth     He  would 


i,l3 


be 


^{6        Bottiger  en  the  Stati  ofZiiUrs^  i^c*  in  FrMu% 

be  at  his  ftudies  from  four  in  the  morning  till  oigbt.  **  Puvtlttf  • 
nothing/*  was  the  ufua)  reply  which  he  made  to  Da^id^  who  N< 
qoently  leiDontlrated  with  him  on  his  coo  unremitted  &cplkiM&. 
*'  Firtt,  Fame;  then,  Amofem'^nt;'*  he  would  often  add  J)tfvii 
leaving  him  at  Home,  Drouaii  ihartly  afterward  completed  hit  Mi- 
rioSf  a  pi^ure  which  a0onifhtd  all  Pans : —but  while  he  wai  €f>g;t|ci 
In  a  fubje^,  the  execution  of  which  promifed  the  grcatefl  boooiirtt 
him,  his  conllitution  begin  to  decline.  His  glowing  zeal  for  lii 
profefijon  bad  dried  up  the  vital  juices  of  his  frame,  aixi  he  dtr^  dfi 
putrid  fever  at  the  age  of  twenty -five*' 

In  the  fourth  chapter,  we  find  the  memcynble  report  of  te 
ftateofarts  and  tctences  during  RoheJp$em^%  government  ^  tbt 
(beginning  of  which  we  iball  prefent  to  the  reader  : 

'  A  great  proportion  of  the  bibliographic  riche*  in  the  depirtacia 
fell  a  prey  to  infers,  dull,  and  rain.  At  Arn*y,  the  iKJoki  «m 
crammed  and  beaten  into  cafk^ ;  at  Narbonne,  they  were  fent  iMDiif 
arfcnal ;  ac  Fonuine  les-Dijon,  the  hbrary  of  the  Frac^dlcmii  coavol 
was  thrown  into  a  I  umber- room.  The  celebrated  miffal  frofn  theChipl 
Koyal  at  Verfailles  wa&  about  to  be  converted  into  cajtridgei,  wiak 
fortunately  fom^  body  faved  tc.  The  municipality  retting  thdr  kah 
to  any  thing  was  a  mere  matter  of  form,  as  even  at  Paria  the 
nit^  were  often  nothing  but  buttons  or  fols,  which  any  body 
pleafureimprers  on  any  broken  feal.'— •  Men  armed  with  ili 
preceded  by  terror,  entered  the  (hops  of  book  and  print  feUcrs, 
any  particular  binding  or  engraving  was  a  fufficicnt  pica  for  de§i9J^ 
fpgor  ilealing  books»  maps,  prints,  and  paintings/ 

In  p.  99  the  author  circumftanttally  mentions  the  hmom 
embroidery  at  Bayeux,  fyppofed  to  be  the  work  of  the  queeocf 
William  the  Conqueror :  it  had  a  narrow  efcape  from  the  htr* 
barities  of  Rohefpierre^^  time. 

At  the  tnd  of  the  firft  volume^  wq  meet  with  fome  poiuM 
refie6lioos  on  the  ridictilous  f^fhion,  which  for  a  time  pre- 
vailed in  France,  of  changing  t^tty  name  that  bore  the  lesft 
relation  to  profcribed  royalty.  More  than  2CO  dirt ri£ls,  citif, 
and  ports,  rtfigned  their  antient  names,  given  to  thctn  either 
their  foundation  or  enlargement,  and  adopted  fome  modem  dc 
f}gnation  of  a  republican  complexion.  Thus  the  name  of  Dva* 
kirk  was,  by  ^  decree  of  the  club  of  Jacobins,  changed  iochit 
of  Dunlihrf^  Co  get  ofT  the  odious  found  of  Kirk  or  £Shitfxl| 
and  at  the  end  of  the  National  Almanack  is  a  long  index  of 
cities  and  towns  thit  have  adopted  other  names  : — but  noihiag 
was  more  frivolous  than  the  change  of  perfonal  names.  The 
whole  Roman  hiftory  was  ranfackcd  to  find  out  fome  pompom 
name  for  the  newly  hatched  hero  of  the  revolution  ;  tbafe  rf 
Mutius,  Brutus,  Caffius  Gracchus,  &c.  refounded  in  evtvy 
Jacobin  club  ;  and  the  moil  feditious  cut-throat(  were  forward 
beyond  all  Qihers  in  ufurping  thofc  v^^crabIe  aainei  of  ami* 


N 


Botttger  0ft  tie  Sfati  tf  Letters^  i^c.  in  Francis         487 

icy*     M.  Bo  TIGER  adds  Gmjlar  inflances  rrom  the  bifior/ 
^Greece.  ^  ,     ,, 

Vol  II-  is  not  lefs  intcrcfting  than  the  firft.     We  Aall  fc- 
tafcw  paflagcs: 

Since  Rohe/pterrt  was  determined  to  turn  France  into  a  vail  empire 
foldicrs  and  freebooters,  Mulk,  amonj?  Qther  expedients,  wa* 
imtA  z\x  effedual  method  for  calling  forth  find  keeping  altv^  a 
rtial  fplrit;— bai  the  melting  Urains  of  an  oocra,  and  the  fofthar- 
oy  of  IHngcd  Inllruments,  were  reUnquifhsd  m  unmanly^  and  the 
re  audible  and  aoi fy  foiinds  of  wind-inftrumcnts  were  preferred. 
Iiatever  cooiribuied  to  fiun  the  ears  was  thought  grand,  Whcn^ 
tfefore«  the  Jacobins,  in  the  beginning  of  1794*  delivered  a  peti- 
in  to  the  National  Convention,  they  were  preceded  by  a  hmirii 
immers,  bcfides  wlnd-inftruments.' 

Under  the  head  of  Telbgraphy,  the  author  fatisfaaorilf 
pws  that  Chafpi  cannot  without  injtrftice  be  deprived  of  the 
m^tir  of  inventing  the  telegraph,  as  novr  ufed  in  France. 
Iierc  is  a  vaft  difference  between  knowing  any  thing  to  be 
»iEble,  and  rendering  it  pr.idicablc.  Chapfe,  it  ftould  feem, 
id  fpent  many  vcars  in  inventing  the  mnft  effc<f^iial  mode 
\  qutckty  con^municating  important  intelligence,  as  may  be 
n  from  the  ortgmal  report  made  in  the  Convention  by  La 
KanaU  which  the  aufhor  has  here  iofertQf. 

Chapter  viii.  on  the  method  adopted  in  France  of  inftrufling 
that  unfortunate  clafs  of  mankind,  the  deaf  and  dumb,  \%  replete 
th  curious  information.     As  to  the  idea  of  the  pofllbiliiy  of 
ching  the  deaf  and  dumb  to  utter  artkuiate  founds,  our  author 
icws  from  Hjppocrates,  Arirtotle,  and  Pliny,  that  the  antitnts 
no  conception  o»  it       The  firft  of  thee  writers  exprefsly' 
ys  that  men  born  dumb  could  only  pronounce  juavo^u?va,  or 
en  pie  founds ;  and  xbf^o;,  the  Greek  word  for  dumh,   means 
likewife  a  weak-minded  peribn,  according  to  Valkenartus  ad 
Ammonium,  p.  153.     The  author,  therefore,  attributes  to  an 
Englishman  the  firft  ideas  on  the  pra<5l»cability  of  maktng  the 
deaf  and  dumb  pronounce?  articulate  founds,      tt  is  Dr.  Jtjhn* 
IValHs^  in  his  excellent  GrammaUca  LtPtgutt  AngHcanw^    whO|J 
according  to  M.  3dTTlGER,  has  the  honour  c>t  having  difco-' 
vered  th^ method  of  communicating  abltra<Sl  ideas  to  the  mindf 
of  a  fet  of  men,   who,  till  then,  had  been  thought  fufceptibib' 
only  of  obfi  ure  intimations  by  figns.   Braidwsod  ^t  Edinburgh, 
Hiinicki  *i  Leipzig,  and  <he  Abbe  VEpce  at  Paris,  have  in  our 
time  carried  tnac  art  to  great  perteciton.      1  he  latter,  particu- 
larty,  had  mtlru£led  at  Parts  upwards  of  a  thoufand  deaf  and 
dumH  perftins,  when  he  was  fuccceded  by  his  pupil  Sicard  \  who^ 
our  author  Informs  us,  is  encouraged  by  the  exifting  Govern- 
nienc,  and  is  reported  to  be  engaged  in  a  work  of  great  mgment 

Xi  1  ^  oa 


A 


48*         Bottigcr  en  th  Stati  rfLifOrh  ^€.  in  Fratuu 

on  this  highly  beneficlaj  irc.  The  author's  account  of  coe 
Si  card's  pupHSf  Jmh  Maffiiu^  would  appear  incrediblr,  were  it' 
not  well  authenticated.  This  youth,  who  was  born  deaf  anl 
dumb,  was  fo  far  inftru£led  as  to  be  able  in  perron  to  iccufci 
fellow,  who  m  a  crowd  had  taken  from  htm  a  pocket-book,  Vf 
extemporanooufly  addrelTing  a  letter  to  the  Judge,  (here  iofal- 
ed,}  which  appears  to  be  written  with  wonderful  cteamcftanl 
precifion.  Every  pupil  is  gratuitoufly  inftru£)ed  For  five  j^n^ 
when  he  makes  room  for  another,  Jtan  MaJJini  is  now 
felf  appointed  teacher  under  Sicard*  One  of  the  boys  wn 
deaf  as  not  to  hear  the  report  of  a  great  gun  difcharged  cMe 
him,  yet  Sicard  brought  him  to  pronounce  a  complete  feoiCMt 

From  a  note  m  the  ixth  chapter,  in  which  Mr-  B*  fpcjkicf 
the  National  Mufeum  for  Natural  Hitlory,  it  appears  ilmt 
Linnean  Society,  like  that  infiituted  fome  time  Ago  tn  £iif- 
land,  was  alfo  projefied  at  Paris  by  Breuffinet^  an  able  natar* 
alifV,  well  known  in  this  country;  and  which  was  encoora^ 
by  the  refpe^able  names  oi  LHiretitr^  Grand  Ataifm^^  WUmd^ 
ice.  but  was  fupprcfled  in  its  infancy  by  a  frannc  polfc  d  JK 
cobins  ;  who,  among  other  outrages,  miftaking  JLrjmr'rbdl 
for  that  oiCharU$  IX.  daflied  it  to  pieces.  Nor,  as  ihe  aidMr 
remarks,  p.  79.  was  the  immortal  name  of  Buffm  ftiffieieoiii 
fcreen  his  only  Ton  from  the  hands  of  the  aflalTins,  who  guilb* 
lined  him,  duiing  the  bloody  year  of  1793*  ^he  l^teft  eneoa- 
ragement,  afforded  by  the  French  govcrninc^t  to  the  fttniy  of 
natural  hiflory,  may  be  known  from  the  origio^J  report,  gnfca 
in  this  chapter. 

The  lift  of  thofe  learned  men  who  fled  from  the  fccoe  of  d»> 
fola^ionand  carnige,  during  the  barbarous  reign  of  R^^imh 
and  who  were  erroncoufly  fuppofcd  to  have  been  afiaAniied  or 
guillotined,  muft  be  intetciling  to  all  that  are  in  aajr  degtetac* 

Iitainted  with  modern  French  literature,  it  is  well  knows  tte 
hhtfpiim^  in  his  Journal,  (or,  as  it  is  ftylcd^  bilhjh  iaimkf^ 
called  the  learned  *^  the  mod  dangerous  fet  of  men  in  ^  r»> 
public  I**  and  we  have  already  obferved  that  he  hjid  i  peoiliar 
method  of  mining  all  thofe  writers,  who  had  the  misfoitttaetQ 
dtfpleare  him,  by  naming  their  books  ''  i<r$u  infidifUM^*^  wlud 
was  the  fignal  for  feizing  and  furrendering  them  to  ibcicfo^ 
tjonary  tribunal*  Three  of  the  moft  renowned  Collcgci 
Paris  weit  turned  Into  Jacobinical  dungeons.  Some  ' 
men>  however,  having  efcaped  the  tyrant's  emiHarict, 
after  his  fall,  recommended  to  the  bounty  of  the  nation 
the  interefling  report,  made  00  that  occafion  by  Chtm^rj^  m 
jnferted  by  M.  Bottiger. 

The  X^ii\ou^^  Mufeum  of  Arts,  mentioned  tn  chapter  Itt 
become  very  important  hy  its  prodigious  incite  from  tbe 


'  wlucfe 
rcf  0^  J 

>n;  i«f 


Bottigcr  en  thi  State  ef  Letters^  l^£  in  France^         48^ 

qoe&s  in  Flanders,  Germany,  Spain,  and  Italy.  All  citisenf, 
both  male  and  female,  are  at  liberty  to  view  it  twice  in  a  de* 
€2dc  (a  period  of  to  days);  and  artifts,  dcfirous  of  improving 
tbemfelves,  may,  by  proper  application  10  the  commirtec  of  in- 
llru£lion,  obtain  daily  admiflion.  Such  as  have  already  didin. 
guifhed  thcmfclvcsiri  this  line  are  rewarded  wi*h  annual  pcnfion^ 
particularity  ibofc  who  arc  employed  by  the  nation  in  ornament-. 
ing  public  n^onumerits.  The  author  alfo  fpenkf;  of  a  work 
which  IS  io  be  publifhed  periodically  at  Paris,  under  the  title 
of  M^dirn  Ar4hhi£}urt  in  Fra/ta. 

As  we  have  a  I  redd  y  me  mi  00  cd  Davids  merits  as  an  artiff^ 
we  (hall  not  withhold  frgm  our  reader^  that  the  auihor  obfcnres 
p.  liK,  that  he  now  h  deservedly  dete(^ed  and  fhonned  for  hit 
inhuman  condu^  under  Rcbifpiem,  M.  Bottiger  vouchci 
for  the  truth  of  the  fallowing  anecdote  : 

•  Wh'.n  Diivid  was  member  of  the  Commntee  of  Public  Safety,  a 
pnegD^nt  a'O'Udn  conjured  him,  embracing  Ins  knees,  to  fave  the  life 
of  hci  hitJbi.r.d,  whn  had  been  c^^rricd  before  the  Revolutiooary  Tri- 
bunal* Da^'tdt  bitiding  her  aritV,  went  to  his  clglet,  and  returned 
fntft  a  p-ipcf  oti  which  he  had  (keichcd  thtr  body  of  a  pcrfon  guiJk>* 
lined,  whom  the  woman  immediately  lecogiiizcd  as  her  bulband. 
Such  was  his  reply/ 

Since  manners  and  charafler  thus  take  their  hue  fram  the 
prevailing  cnlour  of  the  times,  we  hope  that  thofe  of  David 
have  re-<afllimcd  a  more  favourable  dye. 

The  xnth  fe<5tton  treats  of  a  new  drcfs  propofcd  to  be  worn 
by  the  French,  though  never  generally  adopted*     It  was  fatd  Xo^ 
be  planned  by  Davids  and  was  foon  ftigmatizcd  by  the  appella* 
tion  of  Cof>umc  of  the  S  atues.     At  a  public  fcilival  on  the  rew 
nktngof    f  oulgn    the  male  and  female  youth  of  Paris  appeared 
in  that  aiure ;  and   the  fair  Cabarrus^  now  the  wife  of  Talliiti^  ' 
the  arbitral nx  of  fafbion  and  talU,  ufed  to  drefs  in  a  Ibort- 
waiOed  degani  tunica,  red  fandals,  and  a  cloak  which  was  neg«  . 
ligenily  thrown  over  the  fliouldcrs,  and  held  together  by  a  clafp  . 
fet  with  brilliants  ;  thus  reiembling  an  Athenian  matron  of  the 
4ays  of  Pericles  \  and  rcpreflinfi,  by  her  elegant  form  and  per-  • 
fonal  charms,  all  objcdions  that  could  be  made  to  the  proje£ted 
faihion.      Still  the  people  would  r^collet^  that  it  was  an  inven- 
tion f*f  the  odious  epoch  of  tcrronim,  the  memory  of  which  they 
now  cadcavour  to  obliterate;  removing  frum   the  eye  of  the 
public  every  monument,    and  rejetBing  every  word,  that  bear 
the  leaft  relation  to  that  lime. —  The  auihor  has  fubjoined  two 
curious  and  well-written    Ititers  of  a  Parifian  fpc^lator,  con- 
taining excellent  hints  on  ihc  adoption  of  a  more  natural  drefs* 

The  Ia(f  chapter  informs  us  of  the  .additioti  made  to  the 
fS)yfcum$  9f  ibe  French  raeiropolit^  by  the  natural  curioftttes, 

paintings. 


490       The  mrh  ofC.  M,  Wieland,  Foh.  Xl^JCF. 

paintings,  &c.  lately  tranfmTitcd  from  Belgium,  Germany,  ani' 
Italy  J  which,  it  ftiould  fecm,  arc  very  conrtJerabfr,  The 
French  aim  at  nothing  lefs  than  to  make  Parts  the  emporium 
of  the  fine  arts. — Wc  fhall,  in  conclufion,  trandate  a  curious 
[fa£l,  not  much  known*  Citizen  Thouhu  fcnr,  was  charged  by 
'the  Convention  to  accompany  the  vidorrous  armies  throagh 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Flanders,  for  the  purpofc  of  gathtfiog 
whatever  might  contribute  towards  the  improvement  of  agri- 
culture and  horticulture  in  the  republic.  The  choice  of  the 
man  proved  to  be  judicious,  and  anfwered  in  every  refpeQ* 
Without  mentioning  his  obfcrvattons,  from  which  farmtng  and 
^tillage  derived  fmmediate  benefits,  he  carrjed  back  into  tlie 
country  144  fpecies  of  exotic  trees,  (hrubs,  and  pUnts,  litl  tben 
jiot  found  in  any  botanic  garden  of  France,  He  alfo  tranf- 
mitted  feeds  of  very  valuable  vegetables  ;  c»  g.  a  fpecies  of  mil. 
let  of  extraordinary  dimenfions  and  excellent  flavor. 

From  the  preceding  abUra<5*,  we  doubt  not  that  this  work 
will  be  allowed  to  poffcfs  confidcrablc  merit,  and  to  comprife 
much  information  and  entertainment  in  little  compafs.  Tie 
notes  interfperfed  argue  found  judgment  and  extenfive  reading,* 
both  in  anticnt  and  modern  writings  j  and  the  ftylc  ts  eafy  an4 
concife.  The  auihor,  wc  underlland,  is  a  dignitary  in  die 
church,  and  provoft  of  Weimar  College  in  Saxony.  We  ihiiik 
that  his  book  better  deferves  tranOation  than  many  of  the  ab- 
furd  novels,  journals,  and  tales,  which  have  lately  been  traoT- 
planted  from  German  into  Enghfti  foiK 


AaT.  IL     CM,  Wielakd's  Sammtltcin  Wrrh^  Uc.    t\w,    Tfc« 

Works  of  C,  M.  Wi eland.  Vol.  XI.  toXV,     Leipzig,    1795, 

^His  third  ♦  lot  of  WrELANo's  Works  offers  to  pcwuUl^  in 
-■-  the  inh  and  i2ih  volumes.  Den  Siivh  9/  Rofalva^  a  nord 
already  known  in  Great  Britain  by  an  accur;ite  rranflattco. 
No  important  variations  have  been  miidc  in  thit  hKfory  of  a 
^ixoU  of  Fairyifm\  who,  accuftomtd  rn  his  early  years  to 
the  cxcluftve  ftudy  of  Mother  Goofc's  Fale^  of  the  T  houfaisd 
and  One  Nights,  of  ihc  Pcrfian  Fables,  &c.  is  prepared  ta 
difcoverin  the  real  world  ^-erfon^ges  fimibr  foihofc  with  whofe 
exigence  and  celebrtiy  he  is  exclulivcly  acquainted.  If  be  ptif» 
fucsa  butterfly,  fomc  diiguifed  Pcnc  luikv,  in  hrs  imagination, 
beneath  its  motley  poudcr'd  wings  ii  ht  finds  a  poru^iit,  fomc 
patron  Genie  dropt  it  in  his  path  to  (limulare  his  fcarch  after  « 
fpclUbound  princcfs  prco'cftined  fo  his  arms.  If  he  is  hofpi. 
tably  received  by  an  old   maid,  rhe  cats  in  her  parlour  ^ 


) 


I 


Thi  Worh  9f  C.  M.  Widand,  Ttf/x.  XI-^XF.     491 

htiman  attendants  of  his  beloved  unknown,  mrumarphofed  bjr 
the  fpells  of  fomc  bewitching  rival.  Many  diverting  mif^ipprc- 
beofions  occur :  but,  by  degrees,  the  illurions  of  youth  give 
way  to  the  realities  of  experience  j  and  the  difcnchanicd  enthup> 
fiaft is  tempted  to  difcovcr  in  Uonna  Peliciaa  oieremorcaJ  capable 
of  rendering  him  happy,  without  the  ard  of  any  (upernafural  cir- 
cumi^ance.  This  novel  js  in  fa3  a  le£turc  again Jt  iuperftttion,  in 
which  the  miracles  of  fairvifm  fupply  the  place  of  thofe  thatan^ 
inculcated  in  thr  legendary  wri  ings  of  the  leveial  deceivers  of 
DUrikind  M.WjELAKD,  in  this  narraiive^difplays  an  aftonifll- 
ingly  comprchcnlive  fdinilianty  with  all  the  more  anciful  tales 
of  the  failles  ;  but  he  observes  in  it,  notwrthflandmg  the  change 
of  t>crfon**gc  and  pUcc,  his  uiual  march  of  mind.  It  is  flill  the 
Orpl:^ic  I  heoiophy  of  Agathon,  difpeUed  bv  the  epicurifm 
of  Hippiasj^ft  is  ftill  the  Platonic  Venus  Uremia  of  Peregrt* 
nus  Proteus  re^*>lving  bcrfelf  into  a  human  beauty; — but  it  i$ 
ever  a  feries  rif  ple^fin^  fcenes,  of  rounded  periods  of  urbane 
fatire,  and  of  charadler';,  not  ftrongly  marked  perhaps,  nor 
heroic,  nor  new,  but  linclty  conformable  to  the  nicefl  claims 
of  ethic  probability.  Ttic  humour  of  thi?  (lory  is  Icfi  recon* 
dite,  and  the  cuu.i',  rea'ufcs  h^ve  more  relievo,  than  moft  other 
proOucti'  ns  of  ihc  author. 

The  Rfmaim  of  iUogenes  of  Simfi^  wh^ch  are  comprized  iti 
the  13th  volume,  have  ii^rmecly  bce*t  tr<inI1atcd  into  Englifh 
under  fome  other  title,  and  were  received  wiih  utter  indiiFer^ 
rnce  by  the  public.  It  is  one  of  thofe  wr  lings  of  Wielano 
which  it  requires  claffical  learning  to  apprecae,  and  a  preju- 
dice in  favour  of  his  manner  thoroughly  rr>  rehfh.  It  has  been 
fludiouHy  altered,  but  not  powerfully  enlivened,  in  this  new 
rdicion. 

The  14th  volume  opens  with  a  Mexican  ftory  entitled  Koxhx 
far  Kikiqu€iZ£^  worth  all  the  Arcadian  romances  and  fuppofiti* 
tious  defcnpttonsof  the  manners  of  the  early  G  ^Id-^n  Age,  with 
which  fonic  obfolete  poets  have  inundated  ttic  fields  or  h6lion# 
The  hills  ot  Mexico  are  juft  emerging  f^om  a  prodigiouv  fl.»od^ 
occafioned  by  a  comet*s  tranfii*  Koxkox,  a  boy,  fuppofes 
himfelf  to  be  the  onl)  perlon  who  cfc^ped  from  the  ail  ingorg- 
iag  waters.  After  fomc  )ears  of  (olitary  w^ndtrnrig,  he  meets 
ICikequetz^l,  a  young  girl,  preferved  fingly  by  a  no  icfs  extra* 
ordinary  accident.  They  mutually  muk^^  love  according  to 
the  di£^tes  of  nature  :  they  invejit  a  language  by  help  of  their 
few  recolledtions  j  and  they  are  happy  with  the  (l<ght  toil  of 
providing  for  thcmfclves  and  their  offspring,  for  whofc  im« 
provemcnt  they  endeavour  to  revive  a  few  of  the  Ampler  ante*? 
diluvian  arts.  Unfortunately,  in  one  of  her  excuriions,  Kike* 
quetzei  is  furpriz^d  by  a  flrong  middle-aged  man^  Ttaqy^tzin^ 


492        Thi  Works  of  C.  M,  Wicland,  V^b.  XI ^XF. 

who  had  alfa  weathered  Che  deluge  on  Tome  dillant  iiitiyp€itfi| 
and  who  eagerly  detains  ind  forcibly  enjovs  her.  Uiicoolcioui 
of  crime,  (he  brings  him  to  her  home.  Koiilcox  expcneiKCi  i 
dimrnution  of  hippinefs  by  ihc  divifion  of  her  atfentK>n^,  He 
now  rambles  to  a  diftance,  and  finds  feme  women  whom  he 
brings  to  the  colony.  A  promifcuous  mterccHJrfe  rftablrftci 
itfclf.  All  are  made  mifcrablc  and  inimical  to  c^ch  othrr,  Tbe 
lofs  of  domeilic  happinefs  by  the  cefialion  of  reciprocal  ftoea- 
tions«  the  annihilation  of  the  paternal  and  filial  affcAiom  by 
the  uncertainty  of  relationtbip,  a  confequent  carekfTncff  fof  tbe 
progeny^  the  premature  exhauilion  of  the  youngs  and  thtttcier 
defertion  of  ihc  old,  aiBidl  the  incipient  communicy*  Tbff 
fifikinto  a  brutal  favagifm,  and  arc  difperfed  by  rectproc«l  wtr. 

This  novel,  written  in  1770,  is  a  fortunate  at  tick  on  Pbt0*i 
fyftem  of  agamy*  as  it  has  been  called,  which  fome  for^pi 
philofophers  had   then  lately  revived,     h  well  dci  tic 

fpeculatift  the  real  ftate  of  nature.     It  may  affitl  i  tn; 

the  pradical  world  that  other  inconveniences^  beddes  tbe 
breach  f>f  civil  and  religious  laws,  are  brought  on  fociecy  by 
tranfient  and  adulterous  intercourCet  and  that  it  is  highly  ei* 
pedtent  for  all,  that  each  flioufd  confine  himrdf  to  a  ftnglecoa* 
panion  for  life  ; — in  a  word,  that  he  ihould  fubmit  to  tbe  pelt* 
tical  inAitution  of  marriage. 

To  this  volume  are  annexed yj?ttr  dtjptriathnz  i — on  Rouflera*f 
Idea  of  our  Original  Condition,  on  hi&  fuggeflcd  ExperimcHi 
for  afcertaining  the  true  Slate  of  Nature,  on  the  perpetual  Im- 
proveability  ot  Mankind,  and  on  the  fuppofetl  Dccreafe  of  cto 
Human  Stature.  Thefc  difquifitions  diiplay  an  univerCtl  «e* 
quaintartce  with  the  appettainlng  literature,  with  the  voyim 
and  travels  of  thofe  who  have  vifited  the  ruder  nations,  and  vidl 
the  fagas  and  romances  of  thofe  who  have  defcribed  the  licfoie 
ages  of  now  civilized  focietirs.  They  are  not  drawn  up  vrtft 
logical  regularity,  but  with  an  excurfive  fanciful  pliyftiliidi, 
with  frequent  Aalhes  of  mild  wit,  with  an  apparent  defyltortodi 
ever  mindful  of  its  end,  and  with  a  cornucopian  optxlefieeof 
thought  and  allufion* 

The  15th  volume  contains  tbe  Travth  pf  Ahulfanarii^  lae- 
vcl  written  in  ridicule  of  the  miiHonary  fpirii,  Abulfinarte  MS 
a  pricft  at  Memphis  ;  who,  having  vifitcd  the  interior  of  Afrki 
and  found  a  nation  of  negroes,  naked,  innocent,  idle,  and 
happy,  but  poflcffcd  of  many  thingf  highly  prized  tn^gypc,' 
contrives  to  be  put  at  the  head  of  a  miflion  to  introdoce  tbt 
myflcries  of  Ifis,  and  to  trafHc  with  the  manufa6lures  of  iEgypC 
He  teaches  them  a  multitude  of  want!*  and  vices  :  he  graiijes 
his  avarice  at  the  cxpence  of  their  coUedtive  toil^  and  his  liift 
it  the  price  of  their  domcftic  felicity.     He  leaves  tbe  tiegfoef* 

IS  diA 


Tcxier  on  thi  Roman  RtpubUc.  493 

clad  indeed,  and  induftrious,  but  tending  to  a  fcrvilc  dependence 
en  the  few ;  and  a  prey  10  the  liccntioufncfs  and  miftrull,  ta 
the  envy  and  rapacity,  of  femi-civiltzation. 

Some  dialogues,  in  which  the  ftudent  of  Shaftcfbary^s  Cha« 
raflcriflics  may  be  difcerned,  with  fevcral  political  and  occi- 
fional  elTays  ar.d  letters,  terminate  this  portion  of  the  coUedion. 

Akt.  ILL  Du  G^iuverntment  de  la  Repuhlique  Romaine,  &c.  /.  #•  0» 
the  Gov^crnmcQC  qI  the  Roman  Republic.  By  Al.  Adhibn  dc 
Texieu,  8vo,  3  Vols.  pp.  500  in  each.  Hamburgh.  1796, 
Imported  by  De  BofFe,  London. 

Co  much  has  been  already  written  concerning  the  Roman 
^  people  in  the  form  of  hiftory  or  diJTertation,  in  every  land 
«f  literature,  that  it  feemed  fcarcely  poflible  for  an  author  to 
merit  the  public  attention  by  adding  to  the  extant  heapof  com- 
inentary.  In  this  country,  Moyle's  EITay  on  the  Ronnan  Go- 
vernment has  been  diftinguiflied  by  Gibbon,  as  nolefs  worthy 
of  the  antiquary  than  of  the  patriot :  Middleton's  Trcatifc  on 
tfie  Rotnan  Senate  difplays  his  ufual  tafte  and  ingenuity :  but 
Hooke,  alone,  of  our  hiftorians,  appears  to  have  confidcred  in 
a  juft  point  of  view  the  nature  of  the  ftruggle  in  behalf  of 
Tribunitian  reprefcntation,  facceflively  conduced  by  the 
Gracchiy  by  Catiline,  and  by  Ca^far,  .againfl  the  Patfjcian 
fupporters  of  the  hereditary  ariftocracy.— *[n  France,  the  fcep* 
tical  Beaufort^  voluminous  refearches  had  apparently  precluded 
ihe  neccflity  of  induftry ;  while  AlonUfqutiu  and  Mably  had 
pie-occupied  the  department  of  philofopJiical  remark,  it  re- 
mained, however,  for  M*  de  Texier,  in  this  well-digefted 
flcetch  of  the  in  (lit  unions  and  fpirit  of  Roman  polityi  to  felefi 
efpecially  iis  imitahU  features,  and  to  dwelt  on  chofe  parts  of  its 
civil  and  military  fyllem,  which  in  this  age  of  innovation  are 
moft  adapted  to  turnilb  hints  or  leflbns  to  the  architects  of 
the  rtfing  conflitutions  of  government.  Now,  while  the  rub- 
bi(h  of  anarchy  liill  encumbers  the  ground  of  France,  while 
the  referved  materials  are  not  yet  all  wrought  into  the  frefh 
work,  while  fomething  remains  uncertain  in  the  di(!rtbution 
and  much  in  the  decoration  of  vaft  apartments  in  their  new 
palace  of  Liberty,— now  is  ihe  time  to  deliberate,  whether  the 
republicans  fliould  ftc^dily  lorjk  to  Rome  for  models^  and  be 
contented  to  finifli  their  edifice  with  columns  of  a  mijeftic 
Xufcan  fimplicity ;  or  turn  to  Greece  for  the  ambitious  orna* 
Stent  of  an  Ionic  or  Corinthian  periftyie. 

As  the  work  before  us  is  evidently  written  with  a  perpetual 
allufion  to  the  a£lual  circ*imftances  of  France,  aod  may  havd 
a  confiderable  influence  in  perpetuating  a  fprnt  of  geographical 
^gjrandizcmcnt  In  its  government; --and  as  this  Jpifit  of  ag- 

grtnd- 


494 


Tcxrcr  Off  thi  Roman  Rtpuhlk. 


grandtzement,  dangerous  to  the  independence  o^  everv  Ei* 
kopean  nation,  mtitt  con  tin  ae  to  find  a^clto^s  iind  fceret  mtrA^ 
in  alJ  the  contiguous  countries,  unrit  tome  orher  ^reit  m\ 
filch  as  Germany,  Ihall  ha^e  a  conflituiion  equally  ^itradr 
and  laws  equally  advantageous  to  the  multitude  to  offer  ai  the 
reward  of  fyhje^lion; — it  is  very  important  rh^it  it  fhould  be 
fiudied,  in  order  that  thofe  precautions,  which  can  be  ufed  %j 
theexifling  forms  of  government,  m^y  be  taken  to  m'xtxAwui 
the  ever  accelerated  encroachments  of  the  Regicide  Power  The 
following  pafHige  will  explain  the  bearing  of  its  new  politics: 

VolJ.  p.4,5- '  The  early  iucccfsof  the  Roman  arns  is  not  iHonai 
it  might  be  cxpcftf-d  from  the  boldncis  of  the  chief,  leadm^  1 
nariotj  to  pillage  : — but  It  defer^^es  notice  th.it  the  conquerrd  naciOM^ 
conftantty  furnifticd  hands  to  fubduc  thofe  which  WerrflilUobecooqttfb 
c<l.  How  did  Romulus  and  his  fucccflors  contrive  to  turn  diefe  new 
foidiers  againll  their  former  fiiends  i  to  oppofe  to  the  tribes  oi  I  iri^ 
an  army  compofed  of  Latians,  who,  when  llripped  of  their  Owa  teiii- 
tory,  yiidcrtook  to  drip  thdr  brethren  and  felJoivcitisent  cf  thrtnf 
The  ufuat  artifice  of  policy*  which  endeavoun  to  i(iw  difcord  ummg 
neighbours,  would  have  been  weak  n\  the  attainment  of  fach  an  ciki  j 
and  fo  refined  a  pbn  could  j^ot  bekng  to  age*  of  ignor^r -*  ^^m^ 
Ills  applied  more  adive  me^m,  better  adapted  tothecirc  -  al 

which  he  was  placed.  This  prince,  at  the  head  of  advetnurcrs  wiA* 
out  property,  dillrtbuted  the  lands  of  his  tittir  territory  and  ^  tte 
which  he  had  overrun^  fo  that  tstry  citizen  obtained  an  eqtut  (tot. 
Poverty  having  become  common  to  al!,  the  defire  of  richc*  «»aidi* 
reeled  towards  conquefl,  ard  to  the  orxly  means  of  bettcniig  tUSr 
condition*  Romulus  took  care,  at  the  fame  cimcj  to  preveAt  tl^ts- 
equality  which  the  chance  of  war  might  produce  in   for  ^ln 

plunder  was  cail  into  a  comn-iOn  ftock,  and  diilrlbuccd  :  y . 

Nothing  was  diverted  to  private  profit.     Severe  diidj^  la 

oath  on  their  banners,  rcfifted  ibe  fraudulent  detention  ot  ^, 

•  Such  circtjmllances  rendered  conqueft  as  prohtahlc  to  the  in^n* 
dtial  as  it  was  convenient  to  the  Hate.  Romulus  adopted  fanlter  m%^ 
thoda  to  facilitate  it.  The  then  fobfifting  rights  of  war  took  awif 
rhe  perfonal,  citU,  and  political  liberty  of  the  fubdoed,  aloog  «ilh 
their  po^ei^ns.  Hence  v^ars  were  contefled  with  an  obltinaey  whidk 
ended  only  in  the  exiermioation  of  the  weaker  party.  Ro«tifi«i 
elUbliifaed  a  new  right  of  nations,  honourable  to  his  policy  &Xi  nsore 
than  to  his  humanity.  His  (late  had  profited  too  obvto00y  by  tilt 
incorporation  of  the  Sabines  for  h|m  not  to  continue  prcfei  ri&g  dti^ 
zcni  to  Oaves,  Hiflory  has  prefer vcd  a  liw  of  this  prince,  whkS  fef 
bids  to  k'll  or  enflave  ao  enemy  who  (hall  lay  down  his  armj.  Tlksi* 
iiifttad  of  employing  the  rights  of  vidory  to  impofe  ferviciide  on  tlb« 
conquered,  he  only  ixicorporarod  them  amorg  the  conqtierorf,  Al 
thofc  who  thus  obtained  the  privilege  of  cittzenihip,  after  haring' 
fhipped  as  tftemiet^  were  foon  replaced  at  Rimasu,  in  their 
an  equal  allotment  of  the  conquered  land.  Thus  it  hippcoed 
in  this  general  confufion  of  all  property,  only  the  rich  were  lo(iart» 
and  the  populace  of  both  parties  divided  their  fpoitit     Tbii  (art  of 

Wlfi 


Tcxicr  on  the  Roman  Republic* 


495 


I 
I 


> 


I 


WflTi  waged  rather  againd  proprietors  than  againil  nations^  could  not 
bat  weaken  the  refi fiance  of  the  attacked.  An  enemy  of  the  Romans* 
rulers  he  were  rich,  knew  that  by  laying  down  his  arms  he  had  every 
thin^  to  gain  ;  while,  if  he  continued  to  lefift^  he  fought  only  for  a 
conn  nuance  of  flavery. 

*  To  the fc  eificaciou 3  methods^  Romulus  added  the  authority  ofthe 
civil  lawst  The  objcd  of  the  fmall  number  of  regulations,  knowa 
to  have  been  made  by  this  prince  and  hts  fucceilbrs,  was  to  iraintaia 
31  level  of  fortunes.  So  new  a  plan  of  government,  joined  to  a 
fyflem  of  conqueil  fo  well  ad>ipted  to  the  circum (lances  of  the  cafe^  ii 
fufficient  to  explain  the  conjlant  fuccefs  of  the  Roroan  arms.  Our 
aftonifhmcnt  at  the  perpetual  fucceflion  of  viftories,  which  crowned 
their  exertions,  ctafes  when  we  obferve  the  advantages  with  whtdt 
this  people  went  to  war.  Conqueil  gave  ciiisunst  f\ot/uhjecis,  to  the 
Jlatc  J  and  thus  Latium,  which,  according  to  PJiny,  comprehended 
fifty- three  diftindl  fovereignties,  was  foon  wholly  Roman. 

*  The  inli*irnce  of  thele  original  inftitutions  was  fo  powerful,  that 
the  kings,  Tullus  and  Ancus,  owed  to  them  the  profperiiy  of  their 
reigns ;  although  they  neglcded  feme  details  correfpcnding  with  the 
fpirit  of  the  whoie,  '^The  body  of  patricians  were  fuffered  to  acquire 
St  this  time  a  new  akendancy.  The  civil,  military,  and  rcligioy* 
authority,  which  they  alone  fliared  with  the  crown,  had  favoured  an 
unequal  accumulation  ofthe  partitioned  lands.  Even  among  the  pie* 
beianir,  fome  had  rifen  above  their  primitive  indigence.  Jnaword^ 
the  level  of  fortunes  difappeared. 

*  Servius  Tyllius  was  Otilful  in  turning  to  account  the  novel  cir* 
com  (lances  in  which  he  was  placed.  Without  fub  verting  the  found- 
ations laid  by  Romulus,  he  extended  them,  and  gave  them  more 
confiftency  and  folidity.  This  prince,  who  is  regarded  as  the  great 
founder  of  the  Roman  conflitution,  modified  the  exUrmal  when  he  was 
reforming  the  internal  adminillration.  The  fpirit  of  the  original 
lyUem  of  conqucft  was  very  efft^ntial,  in  order  to  obtain  fome  force 
and  confcquencc  to  a  community  oritsinally  fo  fmall.  Servios,  with* 
out  wholly  renouncing  this  plan,  endeavoured  to  render  it  tefs  terri* 
iying  to  his  neighbours.  Beyond  the  boundaries  of  Latium,  Rome 
would  have  found  nations  more  powerful  and  more  united,  various 
towns  aiTociated  by  a  federal  compafl,  and  political  bonds  connedling 
the  feveral  cities  of  TuTcany,  Servius  improved  a  moment  of  viftory 
to  conclude  an  alliance  with  the  Latin  cities,  which,  under  the  ap- 
pearance of  equality,  fecurcd  the  preponderance  of  Rome.  Thcfc 
allies  then  brought  an  accefTion  of  llrength,  by  means  of  which  Rome 
icized  the  different  cantons  of  Italy.  1  his  fyftem  of  yWrrfl/;ff?j  fuc- 
cecded  to  the  fyllem  o^  iftcorporatUn,  I'hey  began  by  acquiring  c///- 
%emt  they  proceeded  to  obtain  allies^  and  they  finiHied  by  having 

*  This  federative  projefl,  diftated  by  prudence,  was  wcI!  adapted 
to  the  inftitutions  of  Tullius.  Until  then,  the  incorporation  of  the 
conquered  among  the  conquerors  had  been  an  eafy  procefs  :  bur, 
when  the  plebeians  were  divided  into  fix  clafTcs,  and  the  inequality  of 
landed  property  had  been  made  the  bafts  of  clalfi 6 cation,  the  antient 
Jn©de  of  diftributiug  the  conquered  lands  could  no  longer  take  place. 

S  The 


496 


Tcxicr  gH  the  Roman  RiputHc, 


The  ftlkntnentj  were  r^aw  given  to  the  foortt  cicizeiu,  w^  « 
ibrmed  into  foreign  colonies  i  and  what  wu  noc  that  betla»cd 
came  natiDna}  do(T)Ain.     The  right  of  citi£?n0ttp,    ivliicli  ^ad 
ihcn  been  gr,inte<3  in  m/iiTcs,    was  now  fpAringiy  dealt  Oct  wttkl 
uous  formality.     1  he  population  inc/eafcd  with  addr<i  •^ptiityj 
not  fo  the  territor>'  of  the  lUic;  for  the  fytlem   of  r  n  * 

lef*  favourable  thnn  that  of  incarporatton  to  an  invade .  _ 

the  latter*  too  much  extended,  would  have  CDdansere^  aU  liAiCfC 
wifL  ' 

•  Thu*  a  concurrence  of  drcuCTflances  brought   oa  tKe 
cpocha  of  Roman  pD!i<.y  ;    and  the  inhabitants  of  Italy^  to 
fuffered  to  Afpir^  &i  bccoining  Romans,  furrendered  their  po&ti 
dependence  for  the  til! «*  of  a/iV/j.     We  (hall  behold  the   prog 
their  tonquclh  giving  rife  to  a  third  order  of  fateHites,  and  reda 
foccefiiveJy  the  whole  world  to  became  trlButary,  under  the  i 
Roman  provinces/ 

How  long  will  hiftory  be  fludied,  before  flatefmcn  0iaJt 
fcarncd  that,  in  the  condu<ft  of  mafli*  of  men,  Chance  bis 
thing  to  do  ;  and  that  ili>rucce(s,  where  the  co^operatioia  cf 
multitudes  is  concerned,  has  always  rcfulted  from  ignoraitceoF 
the  laws  of  htiman  nature^  or  frotn  a  mtOakcn  eflimate  of  ifaf 
force  of  ihofe  moral  motives,  by  which  the  condu£l  of 
aduated  ?  It  h  prudence,  not  fortune,  which  aggrandfzei 
pircs:  ignorance,  error,  incapacity,  which  accomplini  cbrir  rtdn* 

The  cflcncc  of  this  work  rs  comprized  in  the  lirft  vdinsc: 
the  whole  fecond  chapter  of  the  fecond  volume,  for  ia» 
fiance,  extending  from  p,  148  to  p.  179,  being  merely  a  rept* 
tiiion  of  the  paflage  which  we  have  juft  been  quoting,  ia  1 
more  diffufe  form,  ^^^^  accompanied  with  a  conftdcr&ble  detail 
of  inftanccfi  and  proofs. 

The  fourth  book  is  appropriated  to  the  analyfts  of  the  totifti* 
fution  of  the  ptiefthond  at  Rome,  and  to  obfervaliont  oti  in  refi* 
gton  and  its  tolerance,  I'he  author  quotes  much  of  what  Uinoi 
has  faid  in  behalf  nf  eflablifliments  and  pomp  of  wnrfhip,  and 
takes  under  his  cfpccial  protedion  the  charaftcr  of  Numa,  Re- 
ligion, it  feems,  is  become  the  order  of  the  day  in  FriACe* 
AtheilH  and  Anarchies  were  ncceflkry  tooverfet  the  chtirch  acd 
the  ^Mti  but,  ihrir  work  accomplifhed,  their  opioionft  are 
going  out  of  falhion.  The  republic  has  now  vit  iocJinatioti  far 
a  religion  tf  its  own.  We  may  ihortty  expecl  to  bear  of  the 
inftitation  of  a  college  of  Flamcns  j  and  toiind  PASTOlt9T 
bis  allbciatcs  borrowing  at  the  ihcAtrc  the  robes  of  Cale! 
and  holding  forth  rn  ihejr  Pantheon,  in  behalf  of  the  w$rjbit  if 
the  htroii  of  all  the  conquered  nations. 

1  he  third  volume  is  chtcHy  occupied  with  the  analyCi  of  the 
laws  of  the  Roman  republic*  The  author  brings  into  tbe  foce- 
giound  the  fcwncfs  and  fimplicityof  tbe  early  lawij  ftod  ap* 

pciit 


Turner  m  tbt  Jtmimn  RtpuUii.  497 

petrt  to  defpiTe  the  complex  difficulties  for  which  the  Panders 
of  Juftinian  provide.  As  an  examination  of  the  relative  merit 
of  a  fcanty  and  of  an  overgrown  code  would  exceed  the  limits 
of  our  work,  we  ihall  only  extract  fome  fragments  of  a  chapter 
concerning  the  liberal  arts : 

Vol.  3.  p*  3SO.— '  The  ignorance  of  the  primzval  Romans  is  at* 
tefled  by  the  abfolnte  void  of  their  literarjr  annals  for  above  fix  ha&- 
dred  years.  A  tafte  for  peaceful  occupations  is  not  to  be  found  among 
a  ferocious  people  and  in  camps.  The  laurel  which  Greece  had  con« 
fecnted  to  Apollo,  as  well  as  to  Mars,  was  only  cultivated  on  the 
Roman  foil  to  bind  the  brows  of  Vidtory,  The  neCrologic  uble  of 
the  men  of  letters  or  artiUs,  whom  Rome  could  mufter  before  the  age 
of  A^uftos,  fiimifiies  a  complete  proof  of  this  affertion. 

'  The  moft  antient  name  which  decorates  their  Kcerary  annals  ie 
that  of  Fabins  Piftor.  He  firft  wrote  a  hiftory  of  the  Roman  people^ 
of  which  only  fome  fragments  have  defcended  to  us,  and  he  fays  that 
he  copied  Diodes,  a  Greek  hifbrian. 

'  He  followed  pamting  in  bis  youth ;  whence  his  furname.  He 
was  of  a  patrician  family 9  and  died  in  the  year  of  Rome  485. 

'  Nsevins»  an  hiftorian  and  poet,  died  in  5  ;o. 

*  Ennins,  an  hiftorlan,  poet,  and  philofopher,  died  in  585. 

*  Sextus  ^Elins,  a  counfellor,  wrote  concerning  the  laws  of  the 
cwdve  ubles»  and  flourifhed  about  530. 

*  Plantasy  a  comic  poet,  is  the  firft  who  left  a  literary  name  of 
■melt  confideratioii :  he  died  in  570. 

*  Terence,  a  comic  poet,  and  the  pride  of  the  Latin  ftage,  waa 
'botB  it  Carthage  in  562.    The  frieodfhip  of  Laelius  and  Scipio  na- 

toralised  him  at  Rome. 

*  Marcus  Fortius  Cato,  the  cenfor,  died  in  604,  at  the  age  of  oe. 
He  left  a  treatife  on  agriculture.  One  hundred  and  fifty  of  his  fpeecnea> 
were  extatit  in  the  time  of  Cicero.  His  fon,  M .Cato,  wrote  comments 
on  the  laws. 

'  Poly  bins  was  born  in  584  He  was  a  Greek,  and  wrote  in  his 
native  language,  but  was  attached  to  the  fervice  of  the  Republic  by 
the  patronage  of  Scipio  ^milianus. 

*  Caius  Mudus  Cordos,  an  architeA,  flourilhed  in  620.  He  built 
die  temple  of  Honor  and  Virtue  confecrated  by  Marcellus,  obferving 
in  its  ftrndure  the  fine  allegory,  that  the  road  to  honor  lies  thronga 
the  temple  of  virtne. 

'  Terentias  Varro,  bom  in  Gaul  638,  was  a  learned  hiftoriao» 
gprtOHBarian,  and  phtlofopher. 

'  Hdrten&os,  the  rival  of  Cicero  in  eloquence,  and  who  died  in  704* 
was  honoured  with  the  confulfhip*. 

*  CatnUas,  a  poet,  was  born  in  668. 

'  Lncretias,  the  celebrated  poet,  was  born  in  659,  and  killed 
Umfelf  at  the  age  6f  44. 

*  Cicero,  the  pride  of  Ronun  literature,  was  bom  in  648.  The 
'Vengeance  of  Anthony  profcribed  him  in  711.     He  is  no  lefs  known 

for  Sis  coiifnlfti^  than  honoured  for  his  writings^ 
<  Salinft,  the  hiftorian,  died  in  719. 

App.  Rsv.  Vol,  xxi.  M  ^.  <  Julias 


49l^  Ttxm  on  the  Ronun  RtpmUic. 

'  Julius  Caefitr,  bom  in  654*  was  aflaffioatfld  ui  yiQ. 

*  Virgil',  born  at  Mantua  in  684,  died  io  735. 

'  Tibullus»  an  equeflrian»  honoured  with  the  friendflup  ^YufjL 
aind  Horace,  died  foon  after  the  Mantuan. 

'  Vitruvius,  an  archited,  belongs  to  the  lail  d^y  of  the  RepobSc 
90  lefs  than  to  the  age  of  Auguftus. 

•     '  Trogus  Pompetus  compofed  in  690  an  oniverikl  hiftory,  wind 
-the  abridgment  of  Juilin  fuperfeded. 

'  Cornelius  Nepos  has  bequeathed  to  us  the  lives  of  celebrated 
generals. 

'  Propertius,  a  cotemporary  and  friend  of  Ovid,  wrote  elegtfi. 
^  ^  Horace,  bom  in  689,   and  who  died  in  746,  hat  immortaiizd 
his  protestor  Maecenas,  and  himfelf. 

'  Cornelius  Gallns,  bora  at  Frejus»  wrote  elegies:  it  has  ben 
doubted  whether  we  pofTefs  them. 

'  Ovid,  bom  at  Sulmon  in  7 1 1 ,  died  an  exile  in  77 1  • 

*  No  other  writers  can  be  diftinguifhed  in  the  dniet  of  the  Re- 
public •. 

'  The  firft  epocha,  at  which  Rome  began  to  be  enriched  with  aflna* 
'  ments  of  art,  takes  its  date  from  the  (iege  of  Syracitfe.  Thb  Bani- 
£centcity,  captured  after  three  years'  inveftment,  was  &ifl«d  of 
every  thing  which  tempted  the  cupidity  of  the  conqoeror.  Tu  tki, 
the  cares  of  Generals  had  been  con£ned  to  depriving  the  coM|iiaid 
of  their  riches.  For  the  lad  half  century,  a  free  intercoarfe  Mk 
Greece  had  inculcated  a  talk  for  beautiful  or  elegant  faperfloides.  A 
town  which  had  hitherto  been  the  palace  of  Mars  was  now  ID  km 
hofpitality  to  Apollo.  Piles  of  armour,  trophies,  &c.  were  W  gbt 
place  to  mafter-works  of  art :  vidory  and  plunder  broaghc  ihea  if 
such  profufion,  and  they  were  replaced  with  fuch  facility,  tktt  p- 
.  vernment  was  too  carelefs  of  their  prefervation.  The  works  of  Ci- 
cero are  filled  with  traits,  which  reveal  the  eacefles  of  pnUicaodpri- 
vate  pillage.  Livy,  in  fpeaking  of  the  precious  fpoUs  with  wUck 
Marcellus  had  embelliihed  the  Capitol,  obferves  that,  in  his  dac, 
not  a  hundredth  part  remained. 

*  The  difUnce  is  no  doubt  great  between  this  defiroyiag  ^lirit  sa^ 
the  creative  genius  which  had  produced  the  arts  of  Greece ;  and  if 
Italy  fucceeded  in  attracting  forae  degree  of  cnltare,  it  was  loiig  ia  dtf 
care  of  foreign  hands.  Thofe  fumptuous  Romans  whom  SaUel  dfr> 
fcribes  as  levelling  mountains,  and  building  in  the  ocean,  were  iv- 
rounded  by  Greek  artifts  whom  they  drew  frpm  their  coootry,  lofe- 
ther  with  the  monuments  of  their  dull.  A  fimple  citisen  had  Us  pa- 
lace ;  and  his  villa  was  a  very  town.  The  conqueror  ieesDcd  deirois 
of  carrying  his  luxury  to  the  fame  extreme  with  his  powers  aodto 
pile  up  in  Italy  the  wealth  of  the  univerfe. 

*  In  the  year  442,  the  pontiffs,  who  had  the  fopertnteadaoceof  the 
civic  feails  at  the  Capitol,  attempted  to  deprive  the  nuidaas  of  the 
privilege  of  fuppbg  at  the  public  tables.    This  was  attacking,  oa  t 

^  We  muft  leave  to  the  curious  reader  the  trouble  of  rwiMiry 
the  dates*  To  do  this  would  take  op  more  dme  than  we  hatt  li 
f/are. 

feiy 


ChamfortV  AtMxim^  Thoughts^  Hi.    *  499 

ytfjr  irritable  fide»  a  corporate  body«  vaio,  and  fanA  of  jollity  :  to 
tiieir  ufelefs  coaiplaincs^  fucceedcd  a  curions  coofpuracy .  One  morn- 
ing, when  divine  fervice  was  to  begin,  not  a  iingle  noter  was  to  be 
ibnnd  in  the  temple ;  for  the  whole  band  had  retired  to  Tibur.  The 
facrifice  was  fufpended,  and  the  people  were  alarmed.  The  fenate  fenc 
a  deputation  to  its  neighboars  to  foltcit  their  mediation  with  the  fe* 
ceders  :  to  the  no  ffflalfjoy  of  the  muBcians,  who  were  now  treated 
with  as  from  power  to  power.  The  Tiburtines  were  amnfed  with 
their  new  gaefts  ;  quartered  them  in  the  bed  hoafes  ;  and  made  en^ 
tertunments  for  them:  after  which  they  were  conveyed  back  to 
Rome  in  chariots,  in  high  glee.  In  the  morning,  they  found 
tbemfelves  feated  in  the  Forum,  and  furrounded  by  the  multitude, 
rejoicin|^  for  their  return.  The  Muficians  promifed  no  more  to 
quit  their  countrymen,  and  the  fenate  confirmed  to  them  the  rieht  of 
Acting  at  the  public  ubles;  the  value  of  which  indulgence  they  10  well 
appreciated.' 

This  work,  like  many  of  the  newer  publications  of  the 
French,  evidently  aims  at  reviving,  for  republican  purpofes, 
fome  of  the  opinions  which,  ia  order  to  overthrow  the  mo« 
narcby,  it  had  been  necefTary  to  attack  and  to  ridicule.  At 
p.  345  family-pride,  the  parent  of  an  order  of  nobility,  is 
.  treated  as  an  ufeful  prejudice.  Seemingly,  the  tide  of  opinion 
IP  France  is  beginning  to  turn  towards  all  the  do£lrines  which 
give  (lability  to  governments,  and  will  no  doubt  fweep  away 
one  great  blemifli  of  their  new  legiflation— the  very  licentious 
fyftem  of  divorce,  which  they  have  imiuted  from  the  antieot 
Roman  law. 
^^— *•  'I  '  '       - 

Art.  IV.  Maximis,  Pitt/en,  Cara^eres,  ^  Antedates 9  &C.  /.  r. 
Majdms,  Thoughts,  Characters,  and  Anecdotes.  By  Nicholas 
Ch  A  M PORT,  One  of  the  Forty  Members  of  ihe  French  Academy. 
Preceded  by  an  Account  of  his  Life.  8vo.  Paris.  1796.  Lon- 
don, De  BofFe.     6s.  fewed. 

^^iCHOLAS  Chamfokt  was  one  of  the  men  of  letters  of 
'^^  the  old  French  fchool.  Ingenious,  eloquent,  fatirica], 
free  in  his  fentiments  and  condud,  aflbciating  with  the  great, 
^  yet  fond  of  independence,  and  capable  of  truly  philofophical 
iacrifices  when  requifite  to  fupport  it,  he  met  the  revolution 
with  the  welcome  of  one  who  was  free  from  antient  prejudices 
and  warmly  attached  to  the  rights  of  man :  but  he  fell  a  facri- 
fice to  bis  liberty  of  fpeech  in  the  bloody  reign  of  Rjihi^iim^ 
The  ftory  of  his  ihocking  and  ineffedual  attempts  on  his  own 
life,  in  order  to  fave  himfelf  from  a  fecond  imprisonment,  which 
were  fucceeded  (when  he  feemed  perfeSly  recovered)  by  a  mortal 
difeafe,  is  well  known  to  thofe  who  are  verfed  in  the  events  of 
thofe  difaftrous  times.  It  is  related,  together  with  the  whole 
hiftory  of  the  man,  in  the  valuable  memoirs  prefixed  to  this 

M  m  2  volume. 


59»  Cbafiifort'/  Maxim f  ThugkSf  fsfc. 

volume,  by  the  editor,  his  friend  Gingwimi.  The  work  ittf 
was  fingularlj  eompored.  It  had  long  been  the  daily  cuflocn  of 
Chamfort  to  write  on  flips  of  paper  the  thoaebtt  and  re- 
flexions that  occurred  to  him,  and  the  anecdotes  and  bons  i 


which  he  heard,  and  to  throw  them  proraifcuou/lj  info  piper- 
cafes.  A  large  number  of  thefe  were  found  after  his  dotk, 
from  which  the  editor  felecled  thofe  that  are  contained  in  the 
prefent  publication^  The  ufe  that  Chamfort  defigncd  19 
make  of  them  was  unknown  :  but  one  of  his  flips  of  paper  ap» 
peared  to  give  the  key  of  an  intended  arrangement,  into  maiims 
and  thoughts,  charaders  and  anecdotes.  This  idea  has  there* 
fore  been  followed,  with  a  fubdivifion  of  the  firft  cla(s  into  fe* 
veral  chapters  relative  to  the  fubje£^s.  The  lafl  two  aie 
thrown  together.  The  whole  compofe  an  agreeable  and  enter- 
taining work^  fitted  as  well  to  ai|iufe,  as  to  afford  matter  fer 
reflexion/  The  thoughts  difplay  much  fagacity  and  knowkge 
of  human  nature,  as  he  faw  it ;  tiiough  fome  of  them  ware  rather 
ttrained  and  afFeded,  and  run  too  much  into  paradox.  The 
general  vein  is  highly  mifanthropical  i  which  may  be  forgiven 
in  one  who  viewed  fociety  in  fo  depraved  a  form  as  it  exifled  in 
France  under  the  old  ngimen.  We  do  not  mean  to  aflert  dut 
it  is  yet  much  mended,  though  we  prefume  to  hope  that  anend^ 
ment  will  be  the  confequence  of  a  frte  government,  when  osce 
thoroughly  fettled.  One  of  the  author's  maxims  is,  that  *  the 
man  who  is  not  a  mifanthrope  at  forty  has  never  loved  mtii* 
kind.'  As  for  the  anecdotes,  charaders,  and  bons  mots,  tbey 
are  of  a  very  mixed  nature;  and  many  of  them  couM  not  lie 
repeated  before  good  company  in  England.  Onp  coadufioa 
to  be  drawn  from  them  is  that  a  great  alteration  in  auuuvrs 
and  principles,  public  and  private,  was  become  abfoluteiy  or- 
ceflTary;  nor  could  the  Augean  ftable,  as  the  writer  btoiMf 
obferves,  be  fwept  out  with  a  bunch  of  feathers. 

We  (hall  give  our  readers  a  taftc  of  different  parts  of  thevo« 
lume.     In  the  firft  place, 

*    THOUGHTS    ANS    MAXIMS. 

«  Men  oontinue  to  write  on  education,  and  with  fome  paniil 
utility ;  bat  what  good  can  thefe  writings  do  in  the  large  way,  netil 
reforms  relative  to  legtflation,  religion,  and  pnbliq  opioion,  kecf 
pace  with  them  ?  Education  having  no  other  objed  than  10  bring  tie 
reafon  of  children  to  a  conformity  with  the  public  reafon  in  refped  to 
thefe  three  objeds,  what  indrudioo  can  ooe  give  as  long  as  thdb  ep- 
pofe  each  other  ? 

<  Phiiofophy,  like  phyfic,  has  many  drags,  very  few  good  ] 
dies,  and  fcarcefy  any  fpedfics. 

'  Moft  nobles  reprefent  their  aoceftori  much  b  the  fiunt  mum 
an  Italian  Cicfrom  %x%vaf\\b%9  Cicero. 

-If 


«  If  Adam*  on  tke  day  afier  tlie  death  of  Abel,  had  bten  told  that 
in  the  courfe  of  ages  there  would  be  places^  in  which  feven  or  eight 
hundred  thoofand  men  would  be  heaped  together  in  the  fpacc  of  fbnr 
fquare  leagues,  would  he  have  thought  that  theie  maltitudes  could 
pofibly  live  together  ?  Would  he  not  have  formed  a  ftill  more  fhock- 
ing  idea  of  the  crimes  and  horrors  committed  among  them  ?  Thit 
reflexion  (hould  confole  us  for  the  abufes  necefiarily  attached  to  chefa 
wonderful  accumulations  of  men. 

*  All  the  palHons  are  exaggerators ;  and  they  are  only  paflions  be- 
canfe  they  exaggerate* 

^  He  who  would  not  be  a  charlatan  (a  quack)  fhould  not  mount  the 
ftage ;  for,  once  mounted,  he  muft  a^  the  charlatan  to  avoid  being 
€oned  by  the  fpedacori. 

'  Fortune  is  often  like  an  extravagant  woman,  who  ruins  the  honft 
to  which  (he  brings  a  rich  portion. 

*  What  is  faid  in  circles,  in  drawing-rooms,  at  entertainments,  qi 
poblic  aflemblies,  in  books,  even  in  xScAt  which  pretend  to  teaeh  the 
aatnce  of  fociety,  is  all  falfe  or  infufficient.  It  is  what  the  Italiana 
call  fir  la  predtca^  and  anfwers  to  the  Latin  ad  foptdum  fbaUras. 
What  is  true  and  inftrudlive  is  what  the  conicience  oi  an  hooeft  man^ 
who  has  feen  much  and  well,  fays  to  his  friend  by  the  fire-fide. 

*  It  is  not  conceivable  how  much  fenfe  a  man  muft  have,  in  order 
to  prevent  his  ever  being  ridiculous. 

^ .  It  is  in  vain  that  public  bodies  (parliaments,  academies,  afleiA- 
Uies^}  degrade  themielves ;  they  are  fuRained  by  their  ma(s,  and  one 
can  do  nothing  againft  them*  Dilhonour  and  ridicule  rebound  from 
them,  like  a  mu^et  ball  from  a  crocodile. 

'  Courtiers  are  paupers  enriched  by  begging. 

*  Man  may  afpire  to  virtue :  but  he  cannot  reafonably  expeA  to 
dlftover  truth. 

'  The  Janfenifm  of  Chridians  is  the  Scoicifm  of  Pagans,  degraded 
in  feature,  and  brought  to  the  level  of  a  Chriftian  populace ;  and  this 
fed  has  had  Pa/cals  and  Arnauds  for  its  defenders* 
'  ^  Love  is  like  an  epidemic  difeafe :  they  who  moft  fear  it  are  moft 
expofed  to  it. 

*  Nobility,  fay  the  nobles,  is  a  medium  between  the  king  and  the 
people.  Yes  --as  the  hound  is  a  medium  between  Ae  hunter  and  the 
hare. 

'  T^t  poor  are  the  negroes  of  Europe.' 

We  (hall  now  give  a  few  fpeeimens  of  the  Anecdotes  : 

*  In  the  misfortunes  at  the  dofe  of  the  reign  oF  Louis  XIV.  after 
theloisof  the  battles  of  Turin,  Oodenard,  Malplaquet,  RamiUies, 
jied  Blenheim,  the  leading  people  at  court  faid.  The  king,  however, 
ia  well ;  and  that  is  the  principal  thing. 

'  During  a  fiege,  a  water-carrier  was  going  about  crymg  water, 
three-pence  a  bucket.  A  bomb  fell,  and  fwept  away  one  of  hit 
hncl^ets.     Six-pence  a  bucket !  cried  he ;  and  went  on. 

*  L'Eclufe,  when  young  and  without  fortune,  went  to  Luneville, 
where  he  obtained  the  place  of  dentill  to  king  Staniflaus,  on  ^ie  very 
daj  on  which  his  majefty  loft  his  laft  tooth. 

M  m  3  <  M.  de 


502  LdUrtftm  Mirabeau  u  Chamfoft. 

'  M .  de  R.  had  been  reiding  in  company  three  of  foor  ep^raai 
tgainft  deceafed  peribnt.  The  company  turned  towards  Mr.  D.  as  i/ 
to  afk  fome  epigrams  from  him.  <<  1  have  nothing  to  fay,  (cried  he;) 
all  my  acqoaiotance  are  living." 

'  M.  de  Schuwalowj  a  former  lover  of  theemprefs  Elizabeth,  «af 
in  company  when  a  quefHon  was  put  relative  to  Ruifia.  Thi 
Bailly  de  Chabrillant  faid  to  him,  <^  M.  de  SchawaJow,  tell  u  tbii 
matter ;  you  mud  know  it,  for  you  were  the  Pompadour  of  that 
coantry." 

'  Louis  XV.  was  told  that  one  of  his  guards  was  in  danger  of  io- 
fbint  death  from  having,  by  way  of  joke,  fwallowed  a  crown  piece. 
Good  God!  (faid  the  king,)  run  for  Andouillet,  La  Martiniert, 
LaiTone,  (his  furgeons)  !  Sire,  (faid  the  Duk^  of  Noailles,)  diefe 
are  not  the  proper  people.  Who  then  ?  The  Abbe  Terray,  Sire. 
The  Abbe  Terray !  how  fo  ?  Oh  I  he  will  come  and  lay  m  firft  teach 
on  this  crown,  then  a  fecond  tenth ;  then  a  &rft  twentieth*  and  a  (e- 
oond  twentieth ;  and  fo  the  crown  will  be  reduced  to  three  fluffiDts. 
like  oars ;  it  will  then  pafs  by  the  ufual  alimenury  canals,  and  tta 
patient  will  be  cured.' 

In  this  colledion  are  many  things  as  good  as  thoie  which 
we  have  quoted  ;  fome,  perhaps,  better ;  many  more  inferior. 
This,  we  believe,  is  pretty  much  the  cafe  with  moft  collediooi 
of  the  kind. 


Art.V.  Lettres  delliwKiLZKM  ^CHAMFoar;  Cffr.  /.r.  Letters 
from  MiRABHAU  to  Cham  fort.  Printed  according  to  tW 
Originals  in  Mirabbau's  Hand- writing ;  and    followed  by  the 

*  Tranflation  of  a  German  Difiertation  on  the  Caufes  of  the  Un- 
verfality  of  the  French  Language,  which  ihared  the  Prize  of  the 
Berlin  Academy;  a  Tranflation  attributed  to  Mirabbav,  and 
printed  from  a  Mannfcript  corrected  by  himfelf.  8vo.  Paris,  5th 
Year  of  tlie  Republic.  Imported  by  De  Boffe,  London.  3t. 
fewed. 

THE  authenticity  of  tbefe  letters  appears  to  be  indubitable; 
and  to  thofe  who  are  interefted  in  every  circumftance  and 
fentiment  which  are  afibciated  with  a  celebrated  name,  they 
will  certainly  be  an  acceptable  relique.  They  chiefly  relate* 
however,  to  private  matters  between  the  correfpondents,  and 
to  the  more  obfcurc  and  clouded  part  of  the  life  of  MiRABfiAU* 
nvhen  he  was  wandering  through  £urope  with  his  chert  omit  vol 
Cbarch  of  literary  employment.  Their  dates  are  chiefly  frooa 
the  end  of  1783  to  the  beginning  of  1785  ;  and  therefore  be- 
fore the  commencement  of  thofe  wonderful  events  which  hava 
flnce  agitated  aH  Europe.  Two  or  three  Ihort  letters  are  of  a 
later  date,  but  contain  nothing  of  importance.  Several  of 
them  are  written  from  London ;  and  we  think  that  we  cannoc 
prefcnt  our  readers  with  a  more  interefling  and  inftrufiive  fpe- 

cimcfly 


\tiiiersfr9m  Mirabfau  to  Chamfcrt.  503 

ffimen,  than  i«  contained  in  the  following  extract  from  one 
which  is  dated  at  London  in  1784 : 

'  No,  my  friend,  I  am  not  an  enthofiad  for  England;  and  I  now 
know  enough  of  it  to  tell  you  that,  if  its  conftitutton  be  the  beft  with 
which  we  are  acquainted,  the  admintfiration  of  it  is  the  word  poilibles 
and  that,  if  the  £ngli/hman  be  the  freeil  of  all  human  beings  in  a 
Ibue  of  fociety,  the  Englifh  nation  is  one  of  the  lead  free  exifting. 
I  think  more,  my  friend :  1  think  that,  individually  fpeakiog,  vm 
arc  more  worthy  than  they«  and  that  the  land  of  wine  is  fupenor  to 
that  of  pit- coal,  even  as  to  its  lAoral  influence.  Without  thinkine 
with  M.  de  Lauraguais  that,  the  £ngli(h  have  no  ripe  fruit  but  roaftea 
apples,  and  nothing  polifhed  but  ilecl,  I  believe  they  have  not  where* 
with  to  juiUfy  their  ferocious  pride  :— but  what  then  is  liberty^  fioca 
the  little  of  it  that  confifls  in  one  or  two  good  laws  placet  in  the  firft 
rank  a  people  fo  little  favoured  by  nature  \  What  t^tMdox.  9,  conftitutton 
do,  fioce  this,  though  incomplete  and  defective,  faves  and  will  foma 
time  longer  fave  the  molt  corrupt  people  on  the  earth  from  its  owa 
cormption?  What  is  not  the  influence  of  a  fmall  number  of  circum- 
Jancet  which  are  favourable  to  the  human  fpecies ;  iince  this  people* 
i]gnorant,  fuperflitious,  obflinate,  (for  they  are  all  that,)  greedy,  and 
nearly  approaching  to  punic  faith,  are  of  more  value  than  the  greater 
part  of  known  nations,  merely  becaofe  they  have  Tome  civil  liberty? 
This,  my  friend,  is  an  admirable  confideration  for  the  man  who  thinks 
and  has  refle^ed  on  the  nature  of  things,  and  an  iofoluble  problem  for 
all  others. 

'  For  the  refl,  do  not  believe  that  we  know  this  country :  the 
snore  I  fee,  the  more  I  am  convinced  tliat  we  onl^  know  what  we 
have  fcen.  \  defy  you  to  form  an  idea  of  the  ndiculoufnefs  of  the 
received  prejudices  concerning  England;  which  is  fometiipes  depre- 
ciated, foinetimes  extolled,  with  the  mofl  abfurd  ignorance.  I  am 
making  notes  for  you  and  myfelf  which  will  be  ufeful  to  us,  and 
which  will  convince  you  of  thefe  two  things :  I.  that  the  flighteft 
£slfehood  leads  travellers  to  refulu  of  incalculable  error ;  II.  that 
there  is  an  enormous  quantity  of  things  which  we  Frenchmen  make 
by  prai/^tig  them,  that  is,  which  exill  only  in  our  rulogies.  This 
obfervation  has  to-day  been  confirmed  to  me  in  a  matter  of  fmall  im* 
portance,  but  which  may  well  explain  my  meaning.  Every  body  has 
heard  of  the  famous  epitaph  of  Sir  Chriflopher  Wren  in  the  fubter- 
mneous  burying-place  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral;  Simonumintum  quarii, 
circumfpice :  but  no  one  has  faid  that  thefe  four  words  are  drowned  in  - 
ten  or  twelve  lines  of  very  bad  Latin,  in  which  care  has  been  takea 
not  to  omit  ihe-iqtas  auraius,  and  all  imaginable  fopperies.  Thus  the 
epitaph  of  Newton  has,  Siifi  grutuUntur  mortalts  tale  tantumqui  exti- 
tUfe  bitmani  generis  decui.  This  is  well :  but  it  is  preceded  by  eleven 
lines,  in  which  are  pompoufly  read  the  eques  auratus,  the  commentary 
on  the  ApocalypiJB,  &c.  This  recalls  to  my  mind  an  anecdote  pre- 
cious to  thofe  who,  like  you  and  I,  arc  on  the  watch  for  inflances  of 
human  quackery.  Voltaire  has  ts^r^  where  publtfked  that  there  was 
at  Montpellier  a  flatue  of  Louis  XIV.  with  this  fine  infcription.  To 
Louis  XIV.  after  his  death.  In  this  account  there  are  only  three  little 
mifreprefentations ;  1 ,  the  infcription  is  in  Latin  j  2«  it  is  Hti^  long ; 

M#i  4  3.  it 


504        Tiedeipaiin'i  Spirk  §/  SpiotMw  FbU$f9pbj. 

3.  it  fimply  relates  the  fadl  as  it  happened,  Damalf,  tkat  the  i 
was  decreed  by  the  town  during  the  life  of  Loais  XIV.  and  areded 
after  his  dcKihSuper^iti  dicrevire^Ex  oeuUs/ubUio  prfmire ;  and  af« 
ter  this  Volteure  dares  to  tell  os  on  all  occafions,  "  Joft  fo  is  luftary 
written." 

Many  other  remarks  of  this  (hrewd  and  intelligent  obfenrer, 
on  our  manners  and  cuftoms,  merit  the  attention  of  the  ic« 
fleding  reader. 

With  refpe£l  to  the  annexed  tranflation,  or  rather  abftrad, 
of  the  German  dificrtation,  it  is  enough  for  us  to  fay  that  it  is 
ingenious,  and  worthy  of  the  notice  of  the  philologift. 

Aar.  VI.  Giift  dtr  Speculativen  Phikfipbitt  &c.  i.  e.  Spirit  of  Spe- 
culative Philofophy.  By  T.  Tiedbmann.  Vols.  3.  4*  wtA^* 
8to.     Marburg.     1796. 

[Jrtifle  cMtinuidfrom  Apf.  F9I,  XX,  /.  580.] 
'npHEOLOGiCAL  contfoverfy,  once  fo  imporunt  to  the  deftioj 
^  of  empires,  forms  a  minute  fubdivifion  in  the  general  hil^ 
^orypf  human  opinion.  The  fupirnaturalift  is  but  one  of  the 
fe£ls  which  diverfify,  by  their  ftrife,  the  difpuCatious  halls  of 
philofophy.  At  Alexandria,  however,  both  the  Chriftian  and 
Platonic  teachers  marflial  under  this  common  banner,  and  un- 
dertake with  enchanted  weapons  the  defence  of  their  fevcfal 
do^rines.  To  this  theatre  of  difcuffion,  the  third  vohma  of 
the  elaborate  and  valuable  work  before  us  introduces  the  reader  ; 
and  we  cannot  but  agree  with  the  author  in  confidering  the 
modes  of  inveftigation  adopted,  as  fymptomatic  of  the  declioeof 
fpeculative  philofophy  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  world.  The 
Romans  never  imbibed  the  inventive  fpiritof  their  Athenian  in* 
flru£}prs :  their  power  diffufed,  indeed,  the  fciences  :  but  their 
genius  contributed  little  to  mtelle£tual  advancement. 

In  Rome,  as  in  Greece,  philofophy  was  more  cultivated  as  t 
vehicle  for  eloquence  than  as  a  pedeftal  for  truth  ; — and  cvea 
among  the  teachers  of  Chriflianity,  (fays  the  author,  p.  217.) 
(he  found  a  favourable  reception  only  in  a  fubordinate  quaiitj, 
and  under  the  reftrifliofi  of  always  fubmitting  to  revclatton. 
They  needed  pbilofophical  knowlege  in  order  to  confute  the 
Pagans,  to  explain  their  own  doArine,  and  even  to  underftaad- 
it  themfelves. 

^  It  is  an  unavoidable  confequence  of  the  nature  of  things,  that  all 
revelations  ihould  be  founded  o4' the  firm  bafis  of  found  underftandiag 
and  refined  judgment.  Compiled  in  a  human  language,  and  comna* 
nicated  to  men  in  human  reprefentations,  revelation  muft  be  later- 
preted  conformably  with  the  mofl  accurate  and  moft  correft  ideas  pre- 
valent in  c;very  age.  It  will  elfe  be  rejefted  by  thofe  whofe  anthofity 
is  |-equifi(9  (p  fecure  its  nfluence^* 

■  Abort 


Tidkmaiin'i  Spirit  §f  Speculativi  Pbikf$phj.         505 

About  thff  period  oC  dw  birth  of  Chrift»  the  nev  doArine  was 
ftarted,  thtt  God  it  the  Light,  and  that  all  other  Beings  have 
emanated  from  this  light.  This  doArine  was  well  calculated 
to  unite  with  thofe  reveries  which  were  already  generally  en* 
certaincd  concerning  fpirits,  vifions,  magic,  theurgy,  and  minu 
cmIous  powers.  Some  derive  this  notion  from  an  anttent  oriental 
pbilofophy,  the  exiftence  of  which  it  is  difficult  to  prove.  It 
now  found  a  favourable  reception,  and  waa  combined  at  Alex- 
andria with  Pythagorean  and  Platonic  theories  of  emanation. 
The  Jews  alfo  began  to  form  their  Cabala  ;  which,  in  its  more 
fftocial  parts,  tonfifts  of  fuch  combinations.  Polemon  proba- 
bly laid  the  foundation  of  this  fyftem  among  the  heathen  philo- 
fophera,  which  Plotinua  afterward  improved  under  the  name 
of  the  Ecledic  fyflem.  Finally,  hawever,  he  rejefied  other 
fyftems*  40  order  to  ereA  his:own  on  their  ruins. 

From  theoriteft  education  of  Plotinus,  it  is  evident  that  he 
^at  by  oalure  a  vifionary,  and  addified  to  fanaticifm.  The 
chief  obje£l  of  his  exertions,  and  the  fcope  of  his  whole  fyftem, 
are  an  jntimate  union  with  God  by  ecftacy,  and  a  connexion 
with  higher  fpirits  for  the  purpofe  of  attaining  miraculous 
powejs*  We  are  now  apt  to  cbnfider  tbefe  pretenfions  as 
arrc^nt :  but  they  may  be  palliated  in  the  eye  of  reafon, 
when  we  take  for  granted  that  we  are  all  efientially  of  a  divine 
9Dd[  immortal  nature ;  that  we  are  only  feparated'  from  thofe 
higher  (pirits  by  the  thin  partition  of  a  periihable  body ;  and 
that  we  enter  into  a  more  intimate  communion  with'  deity  and 
demon,  as  foon  as  this  materia)  partition  is  thruft  afide. 

Plotinus  adtpUted  the  emanation  of  all  things  from  God,  bul 
oot  the  grofs  corporeal  emanation  of  the  firft  Gnecian  philofo- 
phers,  which  leads  to  materialifm,  and  degrades  God  to  lefr 
shan  a  mere  fenforium  of  the  univnlTc:  but  that  liner  j^iW 
emanation  which  Plato  and  his  fucceDbrs  taught,  and  accord- 
ing to  which  the  Deity  is  the  fuperibr  aid  moft  univerfal  Beings 
from  whom  alt  other  things  emanate— as  the  ide^  of  fpeciea 
hom  propagation.  ; 

This  thecxry,  profeifing  to  deduce  evej^thing  from  ideas,  leii 
its  adherents  to  affeA  to  demonftrate  every  thing  a  prinri^  an(| 
ti)us  to  bring  fpeculative  philofophy  a^ftep  nearer  to  its  higheft 
deftination  :— but  they  indulged  a  negled  of  experience,  and  a 
difdain  for  obfervation,  which  were  £ighly  prejudicial  to  found 
information  ;— and  their  fond  purfuiM?  Hfi^union  with  demons 
lacal  natures,  by  abftra(3ion  from  body,  eventiuUy  led  to  a  ne«« 
ghed  pf  the  moft  eflential  duties  of  citizens. 

After  Plotinus,  others  of  the  priqcipal  AlexandcianS"^Por« 

Tfitty'ry  aj^d  lamblichus^ace   mentioned.      The  do&ines    of 

Au^uftin  an(>  Nemeiius,  derived  from  that  fchool>  are  noticed ; 

II  and 


506  Tiedemann'/  Spirit  tf  Specuktivi  PMUfifbf. 

and  a  brief  review  is  taken  of  Proclus,  Claudhn  Maiiiert»i 

Buethius,  Caffiodurus,  i^ncas  of  Qaea,  and  Zacharias  of  Mi« 

tylcnc, 

..    Th^  fourth  vlumi  purfues  tHe  hiftcry  of  fpeculative  philofe- 

•phy  under  ihe  patronage  <>f  the  Arabians,  and  through  a  confi* 

'derable  part  cf  the  middle  age.     In  the  eaft,  the  Romaii  en- 

Jire  was  more  and  more  curtailed  by  the  Saracens  :  in  the  wrSt^ 
y  the  Franks.  Op  both  fides,  the  empire  of  intellect  was  tiir« 
tailed  by  barbarifm.  Military  nations  always  difftife  about 
them  a  licentious  fcnfuality  which  corfupts  domeftic  morals, 
abridging  lire  o\  its  pureft  felicities  ;  an  urtfeciing  ferocity 
yhich  unfits  man  for  every  office  of  humanity,  and  hat  betM 
known  to  make  him  rejoice  in  the  voluntary  produ&ion  of  evil; 
an  inflability  of  property,  which  deters  from  induftry,  art,  and 
acquiruion ;  and  a  verfatility  of  refidence,  which  prints  all 
culture  cf  IntelleA.  A  (ingle  generation  of  war  mnihilates  the 
accumulated  civilization  of  a  century.  We  need  not  wonder, 
then,  at  the  darknefs  which  refulted  from  arming  with  fyftesa- 
lie  hoftiliiy  the  partifans  of  the  Koran  and  of  the  Crofs.  Ne- 
yerthelefs,  there  exified,  during  this  terrible  period,  men  whc^ 
by  the  peculiarity  of  their  ideas,  diftinguiflied  thecytfelvcs,  aad 
prevented  reafon  from  making  an  entire^  fiop.  Jehu  of  DA* 
mafcus,  and  Theodore  Abucara,  here  occur  to  notice.  At 
length,  the  Arabians  began  to  protcd  deferted  philofopby }  and 
feveral  great  men  arofe  among  them»  who  made  new  iitah 
f  eries,--  of  which  unhappily  but  few  have  been  preicrrcd. 

'  At  the  very  moment  (fays  our  amhor.  Vol.  IV.  p.  48.)  at  wUdi 
a  totaj  ecKpfe  feemed  to  menace  the  human  underRandiog,  Provideact 
was  at  work  to  pfodace  a  new>  a  brighter,  and  a  more  permaneat  day« 
fight.  The  deplorable  downfall  of  flooriOiing  Dationt,  which  have  h 
meritorioufiy  enlarged  our  horiKoa  of  literature »occafiQne  a  loatbtac 
ienfation ;  and  leaves  behind  b  the  heart  of  the  contemplator  an  !■• 
Ipreffion  favourable  to  the  mod  difcouragiogrefledianson  thcgoven- 
jnient,  or  the  deftiny,  of  the  human  race»  which  might  feem  10  apolo- 
g»e  for  apathy  in  refpcd  to  its  interefts»  or  lead  to  the  denial  of 
anv  wife  plan  in  the  condud  of  its  general  concerns  : — bat  it  is  pro* 
bably  necefTary,  in  order  to  prevent  the  exhauflion  of  facuhies  which 
are  perpetually  drained^  (for  nature  has  thus  ordained  it  in  the  pliy* 
£cal  world,]  that  periods  of  ceflation«  of  repofe,  and  of  inanition, 
fliould  intervene.  A  £eld  that  has  long  been  cultivated  mnft  at  fine 
period  lie  fallow,  in  order  to  recover  its  original  fertility.  In  like 
jnanner*  intervals  of  llerility  feem  necefTary  to  nations,  which*  alter 
having  laboured  for  centuries  intelle£iually  to  advance  themfelvei, 
become  cxhauiled  ^nd  enervated  by  the  habits  which  are  coocom^ 
tants  of  the  bigheft  civilization,  viz.  leifure,  reft,  and  fenfnality/ 

Among  the  Saracens,  the  Sun  of  knowlege  firft  began  lo 
le-illumine  the  mental  horizon.    Their  Caliphs,  addided  id 

lusnry. 


Tfedemann'i  Spirit  of  Speculative  Phikfiphy^         50T 

luxury,  and  requiring  the  afliftance  of  the  art  of  medicine,  ap- 
plied to  Grecian  phyficians,  whom  they  rewarded  liberally; 
and  whoin  tbey  encouraged  to  communicate  the  elenients  of 
Science  to  the  Arabians.  With  medicine,  the  rudiments  of 
philofophy  alfo  were  acquired  ;  and  much  knov^legeof  the  an«^ 
tient  world  was  thus  preferved  from  total  diflblution.  In  the 
weft,  nothing  of  the  old  literature  furvived,  except  the  Latin 
language;  which  was  retained  for  purpofes  of  religious  ceremo* 
nial,  and  at  length  became  the  diale£l  of  the  learned. 

*  How  totally  different  (obferves  M.  Tiedeuann)  would  ever/' 
cfaing  hflve  been,  had  the  Gothic  barbirians  taken  pofleffipn  of  the 
Grecian  half  of  the  Roman  monarchy,  and  by  thefe  mefins  bad  canfed 
the  Greek  language  to  predominate  in  Europe,  and  finally  to  becomo 
that  of  the  learned  I  How  much  more  convenient  would  it  have  beenp 
found  in  the  expreflion  of  fcientific  ideas,  than  the  Irfs  cultivated  and 
lefs  flexible  Latin  tongue !  How  much  better  Itocked  in  works  of 
niod  and  morals  !  How  much  more  rapidly  would  the  whole  mais  of 
treafured  information  have  been  promulgated  anddiffufed  !  With  how 
little  loft  to  tafle,  to  fcience,  or  to  actual  convenience^  might  all  that 
is  Latin  utterly  have  perifhed  !    (Qn  ?]) 

«  Thus  at  &rfk  thought  it  appears ;  yet  perhaps  too  great  a  circn. 
lating  mafs  of  antient  literature  would  have  been  an  evil.  In  the  eafl^ 
literature  was  common,  and  books  were  very  abundant.  The  barba- 
rians, therefore,  would  fooner  have  found  themfelves  provided,  and 
perhaps  faciated,  with  all  kinds  of  knov^Iege.  The  number  of  booka 
extant  in  the  Greek  language,  in  which  all  queflions  had  been  refolved 
in  one  way  or  other,  miglit  have  favoured  a  lazy  and  Aupid  relianca 
OB  authority  :  their  fcarcity  in  the  wed  may  have  incited  us  to  think 
more/ 

Of  the  Arabian  pnilofophers,  Avicenna,  Algazel,  Thophail, 
and  Averroes,  are  mentioned  with  prcfcrrence.  1  hey  moftjy 
inclined  to  the  ideas  of  the  Alexandrians ;  with  which  they 
united  thofe  of  Ariilotic,  as  far  as  was  compatible  with  the  fyf- 
tern  of  emanation. 

Among  the  Jews,  alfo,  philofophy  revived  during  the  tolerant 
government  of  the  Caliphs.  Mofcs,  Maimonides,  and  other 
Cabalifls,  are  chiefly  diftinguifhed.  Their  dodirine  was  mofily 
that  of  Alexandria. 

Italy  was  iirft  re-civilized  from  barbarifm,  and  was  the 
earlieft  refidence  of  modern  European  philofophy.  It  was  fol- 
lowed by  France,  by  England,  and  laft  by  Germany.  The 
more  remarkable  men  of  this  period  are  Peter  Damian,  Anfelm 
of  Canterbury,  Hildebert  of  Lavordie,  Peter  Alphonfus  Rouf- 
felin,  Abeillard,  Gilbert  de  la  Porree,  Peter  of  Lombardy,  the 
two  Hugos,  John  of  Salifbury,  Alan  de  Ryflel,  and  a  few  others 
who  borrowed  from  Auguftin  the  Alcxaodiiao  notions  which 
prevail  in  their  writings. 

Next 


SoS         Tiedemmn's  Spirit  ifSfatdtiiw  PUhfipif. 

.  Next  follow  the  Scbolaftics^  more  peculiarly  fo  called, 
were  educated  after  the  introdudion  of  the  works  of  Ariftode, 
and  by  fhe  ftudy  of  the  Arabian  philofopbert.  The  moft  dif- 
tiogui(bed  of'  thefe  are^  William  of  Paris,  Albertus  Magnus, 
Bonavqnturai  Thomas  Aquinas,  Richard  of  Middlctoo,  Hcory 
of  Ghent,  ^gidius  of  Colonna,  and  John  Duns  Scolus.  From 
none  of  thefe  men  are  we  thought  to  derive  new  or  fjplendid  ne* 
taphjffical  fyftems :  hut  without  cheir  preparatory  difcuiEoos, 
previoufly  to  which  none  of  the  modern  languages  were  fitted 
(or  the  purpofe  of  abftrad  difquifition,  we  Ihould  have  wanted 
the  elements  of  fubfequent  improvement.  The  Schdaftics, 
however,  were  not  mere  copyifts :  in  many  parttcvlars,  thry 
ibougbt  for  tbemfelves;  efpecially  in  points  which  had  not  been 
difcuflcd  by  their  revered  oracles,  the  fathers  of  the  church,  and 
Ariflotle* 

The  ^b  volume  begins  with  an  outline  of  the  civil  biftory 
of  that  period ;  which  extends  from  the  revival  of  Greek  litera- 
ture in  modern  Italy,  to  the  frefh  interruption  of  a  progreflive 
civility  and  improvement  by  the  long  civil  wars  of  the  Rcforo- 
ation. 

The  Scholailics  continue  to  occupy  attention  during  tbe 
earlier  pare  of  this  sera.  Raymond  Lully,  whofe  charader  bai 
keen  compared  with  that  of  Peregrinus  Proteus,  rather  defervcs 
to  be  remembered  as  the  invents  of  brandy,  than  for  any  fer- 
▼ices  rendered  to  metaphyficai  fcience  by  his  boafled  ubie  of 
topics.  Hervaeus  Natalis,  whofe  birth-place  is  not  well  afccr- 
mined,  difplayed  great  acutenefs  and  ftudy.  Francis  de  Miy- 
ron,.Durand  de  Saint  Pour^ain,  William  Occam,  and  Walter 
Burley,  (v^hofe  name  ought  not  to  have  been  omitted  in  the 
Biographia  Britannica^)  feveraily  obtain  a  difttnd  chapter.  Sna- 
rez  was  the  laft  of  this  band. — The  doctrines  of  the  Schdafticf, 
ill  our  author's  opinion,  have  been  of  great  importance  to  the 
progrefs  of  reafoning,  and  have  formed  the  fubftratum  of  cek- 
brated  modern  fyilems,  which  moftly  pafs  for  the  inventions  of 
thofe  who  firfl  publifhed  them  in  the  vernacular  tongue.  He 
6as  therefore  analyzed  thefe  dodrines  with  particular  cleamefs 
and  accuracy.  Scholafticifm  began  with  the  veneration  of 
Auguftin  and  of  the  Alexandrian  fchool,  with  argumentations 
i  pri^ri^  a  belief  in  the  fubftantlality  of  ideas,  and  an  exclusive 
▼alue  for  the  metaphyficai  world  : — but  it  gradually  drew  nearer 
to  the  fchool  of  Sextus  Empiricus  and  Epicurus ;  Ariftotie 
was  deified  in  the  ftead  of  Plato :  appeals  were  begun  to  expe« 
rience  and  to  the  phyfical  world ;  and  (he  formalities  and  uni* 
verfalities  were  fuperfeded  by  realities  and  individualfdea.  Tbe 
theological  controverfies  of  the  Reformation,  in  which  tfaif 
iratin  philofophy  of  the  moderns  finally  txpined,  may  not  on- 

aptly 


Tiedemaim^i  Spirit  9f  &p4culativt  PUhfiphjj         5  A| 

a{)tt]rbe  compared  to  the  Alexandrian  age  of  the  Greek  fcbool;— ^ 
and,  in  this  cafe,  here  again  philofophy  will  be  found  to  hnrt 
completed  her  ufual  round, — her  probably  ihevitable  progreft* 
In  the  ftate  of  youthful  vigor,  fhe  is  mod  willingly  converfanc' 
with  thofe  ideas  and  opinions  which  lead  to  and  harmonize 
•with  the  confiftent  dodrines  of  freedom  of  the  will,  immato- 
rialifm,  immortalifm,  and  theifm.  In  the  ftate  of  declining  age^ 
Oit  dwells  on  thofe  obfervations  and  theories  which  lead  to  and 
are  aflbciated  with  the  concatenated  dodrines  of  neceffity,  ma-* 
terialifm,  mortalifm,  and  atheifm.  Until,  at  length,  regretting 
the  confolations  which  (he  has  caft  ayeay,,and  aftamed  of  xht 
morals  which  (he  has  propagated,  (he  takes  refuge  in  fome  foroi 
of  fupernaturalifm,  or  in  def'pair  abandons  awhile  the  human  • 
snind  to  the  dead  r^pofe  of  ignorance. 

Having  difaiiHTed  the  inquiries  which  ivfult  from  the  ftudies 
of  the  middle  ages,  the  author,  in  his  eighth  chapter,  comes  to 
that  feed-bed  of  European  literature,  towards  which  the  faireit 
trees  of  modern  refinement  have  ever  (ince  inclined,  as  to  a  pa-* 
'  rental  foil.  He  here  undertakes  an  account  of  the  ftate  of  Italy 
vnder  Cofmo  de'  Medici,  and  purfues  the  hi({ory  of  Italiati; 
learning  under  the  interrupted  protedion  of  the  Popes,  and  thdi 
uninterrupted  patronage  of  the  Dukes  of  Florence,  to  that  mo(t 
luxuriant  ftage  of  culture  which  was  defigned  and  prepared  hy 
the  genius  of  Lorenzo  de' Mediciy  and  was  at  length  realiedl 
under  his  fon  the  10th  Leo; — a  period  peculiarly  glorious  to 
human  art  and  intelled.  This  profperous  condition,  howevefj^ 
was  not  to  endure  long :  the  commerce,  which,  by  enriching 
Italy,  had  created  a  dematid  for  the  fine  arts,  was  diverted  by  the 
difcoveries  of  the  Portuguefe  and  Spaniards  into  1  new 
channel. 

'  To  the  decreafe  of  ccinmerce  (continues  our  aathor,  p.  366,) 
was  now  to  be  added  a  fecond  caufe  of  decleniion, — the  Reformation. 
Great  riches  had  hitherto  flowed  towards  Rome  from  all  corners  of 
Chridendom,  except  thofe  which  were  addidted  to  the  Greek  churchy 
This  fource  of  income  dried  up,  partly  from  the  apoftacy  of  the  Pro« 
teftants,  and  partly  from  the  increafed  prudence  of  the  Catholics 
themfelves.  Italy,  deprived  of  thefe  refources,  gradaally  grew 
poorer;  and  the  conveniencies  of  the  people  were  farther  dimimflied 
by  the  exorb-tant  prcffurc  of  governments,  which  were  become  very 
Uixurioas  and  coflly.  Celibacy,  corrupt  manners,  a  pafTion  for  idle 
religions  exercifes,  indolence,  cowardice,  and  an  indifference  to  every 
lofty  or  fcientiHc  encerprife,  infinuatcd  themfelves.  At  the  faa« 
time,  the  Italians  fell  under  a  harlhcr  civil  and  religions  defpottfou. 
The  public  authority  in  the  popular  dates  was  confolidated  in  the 
hands  of  a  few  families,  net  to  be  difplaced  by  internal  conmotionsj 
on  account  of  their  alliances  and  connexions  with  other  fovereigns  of 
Eaiope.  Spiritual  tyranny  was  greatly  increaied  by  the  Reforma- 
tion* 


5f  o         TiedeaUnn'i  Spirit  if  Specul^tm  Fbikfrfkf. 

tioii.  The  venerable  fathers  of  the  cooncil  of  Manma  difcovered  ia 
the  liberty  of  the  prefr  iDdicationa  of  danger  to  the  chardi.  The  ia> 
quificioD  was  fb^ngthened  and  extended,  as  it  was  dUcovered  thtt 
even  in  Italy  prieiu  were  found  to  propagate  a  fpirit  of  inooratioa. 
Of  tbefe,  one  of  the  mod  dilUnguUhed  was  the  Neapolitaa  pUUbpher 
fisrnardo  Ochino. 

*  Paul  IV.  a  har(h  ambicioas  pope,  publiflied  in  1555  the  firft  fit 
of  prohibited  books.  His  ftfccenbr,  Pius  IV.  took  from  the  Greek 
refugees  fettled  in  Sicily  their  religious  liberties,  becaufe  thcf  were 
mccufed  of  the  Paulician  and  other  herefies.  Pius  V.  homed  fiMoe  ce- 
kbrated  men«  and  cfpecially  Aonius  Paleadut.  The  Turks  alfo  ci* 
tended  their  conquefls  in  the  MediterraneaD,  and  took  from  tiie  Ve. 
netians  Cyprus,  and  the  other  keys  of  the  Levant.  Vcuoe  rapidly 
declined,  and  all  Italy  partook  of  the  (hock.' 

The  14th  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  Platoniftst  CabbaliSi, 
Theofophifts,  and  Roficrufians ;  whofe  myftical  rhapfodies, 
pious  illumination^)  and  fantaftical  purfuits,  Mr.  Rofcoc^fe 
^ell  calls  tbt  methodifm  of  a  clajjical  age.  The  notions  of  this 
tribe  appear  to  have  plealed  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  who  patroaiicd 
Henry  Cornelius  Agrippa.  Gale,  More,  and  Cudwortfa  in- 
clined to  the  like  chimaeras.  Thomas  Campanella  belongs  to 
this  fcbool^  although  arranged  otherwife  by  Brucker ;  and  fe 
does  Giordano  Bruno,  whofe  very  fcarce  works  are  here  ana- 
lysed copioufly  and  elaborately,  p.  573  to  p.  582.  Of  this  laft 
period,  the  author  thus  obfer^cs  :  p.  623. 
.  «  It  was  not  from  the  want  of  courage  and  vigour  that  thefe  early 
pKilolbphers  did  not  excel,  but  from  the  want  of  materials  wheace 
they  might  conftrud  new  fyllems.  From  habit,  the  £rA  ioflnidors 
Ibught  £r  ideas  more  in  books  than  in  themfelvcs,  or  in  nature  ;  and 
therefore  they  never  found  any  thing  that  had  not  before  been  ufed* 
Through  the  cuftom  of  imitating,  which  lafled  many  centuries,  they 
were  fo  wholly  without  the  habit  of  invention,  that  they  feemed  evea 
to  have  loll  the  faculty :— which,  however,  was  at  length  recovered, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  fixtecnth  century.  The  art  of  phyfic,  ex- 
tended by  new  improvements,  led  to  the  obiervation  of  nature,  aod  0 
-elaborate  experiment.  1  his  brought  forth  and  promoted  the  trot 
method  of  in  vesication,  and  in  it  reafon  gradually  recovered  that  ca- 
pacity which  produces  new  principles,  and  notions,  even  In  metapky- 
fics.  The  17th  century  bears  the  great  fruits  of  this,  as  the  coodo* 
fion  of  our  hillory  will  dc velope. ' 

'  Profeflbr  Tiedem  ann's  work  is  by  no  means  a  mere  abridg- 
ment of  the  hiftory  of  Brucker  ;  although  it  hitherto  copies,  in  a 
great  degree,  his  arrangement  and  method.  The  interftices  of 
civil  hiftory  form  the  rooft  obvious  variation  %  and  the  accounts 
of  the  Platonifts  and  Scholaflics  conftitute  the  moft  palpable 
improvements.     Many  things  are  fet  in  a  cUanr^  and  we  think 

*  In  his  Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici* 

generally' 


generally  in  t  trior  light,  than  by  that  learned  hiftorian  :-^but 
tome  unimportant  perfonages  have  here  obuined  a  difpropor* 
tiooed  (hare  of  attention.  The  long  account  of  Apollonius  of 
Tyana  was  probably  drawn  up  while  modern  credulity  was 
lifteningto  Caelloftro ;  and  in  general  the  hifiories  of  thofe 
rmho^  like  Cardanus,  could  boaft  the  vifitation  of  dirembodie4 
/pirits,  are  given  as  if  the  author  felt  that  be  was  applying  re> 
medtes  to  a  fuperftitious  difeafe  which  is  gaining  ground  in  our 
•own  times.  We  look  forwards  with  impatience  to  a  volume 
•  in  which  the  celebrated  names  of  Hobbes,  Berkley,  Hartley^ 
and  Hiime,  will  occur  in  illuftrious  fucce/fion. 

^tr- — —  ■*  ■ 

A  a  T^  VII.  Beilrage  xur  Beforderung  der  fortfcbreittniin  Aujbildung 
der  Deut/chen  Spracbe ;  i.  e»  Contributions  intended  to  promote  a 
progreffive  Improvement  of  the  German  Language.  3  Vols.  8vo« 
200  Pages  in  each.     Braunfcbweig.     1795. 

^y  HE  projeAor  of  this  joint  production,  J.  C«  Campi,   is 

^  already  well  known  by  his  works,  which  have  education 
for  their  objed ;  of  which  Robinfon  Crufoe  junior  has  been 
.tranflated  into  £nglifli.  Here  he  appears  as  a  philofopbical 
.grammarian.  Conformably  to  the  plan  laid  down  in  his  intra* 
du£lory  diflertation,  each  volume  is  divided  into  five  parts: — the 
firft  devoted  to  the  criticifm  of  the  claifical  writers  of  the  (Jer- 
.mans  i  the  fecond  to  that  of  periodical  and  popular  ftvlifts ;  the 
third  to  inquiries  into  the  hiftory,  fpirir,  and  perfect hility;  of 
the  German  tongue ;  the  fourth  to  the  juftificatory  replies  of 
iuch  authors  as  may  think  themfelves  aggrieved  by  the  freedom 
of  commentary  exercifed  in  this  work  ;  and  the  fifth,  to  mif- 
cellaneous  matter  on  philological  topics,  not  eafily  reducible 
.under  any  of  the  foregoing  heads. 

Lord  Monboddo  and  others  imagine  the  Greek  language 
to  have  refultcd,  not  merely  in  its  fyftem  of  infledbn,  but 
jBven  in  its  radical  terms,  from  the  contrivance  of  philofophers. 
The  late  Dr.  Gregory  Sbarpe,  indeed,  in  his  excellent  difiert- 
ation  on  its  origin  and  ftru^ure,  has  fully  (hewn  it  to  have 
commenced  in  the  fame  manner,  and  to  have  gone  through  the 
fame  fteps,  as  every  other  human  dialed.  Yet  it  is  not  im- 
probably that  the  peculiar  perfe^ions  of  the  Greek  were  incor- 
porated during  a  period  of  refinement ;  that  its  euphony,  com- 
:prebenfion,  and  plafticity,  have  refulted  from  the  fuggeftions 
""of  grammatical  philofophers,  and  pafled  firft  into  the  written 
'and  thence  into  the  oral  language  of  Athens  and  Alexandria^ 
jSuch,  at  lead,  has  been  the  procefs  which  of  late  years  has 
Ihaped  the  harfli  and  aukward  dialeiSts  of  Germany  into  one 
rwular  language,  unequalled  for  native  refources  \  which  has 
14  furniftied 


5 It  Czitipt^s  Ckntribuiint  hohutiif  kfi. 

fumiflieJ  poetry  with  ft  powerful  atid  philoropbjwIth«c(ineS 
iiiftruinent ;  Und  which  needs  otily  to  caft  oflFfoiiic  ol  itseznha- 
rant  confonints,  in  order  to  foothe  the  ear  from  the  lipi  of  elo- 
quence. 

The  Germans  have  written  much  and  well  on  the  phiMapby 
lof  language.  Three  of  the  Berlin  prize- diflert«ti<Mis  are  jdUy 
celebrated:  FuUa  on  the  Low  and  High  Dutch  diakfii^ 
Hirder  on  the  Origin  of  Speech^  and  Jenifch  on  the  friaiife 
Value  of  the  European  Languages.  Kbpfidci^  bj  bis  cariy 
.  Fragments  ta  Language,  and  by  his  fubfequent  DialopB 
and  Treatifes,  laid  the  foundation  for  fyftematic  reforoi,  for 
rational  innovation  in  German  ftyle,  and  for  change  by 
the  concert  of  authors  in  confequence  of  a  preliminary  phil»i 
fophical  difcuffion  :  he  fafliioned  a  (tSt  of  wbig*griikimariaalL 
Adelung^  by  his  Grammar,  his  Di£iionary,  and  his  nomefms 
Trads,  has  Ihewn  the  condition  and  the  refources  of  tk 
German  language  :  but  he  conTiders  ftability  as  of  fo  grett  i 
value,  that  no  abbreviations  of  fpelling,  no  regulatiom  of  in- 
fledion,  no  importations  of  expreflton,  find  favour  in  his  eye, 
nor  even  toleration  from  his  criticifm :  he  Kemds  the  tory^ 
grammarians.  The  projeds  of  Kh^ock^  particularly  hit 
ftrange  fcheme  of  orthography,  if  realized,  would  have  ai 
cd  to  a  total  revolution  in  the  language  of  Germanjr,  and 
feon  have  rendered  unintelligible  and  obfblete  the  vriiole 
mafs  of  literature,  to  the  no  fmall  advancement  of  modem  repa- 
utions.  Yet  one  or  another  of  his  fuggefted  improvements  has 
been  adopted  by  mod  of  the  newer  writers ;  and  by  a  gradaal 
infertion  much  has  been  done  of  what  he  propofed  to  accooH 
pli(h  at  once. 

To  patronize  thefe  gradual  reforms  of  phrafeologyy  toftd- 
lltate  and  dired  the  ccurfe  of  inevitable  change,  and  to  coo* 
vert  the  love  of  novelty  into  an  engine  of  improvement,  fera  the 
peculiar  obje£)s  of  the  contributors  to  this  work.  Their  tdk 
is  ip  general  executed  with  much  judgment :  but  their  obftrva- 
tions  are  moftly  of  too  fpecific  and  too  local  a  nature  to  en- 
courage our  fele£lion.  We  extraA  a  few  words  from  the  ifltn>> 
duAory  paper : 

Vol.  1.  p.  9.  '  Even  ufage,  this  antient,  jull,  but  (by  Ins  eflcadll 
conftitution)  limited  monarch,  ooght  not  to  obtain  our  obedience  by 
fimply  proclaiming  uleji  totre  plaljfir^  (fech  is  our  ^eaforeO  bet  oriy 
in  as  much  as  bis  edifts  are  conformable  u>  the  lawa  of  realbe,  ID  lie 
precedents  of  analogyi  and  to  the  general  will  thence  dcdnced* 

'  What  is  ufage?  This  queftion  may  feem  fingular,  but  ii  Bercr^ 
thelefs  neceiTary  :  for  the  want  of  a  corred  anfwrer  has.  been  thecarfe 
of  all  thofe  mifunderflandings  and  controverfiet ,  whkh  fubfift  oa  ihe 
fubjed.  This  word  has  been  employed  in  two  fenfet«  one  kxrfc,  aad 
the  other  drifts  which  are  Otcafionally  ceofoandcd.     It 


OirtannerV  Almawn  of  ktooliaUn-CharaQen fcr  1796,  ^\% 

tie«DS  jthi.c^Si'Ui  mafs  of  extant  analogies  }  and  fometimes  tbtcoUe3i'v$ 
^afi' of  current  exfrej/ions,  ^whether  founded  on  analogy  or  not,  Adelung 
ufes  the  word  in  the  fird  fenfe*  when  he  defends  the  unconditional 
(nviolaBitity  of  afage  ;  and  in  this  he  is  right.  He  ofes  it  in  the  fe- 
coad  fenfe*  when  he  oppofei  every  attempt  to  fubjed  to  one  uniform 
ti^  of  orthography  thofe  words  which  are  in  flexed  by  one  and  the 
fime  rule  of  analogy;  and  in  this,  I  think*  he  is  wrong.  In  the  for* 
iBcr  cafe,  ufage  is  a  juft  but  not  an  unlimited  fovereign;  aconftitn* 
tional.king ;  to  be  obeyed  as  long  as  his  commands  are  conformable 
tolaw,  that  is,  to  extant  analogy.  In  the  latter  cafe*  ufage  afliimea 
U  arbitrary  power*  and  violates  himfelf  the  condttutional  laws  of 
language ;  the  right  of  reiiftance  confequently  intervenes ;  and  as  fooii 
as  the  majority  can  be  convinced*  he  may  juilly  be  deprived  of  hift 
defpotifm.  It  fhoold  be  obfervedj  however^  that  a  reform  in  thd 
public  language  ought  never  to  be  undertaken  in  defiance  of  one  law* 
which  b  antecedent  to  the  conflitution  of  any  particular  dialed*  and 
effentiaf  to  the  very  being  of  language  itfelf— the  law  of  general  in- 
telligibility :-* thofe  iingdarittes,  therefore*  which  emanate  from  latent 
analogies*  are  againft  good  talle.  It  (hculd  be  underftood*  too*  that 
thofe  who  hazard  innovations  do  not  fet  up  for  lawgivers  in  language: 
they  only  exercife  a  right  which  every  good  citizen  in  a  free  Hate  is 
caeer  to  exercife*  that  of  drawing  the  public  attention  to  a  projeA  of 
rerorm*  the  rejedion  or  adoption  of  winch  he  contentedly  abandons  to 
the  general  will*  to  the  fufFrage  of  the  majority  of  the  literary  re- 
public' 

An  additional  volume  of  this  work  is  to  appear,  whenever  a 
Aifficient  accumulation  of  intereding  materials  (hall  have  reach- 
ed the  hands  of  the  editor* 


Art.  VIII.  Jbnanach  der  Revolutions  CbaraSIeref  ScQ.  i,e.  Almanac 
of  Revolution  Characlers  for  1796.  By  Dr.GiRTANNBR.  8vo. 
pp.  388.     Chemnitz. 

OP  Dr.  Girtanner'sl  hiftory  of  the  French  revolution, 
previoufly  to  the  memorable  loth  of  Auguft  1792,  we 
gave  an  account  in  our  N.  S.  vol.  xvi.  p.  520.  He  continues^ 
it  feems,  induflriouily  to  colleA  the  more  important  documents 
jelative  to  this  ftupendous  ei/enr,  and  to  prefent  them  in  a 
chronological  order  to  the  German  public.  He  no  doubt  re* 
feryes,  for  a  period  of  ampler  information  and  pacific  repofe,  the 
redudion  and  arrangement  of  his  valuable  colle^ions  into  that 
hiftorical  form^  which  may  convert  the  impreifions  of  the  by« 
flander  into  the  opinion  of  pofterity.  Some  o£  his  publications 
have  efcaped  us :  we  fhall,  however,  employ  a  few  words  oa 
thofe  revolutionary  annals. 

A  head  of  Timoleon  is  prefixed  to  the  volume ;  and  a  well- 
written  hiftory  of  the  Gracchi  forms  the  introductory  chapter. 
^he  reviving  taftc  for  revolution  naturally  recalls  to  celebrity 

AFPt  ;R£V.  Vol.  xxi.  N  a  thofe 


ji4   Girtanner*/  Almanac  ofRtodlution-'CharaSfirsfir  1796. 

thofe  characters  of  antiquity,  who  have  excelled  in  tbis  not 
llippery  department  of  human  purfuit. 

The  fecpnd  chapter  is  confecrated  to  anecdotes  of  tbe  peribas 
deputed  to  tbe  convention  of  Holland.  Peter  Paulus,  a  maa 
of  forty  years  of  age,  originally  Fifcal  of  the  Admiralty  at  ik 
Maes^  is  the  moft  remarkable.  He  has  publiflied,  i.  Oalii 
Treaty  ofUnion^  in  which  he  proves  its  abfurd,  eqvi vocal,  asi 
infufficient  nature.  2.  Qn  Freedom  of  Navigation  ;  a  very  fooad 
^irculllon  ;  zx\i^  3.  In  what  Stnfe  are  Men  juftly  ealUdfraead 
tqual?  What  rights  and  Duties  flow  from  thefe  relations  f  This 
Dooi;  was  fo  entirely  to  the  tafte  of  the  HolUndcrs,  efpecially  of 
the  patriotic  party,  that  26,000  copies  of  it  were  fold.  After 
tbe  eftabliflimcnt  of  the  tyranny  in  1787  by  the  Priifiaas,  thii 
tefpe£lable  author  was  deprived  of  his  place*' 

The  third  and  fourth  chapters  give  an  account  of  tbe  peribas 
who  became  confpicuous  at  Paris,  by  their  fuilerings  or  thdr 
crimes,  during  the  black  didatorfhip  of  Rohefpiem.  Moft  of 
fhefe  anecdotes  are  drawn  from  fimilar  fources,  well  known  in 
this  country.  One  extrafi  will  fuiEce  to  (hew  the  method  of 
narration : 

'  Of  all  t^ie  prifoners  in  Saint- La^are,  none  excited  a  higher  ta- 
tereil  than  tiie  poet  Rouchei;  author  of  the  beautiful  work  Les  Mtu. 
purine  his  iraprironment,  he  was  occupied  in  the  inftru^tkm  of  hit 
fon  Emiliusj^  ^.nd  thus  he  banifhed  the  worfl  plague  of  confinemeaty— 
its  irkfbmene^.  As  foon  as  he  faw  the  aA  of  accu Aition,  be  was  om- 
vinccd  of  the  certain  fate  which  awaited  bim»  and  fent  his  iba  koar 
Sdth  a  portrait  which  Suvet  had  been  taking  in  the  gaol^  and  with 
thefe  words  on  a  paper  addrefTed  to  his  wife  and  family  : 

'  Ne  vous  etonnez  pas,  chjets  charmans  et  ioux  ! 

Si  quelqu^ah'  de  trifttffi  obfcurcit  man  vifage  ; 

Lor/qu^ un /a<vant  crayon  dejjinait  cet  owvrage^ 

On  dreffait  V'echafaud  etjt  pen/ais  a  *vous  ••* 

The  letters  of  Phlllippeaux  to  his  wife,  and  his  defence 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  are  worthy  of  the  friend  ot 
Roland. 

Bet^oitf  the  gaoler  of  the  Luxembourg,  ts  defcribed  as  amaa 
of  diftiiiguiihed  humanity :  every  attention  and  accommoda- 
tion were  ofiered  to  the  prifoners  :  but  in  a  fingle  night  rt^ 
perfons  were  led  away  from  this  place  to  execution, 
'  The  fifth  fubdivifion  confifts  of  a  feries  of  letters  relative  la 
the  condufi  of  the  Heffian  troops,  during  the  campaign:  this 
■*■  -         -  -  -  -  I 

«  «  Wonder  not,  O  ye  dear  and  delightful  objeds  1  Wonder  not* 
it  yoQ  cbferve  a  tinge  of  melancholy  o'erfliadowing  roy  coontenaace : 
while  the  pencil  of  art  was  thus  tracing  its  lineaments,  my  perfeca- 
cors  were  pxepaiing  my  fcaffbld,  and  my  thoughts  were  dwelling  upoa 
you!" 

auibeotif 


Blumi^nbach  on  the  Vorleitii  oftbi  Human  Species.     515 

Mthentic  detail  is  highly  honourable  to  their  bravery  and  mi- 
litary fpirit- 

The  fixth  fubdivifion  dercribes,  with  no  lefs  fidelity,  the 
c6ndu£b  of  the  French  armies  in  the  Palatinate  in  1794.  It 
tfends  to  infpire  Horror  for  the  conduA  of  thefe  bold  but  undif- 
ciplihed  armies,  whofe  enormities  have  fteeped  in  almoft  irre- 
coverable woe  the  unfortunate  feats  of  war.  The  charader  of 
Rougemaltre^  which  is  drawn  with  flriking  originality,  is  per- 
haps no  unfair  fample  of  thofe  qualities  which  habits  of  military 
fervice,  where  armies  have  to  earn  their  own  fubfiftcnce,  un- 
fortunately tend  to  fuperihduce. 


Akt.  IX.  De  Generis  Httmani  Vnriitate  Nati^va,  Sec  i,  e.  On  the 
Native  Varieties  of  the  Human  Species.  The  Third  Edicioir. 
To  which  is  prefixed  an  Epiflle  to  Sir  Jofeph  Banks^  Bart. 
K.  B.  P.  R.  S.  .By  J.  F.  Blumenbach,  F.  R.  S.  8vo. 
pp.326.     Goctlngen.     1795* 

1KX7E  have  obferved  with  pleafure  that  the  German  philofo- 
^^  phers  have  lately  exerted  no  inconfiderable  portion  of 
their  chara£ieriftic  induftry,  on  the  ftudy  of  the  natural  biftory 
of  their  own  fpecies.  Of  their  productions  feveral  have  been 
cither  compilations,  like  M.  Zimmermann^s  geographical  hif^ 
tory;  or  reafonings,  more  or  lefs  ingenious,  on  previoufly 
afcertained  fatSls  :  fuch  as  thofe  of  M.  Grofif  in  his  Pbyfikalifihe 
Jibhandlungen  (Leipzig,  1793);  M.  Herder ^  in  various  places 
of  his  voluminous  writings  ;  M.  Kant ;  and  others : — but  there 
are  fome  among  thefe  inquirers,  whofe  curious  and  original 
obfervations  fcem  to  give  them  a  fuperior  claim  to  attention* 
To  that  very  expert  anaiomift,  M.  Soemmerring^^  we  are  in- 
debted for  an  excellent  cfTay  on  the  Difference  between  the  Csn^ 
.formation  of  the  European  and  the  Negroe\  and,  as  there  appears 
CO  be  a  number  of  perfons  in  this  country  at  the  prefent  mo- 
ment willing  to  employ  themfclvcs  in  the  verfion  of  German 
books,  we  hope  that  M.  Soemmerring's  very  accurate  and  in* 
tereUing  efTay  will  be  foon  undertaken  by  a  tranflator  who  is 
properly  qualified.  For  fuch  a  work  of  Uc\y  we  could  be  well 
.  contented  to  be  without  a  work  of  fancy. 

Of  all  the  living  authors  of  Europe,  Dr^  Blumenbacm  has 
perhaps  beftowed  moil  time  in  reading  and  refledting,  as  alfo  in 
making  internal  and  external  obfervations,  on  the  varieties  of 
the  human  fpecies.  I  he  prefent  work  is  a  digefted  extrad*  of 
all  that  he  himfelf  and  others  have  thought  and  done  refpe£liog 
this  engaging  (ubjedl;  and  though  profe/Iing  merely  to  be  the 
third  edition  of  a  former  publication,  it  is  a  very.^lifierent  and 

•  Sec  our  lail  Appendix. 

N  n  x*'  in 


5t6     Blumenbach  cu  the  VariitUt  cfthg  Human  Speewl 

in  fa£t  a  new  work.     We  deem  it,  therefore,  entitled  to  attcoN 
live  confideration. 

In  his  prefatory  letter,  the  author  pays  Sir  Jofeph  Banb 
(ome  High-Dutch  compliments  in  High-Dutch  Latin.  After 
due  mention  of  Sir  Joreph's  liberality  in  allowing  Dr.  B.  fice 
accefs  to  his  copious  and  valuable  colledion,  he  bcftows  foae 
refle£lions  on  Linne's  claflification  of  the  maoimalia  bv  tk 
teeth.  This  method  he  confiders  as  rendered,  by  modern  dif^ 
coveries,  altogether  unfit  for  the  purpofe  of  juft  arrangemeM^ 
however  well  adapted  it  might  have  been  to  the  ftate  of  koovw 
lege  fome  years  ago*  We  are  now,  fays  Dr.  B.,  acqttaimd 
with  two  fpecies  of  rhinoceros;  in  habit  perfectly  fioiiltr,  and 
yet  difr(;ring  fo  widely  in  their  teeth,  that  it  would  be  necefljiy, 
according  to  this  method,  to  refer  one  to  the  btUine^  the  other 
to  the  glins  of  Linne;  and  fo  ihtjiis  MthiapUut  (which  has  no 
fore- teeth)  would  be  removed  from  the  biUu^y  and  placed 
among  the  hruia.  Dr.  B.  propofes  a  more  natural  fyftem,  de^ 
duccd  from  the  general  habit ;  and  of  this,  for  the  fake  of  fv- 
f(^rence  in  the  fucceeding  pages»  he  gives  a  (hort  fpecimen,  in 
which  the  mammalia  are  dillributed  into  ten  orders.  Thdfe 
orders  are  not  founded  on  a  principle  pervading  and  conncfluv 
the  whole,  but  on  fome  difcriminating  circumftance  proper  to 
the  fubjeds  of  each  order.  Thus  order  I.  is  himmmt^  aid 
comprehends  one  genus,  Man.  So  order  IV.  cbir^ptertt^  the 
Bat.     VII.  Solidufiguhy  the  Horse. 

In  another  preliminary  paper.  Dr.  B.  prefents  a  view  of  bk 
own  col]e£ti«n  (fupeUex  anthropologica).  It  contains  82  fciills, 
fo?tufes  of  difFerent  ages,  hair  of  various  nations,  feveral  wet 
preparations,  principally  relative  to  the  negroe,  and  20  choice 
drawings  of  Chinefc,  Tartar,  Hottentot,  and  other  portraits. 
He  mentions  a  Calmuck  Tartar,  Feoder  Iwanowitfch,  nowi 
ftudent  at  Rome,  to  whom  he  is  indebted  for  his  own  pcftniti 
done  with  admirable  tade  and  exaAnefs. 

Having  thus  noticed  the  preliminaries,  we  (hall  oflfer  firft  1 
comprefled  abftrafi  of  the  work  itfelf,  and  afterward  remark  co 
fome  of  the  moft  important  pafTages. 

The  fubjedi  of  difcu/Son  in  Sed.  I.  is  the  diftindion  be- 
tween man  and  other  animals.  Linne  ingenuoufly  confefied 
that  he  could  find  no  criterion,  by  which  man  might  be  diftin- 
guifhed  from  the  ape ;  and  hence  he  was  obliged  finally  to  rdcr 
man  and  the  fonia  hngimana  to  the  fame  genus.  Dr.  Blu- 
MEKBACH  hopes,  however,  to  accomplifh  that  which  Lione 
found  impradicable,  by  firiking  into  a  different  road.  To 
rftabliih  a  folid  diftindion,  he  propofes  to  take  into  accoont, 
I.  the  external  figure  of  the  human  hodyj  2.  its  external 
ihucture ;  3.  the  fun^ions  i  4.  the.  faculties  of  the  mrnd ; 


Blumenbach  on  the  Varieties  ^fthe  Human  Spectif,      517 

5.  the  difcafes  peculiar  ta  man  ;  and  6,  ihofe  circumftance* 
which  have  been  hitherto  falfely  aiBgncd  as  chara£leriAic  of 
€«jr  fpecies. 

Dr.  B,  finds  four  external  cTrcumftances  of  diftSnflion  : 
I.  the  crcfl  pofiure;  2.  the  broad,  (hallow  pelvis;  3  the  two 
hands;  4*  rhe  difporuioo  of  the  teeth  in  even  rows.  Man,  he 
obfcfves^  is  not  only  formed  for  the  erc£l  pbfttjrc,  but  il  is  his 
exclufive  attribute ;  as  appears  from  his  whole  conformation, 
and  the  concurring  habtts  of  all  nations.  The  example  of  at 
few  folltary  wild  individuals,  that  crept  on  all  fours,  proves 
pothtng  to  the  contrary*  *  We  may  as  well  fix  on  any  mon- 
firous  birth  as  a  model  for  the  human  form^  as  on  thc(c 
1  wretched  outcafts  for  examples  of  the  genuine  gait  of  man. 
Nay,  if  wc  rnquirc  accurately  concerning  the  belt  afcertained 
inllanccs,  as  Peter  the  wild  boy,  the  girl  of  Champaigne,  and 
the  man  of  the  Pyrenees,  wefliall  find  that  they  went  ere£t.  As 
to  others,  that  have  commonly   been  accounted    quadrupeds^ 

^€^g*  the  juvims  evinui  Hibernus^  Linn,  many  circumftances 
fender  thtir  hiftory  extremely  problematical/  Mofcati  and 
Schrc^e^  who  have  maintained  that  man  is  deftined  to  be  a  qua- 
druped, are  confuted  by  the  length  of  the  inferior  extremities 
in  comparifon  with  the  trunk  and  the  arms  ;  by  the  ftrength  of 
thofe  extremities,  which  is  apparent  in  the  formation  of  the 

I  bones ;  and  by  the  whole  difpofition  of  the  thorax  :  *  for  qua- 
drupeds, if  they  be  long-legged,  have  a  thorax  compreflcd  at  the 
fides  and  keeled  before  ^  they  arc  deftitute  of  a  clavicle  or  col- 
lar-bone, whence  they  arc  better  able  to  draw  the  fore-feet 
together,  and  more  cafily  and  firmly  to  fuflain  the  body. 
Quadrupeds  have  either  a  longer  breafl-bone  or  more  ribs  to 
fuihin  theinteftines  when  the  trunk  is  horizontal/    Theflial- 

,  lownefs  of  the  human  pelvis  affords  a  chara6ler  by  which  matt 

tis  diflingjtilied  from  the  anthropomorph  ^mia  and  other  mans' 
malia :  this  part  defcrves  the  name  ^i  bajun  only  in  our  fpecies* 
The  author  difcovers  farther  evidence  of  his  opinion  in  the 
connei^ed  parts;  in  the  full,  flclhy,  fubgbbular  nates ;  and  in 
the  relation  of  the  axis  of  fhe  vagina  to  that  of  the  pehh\^ 
whence,  he  fays,  may  be  determined  a  qy  eft  ion  agitated  fince 
the  days  of  Lucretius— ^w<pi7jm  in  coitu  psfitura  hsmini  maxtTnt 
ionveniat?  In  a  note,  he  mentions  a  great  curtofity  in  the 
king's  colIc6tion  ;  the  delineation,  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  virl 
cumfcEmina  concumheniisy  unde  ea  quam  tnnusmus  virilii  genitalis 
tinjfad  vaginam  relatio  luculenier  patefcat  •. 

•  Allowing  the  ofiMus  obver/a  to  be  proper  to  man,  what  proof 
lof  it  does  this  drawing  afford  f  Was  it  done  from  faocy,  or  from  na<« 
(.tare  ?    Rtv* 

Nn  3  TJip 


51^    BlumexAach  en  tbi  Variitus  oftU  Hunum  ^fuiom 

The  human  hand  only  defervcs  the  title  of  organaa  orgamrtm. 
The  ape  is  properly  four-handed.  The  hind-fect  have  a 
thumb,  indead  of  a  great  toe;  and  thefe  deferve  the  name  of 
hands  n?.uch  better  than  their. fore- feet,  being  better  contrived 
for  grafping.  There  is  a  fpecies  of  cercdpithecus  which  is  defti* 
t^te  of  thumbs  before:  but  no  four-handed  animal  wants  a 
thumb  to  the  hind  hands.  Hence  it  appears  that  the  Ouran 
Outang  is  not  dcftined  to  {ro  either  on  two  or  four  limbs :  for, 
iince  the  hands  are  made  for  holding.  Nature  oiuft  intend  thefe 
animals  for  living  on  trees.  ^  l^hefe  they  climb  ;  on  thefe  thej 
feek  their  food  ;  and  one  pair  of  hands  ierves  for  fupport,  the 
o|her  for  gathering  fruit.  Hence  in  the  cercQpitbeci^  which 
have  imperfeA  hands,  aprovilion  is  made  for  fccurity  in  tbtir 
Itation  in  trees  by  a  prehenfile  tail.' 

The  teeth  and  their  arrangement  diftinguifh  man  from  the 
brute.  The  ihortnefs  of  the  jaw,  the  pfojciSlion  of  the  chin, 
and  the  flruflure  of  the  condyles,  all  concur  to  (hew  that  we  are 
intended  to  be  omnivorous.  Linnc  has  aiTcrrcd  that  there  eiift 
(aUcubi  urrarum)  apes  lefs  hairy  than  the  human  fpecies.  Our 
author,  however,  owns  that  he  is  ignorant  where  they  exift; 
and  he  adds  that  we  are  in  general  more  fmooth  than  the  iDoa- 
kcy  race,  though  we  have  fome  parts  more  hairy. 

Among  the  internal  peculiarities  of  man,  are  reckoned  the 
largenefs  of  the  brain  in  refpecl  to  the  nerves,  the  fandy  grains 
in  the  pineal  gland,  the  pofition  ot^  tiie  heart,  and  t^^e  uhkm  of 
the  pericardium  with  the  diaphragm.  The  tenocrneft  and 
pliability  of  ihc  cellular  fubdance  is  alfo  mentioned  its  a  princi- 
pial  diftindion  \  and  the  author  isperfuaded  that  to  ^his  weove 
our  capability  of  becoming  habituated  to  any  climate.  To 
this  head  belong  alfo  our  (low  growth,  tardy  maturity,  asd 
protraSed  life.  The  difference  of  feature  in  the  morning  and 
the  evening  is  likewife  pointed  out ;  with  other  peculiarities, 
not  altogether  fit  for  difcuiSon  in  this  place. 

'  The  u(e  of  reafun,  fays  Dr.  B.,  is  univcrfally  afcribed  to 
man,  as  his  fupreme  prerogative.  Unfortunately,  philofophers 
have  not  agreed  in  their  notion  of  reafon.  Our  author  believes 
that  it  would  be  beft  to  make  reafon  confifl  in  that  which  hss 
made  man  maAer  of  the  animal  creation.  Moreover,  man  is 
filrnifl.ed  with  the  power  of  invention,  whence  Dr.  Franklin 
acutely  flyled  him  a  fool-making  animal.  Hence,  too,  he  has 
fabricated  language  for  his  convenience.  Whether  laugniog 
and  weeping  be  among  his  peculiarities,  Dr.  B.  does  not  ap- 
pear prepared  to  decide. 

Difeafes  d;:ferve  to  be  briefly  noticed,  ag  having  tbeir  origin 
jn  a  peculiarity  of  ceconomy.  Dr.  B.  eniimerates  almoft  ill 
the  exanthemataj  and  feveral  other  ^iforders,  as  proper  to  man. 

Dr. 


Blumenbach  in  the  VarUties  ofthi  Humdn  Spiciis. 

r^yanfen  of  Amftcrdam  affured  him,  from- his  own  obferva- 
tion,  that  apes  had  a  local  ulcer^  but  aot  a  variolous  (tytr^ 
from  the  contagion  of  the  fmall-pox.  As  peculiarities  falfely 
afcribed  to  our  fpecies,  Dr- B.  recounts  the  proximity  of  the 
eyes  and  eye-lafhcs,  prominence  of  the  nole,  im mobility  of  the 
ear,  an  organ  of  touch,  the  uvula,  eruiflation^  and  incapability 
of  being  fatted* 

tSefl*  11.  Caufes  of  the  degineraiion  of  animaU  in  general.  It 
IS  neceiTary  here  to  examiiie  two  qucAions  :  what  is  a  fpecics 
tJi  zoology?  and  how  a  fpecies  degenerates  into  varieties? 
Dr.  B.  finds  little  ufe  in  the  power  of  producing;  prolific  off- 
spring, either  as  a  criterion  to  be  generally  applied,  or  as  li- 
mited by  Frifch  to  wild  aoimals.  In  the  firft  place,  we  (hall 
fcarccly  bring  together  certain  animals,  inhabitants  of  diftant 
countries,  concerning  which  we  want  to  know  whether  they 
(ire  of  the  fame  fpecics  j  and  fecondly,  the  principal  doubts 
refpeft  domeftic  animals,  as  in  the  cafe  of  the  dog,  all  the  va- 
rieties of  which  proceed,  according  to  fome,  from  the  (hep- 
herd's  dog  j  according  to  others,  from  the  jackal  •  while  fome 
9igain  contend  that  the  jackal  itfelf,  with  the  whole  family  of 
dogs,  originates  from  the  wolf.  Dr.  B.  does  not  find  that  the 
conftancy  of  a  certain  msrk  is  of  more  avail  m  this  di/Hculty< 
In  the  white  rabbit  the  red  eye  is  as  conftant  as  any  fpecific 
chara£ler  j  and  yet  the  white  rabbit  is  merely  a  variety.  The 
notion  of  a  fpecres  can  only,  then,  be  derived  from  analogy 
and  probability.  Thus,  the  grinders  differ  greatly  in  the  Afri- 
can and  Afiatic  elephants.  As  it  docs  not  appear  that  the  dif- 
ference proceeds  from  degeneration,  thcfe  elephants  mull  be 
regarded  as  feparate  fpecie«,  and  not  as  varieties.  On  the 
other  hand,  Dr.  B.  confide rs  ihe  ferret  as  a  variety  of  tbe 
fnufe!a  putv'iusi  *  not  (he  fays)  becaufe  I  know  the  fadi  of 
their  breeding  together  :  but  becaufe  I  judge  from  analogy  that 
all  animajs,  deftituie  of  the  dari  ptgntent  ol  the  eye,  arc  a  mere 
altered  breed/ 
L  To  demonf^ratc  hnw  an  original  fpecics  may  desjenerate,  the 
I  author  relates  fome  pharnomena  o^  this  kind  in  animal?,  with  a 
I  view  afterward  to  invefHgafe  the  caufcs.  Thus  in  drfFerent 
climates  we  fee  animals  dift'cring  in  colour,  b^iir,  fize,  ftape, 
and  proportion  of  parts,  and  in  the  form  of  the  fcull.  In  the 
L  fliape  of  the  head,  the  hog  differs  as  widely  from  the  wild  boar, 
■  and  the  Neapolitan  from  the  Hungarian  hovfe,  as  the  European 
nuin  from  the  ncgroe.  In  the  buff.ilo,  there  are  deep  fove^e 
lachrytfmUi  j   in  the  ox,  thefe  deprcffions  are  nearly  obliterated, 

JThe  author's  theory  is  founded  on  the  infiucnce  of  external 
agents  on  the  living  body*  The  formation  of  theyoune  ani- 
m^  majf  be  aitcdcd,  he  fays,  by  thefe  agents  in  ibrtc  difterent 

N  n  4  ways. 


I 


Jto     Blumienbach  on  the  Varuiiei  tfiU  Human  Sprnts* 

ways*     A  monfter,  a  mule,  or  a  variety,  may  be  prodocel. 

The  laft  deviation  alone  is  confidered  here.  i.  Tbe  climne 
operates  as  a  power,  producing  variation  of  form.  The  at* 
mofphere  varying  in  temperature,  moifture,  &c.  in  every  cli- 
mate, the  blood  and  other  fluids  are  modified  differently  by  the 
abforbed  air.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  determine  what  is 
owing  to  mere  climate,  and  what  to  other  caufes.  The  whiie- 
nefs  of  the  ardic  fox,  crow,  black-bird,  &c*  feems  owing  to 
temperature  or  cold  ;  becaufe  we  have  various  exsimples  of  c^ 
loured  animals  turning  white  in  winter.  I'he  dark  colour,  fb 
general  in  tropical  countries,  is,  on  the  contrary,  afcribcd  to 
heat.  As/an  example  of  the  effed  of  ^iV/,  the  African  flieepis 
adduced  :  the  fleece  of  which,  in  its  native  foil,  is  more  like  ca* 
mel's  hair  than  wool,  but,  after  a  year's  pailurage  in  Englaod, 
it  becomes  foft  and  valuable.  In  marfhy  countries,  as  in  rrieT- 
land,  the  horfe  grows  large ;  whereas  in  dry  foils  he  coDtiDoa 
puny.  The  mode  of  livings  which  comprehends  culture  and 
habits,  is  another  caufe  of  change.  None,  however,  ope* 
rates  fo  quickly  as  the  mixture  of  varieties.  The  propagatioa 
of  weaknefs  or  indifpofition,  in  any  way  acquired,  is  the  laft 
caufe  affigned.  Whether  mutilations  can  produce  varieties, 
.Dr«  B.  does  not  decide,  but  he  inclines  to  the  affirmative. 

Se£l.  III.  Of  the  kinds  and  caujis  of  degentration  in  man>  The 
snofl  obvious  kind  of  variety  is  that  of  colour  ;  it  is  alfb  per- 
manent and  hereditary.  The  complexion  is  conneded  with  the  . 
colour  of  the  hair^  and  of  the  pupil,  and  with  the  general  tern- 
perament.  Dr.  B.  conftitutes  five  principal  varieties  of  colour ; 
I.  the  white  with  red  cheeks;  2.  the  yellow  or  olive,  as  feen 
ih  the  mongrel  tribes;  3.  the  copper  colour,  in  the  Americai) 
Indians;  4*  the  tawny,  in  the  Malays;  5.  from  tawny-black 
to  jet-black.  The  tawny-black  is  not  confined  to  negroc 
(iSthiopic)  nations.  It  is  found  <  mixed  with  the  predomiiunt 
hue'  in  very  different  and  very  remote  varieties  ;  as  in  the  peo* 
pie  of  Brazil,  California,  India,  and  of  the  South  Sea  Iflands. 
The  author's  theory  of  the  black  colour  of  the  Africans  fcarccly 
differs,  or  differs  but  in  terms,  from  one  that  has  been  pro* 
pofed  in  this  country.  He  thinks  that  the  carbons^  in  paffing 
out  f/om  the  fkin  with  the  hydrogene,  is  precipitated  by  the 
oxygene  of  the  atmofphere ;  and  that  it  remains  in  the  rtte 
ynucofum.  The  liver,  be  thmks,  as  well  as  the  (kin,  fervcs  to 
excrete  carbone;  and  there  is  an  analogy  between  various  tints 
from  the  jaundice  and  national  complexions.  From  the  affinity 
between  the  bile  and  fat,  he  accounts  for  the  waxy  tinge  of  the 
latter  in  dark-coloured  tribes ;  and  he  imaginei?,  for  the  fame 
reafon,  that  the  Greenlanders,  who  live  much  on  animal  oil| 
))ave  a  dafk  (kin*— Of  fcafo^s  and  climatcsi  as  aficding  tho 

pomplwoiii^ 


Blumentach  on  thi  Varetlef  ifihi  Human  Spuus*      511 

mmplcxion,— of  ihe  Creoles, — Mulaltocs^ — agreement  be- 
tween the  fkin  and  hafr,  and  Iris. 

Dr.  B.  reckons  five  dlvcrfitics  of  national  phyfiognomy : 
1.  tlie  oval,  or  what  we  cftecm  the  moft  beautiful  ;  and  two 
fl;itied  and  two  elongated  variationt  of  countenance.  The  two 
former  arc  exemphfied  in  the  Tartar  and  Amerkan  vifage; 
the  two  latter  in  the  Guinea  and  Malay.  [>r,  B.  deems  the 
climate  the  principal  efficient  caufe  of  each  variety;  for  io 
China  dll  ranks  have  one  and  the  faoie  countenance  ;  and  mi* 
gration  occifions  a  change^  as  is  apparent  in  the  Jaculatae  and 
the  Creole;  and  childrer^  bcrn  of  the  fame  parents  in  Europe 
and  the  Weft  Indies  will  exhibit  a  marked  difference  in  their 
phyfiognomy.  hgvpt  and  India  on  this  fide  of  the  Gangcf, 
however,  afford  the  cleareft  examples.  The  traits  of  the 
fierce  nations  of  the  North,  once  the  conquerors  of  Egypt, 
arc  only  to  be  recogni2ed  in  the  mofV  antient  monuments  ;  and 
ftncc  Timur,  the  Monguls  in  indra  havcfenfibly  approximated 
to  the  Indian  face.  In  one  dc fcendant  of  emigrants,  we  fee 
the  face  much  altered  ;  the  Laplanders  and  Hungarians  are  faid 
to  come  from  the  fame  ftock.  How  the  cfimate  produces  iti 
effect  it  1^  difficult  to  hy.  Leibmiz  fancied  that  the  natives  bore 
a  refemblance  to  the  indigenous  animals,  as  the  Laplander  to  the 
bear,  the  negroe  to  the  ape,  The  mode  of  life  and  certain 
cuOoms  have  influence  on  the  features.  Among  the  negroe*, 
the  nofe,  flat  of  itfelf,  is  artificially  flattened  after  birth. 

The  ftudy  of  the  form  of  the  fcull  is  of  great  importance  to 
the  natural  hiftory  of  man.  A  blind  perlon  would  dif^inguifli^ 
at  the  firft  grafp,  the  fcull  of  a  Catmuck  from  that  of  a  negroe. 
The  diverfitics  are  atmoft  infinite  ;  ytt  a  certain  uniformity  is 
obfervable  in  thofe  of  the  fame  nation.  Hence  different  ana- 
tomitts  have  fought  a  fulc  by  which  they  might  compare  the 
gradations.  Dr,  B*  objects  to  Profcffor  Camper\*  facial  line. 
It  docs  not  apply  to  tribes,  diftmgullhtd  by  the  direction  of  the 
jaw  ;  many  heads,  widely  different  in  other  refpeds,  coincide 
in  the  facial  line  ;  and  M.  6V/;/»^r  himfelf  Jludluatcd  in  its  ap- 
filication.  The  author  propofcs  to  fupply  this  defed  by  what 
he  calls  a  vertical  line,  to  the  illultration  of  which  ihc  firft  of 
his  two  plates  is  dedicated.  The  fcull  being  placed  on  its  bafe^ 
he  attends  to  the  prujedlion  of  the  ojfa  jugalia^  and  of  the  up- 
per jaw-bone.  The  Negroe  thus  appears  htaktdy  the  Tartar 
drawn  outwards  and  flatted.  Dr,  B,  affumes  and  (Plate  II.) 
figures  five  varieties  of  fcuHs,  owing  in  part  to  the  fame  caufcs 
that  produce  the  national  phyfiogaomies,  and  partly  to  pecu- 
liar modes  of  preffure. 


f  SecK^ev,  N.  S,  voL  vi.  p,  206. 


In 


522     Biumenbacfa  $h  th  V^uirftii  Oumm  Sfakti 

In  the  remainder  of  this  fedioo,  iixm  fa&s  are  ftated  n> 
fpeding  the  various  fhapes  of  the  ear,  hands,  feei^  &c. ;  mi 
the  fables  concerning  the  Patagonian  giants,  the  dwirfifh  Qui- 
mos,  and  men  with  tails,  are  treated  as  they  dcfcrve. 

In  Se£);.  V.  and  laft.  Dr.  B.  define^  the  iive  varieties  which  be 
afliimes  of  the  human  fpecies,  om  and  indivifiUi  :  i  •  the  Caaci* 
£an  variety  j  the  model,  according  to  our  eftimate,  of  beauiy. 
The  two  extremes  are,  2.  the  Mongul,  and  3.  the  ^ihiopic 
Intermediate,  ftand  4.  the  American,  and  5.  the  Malay.  In  tht 
vignettes  to  a  little  work  publifhed  fix  years  ago  (Biytraigi  anr 
Vatur^gifcbicbti*)  Dr.  6.  had  given  fomeidea  of  thefe  varieties; 
and  a  book  like  the  prefent,  in  order  to  be  generally  ufcful  wi 
agreeable,  (hould  be  richly  furnifbed  with  accurate  engravings. 
The  Caucaiian  he  confiders  as  the  primitive  variety,  becaufe 
the  others  recede  from  this  in  regular  gradation  to  the  Negroe 
or  Ethiopia  on  one  fide,  and  to  the  Mongolic  on  the  other; 
alfo  becaufe,  from  his  chemical  hypotheils,  as  mentioned  abcfti 
lie  conceives  the  degeneracy  much  more  eafy  from  white  tt 
black  than  the  contrary — quando  mmpt  pigmenii  carhenmn  ft* 
^ntU  et  pricipiiatiofimil  invmrata  raduts  egit.  Of  the  Negrot 
variety.  Dr.  B.  aflerts  that  there  is  no  character  fo  conftaotaai 
peculiar,  but  that  it  may  be  obferved  in  the  others,  and  fulsia 
many  Negroes  :  ^  the  footlike  powder  (he  adds)  is  not,  as  (bow 
j^etend,  confined  to  the  reti  mucofian  of  this  race.  I  have  re- 
marked it,  though  lei's  equally  diftributed,  in  many  Lafcais. 
In  a  female  Indian  fervant  of  my  own,  a  native  of  Bombay, 
I  obferve  this  very  foot  imperceptibly  vaniihing  in  the  fice  and 
jurms,  while  the  tawny  carbonaceous  precipitate  Aill  contioues 
to  be  tffiifed  under  the  epiilermis/ 

Having  thus  minutely  analyfed  Dr.  B.'s  trad,  we  think  our* 
felves  entitled  to  fay  that,  of  all  the  puUications  which  have  yet 
appeared  in  the  natural  hiflory  of  man,  it  moft  abounds  in  ex* 
aft  and  curious yifi^j.  Of  the  Do^ox's  philofophy^  we  have  not 
received  a  very  advantageous  imprefHon  :  for  we  iind  him  often 
trifling,  and  often  illogical.  What,  for  indance,  can  be  more 
puerile  ihan  to  rank  an  atom  of  fandy  matter  in  the  brain 
among  the  attributes  of  man,  when  the  abfcnce  of  it  in  other 
animals  is  by  no  means  proved  ? — Nor  can  wc  adroit,  without 
evidence,  that  it  is  the  pliability  of  the  cellular  fubflance  which 
qualifies  man  to  inhabit  all  climates.  Parturition  is  probaUj 
not  abfolutely  without  pain  and  danger  in  any  of  the  mamma* 
)ia;  and  we  find  Dr.  B.  much  too  liberal  in  conceding  to  the 
adverfaries  of  the  ere£l  poilure  in  man,  that  the  inclinatioa  of 
the  axis  of  the  vagina  to  that  of  the  pelvis  is  the  caufe  of  difi- 

♦  See  Rev.  N.S.  vol*xi.  p.  557. 

cult 


Scudcfi  #11  ibi  Small-paifif  &f.  5^3 

cuU  parturidoi;!.  In  undepraved  and  unenfeebled  human  tribe?, 
the  young  are  brought  forth  with  as  much  eafe  as  in  any  other 
viviporous  animal. — Nor  will  thcfe  fpecuiatifts  be  either  con* 
vinced  or  filenccd  by  what  our  author  advances  on  the  fitnefs  of 
our  prefent  conformation  (or  the  etcA  pofture.  l^hey  can  eafiljr 
anfwer  that  the  ereft  pofture  itfclf  has  progreffivcly  changed 
the  ftruflure.  What  Dr.  B.  fays  of  the  faculty  ofrcafan  proves 
only  how  poorly  he  can  fometimes  employ  it ;  and  in  order  to 
his  next  edition,  we  advife  him  to  fiudy  ihe  modern  philo- 
fophy  of  words  \  as  he  may  then  produce  fomething  more  fatif* 
factory  on  the  notion  of  fpecies.  His  doctrine  leaver  it  to  the 
arbitrary  will  and  pleafu/e  of  the  naturalift,  to  determine  what 
may  or  may  not  be  placed  to  the  account  of  degeneration.  His 
.  objections  to  Ray^s  and  Buffons  criterion  are  feeble  and  irrele*- 
vant.  This  criterion,  applied  to  our  fpecies,  appears  to  be  the 
moft  convincing  proof  of  its  unity  ;  for  the  progeny  of  every, 
mixture  of  the  varieties  of  man  is  prolific.  To  found  a  diver- 
fity  of  fpecies  between  the  elephants  of  Africa  and  Afia,  on  a. 
difference  in  their  teeth,  feems  the  more  unwarrantable,  fince 
Dr.  B.  has  himfelf  (hewn  that  great  diverfity  prevails  \n  the 
human  teeth :  the  fore-teeth,  in  fome  mummies  and  other  fub* 
jcfts,  being  blunr,  (tion  fcalpriformtSy  margins  Unui  inftruOi^ 
fid  crajji  it  (^nis  truncatis  ftmiiis^  p.  224.)  and  the  canine  teeth 
not  being  diftinguifhable,  but  by  Situation,  from  the  contiguous 
grinders. 

We  could  extend  our  flri£lures:  but,  from  the  remarks  al- 
ready offered,  we  prefume  that  it  will  appear  that  Profeflbr 
Blumenbach's  efturis  have  fuccceded  only  as  far  as  they  may 
have  furniflied  matter  of  rtflcdtion  to  the  fagacious,  or  references 
to  a  writer  who  is  capavile  of  treating  the  fubject  in  a  manner 
fuitable  to  its  intered  and  its  dignity. 


Art.  X.  De  Variolarum  MirLoriimque  cont agio/or um  Origint^  &c. 
{,e.  On  the  Origin,  Ciuie,  and  cafily  practicable  Extirpation  of 
the  Sma!l-pox  and  contagious  Diforders.  Now  firft  propofcd  to. 
Ferdinand  IV.  King  of  boih  Sicilies,  and  i^cmonftrated  by  F.  M, 
ScuD£Ri.     2  Vols.  410.     Naples.     1789. 

'T'HJt  nature  of  the  fubjedl,  and  the  noble  exertions  of  the 
^  author  of  this  work,  added  to  the  difficulty  of  procuring 
Neapolitan  pubiications,  will  probably  juftify>  in  the  eye  of  the 
reader,  a  fbort  notice  of  the  book  and  the  man,  at  this  late 
period  after  its  appearance,  ^cudeki  pra£lifed  medicine  in 
Sicily  for  30  years,  during  which  he  paid  minute  attention  to 
infedious  diforders.  He  often  riflced  his  life  in  the  eagernefs 
of  refearch,  and  fpent  his  whole  property  on  books  and  other 
fneans  of  information.  At  a  very  advanced  age,  he  undertook. 
12  a  jour* 


5!t4     Pfaff 'x  Trarijlation  cf  BrownV  Sj/!em  ofMeJIictnt. 

a  journey  to  Naples,  in  order  to  obtain  an  audience  of  the  king; 
and  with  a  view  to  further  his  purpofe  of  extirpating  contagion 
from  Sicily  and  the  Neapolitan  dominions.  After  repeated 
examinations  of  his  manufcript,  and  favourable  reports  from 
Drs.T'w,  DoUe^  Cotugno^  Petagnoy  and  the  collefiive  College 
of  Health  at  Naples,  he  was  promoted  to  the  offices  of  firft 
phyfician  in  Sicily  and  the  neighbouring  ifles,  and  firft  pro> 
hKof  of  medicine  in  the  univerfity  of  Catar.ia. 

Dr.  S/s  ideas  do  not  greatly  differ  from  thofe  which  have  been 
propofed  by  various  living  authors,  from  Cifimir  Medicvs 
down  to  Haygarth  and  Fauft.  Weobferve  that  the  induftrioui 
Germans  have  not  long  fince  publifhed  two  abridgments  of 
this  work  ;  one  entitled  f^orfchlaegi  %ur  aufrvttung  der  kiniir* 
blattem^  Sec,  von  C.  L.  Lektz,  8vo.  Schaepfenthal,  17941 
the  other  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  8vo.  1794-  The  fuc- 
ceffive  efforts  of  benevolent  writers  will  furely»  at  length,  in* 
^uce  fome  Kuropean  government  to  engage  in  this  arduous 
work  ;  and  whatever  may  be  the  difficulties  attending  tt,  they 
may  perhaps  be  overcome  by  the  power  and  authority  of  the 
ftate*  The  diffemination  of  popular  tra£^s  will  be  a  neceffary 
preliminary  to  the  meafure  ;  and  Dr.  Lenz's  above- mentioocd 
free  abilra£k  of  Scuderi  feems  well  adapted  to  this  eod. 

AnT,  XL     John  B r ow n 'j  SyJ?fm  dtr  Hellkundt^ &c.  1 .  #•  B t owa 't 

Syflem  of  Medicine,  tranflaied  from  the  enlarged  Englilb  Editioii, 
with  a  critical  hflay  on  the  Brunonian  Principles.  hy  C.  U. 
Pfaff,  M.  D.     Copenhagen.     1796. 

'This  is  the  fecond  German  tranflation  of  Dr.  Brown*s  eie- 
^  ments,  which  has  appeared  within  two  years  ;  befides  ao 
abftraA  of  335  ofiavo  pages,  which  Dr.  JVeilard  publifhed  at 
Frankfort  in  1795.  The  tranflation  of  Dr.  PfafF  appears  to 
us  well  executed,  and  we  think  his  criticifm  cool  and  judicious* 
We  notice  the  publication,  not  becaufe  it  is  in  itfelf  parti cih 
)arly  intereAing  to  the  Kngliih  reader^  but  for  the  fake  of  ad- 
verting to  the  fermentation  now  a(5!ually  going  on  among 
medical  authors  and  praditioners  on  the  Continent;  and  to 
which  fermentation  the  Brunonian  tenets  have  ferved  as  the 
leaven.  May  it  proceed  briflcly,  till  the  truth  is  drawn  from 
the  lees  of  falfie  opinion  ! 

The  prefent  time  will,  if  we  miftake  not,  be  regarded  by  the 
future  hiftorians  of  medical  fcicnce  as  the  a?ra  of  the  downfal 
of  the  genuine  humoural  pathology  in  Germany,  in  Italy,  it 
had  already  been  overthrown  by  tne  advantageous  introdudion 
of  the  Brunonian  fyftem,  under  the  aufpices  of  MofcatL  it  is 
not  that  thofe  phyficians,  who  have  exprefled  themfelves  fa- 
vourably re fpeding  this  do£lrine,  have  caught  that  enchufiafm 
9  from 


Hufeland  ^n  tht  ProJuIfUn  of  Difiafes*  ^t^ 

firotn  Brown's  writings,  which  his  le£^ures  communicated  to  his 
raw  and  ignorant  difciples  af  Edinburgh.  They  perceive 
fully  how  narrow  his  ideas  were  refpefliing  the  operation  of 
ilimulants;  and  they  by  no  means  expe£l  to  enable  all  the  fict 
to  take  up  their  beds  and  walk,  by  opium  and  alcohol : — but 
they  have  become  fenfible  of  the  faliehood  of  indications,  im« 
mediately  direded  to  the  (late  of  the  fluids  ;  and  they  acknow- 
lege  how  eflentially  health  and  difeafe  confift  in  the  degree  of 
ftimulation  and  the  fufceptibility  of  the  living  fydem. 

We  (ball  fubjoin  fuch  an  account  of  a  few  of  the  ableft  (pe* 
culative  produ£tions  of  the  German  faculty,  as  will  evince  the 
juflice  of  thefe  remarks. 

Art.  XII.  IJan  uibtr  Fatbogenie,  &c.  /.  /.  Ideas  on  the  Prodac- 
tion  of  Difeafes,  and  the  Influence  of  the  Vital  Principle  on  thdr 
Origin  and  Form.  By  C.  W.  Hvf£Lano>  M.D.  8fa. 
pp.  336.    Jena.     1795. 

D|t.  Hufeland  is  one  of  the  moft  efteemed  medical  prac« 
titioners,  teachers,  and  authors,  that  his  country  has  at 
the  prefent  moment  to  boaft.  His  motive  for  undertaking  the 
pre(^nt  work  was  to  introduce  a  complete  reform  into  that  de- 
pairtment,  which  has  fometimes  been  termed  the  inftitutions  pf 
jnedUifu,  This  he  propofes  to  efFe£l:  by  bringini;  the  principlet 
of  pathology  clofer  to  the  proce(res  of  afiual  pra£tice.  Hence 
it  was  neceflfary  that  he  (hould  have  regard  to  the  organization 
of  the  living  bpdy,  and  to  its  relation  to  general  nature  in  the 
firft  place ;  fecondly,  to  its  habitudes  with  refped  to  morbid  fti« 
iDuli ;  and  thirdly,  to  determine  the  laws  of  this  re-adion  :•-« 
For  it  is  this  which  is  the  foundation  of  all  difeafes,  of  ail  the 
art  of  healing,  and  of  the  vis  medicatrix  natura.  The  praSice 
of  medicine  confiils  fimply  in  knowing  how  to  employ,  fupport, 
and  direA  the  re-action  of  the  natural  powers.— He  was, 
moreover,  to  fix  with  more  precifion  the  do£trine  concerning 
•the  nature  of  the  living  principle,  the  difference  between  irri- 
tability and  fenfibility,  and  fo  on.  A  third  objedb  was  to 
aifign  the  principles  for  applying  chemiflry  to  the  phaenomena 
of  life.  His  fourth  view  was  to  reconcile  the  humoural  with 
nervous  paihology,  or  the  pathology  of  the  fubftance  with  that 
of  the  powers.  This  would  be  efi^eflcd  by  (hewing  that  the 
fame  changes,  in  the  powers  which  occafion  morbid  phseno- 
mena  in  the  folids,  vitiate  alfo  the  mixture,  cohefion,  and  qua* 
litics  of  the  fubftance  or  the  fluids ;  and  that  thefc,  (o  vitiated, 
zA  as  new  (timuli  on  the  folids.  He  was  farther  to  adjuft  the 
important  doftrine  of  critical  days,  according  to  the  laws  of 
Mfe  ;  and  10  refer  to  the  fame  laws  the  moft  ufual  forms  of 

pathologic^ 


526  firandis*/  ^J[fay  an  the  t^ttal Prrnctpte. 

pathological  re-a£lion^  viz.  fever,  inflammation,  an^  putrt^ 
faflion. 

The  intelligent  reader  will  perceive  by  the  (bund  of  this  lao- 
guage  from  what  fchool  it  proceeds.  The  explanations  into 
which  the  Doflor  enters  are  in  the  fame  ftyle  ;  and  if  he 
adopts,  while  he  profeilcs  to  renounce.  Brown's  ideas,  we  can 
caHly  (hew  that,  in  profefiing  to  patronize  the  buniounl  pa- 
thology, he  renounces  that  form  of  doctrine  which  has  Co  loot 
clouded  the  medical  horizon  on  th^  Continent.  One  of  his 
fe£tions  is  intitled  the  latus  of  morbid  cherathn  in  the  fidiiemi 
cbnftltuent  parts.  When  the  powers  fuffcr,  the  fubitance  (he 
teaches)  will  be  inevitably  affected  at  (he  fame  time.  Vitia« 
tions  of  the  fluids,  and  in  general  of  the  conftitnem  parts,  may 
arife,  a,  from  abforption  from  without;  by  frwn  alteited  affiai- 
btion  and  antmalization ;  ^,  from  altered  motion  of  the  tc(> 
iris ;  //,  from  altered  relation  of  the  vital  principle  to  ontier; 
/,  from  altered  fecrction ;  /,  from  alteration  of  temperaAure. 
The  vitiation?  which  we  obferve  In  confequence  areii  a,  cbanft 
of  cohefton;  S,  of  chemical  mixture ;  Cy  of  the  liTiog  priocN 
^le  inherent  in  the  fluids  ;  //,  increafe  or  diminution  of  thrir 
llimutant  power*  This  laft  is  no  oiher  than  acrimony  of  the 
fluids,  l^he  idea  of  acrimony  confifts  in  a  preternatural  Kmu* 
lant  property  of  the  fluids;  and,  according  to  this  ftatemeal, 
Dr.  H.  does  not  fee  how  the  doflrine  of  acrimony  can  bei^ 
je£led.  Nor  would  any  Brunonian  rejed  the  humoufal  p^ 
thology  thus  explained.  He  would  only  objed  to  the  terms,  m 
doubly  improper,  becaufe  previoufly  appropriated  to  dificROt 
ideas. 

Dr.  H.'s  obfervations  on  fever  and  inflammation  difpiay  in* 
genuity.  In  fpeakini^:  of  their  diRindion,  he  remarks  that  the 
mere  irritability  of  the  blood- veilels  does  not  confHtute  iv* 
ilammation.  This  exifts  in  fever ;  in  inflammation,  the  plafiic 
power  of  the  blood  ;  and  the  two  fpecies,  afbtve  and  paffft, 
are  diflinguiflied  by  the  circumdance  of  a  general  increafeof 
a£^ion  in  the  blood- veflels  taking  place  in  the  adive,  bntooC 
in  the  paflive  ftate. 


Art.  XIII.  P'l^ffuiO  tnher  Me  hbcnfkrafi.  Sec.  i.  e,  Eflay  on  the  W 
tal  Principle.  By  J.  D.  Brandis,  M.  D.  '«vo,  pp.  174. 
H.inover.     iJOS' 

REFUTATION  fccms  the  forte  of  polemical  writers  in  all  de- 
partments. Dr.  Brandis  urges  many  weighty  objedions 
againft  thofe  who  have  lately  attempted  to  improve  phyfiologt 
by  help  of  the;antiphlogiftTc  chcmiftry  ;  and,  after  having  naxned 
fome  of  tbefc  authors,  he  beilows  on  them  the  harlh  title  o( 

freebHters 


Brandis'x  EJfaj  on  the  Piial  PrineipU.  5^7 

freih99ten  9/  the  French  fyftem.  He  <hould  have  recoHcacd, 
however,  that  reafoning  from  fads  publifhed  by  others  is  no 
breach  of  law  in  the  republic  of  letters,  unlefs  the  reafoner  take 
the  credit  of  thofe  fa<Sls  to  himfelf;  and  it  was  more  particu- 
larly incumbent  on  our  author  to  have  been  cautious  how  he 
c;dled  names,  as  he  himfelf  takes  equal  liberties  with  the  new 
doiSrines,  without  having  the  fame  claim  to  originality  in  their 
application. 

Haviqg  advanced  fome  quedionable  pofitions  concerning  the 
laws  of  life.  Dr.  B.  takes  great  pains  to  ellablifli  the  exiftence 
of  a  phlogiftic  procefs  in  the  cellular  fubftance.  Various  ac«> 
tions,  particularly  mufcular  motion,  wafte  the  fubftance  of  the 
1>ody,  which  muft  be  replaced  by  means  of  the  lungs.  Oxy- 
gene  alone  will  not  fupply  this  want ;  for,  in  proportion  as 
cxygene  is  tak^n  in,  the  neceil^ty  for  food  is  felt,  rood  con« 
fifts  principally  of  caricne,  and  is  more  nutritive  the  more 
carbone  it  contains.  Thus  Dr.  B.  has  fallen  on  the  idea  of  a 
balance  between  refpiration  and  digeftion ;  an  idea  not  without 
ingenuity,  but  hardly  plaufible,  when  we  reflect  on  thofe  not 
unfrequent  cafes  in  which  fcarcely  any  food  is  taken  for  weeks^ 
though  conGderableexercife  is  ufed,  and  yet  the  body  does  noc 
wafte.  The  carbone  is  not  here  furniflied  through  the  fto- 
inach ;  nor  will  it  be  eafy  to  fhew  that  it  is  furnifhed  atalL 

Our  author  lays  the  fcene  of  certain  violent  ai^ions  of  the 
Jiving  principle,  and  of  a  concomitant  wafte  of  organic  matter, 
in  the  cellular  fubftance.  In  inflammation,  the  cellular  fub- 
ftance is  in  the  fame  ftate  as  a  mufcle  in  violent  aftion.  Local 
heat  or  general  fever  is  increafed  by  the  above-mentioned 
phlogiftic  procefs.  Provifion  is  made  for  keeping  this  procefe 
within  bounds,  by  the  gradual  introdudllon  of  oxygene.  In- 
flammation thus  comes  to  be  a  difeafe  of  the  cellular  fubftance* 
Nerves  and  mufcles  are  only  fufceptlble  of  inflammation  from 
interpofed  cellular  fubftance.  -From  the  rapid  change  alone  of 
organic  matter  in  inflamed  fpots,  can  we  underftand  the  phae- 
nomena  of  the  foftening  and  enlargement  of  inflamed  bones. 
The  more  they  are  aiFe£ted,  the  oftener  does  the  change  of 
fubftance  take  place.  No  hard  bony  matter  can  be  depofited 
during  thefe  rapid  fucceifions  ;  and  the  bone  acquires  the  ap- 
pearance of  cellular  fubftance  more  or  lefs  denfe. 

Thefe  are  the  principal  of  Dr.  B.*s  phyfiological  ideas.  Out 
readers  will  judge  how  far  his  hypothecs  is  more  probable  than 
(imilar  dodrines  which  have  preeeded  it;  and  how  much  ke 
has  gained  by  making  the  cellular  fubftance  the  feat  of  nis 
phlogiftic  procefs.  We  muft  do  him  the  juftice  of  adding  that 
his  ^k  is  not  meagre  in  h&s. 

Art. 


<    5*8    ) 

Art.  XI V;  Archi*v  dtr  Phyjtologie;  i.  c.  Archives  of  PhjfiolorT* 
By  J.  C.  Reil,  M.  D/ Protcflbr  at  Halle.  8vo.  pp,  i8J. 
Halle.     1796. 

inpHis  is  the  firft  number  of  a  phyfiologtcal  magazine.  We 
X  took  it  up  with  the  greater  avidity,  as  we  perceived  it  to 
be  occupied  by  an  eflay  on  the  vital  principle,  by  Dr.  Ria, 
the  editor,  whom  we  knew  from  his  Memorabilia  Ctinica  (Sfo. 
Hallc>  1790-— 5)  to  be  an  obfervant  and  ingenious  pbyficiao. 
The  prefent  traA  is  charaAerifed  by  boldnefs  of  conceptioo, 
united  with  ingenuity  and  information.  Dr.  R.  is  not  the  dif- 
ciple  of  any  mafter  :  but  of  his  work  we  may  (mj^  as  of  tbofe 
already  noticed,  Bruncnem  fapii.  Dr.  Rbil  alfo,  like  Dr. 
Srandisy  lays  great  ilrefs  on  animal  chcmiftry.  The  pbsoo- 
mena  of  organized  bodies  he  confiders  as  efFe£ls  of  their  cofflpo- 
fition  ;  and  the  phenomena  peculiar  to  each  living  fyfleo,  and 
living  part)  as  confequenCes  of  the  matter  of  which  it  coofifli. 

<  It  is  pretended,'  fays  he,  *  that  matter  b  dead  and  inert.  Isb 
properties,  as  afcertained  by  experience,  we  can  trace  Dothingvici!: 
but  does  not  daily  experience  teach  lu  that  there  exifts  matter,  wbici 
has  life  ?  Is  it  that  we  cannct  trace  the  abfolute  cau(e  of  the  ph»0« 
mena  of  animated  beings  in  their  conltitution  ?  Neither  can  we  isia- 
animate  bodies.  With  as  good  reafon  as  we  afcribe  to  animals  a  U, 
whence  to  explain  their  living  adlions,  we  may  aflume  peculiar  ia- 
material  agents  for  gravity  and  coherence.  Our  not  findipt  ibe 
phenomena  of  animated  in  inanimate  nature  depends  on  the  eipedil 
properties  of  organic  matter,  which  exift  not  in  inanimate  naiore. 
Mud  we  deduce  the  magnetifm  of  iron  from  fomething  different  fm 
inatter,  bccaufe  we  do  not  find  it  in  tin,  ebony,  and  marble?* — 

'  The  animal  organs  mud  require  an  external  llimulas  to  fe:  tbca 
in  adtion.  )ixcitabi!itv  i<  a  property  of  all  the  animal  organs  ^'JuoA 
exception.  Each  is  determined  by  an  external  caofe  to  that  fort  ef 
a(6Uon,  which  is  grounded  on  its  flrudure.  The  excitabiliry  is  fpec- 
£c  in  every  kind  of  organ,  each  having  a  peculiar  form  and  cookis- 
tion.  On  its  fpecific  excitability  depends  the  relation  of  e\'f  ry  crgin 
with  furrounding  things.— Of  excitability,  there  are  a$  manjr  fubiii- 
viQons  as  there  are  particular  modifications  in  the  organtzatioa  mzi 
coinpofition  of  parts.' 

Dr.  R.'s  opinions  on  nutrition  and  growth  are  remarkaMe. 
He  thinks  that  thefe  proceiles  are  carried  on  by  chryfialUxMtux^ 
deeming  it  an  abfurdity  to  fuppofe  that  the  mouths  ot  ve^ls 
depofit  the  matter  of  the  body  particle  by  particle : — but  if,  in 
emaciation,  particles  are  carried  off  by  the  mouths  of  abforbenti^ 
4  it  not  pu'obable  that  nouriOiment  is  applied  in  a  minacrea* 
a(lly  the  reverfe? 

Ir.  apprizing  thinking  phyficians,  and  perfons  cf  liberal  is* 
quiry  in  general,  of  the  cxiilencc  of  the(e  attcmpu  at  phi!o:o- 

pbixing 


Chiarugi  pn  Infanity.  529 

phizihg  in  medicine,  we  are  by  no  means  to  be  confidered  as 
fubfcribing  to  the  do^rines  propofed.  The  authors  themfeives 
will,  probably,  not  long  acquiefce  in  them.  We  regard  the 
produdions  in  which  they  are  delivered  as  certain  indications 
that,  in  a  great  and  learned  nation,  the  minds  of  men  are ' 
generally  becoming  adive  in  the  fearch,  and  open  to  the  in- 
▼eftigation,  of  ufeful  truth.  It  is  an  aufpicious  omen;  and 
thofe  who  bed  underftand  the  interefts  of  humanity,  will  be 
noft  forward  to  hail  it  1 


Art.  XV.  Delia  Pazxia  in  Genert  i  in  Spexity  &c.  /.  /.On  Infanity^ 
general  and  particular;  with  a  Century  of  Cafes.  By  Vincbn- 
zioChiarugi,  M.  D.     2  Vols.  8vo.     Florence. '  1794. 

TT  has  been  obferved  on  the  continent,  that  more  treatifes  on 
^  infanity  have  been  publiihed  within  thefe  few  years  in  £ng« 
land,  than  in  all  the  reft  of  £urope.  V^e  know  not  whether 
this  proceeds  from  the  greater  frequency  of  the  difeafe,  or  froin 
greater  attention  to  its  unhappy  fubjeds :  but  we  believe  that 
Great  Britain,  or  rather  England,  contains  more  public  and 
private  inftitutions  for  the  reception  of  lunatics,  than  any  other 
country  of  twice  its  population. 

The  new  hofpital  of  St.  Boniface  at  Florence,  to  which  an 
afylum  of  this  kind  is  attached,  afforded  Dr.  Chiarugi  ample 
fcope  for  obfervation ;  614  patients  having  been  admitted  in 
four  years ;  of  whom  488  were  difmifled  and  126  died. 

Dr.  C.  confiders  infanity  as  confiding  in  falfe  judgmentf^ 
which  have  their  caufe  in  an  idiopathic  lefion  of  the  fenforium^ 
without  original  fever  or  coma.  In  the  fpeculative,  which 
forms  the  larger  part  of  his  book,  he  coincides  profefledly  with 
Dr.  Cullen  ;  and  if  he  does  not  adopt  his  terms,  ixcitement  and 
collapfe^  he  employs  energy  and  torpor  of  the  brain  to  explain 
the  plixnomeha.  He  has  obferved  the  difeafe  moft  frequent 
in  fummer,  leaft  fo  in  autumn.  Women  are  lefs  liable  to  it 
than  men,  in  the  proportion  of  one  fifth.  His  mode  of  cure  is 
either  foothihg  or  ftimulating,  or  fymptomatic.  On  opium» 
after  having  removed  plethora,  he  places  n^uch  reliance.  Lau- 
danum, frequently  applied  by  a  pencil  within  the  noftrils  over 
the  nerves,  which  here  lie  fhallow,  has  a  more  confiderable  com- 
|>pfing  efFed  than  when  given  internally.  The  fymptomatic 
treatment  confifts  in  the  reftoration  of  eruptions,  &c.  if  the  dif* 
cafe  followed  their  fuppreffion.-— Blows  are. forbidden  in  the 
Florence  hofpital.  Inftead  of  being  put  into  the  narrow  waift- 
coat,  as  with  us,  the  maniac  is  fixed  down  in  a  decumbent  pof- 
ture,  with  the  head  elevated,  in  a  manner  diftindlV  exhibited  in 
the  firf^  of  the  two  annexed  copperplates. 

Aw.  Rev.  Vot.  xxi.  O  o  The 


530  Scberer  and  Jaeger  m  Phojph^rus* 

The  cafes  at  the  end  of  the  book  will  probably  be  confidcnA 
as  more  interefting  than  the  fpeculations  at  the  beginning* 
They  appear  to  be. faithfully  taken  from  nature.  Among odm 
things,  we  obferve  that  feveral  epileptic  oianiacs  died  ftiddenly 
when  the  barometer  ftood  very  low.  The  villous  coat  of  dK 
ftomach  was  frequently  found  dcfiroyed  in  thofc  melaociicilic 
patients  who  periflbed  from  inanition. — In  idiots,  air  was  ote 
found  in  the  blood  veflels  of  the  brain. — In  epileptic  maniacs, 
phrenzy  precedes  or  follows  the  fit ;  in  the  firft  cafe,  the  aolhor 
imagines  that  there  is  plethora;  in  the  fecond,  debility.  Inde- 
pendently of  obvious  figns  of  inflammation.  Dr.  C.  thinks  thu 
fullennefs  with  incidental  acceffions  of  rage,  and  a  wild  unquiet 
look,  are  the  fureft  marks  of  pus  in  the  brain. — Of  the  99  cafcs 
here  related,  34  had  a  fortunate  event,  59  proved  mortal,  aod 
tf  remained  not  cured.— -Certain  morbid  charges  in  the  brain  of 
inlane  patients  are  exhibited  in  the  fecond  plate. 

Art.  XVI.  Uder  das  kucbien  des  Pht/pburs^  &c.  i.  #.  ExperisMD 
on  the  fliiDing  of  Phofpboras  in  azotic  Gas»  by  A.H.  ScBEttt. 
M.  D.  and  C.  C.  F.  Jaeger,  M.  D.  With  Remarks  00  M. 
Coettlhtg's  Traa,  by  C.  H,  Pfaff,  M.  D.  8ro.  pp.15:. 
with  a  Plate.     Weimar.     179;. 

SINCE  the  expatriation  of  Dr.  Prieftley  and  the  murder  of  M. 
Laxmjur^  attempts  to  enlarge  the  fcience  of  chemiftry  haie 
been  exceedingly  rare.     If  there  have  been  left  in  Europe  any 

Srrfons  capable  of  proceeding  at  the  fame  pace  in  the  career  of 
fcovery,  they  have,  probably  on  account  of  the  troubles  of 
our  difaftrous  times,  been  without  motive  or  opportunity  ta 
diftinguifli  themfelves  by  adding  to  our  flock  of  leading  fads. 

With  reflexions  like  thefe,  we  entered  on  the  confidecatiooof 
Mrs.  Fulhame's  Efiay  on  Combuflion  *  ;  and,  without  a&nt- 
ing  to  her  fyflem,  we  cheerfully  ackno^leged  the  novelty  of  her 
experiments  and  the  ingenuity  of  her  reafonings.  The  Datck 
experiments  on  the  gajious  oxyd  of  azoU  will  prove  a  folid  addi* 
tion  to  this  branch  of  knowlege.  Of  the  fole  other  confidenble 
effort  to  lay  open  the  conflitution  of  the  permanently  eiaSic 
fluids,  or  to  determike  the  chemical  adion  of  heat  and  light, 
we  fliall  now  endeavour  to  gjrefent  our  readers  with  an  intelli- 
g.ible  and  fuccind  report. 

M.  Wijlrumb  obferved,  fome  years  ago,  that  phofphonis  wu 
luminous  in  the  carbonic  acid  gas  from  Pyrmont  water.  M. 
Goettlingj  profeflx>r  of  chemiftry  at  Jeoa,  publiOied,  in  1794^ 
Expirimtnts  intendid  to  correSi  tht  Antiphlogijlic  Sjftem.  (  Weimar, 
8vo.  pp.  208.)      In  that  tra£t,  he  aflerts  that  phofphorus  is 

^>  ■  ■■"'      ■    ■  '^  ■  

•  See  Rev.  N.  S.  vol.  xx.  p.  301. 

brightly 


\ 


Schcrer  and  Jaeger  on  Ph9Jlph$rusl  jjr 

-brightly  luminous  in  azotic  gas ;  and  he  alfo  tellt  us  that  phor* 
phorus  dois  n§t  Jhim  in  pure  oxygene  gas,  unlefs  it  be  expofed 
to  the  light.  The  contrary  was  the  cafe  in  inflammable  and 
carbonic  acid  gas  *.  From  thefe  and  other  experiments,  all 
{performed  in  a  water- apparatus,  he  deduces  a  theory,  princi- 
.pally  diftinguiflied  from  that  of  his  countrymen,  M.  M.  Grm 
and  Rtcbtir^  by  his  dodrine  concerning  azote.  Light  and 
.heat  (caloric)  he  takes  for  quite  diftind  bodies.  The  matter 
of  light  enters  into  all  inflammables.  With  hydrogene,  the 
matter  of  light  compofes  hydrogene  gas.  With  the  phofphoric 
and  fulphureous  bafcs  {p^ofphor^offandfcbweftl-ft^jf)  it  confti* 
Cutes  phofphorus  and  (ulphur.     Uxygene  {or  fauir/loff)  be  re* 

Sards,  with  Lavttfier^  as  fimple ;  and  as  compofing  oxygene  of 
repair  in  combination  with  caloric ;  and  azotic  air  mtb  tbi 
maittr  of  light  i  whence  he  terms  it  light- air  (lichtftoflF  luft)» 
The  combinations  he  explains  by  a  double  eledive  attra&ion.' 
Thus,  when  oxygene  and  hydrogene  gafes  unite,  the  oxygene 
gdei  to  the  hydrogene ;  while  the  matter  of  heat  joins  the  mat* 
tcr  of  light  to  conftitute  luminous  heat  or  Are. 

The  authors,  firfl  named  in  the  title  of  the  tr^Gt  befofe  us,' 
confidered  M.  Goatlingh  fads  and  opinions  as  worthy  of  a  care* 
fol  experimental  examination.  They  have  conduced  their  in* 
quiry  in  a  manner  which  is  calculated  to  aflFord  fatisfadion  te 
the  fcientific  chemift  \  and  if  no  brilliant  difcoveries  hare  te* 
fulted,  feveral  fads,  worthy  of  attention,  have  been  afcertained. 

Dr.  Pfafp's  remarks  befpeak  much  logical  acutehefs,  and 
furnifli  ufeful  hints  for  future  experiments  :  but,  as  he  fuppliea 
no  new  fads,  we  fhall  confine  ourfelves  to  the  labours  of  his 
coacUtttora.  Premifing  how  uncertain  our  perception  by  the 
eye  muft  be  confidered  as  a  teft  for  light,  they  ftate  feveral  very 
proper  precautions,  which  they  adopted)  againft  inaccuracy  in 
obfervin^.  They  well  remark  that  the  phofphorus  employed 
fhould  be  dry,  and  not  oxydated  or  covered  with  a  white  cruft. 
As  M.  GotttUng  had  procured  his  azote  by  heating  phofphorus 
long  in  atmofpheric  air,  they  firft  attended  to  this  objed.  By 
heating  phofphorus  for  an  hour  in  atmofpheric  air,  they  obtained 
m  refiduum  with  the  following  properties.  i»  Its  bulk  was 
fcarcely  more  than  ^  cf  the  air  ufed.  2.  It  was  tranfparent. 
3.  A  red-hot  charcoal  inftantly  went  out  in  it  with  a  greenilh 
light.  4.  An  addition  of  nitrous  gas  produced  no  change^ 
^.  When  this  air  was  confined  by  quickfihir^  phofphorus,  evea 
at  its  melting  heat,  was  not  luminous  in  it :  but  it  was,  when 

*  We  fufpefi  that  the  gentleman,  who  mentioned  ihefe  circam« 
Canccf  at  Dr.  Higgins's  meeting,  borrowed  his  knowlege  from  l^e/t^ 
fgpb  Qg  GocltliMg.    RivV 

O  o  2  confined 


53^        Dc  Treflkn'i  Mythology  compared  with  Hi/l§ry. 

ionfimd  hy  tvatir.  A  portion  of  this  air  being  kept  for  24  bom 
over  water,  phofpborift  at  100^  of  Fahr.  was  luminous  in  it: 
but  only  when  the  cylinder  was  moved*  It  appearing  thus  that 
water  was  neceflary  to  the  phofphorefcence,  the  authors  nade 
the  following  among  other  experiments.  They  introduced  a 
bit  of  phofphorus  into  a  glafs  tube,  bent,  and  clo(ed  at  one  end; 
tbey  then  filled  the  tube  with  fpring*water,  and  inverted  it  it 
the  fame.  The  phofphorus  at  the  clofed  end  being  mdid^ 
its  furface  was  covered  with  air-bubbles,  which  fucceffivdf 
afcended,  carrying  up  a  little  minutely  divided  phofphorus,  to  the 
curvature,  where  a  larger  bubble,  furrounded  with  film  of  phot 
phoruSy  was  gradually  formed.  All  thefe  bubbles  were  loai* 
nous ;  the  fmaller  fbooting  like  fbrs,  up  the  water.  Tiui 
beautiful  experiment  being  repeated  with  boiled  dif^illed  water, 
m»  phofphorefcence  appeared. — The  authors  exaitiined  the  na- 
ture of  gas  obtained  by  heating  phofphorus  for  a  (horter  time  ia 
atmofpheric  air.  Some  collateral  obfervations  under  this  bead 
are  curious  :  but  the  inquiry  tends  to  (hew  that  the  ogcygeooM 
part  of  the  gas,  contained  in  water,  or  left  after  the  burning  of 

eofphorus  in  atmofpheric  air,  occaflons  the  light  oMerved  by 
•  Goettling.  It  is  remarkable  that  phofphorus  ihioes  brighter 
ia  atmofpheric  air  lowered  to  a  certain  degree,  than  in  fiidi  as 
contains  its  ufual  oxygene. 

On  the  whole,  it  is  evident  that  the  Profeflbr  of  Jena  Im 
done  nothing  towards  afcertaining  the  nature  of  azotic  gas.  The 
pr^fent  experiments  themfelves,  and  the  tone  in  which  the  tiaA 
before  us  is  written,  are  highly  creditable  to  his  adverfaries^—'i 
fuch  a  term  can  be  with  any  propriety  applied  to  the  modefl  tak 
candid  examiners  of  his  theory.  We  recommend  the  perulal 
of  both  publications  to  our  chemifls. 

Art.  XVII.  Mytboiogie  comfarh  a^vtc  PHtftoin^  &c.  /.  e,  Mythokgf 
compared  wiin  HiJlory,  for  the  Ufe  of  Vooth.  By  the  Abbe  ot 
TafissAN.     8vo.    2  Vols.     London.     1796. 

^^nH£SB  two  volumes  are  written  by  a  fon  of  that  Comte  dk 
-''    Tress  AN  who  has  abridged,  info  agreeable  a  manner,  the 
more  celebrated  romances  of  chivalry.    The  literary  laurels  of 
the  family  do  not  feem  about  to  wither. 

The  work  opens  with  reflcdions  on  the  origin  and  progrels 
6f  idolatry,  fupporting  the  opinion  cf  thofe  who  fuppofe  a  troe 
religion  to  have  been  from  the  earliefl  ages  communicated  lo 
mankind,  and  who  confider  ^wtry  departure  from  it  as  a  pro- 
greflive  corruption  of  this  original  revelation.  Others,  with 
greater  probability,  fuppofe  men  to  have  fet  out  in  ignorance 
and  atheifm,  flowly  to  have  invented  idolatry  and  poJjtheiibi^ 

and 


Dc  Treflan'/  Mythology  compared  with  Hiftory.         53  J 

8nd  never  to  have  been  favoured  with  any  revelation,  until  their 
itefoning  faculties  were  fufficiently  matured  to  arrive  at  the 
belief  of  monotheifoi.  The  hiftory  of  all  nations  exhibits  a 
progreflive  improvement  in  their  religious  notions,  analogous 
to  their  advancement  in  the  other  features  of  civilization. 

The  Abbe  then  proceeds  to  divide  the  fables  of  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology  into  feveral  clafles.  Four  diftin£l  fourcet 
of  fable  may  be  indicated,  i .  The  antients  perfonified  natural 
objeds,  fuch  as  the  earth,  fea,  or  mountains,  and  paid  venera- 
tion to  the  mind  which  was  fuppofed  to  dired  their  feveral  mo- 
tions. Thus  originate  the  mythic  perfonages,  Cybele,  The* 
tis,  Atlas,  &c.  2.  They  endeavoured  to  perpetuate  and  dif- 
fufe  fcientific  inftruAion  by  giving  to  it  an  emblematic  form  ; 
and  hence  originate  the  twelve  labours  of  Hercules,  allufive  to 
the  fun's  progrefs  through  the  Zodiac  ;  the  alternate  life  and 
death  of  Caftor  and  Pollux  ;  the  bow  of  Diana,  &c.  which  are 
all  aftronomical  allegories.  3.  To  many  allegorical  beingSt 
Ihey  attributed  a  real  exifience,  as  ViAory,  Love,  Difcordf 
&c.  4.  They  reverenced  the  Manes  of  the  Dead  ;  and,  hav- 
img  aggrandized  the  exploits  of  their  favourite  heroes  beyond 
Che  poffibility  of  human  imitation,  they  came  to  confider  them 
at  a  higher  order  of  beings.  Thefe  diftin£l  fources  of  perfoni* 
fication  have  often  been  mingled  together:  the  ftbry  of  Ju- 
piter fixms  compounded  of  the  attributes  of  a  power  in  nature, 
and  of  the  adventures  of  an  individual  hero :  in  that  of  Hercu- 
les, emblematic  fable,— in  that  of  Mars,  allegoric  fable,— >bas 
been  aflbciated  with  the  adventures  of  the  individual.  The 
Abbe  DE  Tressan,  in  his  general  diftribution,  profefles  to 
foHow  Varro,  whom  he  calls  the  beft  theologian  of  paganifmi 
ind  he  difplays  much  ingenuity  in  the  evolution  of  concealed 
allegory. 

Our  religious  curioflty  can  no  longer  be  very  wamly  inte- 
refted,  by  inquiring  what  operations  of  nature  were  originalljr 
attributed  to  the  fpeciiic  agency  of  the  feveral  divinities ;  or 
what  were  the  fcientific  opmions  (hadowed  forth  under  the  veil 
of  mythologic  allegory.  We  no  longer  difcover  in  nature  a 
confli£t  of  feparate  energies ;  we  recognize  the  unity  of  the 
whole,  and  have  afcended  to  the  perfonification  of  the  univerfal 
God  : — but  it  muft  ever  continue  the  duty  and  the  interefl  of 
men  to  hand  down,  with  perfevering  veneration,  to  remoter 
ages«  the  names  of  thofe  heroes  who  have  truly  benefited  the 
human  fpecies  ;  abandoning  to  the  oblivion  which  beft  gqarda 
againft  the  repetition  of  crime,  thofe  who  were  remarkable 
only  for  murders,  piracies,  and  conquefts. 

VV^e  (hall  felcd  a  few  fragments,  to  exemplify  the  Abb6's 
manner : 

O  0  3  .  Vol. 


134       ^^  TreflaoV  Mythology  cmpcaredwith  Hifi^fjm 

Vol*  I.  p.  6i*  '  Dxdalus  invented  fails  for  (hips  infteid  of  oin» 
and  tbas  cfcaped  the  anger  of  Minos.  The  poets  repreieoted  hia  ai 
having  made  himfelf  wings,  a  lively  image  of  the  lightnela  andfpcd 
ofhianew  veiTels.'— 

P.  101.  *  Janus  is  to  be  numbered  among  the  local  deities:  Ke  b 
yeprefented  with  a  rod  in  his  hand,  becaofe  he  prefided  over  ^ 
jKiUic  roads ;  and  with  a  key,  becaufe  he  invented  the  method  of 
locking  doors.  Numa  built  a  temple  to  him,  which  was  open  dum 
yffzx,  and  (hut  during  peace :  he  was  fuppofed  to  prefer  the  latter,  aad 
Vf as  confidered  as  a  god  of  peace. 

*  The  datues  of  Janus  are  often  fo  (hapen  as  to  indicate  with  oae 
b^,d  the  number  300,  and  with  the  other  the  number  60,  to  fignify 
the  meafqre  of  the  year :  for  to  him  is  attributed  its  iotrodndma,  aai 
plfe  that  of  the  art  of  coinage. 

'  To  Janus,  rather  than  to  Saturn,  (hould  be  attribated  thoie  miU 
and  wife  laws  which  obtained  for  their  periods  the  name  of  dw 
6olden  Age,  This  Prince  quitted  Ferrhebe,  a  city  of  Thcfalf, 
about  46  years  before  the  taking  of  Troy,  and  came  bj  fea  to  La* 
9«m ;  the  inhabitants  of  which  country  lived  witboQt  religion  aad 
without  law.  He  foftened  their  ferocity,  colle£led  them  in  towai, 
a^d  gave  them  laws,  and  the  arts  of  his  native  land.     He  taught » 

Si  the  charms  of  innocence,  and  the  obligauons  of  joftice.  By  eiea- 
ifying  ^e  comforts  of  civilization,  he  uught  the  evils  of  barbar^s 
^d^  having  induced  his  people  to  become  happy,  their  gratitodecicd- 
ed  altars  to  his  praife.' — 

P.  21^  *  DMinnsj  a  nymph  of  Diana,  invented  the  oieAod  if 
Staking  nets.*-* 

P.  2S3.  '  Vulcan  is  probably  no  other  than  the  Tubal  Caia  ft 
^oCes,  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  forging  metals.' — 

Vol.  II.  p.  |6.  '  Saturn  acquired  the  furname  of  StereaBaSy  fm 
bavipg  fugffeAed  the  praAi^e  of  manuring  land.' — 

^.  a6.  '  The  gods  Lares  were  the  guardians  of  empires,  cities,  ro•d^ 
(oufes^  and  individuals.  There  were  public  and  pri%*ate  Lares,  as* 
^onal  and  houfehold  patrons.  Lares  of  the  fields,  of  the  fea,  of  evoy 
thing.  They  were  unnumbered,  and  tvtry  one  chofe  his  owa  it 
win.  Among  thefe  gods,  were  placed  the  fouls,  or  manes,  of  thefe 
who  had  ferved  the  country  or  the  ftate, — the  fpirits  of  the  iilvftri- 
oos  dead.  Every  family  placed  among  them  the  fouls  of  iu  rehuioes 
and  friends.  Their  worfiiip  confiiled  in  fixing  up  reprefentations  of 
them  in  the  moft  venerated  part  of  the  houfe,  called  the  Larariu* 
Lamps,  the  (ymbol  of  vigilance,  were  confecrated  to  them;  aad  iha 
^og  was  facrinced  to  them  in  token  of  fidelity. 

*  Jacob  carried  away  the  Lares  from  the  houfe  of  his  father  Labia* 
In  the  fcriptures,  they  are  called  Tcraphim.*— 

'  p.  6t.  '  A  nation  fo  idulatroas  of  its  freedom  as  the  Roman  coold 
sot  fwX  to  make  a  goddefs'  of  Liberty.  She  had,  indeed,  many 
lempbs.  She  was  reprefented  as  fupported  by  the  ubies  of  the  law, 
flich  a  fwQrd  in  her  hand  to  defend  them  ;  and  they  were  inlcribcd, 
f«  Securing  the  liberty  of  all."— 

V-  1^0.  '  Talus  was  the  nephew  of  Da^aluf,  and  contrived  the 
potter's  wheel.  He  equalled  or  furpaiTed  his  indrudor.  Having  oat 
{nif^et  with  the  jaw-bone  of  a  ferjpei^tj  he  ufed  it  to  cot  10  halves  a 

piece 


Sir  W.  Himilton'x  CoUia.  of  Engravings^  Vol  It.    %%% 

fnece  of  wood,    Heoce  he  invented  the  faw,  an  inftruaieat  ai  ilm^e 
Atitisnieful.' 

M.  DE  Trissan  beftows  many  pages  on  the  exploits  of 
Thefeus :  but  he  omits  to  feled  from  Plutarch  the  greateft  of 
bis  merits.  Hereditary  king  of  Athens,  and  called  no  lefs  bjr 
the  fame  of  his  courage  than  by  the  gratitude  of  bis  country* 
men  to  enjoy  his  birthright,  he  preferred  furrendering  his  cromi 
into  the  hands  of  the  fovereign  people,  and  living  a  fimple  ci« 
tizen  under  equal  laws.  He  thus  laid  the  foundations  of  that 
<iemocracy  which  was  the  glory  of  antiquity. 

P.  163.  '  Thefeusy  daring  his  life,  in  imitation  of  Bacchas*  con* 
fecrated  his  hair  in  a  temple  of  Apollo.  The  fafliion  of  wearing  the 
hur  cropped  was  thence  called  coeffure  Thesnde.  Hedor  afterward 
imiuted  them.  This  culbm  has  appeared  again  in  oar  own  times  f 
bat  in  men  and  in  adions  how  different !' 

P.  245.  <  Chorefas  of  Calydon  was  a  high  prieft  of  Bacchus,  who 
conld  not  behold  Callirrhoe,  a  princefs  of  the  royal  ftem,  without  the 
moft  ardent  emotion.  In  vain  he  endeavoured  to  obtun  her  affedUon^ 
He  invoked  Bacchus,  who  infpired  the  Calydonians  with  a  drunken. 
Defs  in  which  they  flew  each  other.  The  oracle  was  confulted,  and 
declared  that  the  diforder  would  only  be  removed  by  the  facrifice  c^ 
Cdlirrhoe,  or  of  (bme  one  who  fliould  devote  himfelf  for  her.  AU 
ready  the  altar  was  prepared,  and  the  popalace  with  load  outcries 
claimed  the  lovely  vidim  for  the  god.  Chorefus  advances,  armed 
with  the  (acred  knife  :  the  unfortunate  Callirrhoe  is  dragged  to  hia 
feet  bound  with  fillets*  and  her  bofom  is  bared  to  the  niorcal  (broke* 
Chorefas  calls  on  her  a  laft  look :  his  hand  hefitates :  the  angry  mur* 
murs  of  the  Calydonians  find  vent :  he  plunges  the  fwbrd  into  his  own 
breaft,  and  falls  at  the  foot  of  the  alur.  Callirrhoe,  overcome  by 
this  mark  of  the  heroic  and  difinterefted  fondnefs  of  Chorefus,  would 
fMt  furvive  him.  She  flew  herfelf  befide  the  fpring,  which  continaed 
to  bear  her  name.' 

This  work  is  well  arranged,  and  narrates  with  guarded  de- 
cency Che  more  prominent  legends  of  the  Grecian  mythology. 
It  contains  the  requifite  notices  of  the  moft  celebrated  oracles 
ttod  tem[ries  of  the  Pagans,  and  may  be  recommended  to  youn^ 
perfons; — for  whofe  ufe  it  was  chiefly  defigncd.     The  author's 

ibroHobgy  appears  to  us  very  queftionable. 

■ ■-  ■  - 1 

Art.  XVII I.  CoUeBion  of  Engranjings  from  ancient  Vafes  of  Gretk 
fForkmanJLift  difcovjcred  in  Sepulchres  in  the  Kingdom  of  the  twb 
Sicilies,  bat  chiefly  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Naples,  daring  the 
Courfe  of  the  Years  17S9  and  1790,  now  in  the  Pofl*effion  of  S2f 
William  Hamilton,  his  Britannic  Majefty's  Envoy  Extrabr- 
dinary  and  Plenipotentiary  at  the  Court  of  Naples.  Vol.  11.  Large 
Fd.^  31.38.  Naples.  1795.  Sold  by  Meflrs.  Cadell  jun.  an4 
Davies,  London. 

'T'o  our  account  of  the  iirft  volume  of  this  expenfive  work« 
^   (Appendix  to  Mt  Rev*  vol.  xiv.  p,  555.}  ^  have  little  to 

O  o  4  *       add 


536  Sir VflliiWiUzm'iUon^T CMa. efEngraviHgs^  Vd.IL 

add  on  the  prefent  occaCon.  The  Aibjefis  of  the  plates  in  this 
volume  are  fimilar ;  their  mode  of  execution  is  the  fame  \  and 
each,  in  like  manner,  is  accompanied  with  an  explanation,  or 
attempt  at  one,  by  the  ingenious  and  learned  M.  HaBafii 
From  Sir  W.  Hamilton's  cpifile  dedicatory  to  the  Larl  of 
JLfeicefter,  Prefident  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  we  fhail  tran- 
fcribe  a  pailage  or  two. 

.  *  The  opinion  I  offered  in  my  firft  vdnniey  of  thefe  vafrs  heiag 
Grecian,  and  pot  Etrafcan,  has  been  fully  joftified  by  tbc  late  disco- 
veries at  Athens^  and  in  the  ifland  of  Miio»  where  ancient  vafes  have 
been  found  in  fepnlchres^  with  figures  on  them  exa&ly  fimilar  to  ihofe 

fbond  in  this  kingdom,  and  in  Sicily It  has  been  fufEcien:!/ 

proved,  in  the  preface  to  the  Brfl  volume,  that  colonies  from  j^thens, 
and  Eabcea,  or  Negropont,  fettled  in  different  parts  of  the  two  Si- 
cilies ;  it  may  therefore  juftly  be  inferred,  that  they  were  the  as- 
fhors  of  thefe  monuments;  the  paintiogs  being  reprefenutiooi  cf 
]gaines,  races,  gymnaffic  exercifes,  facrihces.  theatrical  reprefenta- 
tions,  and  other  ceremonies  in  ufe  at  the  feafts  of  Bacdios,  and  otbcr 
dinnities  of  antient  Greece. 

'  It  is  a  fingular  circam fiance,  that  the  vafes  found  in  Greccr, 
and  in  the  two  Sicilies,  referable  each  other  (o  perfedlly  with  refpcA 
to  the  forms,  the  quality  of  the  clay  of  which  they  are  compo(ed,asd 
the  figures  and  ornaments  which  enrich  them,  that  they  might  ke 
fuppoled  to  be  of  the  fame  manufadure.  The  BritiAi  travellers  ssec- 
tioned  in  the  fir  A  volume  found  in  the  ancient  fepnlchres  in  the  iflasd 
of  Milo  vafes  of  different  forms  and  qualities  of  earth,  fome  «iib 
yellow  figures  on  a  black  ground,  and  others  with  black  figures  oe 
a  yellow  ground,  and  which  latter  have  certainly  the  appearance  of  s 
much  higher  antiquity,  and  in  the  drawing  refemble  perfe^ly  theilyk 
commonly  called  Etrufcan. 

*  I  formerly  hazarded  an  opinion,  which  I  have  fince  found  to  be 
erroneous ;  I  imagined  that  the  figures  we  fee  on  the  vafes,  migbc 
have  been  firil  cut  out  in  paper,  or  fome  pliable  fubftance,  bj  exol- 
ientartiffs,  and  then  applied  to  the  furface  of  the  vafc^  and  the  black 
-varniih  given  for  the  ground,  the  figures,  or  rather  the  (hadows  of 
fgures,  remaining  to  be  completed  and  made  out  by  fine  lines  of  tic 
fame  black  varniih :  whereas  I  have  now  difcovered  on  m^ny  vifes 
the  outline  of  the  figures  flighcly,  but  ably,  marked  with  a  pointed 
inffrument,  whilfl  the  clay  was  yet  foft;  which  proves,  that  they 
were  drawn  immediately  on  the  vafes,  with  only  this  little  guide  u 
help  the  artid  :  the  print  of  a  thumb  indented  on  the  foot  of  one  io 
my  colleflion  (hews  plainly  that  the  varniih  was  given  before  they 
were  perfedlly  dry.  When  we  confider  the  neceffary  rapidity  io  the 
execution  of  this  fort  of  painting,  allowiog  of  no  corredions,  wecao- 
.not  but  admire  the  high  degree  of  perfeoion  to  which  the  arts  were 
carried  at  this  early  period.* 

No  doubt,  this  work  will  be  acceptable  to  perfons  of  a  parti- 
cular  turn  of  thought  and  inquiry':  but  we  cannot  recommend 
.it  to  the  general  reader,  as  abounding  either  with  degaot  ea* 
tertainment  or  with  (olid  inftruAioa 

AaT. 


(    SZ7    ) 

Art.  XIX.  Hifioire  dt  V Adminiftration^  &c.  i.  e.  Hiftory  of  the  Ad- 
miniflration  of  the  Finances  of  the  French  Republic,  during  the 
Year  1796.  By  Sir  Francis  d'Ivbrnois,  8?o.  pp.  240. 
58.  fewed.     Elmfle/y  &c.    London. 

C«MB  obfervatipns  on  a  preceding  work  of  this  indefatigable 
^  author  occur  in  our  19th  vol.  p.  S'S*  With  the  fame 
Tources  of  information,  and  the  fame  bittcrnefs  of  cricicifm,  be 
continues  his  inftrud^ive  remarks  on  the  fwindling  fyftem  of 
£nance  which  has  prevailed  in  France.  Nothing  can  be  better 
proved  than  the  diftrefs,  and  nothing  can  be  more  repreheofible 
than  the  expedients,  of  the  French  rulers  on  this  fubjedl.  Their 
alternative  has  been  to  rob  or  to  perilh.  The  confequence^ 
bowever,  which  our  author  perfeveres  in  drawing  from  thefe 
fa£ls,and  which  he  repeats  at  every  turn,  that  the  Rtpuhlkan  in- 
Jiitutionsof  France  an  about  td  be  abolijbed^  appears  to  us  not  at 
aU  coonecied  with  the  premifes  ;  not  derived  from  them  by  le- 
gitimate inference ;  and  not  fupported  by  any  plaufible  pre* 
fumptions.  The  (nonarchy  of  Spain  has  furvived  many  na« 
tiooal  bankruptcies.  Why  not  the  republic  of  France  i  Yet 
on  the  validity  of  thisconfequence  depends  the  whole  argument 
of  the  pamphlet  |  which  recommends  to  the  coalition  of  fove* 
reigns,  or  rather  to  the  emperor  and  king,  to  continue  their 
war  becaufe  the  republican  inftitutions  of  France  are  about  to  be 
abolifbed.  The  government  of  the  French  fo  evidently  depends 
for  its  ftabiiity  on  the  allegiance  of  the  numerous^  not  of  the 
weoltby^  clafles, — and  has  fo  notorioufly  been  able^  with  even 
^n  apparent  increafe  of  internal  ftrength,  to  fet  at  nought  the 
interefts  of  property  ; — that  we  fhoiild  rather  expe£^,  from  a  per- 
ic&  bankruptcy  of  the  nation  and  the  confequent  diminution  of 
burdens,  a  new  vigor  and  elafticity  of  patriotifm,  than  the 
complete  diflblution  of  their  focial  union.  The  reader  may  re- 
cur, for  our  reafons,  to  the  article  to  which  we  have  already 
referred. 

One  fervice  the  writings  of  Sir  F.  d*Ivbrnois  promife  to 
beftow*  It  is.  of  confiderable  importance  for  every  country, 
v^bich  is  expofed  to  fimilar  dangers,  to  ftudy  in  the  hiftory  of 
France  the  phenomena  of  national  bankruptcy ;  and  attentively 
to  inquire  whether,  by  forefight  and  preparation,  it  be  poffible 
to  avert  its  more  prominent  evils.  The  notion  of  Necker  was 
perhaps  juft,  that  taxes  laid  during  war  rather  impofe  frugality 
than  exertion,  and  diminifti  inftead  of  augmenting  the  revenue 
of  the  fovereign.  He  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  applauded  for 
deferring  his  impoft,  until  peace  fliould  reinvite  to  produtSioa 
^nd  confumption.  Taxes  were  then  alone  likely  to  increafe 
his  f cfources,  aad  to  relieve  his  wants.    For  this,  however^  he 

has 


53S        D*IvcrDoi$'x  Hift$ry  rftbi  Fnnch  Finamca. 

has  been  cenfured  ;  and  alfo  for  borrowing,  at  tytx^  qiiarter# 
day,  of  the  Caifle  d'Efcompte,  Aims  to  utisfy  the  periodiol 
demands  of  the  public  creditors.  Thefe  exchequer-bills  wcie 
then  funded  in  addition  to  the  capital  of  the  debt.  He  appeus, 
neverthelefs,  to  find  imitators  of  his  conduft  in  this,  which  hu 
been  called  the  firft  ftage  of  bankruptcy.  The  fecond  ftact 
announces  itfelf  by  ifluing  to  the  public  creditor  his  intnefts  in 
promifibry  paper,  without  the  intervention  of  money-jobben. 
Such  paper  can  be  re-abforbed  for  a  time,  by  receiving  it  ftooi 
the  feveral  colledors  in  payment  of  the  public  tribute.  When 
die  people  take  umbrage,  both  at  the  increafe  of  funded  debt 
snd  at  the  profufion  of  promiflbry  paper,  fo  that  a  farther  acof 
ftiulatton  of  either  becomes  a  topic  of  alarm,  the  third  ftage  of 
national  bankruptcy  begins.  The  public  creditor  now  hawks 
his  fecurity  at  the  Dutch  audion  of  daily  depreciation.  Low- 
ered  prices  at  length  tempt  the  fpeculative;  and  fome  branch 
of  induflry  is  fapp^  of  its  natural  fliare  of  capital,  at  every  ebb 
of  public  credit,  until  nearly  the  whole  circulating  capital  of 
the  country  is  abforbed  into  an  excrefcent  unprodudive  trade 
of  ftock-jobbing.  Meanwhile,  the  profits  of  induftry  and  la- 
bour rife.  During  this  third  ftage,  are  inflified  moft  of  the 
evils  of  national  bankruptcy.  Every  feller,  except  a  very  few 
of  the  cunning  and  the  lucky,  lofes  fomething  by  his  ventive; 
and  every  creditor,  however  ftubborn  his  confidence,  bpromef 
at  fome  pitch  of  alarm  more  or  lefs  a  feller.  Thus  the  realroio 
is  ailefl^ed  piece-meal,  at  intervals,  and  by  degrees  ;  and  it  falli 
moft  furely  and  heavily  on  the  idler  and  the  gambler. 

Two  evils,  in  this  ihge  of  bankruptcy,  have  been  unnccd^ 
farily  incurred  in  France  by  the  improvidence  of  the  lawgiver: 
I.  Not  all  their  public  fecurities  were  inftantaneoufly  transfer- 
able. Hence  the  holders  offuch  fecurities,  chiefly  life-annui- 
tants, had  never  the  choice  of  fecuring  fomething  certain  by  &• 
crificing  a  part  of  their  claims :  their  ruin  was  inevitable  by 
any  line  of  conduA,  and  is  now  complete.  2.  After  the  line 
in  public  fecurities  had  fenfibly  funken  in  value  below  thelivic 
in  fpecie,  it  was  yet  fuSFered  to  continue  the  livre  of  the  law. 
Thus  a  hundred  pounds  (lock,  or  a  hundred  pounds  in  govern- 
ment paper,  was  at  times  a  legal  tender  for  a  book-debt  of  a 
hundred  pounds,  or  for  a  farm*  rent  of  one  hundred  a  year. 
Hence  many  creditors,  who  are  moftly  orderly  and  faving  oieo, 
were  ruined  inevitably  ;  to  the  profit  of  debtors,  who  are  too 
often  prodigal  and  idle,  and  what  the  French  well  denominate 
mauvaU  jujits. 

Finally,  comes  the  fourth  flage  of  bankruptcy,  when  infoN 
vency  is  avowed  and  publifhed  ;  when  the  government- fecuri^ 
des  arc  fucceffively  called  in  at  the  rate  of  10  for  i,  of  100  for 

itof 


D'lvernois'j  Hlfiory  cfthi  Frmch  FtiuniCis*         539  ' 

1,  of  1000  for  I,  and  arcat  laft  declared  totally  invalid.  Thi$ 

proclamation  accomplifbed  *,  nothiog  feems  to  forbid  beginnings 

anew  the  whole  progrefs  of  the  funding  fyftetn.    It  is  obvioufly 

expedient  to  prolong,  as  much  as  poffible,  the  third  and  fourth 

flages  of  bankruptcy ;  becaufe  men  cannot  fuddenly  accomau><» 

dace  themfelves  to  great  reverfes  of  fortune,  nor  inftantaneoufly 

coatraA  habits  of  induftry  and  retrenchment : — but  it  may  (htag 

defirable  to  invite  that  degree  of  alarm  which  would  bring  on 

the  earlier  ftages  of  bankruptcy,  before  recourfe  has  been  had 

to  racking  taxes,  and  before  the  public  debt  embraces  too  vaft 

a  proportion  of  the  hattonal  property.  ' 

A  valuable  part  of  this  pamphlet  confifts  in  the  aflembJagfcc^ 

fcattered  faQs  relative  to  the  prefent  ftate  of  the  police,  roads^ 

ctnalf ,  fi^hools,  and  hofpitals  of  France.     Their  declenfion  im« 

pre£Evely  delineates  the  dangers  of  anarchy.     Genius  had  aU 

ready  proclaimed  a  great  leffon,  which  experience  has  now  in« 

fcribed  on  ruins — that  the  expcnce  of  public  works  and  public 

inftitutions  (Wealth  of  Nations,  book  5.  part  3.)  fhould  al^ 

ways  be  difcharged  by  funds  derived  from  the  inftitutions  them« 

lUves ;  of  the  police,  by  parifliional  afleflWienu ;  of  the  roads^ 

by  tolls  levied  on  traffic ;  of  the  canals,  by  a  tonnage  on  th6 

craft;  of  courts  of  juftice,  by  the  taxation  of  caufes.     If  they 

be  undertaken  by  the  general  government,  and  not  fupported  by 

local  refources,  their  repair  is  neglected  in  moments  of  public 

exigency ;  and  they  crumble  into  a  degradation  which  the  toU 

of  ages  cannot  furmount.     We  fliould,  however,  recoiled  that» 

while  we  are  pitying  the  downfall  of  ^<  ufeful  magnificence^*^ 

and  lamenting  the  infecurity  which  furrounds  the  pavilions  of 

luxury,  the  French  are  filling  the  columns  of  their  newfpapers 

with  extrads  from  Colquhoun's  Police  o(  the  Metropolis  of 

Englandf  i  and  that  they  are  reviling  London,  through  the  mifts 

of  prejudice  and  diftance,  as  little  elfe  than  a  den  of  banditti 

beaded,  not  g$vemedy  by  our  legiflators. 

*  Of  this  the  French  are  well  aware.  ToMt  qm  U  gowvirmrntnt  trow 
^ura  (writes  Adrien  Lezay)  dans  la  fabr teat  ion  d*un  papier-monaii  U 
mtytn  difi  pajftr  dt  la  proprieti^  il  ftrafam  rtfptS  pour  elle.  Dh  Ptm^ 
JfoMt^  am  coniraire,  on  il  'verra/es  uniques  rejources  concent  rets  dans  PimpSt 
it  dans  les  empritnts,  <vous  *verre^  la  proprieti  et  le  credit  puUk  devimr 
Its  premiers  ohjeQs  de  Ja  /oUicitude.  Perhapt^  before  the  funding  of 
this  winter's  loan»  our  legiflators  will  be  reminded  by  the  dedama* 
tions  of  the  Parifians.  how  important  is  public  honefty,  and  how  Uaf- 
jyheiDOus  is  an  attack  on  any  one  of  the  facred  forms  of  property ! 

f  See  M,  (lev.  for  laft  Augii|l«  vol.  xx.  p.  408. 


AXTt 


(    S40    ) 

Art.  XX.  ConftUutioH  it  la  RepuBliqut  Franfos/e,  u  e.  Tbe  CooftU 
tudon  of  the  French  Republic.  i2mo.  pp.  io8.  DulanaodCo. 
London.     1796. 

A  8  we  have  hitherto  confidcred  the  conftitotions  of  France 
^^  as  belonging  to  the  clafs  of  periodical  pubIicatiofii»  mt 
have  paflcd  them  with  flight  notice :  but,  at  the  prefent  mut- 
fefts  fyniptonis  of  permanence,  we  Ihall  attend  co  a  few  parti* 
culars. 

It  is  introduced  by  a  declaration  of  the  rights  and  duties  of 
the  man  and  the  citizen. .  A  rebellion  may  with  propriet? 
c^/ii,  but  a  conftitution  fhould  eUfe^  with  a  declaratioa  of 
rights. ,  Right  is  power  recognized  by  others.  It  is  not  do* 
ring  the  interval  of  anarchy,  but  at  thecondufian  of  tbe  whok 
code  of  novel  inftitution,  that  it  imports  to  the  citisen  to  have 
a  long  catalogue  of  rights  to  rehearfe  and  a  fliort  one  of  duties. 
.  The  firft  article  enumerates  liberty,  equality,  fecurity,  aid 
property,  as  rights  of  the  focial  man.  Dr.  Price  has  called  bf 
fhe  name  of  political  liberty  the  f9U)er^  and  by  the  name  avilB* 
herty  the  indepindence^  of  the  citizen.  The  definition  of  cte 
French  conftitutors  has  reftri£led  to  the  latter  acceptation  tk 
meaning  of  the  word  libgrty.  It  confijis^  they  fay,  in  Jtkg 
jubstiVir  nlois  mt  injun  the  rights  of  another •  They  do  not 
then  make  fufFrage,  or  the  power  of  cboofiog  the  fovereigo,  fis 
be  eflfential  to  liberty.  This  is,  however,  the  radical  principle 
of  republicanifm :  defpotifm  might  concede  all  thefe  French 
rights:  their  liberty  is  compatible  with  monarchy.  Security, 
again,  is  proclaimed  to  be  a  right  of  the  citizen.  Is  this  prio- 
ciple  followed  up  ?  Do  the  laws  indemnify  the  robbed^  even  to 
the  amount  of  their  lofs  ? 

Right  VI.  7&  law  ii  the  general  tvill^  expreffid  hj  tbewuh 
jority  of  tbe  citizens^  or  their  reprefentatives.  If  tbe  majority  of 
citizens  exprefs  one  tbing,  and  their  reprefentatives  another, 
what  is  the  law  ?  What  again  is  the  general  will  ?  Does  it  fig- 
nify  the  average  will,  the  public  opinion  ?  for  no  indinarionof 
the  people  is  ever  flridly  general.  Shall  it  be  aflertcd  that  tht 
public  opinion,  where  the  multitude  are  ignorant^  ought  to 
give  the  law  i  A  law  is  a  volition  of  the  body  politic  taken  by 
the  agreed  agents  of  the  community. 

VII.  fFhat  is  not  forbidden  by  the  law  may  not  bo  hindfrid* 
The  words  by  public  authority  feem  wanting.  Is  a  parent  not 
at  liberty  to  retrain  his' child  in  a  variety  of  anions,. of  which 
tbe  law  takes  no  cognizance  ? 

IX.  Thofe  who  folicit,  ftgn^  or  execute^  arbitrary  aQs^  an 
iriminaU  ond  ought  to  bepunijhed.  There  exift,  then,  arbitrary 
powers  in  France,  againft  the  exercife  of  which  there  is  no 
kgal  remedy.  « 

^  XVL  £fW7 


Thi  Cwftitutiim  of  thi  French  Republic.  54t 

XVL  Every  tax  is  impofedfor  the  public  utility^  and  JhouU  be 
^tjfeffeden  the  citixens  in  proportion  to  their  means.  This  admits 
controverfy :  if  the  phyfio-cratic  fyiiem  be  true,  a  monied 
man,  having  no  fixed  property,  ought  to  pay  nothing  towards  a 
tax  which  abforbs  half  the  rental  of  a  land  owner  of  equal 
wealth.  Yet  on  the  truth  of  this  fyftem  the  French  have  re- 
lied, in  decreeing  their  fundamental  territorial  impoft. 

In  the  lift  of  Duties^  fome  are  improperly  enumerated  which 
do  not  flow  from  the  charader  of  citizen,  but  from  that  of 
man-— in  which  a  man  is  bound  not  to  his  country  but  to  his 
kind. 

The  Cmflitution  itfelf  begins  by  declaring  the  Republic  in- 
divifible,  and  by  naming,  as  integral  parts  of  the  Republic, 
feveral  countries ;  fome  of  which  at  the  time  were  in  the  pof- 
feflion  of  foreign  powers,  and  many  of  which  were  contefted 
diftrids,  the  feats  of  war,  and  the  original  property  of  others. 
This  declaration,  then,  was  an  infringement  of  thofe  principles 
of  equity  which  form  the  bond  of  union  between  European  na- 
tions, and  a  grofs  violation  of  the  rights  of  foreign  powers,  and 
of  the  renunciation  of  conqueft  which  the  French  themfelves 
proclaimed.  It  furnifhes  to  thofe  powers  a  ftrong  ground  for  re- 
fufing  to  recognize  the  Republic  of  France,  and  to  receive  it 
into  the  aflbciation  of  Europe.  Yet  this  very  conftitution,  the 
firft  and  only  conftitution  of  the  French  which  violated  the 
rights  of  neighbourhood,  was  rq^ognized  almoft  at  its  birth ; 
while  the  others  were  contemptuoufly  condemned  without  at-* 
,    tention  I 

At  twenty*  two  years  of  age  a  man  may  vote.  Why  not,  as  at 
Athens,  fix  years  fooner  ?  Becaufe  the  tyranny  of  the  firft  re- 
quifition  could  never  be  eftablifhed,  if  thofe  who  are  liable  to  it 
had  a  right  of  voting. 

.  It  requires  property  or  military  fervice  to  vote.  The  French 
intend  themfelves  for  a  conquering  nation,  which  implies  op- 
preffion  of  the  lower  claftes.  A  difqualification  of  thefe  clafles 
is  therefore  neceflary  i  becaufe,  if  reprefented,  they  could  not 
cafily  be  opprefled. 

//  requires  reading  and  writing  to  vote.  Thus  the  ignorant^ 
who  moft  need  protedbion,  have  the  lefs  hold  on  it. 

It  would  pafs  our  bounds  to  continue  in  this  manner  a  criti- 
cal analyfis.  With  us  a  conftitution  is  but  a  pamphlet,  which 
we  hope  to  fee  improved  in  a  future  edition.  This  contains 
much  miferable  metaphyfxcs,  feveral  heedlefs  and  frivolous,' 
fome  unjuft  and  tyrannical  regulations.  Hiftory  ihews  that  it 
is  hafdiy  poffible  fo  to  organize  a  government,  as  wholly  to 
impede  the  natural  progrefs  of  population  and  refinement,  tOL 
baniih  the  humanizing  arts,  and  to  leprefs  the  glorious  con- 

flias 


$iZ  JotMUhJKUiiis  9f  UinJk  Utw.    * 

ik\Si%  of  intelle£iual  ambition.  Even  under  tbe  bereffihry 
ariftocracy  of  Venice,  maritime  power  and  philoibpbj  bin 
flourilhed.  There  can,  then,  be  little  doubc  that  chia  €onSi« 
tution,  although  imperfed,  will,  when  peace  and  order  aic 
idiowoi  to  train  the  olive  and  the  vine  around  itt  piUars,  bi 
found  to  include  and  to  proted  many  of  tboTe  principles  froa 
which  talent  may  contribute  to  illuftrate,  or  virtue  oay  cott* 
jluce  to  benefit,  a  race  of  men. 

AaT.  XXI.    Inftitutti  9f  Hindu  Law ;  or»  The  Ordinances  of  Mcii^ 

according  to  the  Glofs  of  Culluca.     Comprifing  the  Indiao  BifU 
.   tern  of  Dacies,  religioos  aod  dvil.     Verbally  tranflatcd  fieaiik 

original  Sanfcrit.     With  a  Preface,  by  Sir  Wili.iam  Joais. 

Svo.     pp  ^82      6s.  Boards.     Reprinted  from  the  Calcima  Edi- 

don  for  J.  Se^ell»  London.     1796. 

THAT  the  pradical  utility  of  legal  codes  is  not  always  chb* 
menfurate  with  the  abftrad  juftice  of  their  ena£liiieoti,  ii 
a  remark  more  diftinguiflied  for  its  truth  than  its  novelty.  Thf 
religious  opinions,  the  popular  prejudices,  and  the  private  ha- 
bits of  a  people,  muft  invariably  oppofe  infurroountable  obfla- 
cles  to  the  eftabli(bment  of  a  ifyftem  of  laws,  which  flioaU 
counterad  the  force  of  their  concurrent  operation.  This  ob- 
vious principle  having  determined  the  legiflature  to  leave  a  va« 
riety  of  civil  cafes,  in  India,  to  the  decifion  of  the  Htnda  liiri 
a  copious  digeft  of  their  fyftem  was  preparing  under  the  fupcr* 
inteodence  of  Sir  W.  Jones,  when  the  undertaking  was  in- 
terrupted by  an  event  which  the  wife  and  the  good  of  every 
nation  will  long  remember  with  regret.  Preparatory  to  d:e 
digeft,  tbe  fame  fentimcnts  of  philanthropy  induced  bin  to 
tranflate  and  publiih  that  fyftem  of  duties,  religious  and  civil, 
and  of  law  in  all  its  branches,  which  the  Hindus  firaily  bdicfs 
to  have  been  promulged  in  the  beginning  of  time,  by  Meat, 
fon  or  grandfon  of  Brahma. 

In  the  preface,  we  find  the  learned  tranflator  attempting  to 
fix  the  age  of  tbe  original  work,  by  a  mode  of  reafentng  wbicb, 
in  our  apprehenfion,  is  more  ingenious  than  fatisfadiory. 

«  The  Sanfcrit  of  the  three  firlt  Vedas,  (1  need  not  here  fpeako^ 
the  fourth,)  that  of  the  Manava  Dberma  Saftra  *,  and  ttui  of  ikf 
Puranas,  differ  from  each  other  in  pretty  cxad  propordon  to  tbe  La- 
tin of  Numa,  from  whofe  laws  entire  fentencesare  preferred,  that  o( 
Appias»  which  we  fee  in  the  fragments  of  the  twelve  ubles,  aad  that 
of  Cicero*  or  of  Lucretius,  where  he  has  not  a£FeQed  an  obiblcia 
ftyle ;  if  the  feveral  changes,  therefore,  of  Sanfcrit  and  Ladn  took 
place,  as  we  may  fairly  affume,  in  times  very  nearly  proportional,  tbf 

Vedas  muft  have  been  written  about  300  years  before  tbele  iafiini»> 

■I        ,     ,  ■     I*    I    ■  ■       ■  ■  '       ■        ■  ■   ■■  » 

•  Tke  tide  of  tfab  wotk. 

ud 


Jonet'i  Infliiutis  cf  Ktndu  Lauf*  54] 

snd  aboot  600  before  the  Puranas  and  Itihafas,  which»  I  an  fully 
convinced »  were  not  the  produftions  of  Vyafa;  fo  that,  if  the  foo  of 
Parafara  committed  the  ttaditionalVedas  to  writing  in  the  Sanfcritof 
his  father's  time,  the  original  of  this  book  maft  have  receired  its  pre- 
fent  form  aboat  880  years  before  Chriil^  birth.' 

We  conceive  the  progrefs  of  languages  towards  perfediont 
er  towards  deterioration,  to  be  too  anomalous  to  furnifh  k 
datum  for  chronology.  A  modern  Italian  will  experience  nci 
difficulty  in  the  peruial  of  Boccacio,  while  the  conte|nporaneott$ 
produdions  of  France  or  England  are  only  ihteUrgible  to  the 
fcbolar.  The  Arabic  language  has  undergone  but  little  adter* 
acion  fince  the  days  of  the  prophet ;  and  we  can  difcerna  varietr 
of  cireumflances,  (which  it  were  fuperfluous  here  to  enumerate, j 
diat  concur  to  render  the  Sanfcrit  peculiarly  unfufceptible  of 
change,  and  to  make  it  variable  only  by  very  minute  and  im- 
perceptible gradations. 

We  find  a  very  Angular  conjedure  fuggefted  as  we  proceed^ 
tbough  flated  with  much  diffidence  and  apparent  diftruft,  viz. 
that  the  Menu  of  the  Hindus  was  the  fame  with  the  Mnevia 
of  the  Egyptians,  and  the  Minos  of  the  Greeks.  <  If  Minos^ 
tbe  fon  of"^ Jupiter,  whom  $he  Cretans,  from  national  vani^^ 
might  have  made  a  native  of  their  own  ifland,  was  really  the 
fame  perfon  with  Menu,  the  fon  of  Brahma,  we  have  the  good 
fortune  to  reftore,  by  means  of  Indian  literature,  themoftcele^ 
brated  fyflem  of  heathen  jurifprudence,  and  this  work  might 
have  been  entitled  The  Laws  of  Minos.'  The  inftitutions  of 
antient  Egypt  bear  a  confiderable  refemblance  to  thofeof  India^ 
and  cpnfequently  it  is  not  very  improbable  that  they  may  have 
emanated  from  the  fame  fource :  but  we  can  difcover  no  ana- 
logy  between  the  latter  and  thofe  of  the  Cretan  legiflator^ 
**  it  Jevis  arcMfiis  Minos  admiffiis.^*  Equality  of  condition, 
political  freedom,  and  a  robuit  temperament  fuited  to  warlike 
cxercifes,  feem  to  have  been  the  objed  of  the  fon  of  Jupiter  ^ 
while  the  Indian  lawgiver  labors  only  to  perpetuate  that  mental 
enthralment,  on  which  he  had  elevated  his  diftin£lion  of  cafts  i 
diftindions  which  probably  preferved  public  order  at  the  ex« 
pence  of  the  hapipinefs  and  the  virtue  of  the  inferior  clalTes. 

To  this  literary  curiofity,  the  notes  of  the  learned  tranflator 
would  have  proved  an  invaluable  addition ;  though  the  gloflary 
of  Culluca  Bhatta,  inferted  in  Italics  with  the  text,  generaUv 
removes  whatever  obfcurities  occur  in  the  original.  The  work 
if  divided  into  12  chapters,  which  we  proceed  to  conlideria 
their  order. 

Chap.  I*  On  tbi  creation ;  with  a  fummary  of  the  contents  1^ 
This  prefatory  chapter  introduces  Menu  fitting  reclined,with  his 
actcocion  fixed  on  the  Supreme  Qod,  when  *  the  divine  fajgea^ 


544  JonesV  Infiituus  of  Hindu  Law. 

appTy  to  him  for  ioftruflion  on  the  facrtd  laws  to  be  obfenred 
by  each  clafs,  together  with  their  occult  principles,  (lis  reply 
traces  the  order  of  created  beings  from  the  £rlt  divine  idea,  yet 
unexpanded,  to  their  perfei^  developement.  His  Ton  BhrigOf 
appointed  to  promulge  his  lawF,  refumcs  the  do£lrine,  uA 
gives  a  compendious  view  of  the  fabulous  fyflecn  of  Hiodt 
chronology  ;  of  the  four  ages  of  the  world,  with  their  charao* 
teriftic  figns  ;  and  of  the  periodical  abforptions  and  renovatioiis 
of  the  material  and  intelledual  world.  We.  might  fele<5l  many 
paflages  front  this  chapter,  that  are  diftingui(bed  for  fubltoity 
of  thought  and  grandeur  of  exprei&on,  were  not  the  optnioBS 
of  the  Hindus  on  cofmogony  already  familiar  to  the  Eoglifli 
reader. 

Chap.  IL  Omducationi  or,  on  the  faardatal  clajs^  and  the 
firft  order.  The  firft  order  is  that  of  a  ftudent,  whofe  duties 
are  here  enumerated  at  great  length:  they  confift  generally  of 
abftinence,  chaftity,  innoxioufnefs  to  all  animated  beings,  a 
refpedful  behaviour  to  his  feniors,  a  dutiful  attention  to  bis  na- 
tural and  fpiritual  father,  and  application  in  acquiring  and  di- 
getting  the  do<9rine  of  the  Vedas.  The  ceremony  of  giving  a 
name  (hould  be  performed  on  the  tenth  or  twelfth  day  ^ter  tbe 
birth. 

31.  The  firft  part  of  a  Brahmen's  compound  name  (houU 
Indicate  holincfs ;  bf  a  Cfliatrya's,  power;  of  a  Vaifya\ 
wealth  ;  and  of  a  Sudra*s,  contempt  $ 

32.  Let  the  (econd  part  of  the  prieft*s  name  imply  pn>- 
fperity ;  of  the  foldier*s,  prefervation  ;  of  the  merchant's,  noa* 
rilhment ;  of  the  fervant's,  humble  attendance. 

33.  The  names  of  women  fhould  be  agreeable,  fofir,  clear, 
captivating  the  fancy,  aufpicious,  ending  in  long  vowels,  rt- 
fsmbling  words  of  benevolence.  The  ceremony  of  toofure 
fliould  be  performed  by  the  firft  three  clafles  in  the  firft  or  third 
year  after  birth.  In  the  eighth  year,  the  child  Oiould  be  inveflcd 
with  the  mark  of  his  clafs,  or  the  facrlficial  thread  i  which  for 
a  Brahmen  muft  be  made  of  cotton,  fo  as  to  be  put  on  ever 
his  head,  in  three  firings ;  that  of  a  Cfhatrya,  of  Sana  thread 
only  ;  that  of  a  Vaifya,  of  woollen  thread.  The  inveftitureof 
the  facrificial  thread  is  confidered  as  a  fecon(|  birth,  whence  tbe 
appellation  of  twice  born  is  applied  to  the  three  higher  clafles. 
Amid  much  ceremonial,  many  fuperftitiotjs  and  many  abfurd 
rituals,  we  are  freqpently  furprifod  with  maxims  of  the  pureft 
morality,  inculcated  in  the  moft  impreffive  terms. 

<  Let  not  a  man  be  querulous  even  though  in  pain  ;  let  hitt 
not  injure  another  in  deed  or  in  thought ;  let  him  not  even  vt- 
ter  a  word,  by  which  his  fellow- creature  may  fufFer  uneafinefs; 
iince  that  will  obftruA  his  own  progrcfs  to  future  beatitude.' 

'  The 


Jones  V  InflUutis  of  Hindu  Lai^.  545 

The  entrance  of  the  facerdotal  youth  into  the  fecond  order  de- 
pends on  the  progrefs  which  he  has  made  in  his  ftudies. 

Chap.  III.  On  marriagty  or  ^  on  the  fecond  order.  Wecxtraft 
the  eight  forms  of  nuptial  ceremony,  ufeci  by  the  four  clafTcs, 
fonae  good  and  fome  bad,  in  this  world  and  in  the  next : 

«  27.  The  gift  of  a  daughter,  clothed  only  with  a  fingie  robe,  to  a 
njui  learned  in  the  Veda»  whom  her  father  voluntarily  invites  and 
refpedfully  receives,  is  the  nuptial  rite  called  Brahma. 

•  28.  The  rite  which  fages  call  Daiva,  i:>  the  gift  of  a  daughter, 
whom  her  father  has  deck.ed  in  gay  attire,  when  the  facrifice  is  al- 
ready begun  to  the  officiating  prietl,  who  performs  that  ad  of  religion. 

'  29.  When  the  father  gives  his  daughter  away,  after  having  re- 
mved  from  the  bndegroom  one  pair  of  (cine,  or  two  pairs,  for  ufes 
prefcribed  by  law.  that  marriage  is  termed  Arjha. 

•  50.  The  nuptial  rite  called  Prajapatya,  is  when  the  father  gives 
hia  daughter  away  with  due  honour,  faying  diftin^>ly,  *'  May  both  of 
yoa  perform  together  your  civil  and  religious  duties.'' 

'31.  When  the  bndegroom,  having  given  as  much  wealth  as  he 
can  afford  to  the  father  and  paternal  kinfmen,  and  to  the  damfel  her- 
felf,  takes  her  voluntarily  as  his  bride,  that  marriage  is  named  Afiira. 

'32.  The  reciprocal  connedHon  of  a  youth  and  a  damfel  with 
BiQtaal  defire,  is  the  marriage  denominated  GanJharnfa,  contraded 
for  the  purpofe  of  amorous  embraces,  and  proceeding  from  fenfual 
indinatioD. 

•  33.  The  feizure  of  a  maiden  by  force  from  her  houfe,  while  (he 
fveeps  and  calls  for  afliftance,  after  her  kinfmen  and  friends  have  been 
flain  in  battle,  or  wounded,  and  their  houfes  broken  open,  is  the  mar- 
riage ftyled  Racjhafa, 

'  34.  When  the  lover  fecretly  embraces  the  damfel,  either  fleeping 
ar  flufhed  with  ftrong  liquor,  or  difordered  in  her  intellefl,  that  finful 
marriage,  called  Pijacba,  is  the  eighth,  and  the  bareft.' 

The  ftudent,  now  become  a  houfclceeper,  mud  perform  do- 
tneftic  religious  rites,  with  the  nuptial  fire,  the  ceremonies  of 
the  five  great  facraments,  and  the  feveral  a^s  wh*ch  muft  day 
by  day  be  performed.  1  hde  ceremonies  are  detailed  at  great 
length,  particularly, the  Sraddha  or  obftquies  performed  at  the 
new  moon  to  the  manes  of  departed  anceflors.  This  rite  is 
lield  eflential  to  the  happinefs  of  the  decedfed  ;  and  we  may 
readily  conceive  what  a  powerful  eHctSl  this  politic  inftitution 
Qfiuft  have  on  the  population  of  the  country,  fmce  a  man  who 
lies  without  legitimate  male  iflue  is  deprived,  together  with  his 
progenitors,  of  the  advanra^es  refulring  from  its  pTr^ormance,  • 

Chap,  i  V.  On  economics^  and  private  morals.  T  his  and  the 
bllowing  chapter  fliil  relate  almoll  exclufively  to  the  facerdotal 
Mttfekeeper,  or  Brahmen  who  has  entered  the  fecond  order. 
Eie  is  here  inftruAcd'in  fuch  modes  of  acquiring  fubiiltence,  as 
ire  confident  with  the  dignity  of  the  pneilly  chara(fter,  A  va- 
iety  of  trivial  obfervanccs  are  inculcated  with  much  feriouf- 

App.  Riv.  VoL.xxi.  Pp  nefs. 


546  Jont$' t  Inflhutts  9/ Hindu  Lawm 

neis,  occafionally  interfperfed  with  fublime  rcficAioiis  on  die 
fuperior  efficacy  of  virtue  over  ceremonial. 

'  237.  By  falfehood,  the  facrifice  becomes  vain  ;  l»y  pride,  tbe  ment 
of  devotion  is  loft ;  by  infuhing  prieds,  life  is  diminiflicd  ;  and  by  pio- 
daiming  a  largefs,  its  fruic  isdiminiflied.' 

Chap.  V.  On  ditt^  purification^  andwamen*  Tbedictetk 
regimen  of  the  Hindus  was  by  no  means  fo  ftriA  id  imieai 
times,  as  it  has  fmce  become*  Menu  allows  the  flaaghccr  of 
cattle  on  particular  occafions,  but  this  indulgence  is  deemei 
nnfuitable  to  the  condition  of  mankind  in  this  degenerate  ap. 
The  caufes  of  impurity,  and  the  meant  recommended  for  its 
removal,  are  too  futile  to  deferve  our  attention :  but,  as  die 
degree  of  refpeA  entertained  for  the  fair  fex  has,  by  fome,  beta 
confidered  as  no  inadequate  criterion  of  civilized  manners,  it 
may  be  curious  to  examine  how  Menu  treats  the  Hindu  ladies.     I 

'  148.  In  childhood  mufl  a  female  be  dependent  on  her  father ;  is    ' 
youth,  on  her  hufband;  her  lord  being  dead*  on   her  ferns;  tf  fte 
have  no  fons,  on  the  near  kinfmen  of  her  hnfband  ;  if  he  left  00  kitf- 
men,  on  thofe  of  her  father ;  if  (he  have  no  paternal  kinfmen,  oa  ^ 
fovereign  :  a  woman  mud  never  feek  independence.' 

*  1^5.  No  facrifice  is  allowed  to  women  apart  from  their  Indbnds, 
no  religious  rite,  no  fading :  as  far  only  as  a  wife  honours  her  kfd» 
fo  far  ihe  is  exalted  in  heaven.' 

Our  readers  will  not  form  a  high  idea  of  the  gallantry  of  the 
Indian  legiflator  from  thefe  extraSs :  but  we  have  found  00  a« 
predion  tending  to  authorize  the  inhuman  and  barbau'Oiis  (kri- 
£ce  of  a  widow,  on  the  funeral  pile  of  her  hufband  :  a  prafiice, 
nrhich  a  variety  of  circumftances  induces  us  to  confider  as  con- 
paratively  modern. 

Chap.  VI,  On  devotion ;  or,  on  the  third  and  fnerth  mkn* 
Here  the  facerdotai  houfekeeper  is  led  through  the  laft  two 
fiages  of  his  mortal  pilgrimage. 

*  2.  When  the  father  of  a  family  perceives  his  moicles  brceae 
^ccid,  and  his  hair  gray,  and  fees  the  child  of  hb  child,  kt  his 
then  feek  refuge  in  a  fored. ' 

The  moft  ardent  devotion,  the  moft  rigorous  abftinence,  aiJ 
the  moft  fevere  penances,  conftituted  the  occupation  of  the 
Hermit,  or  prieft  of  the  third  order  ;  an  order  which  it  coofi* 
dered  incompatible  with  the  prefent  ftate  of  mankind,  and  has 
been  abrogated.  The  houfekeeper  now  pafles  at  once  into  the 
fourth  order,  or  that  of  anchorite  \  the  duties  of  which  are  ths 
prefcribed : 

«  41.  Departing  from  his  houfe,  taking  with  him  pare  ifflpie- 
nentSy  his  water- pot  and  daff,  keeping  (ilence,  anallured  by  dciit 
of  the  objefts  near  him,  let  him  enter  iaco  the  fourth  order. 

f  4a.  Abie 


Jonts*s  Inftitutes  of  Hindu  Law.  547 

*  42,  Alone  let  him  conftantly  dwcU,  for  the  fake  of  his  own  feli- 
city, obferving  the  happinefs  of  a  folitary  man,  who  neither  forfakes, 
nor  is  forfaken ;  let  him  live  without  a  companion. 

*  43.  Let  him  have  no  culinary  fire,  no  domicil ;  let  him»  when 
very  hungry,  go  to  the  town  for  food  ;  let  him  patiently  bear  difeafe; 
let  his  mind  be  firm  ;  let  him  iludy  to  know  God,  and  fix  his  atten- 
tion on  God  alone.' 

That  the  derelidion  of  thofe  fecial  duties,  for  the  perform- 
ance of  which  we  were  fent  into  this  world,  (hould  ever  have 
been  confidered  as  acceptable  to  the  Creator,  is  ^iftgnal  though 
not  tfingular  inftance  of  the  perverfenefs  of  the  human  inteU 
\t£k\  yet,  as  the  two  latter  orders  were  interdided  to  all, except 
thofe  who  bad  feen  a  fecond  generation  of  their  defcendants,  the 
Hindu  fyflem  will  appear  lefs  expofed  tocenfure  on  tbi»  account 
than  many  others. 

Chap.  Vil.  On  government^  and  public  law\  or  y  on  the  milt' 
tary  clafs.  Kings  are  compofed  of  eternal  particles  drawn  from 
the  fubftance  of  various  deities ;  their  power  is  unfettered  by 
any  legal  reftraint :  but  it  may  eafily  be  conceived  that  it  was 
in  iz6i  fufficiently  limited  by  the  formidable  influence  of  a  fupe- 
rior  dafs,  to  whofe  perfons  capital  puni(hment  was  not,  even  in 
the  moft  atrocious  cafes,  fuflfered  to  extend. 

*'  Not  e'en  the  chief,  by  whom  our  hofls  are  led. 
The  King  of  kings,  fhall  touch  that  facred  head.'' 

Pope's  Homer. 

The  neceility  of  coercion  for  the  fupport  of  civil  fociety  hav- 
ing been  ftated,  we  find  a  variety  of  political  axioms  for  the 
monarch's  inftrud^ion,  embracing  every  pofSble  contingence  in 
peace  or  war:  with  dire£lions  in  the  choice  of  a  miniftry,  of 
ambafladors,  of  a  metropolis,  of  a  palace,  of  a  queen,  and  of  a 
chaplain.  Stri£t  attention  to  the  conduct  of  his  agents,  gene- 
rofity  to  the  learned,  intrepidity  in  war,  and  abftinence  from 
opprefEve  exadion,  are  the  virtues  moft  warmly  recommended. 

The  following  arc  the  taxes  which  compofed  the  revenue  of 
a  Hindu  prince,  in  the  ninth  century  before  the  Chriftian  aera; 
which  we  have  collected  from  pafTages  difperfed  through  the 
work.  Cufloms  were  levied  on  the  import  and  export  of  fale- 
able  commodities  ;  a  fiftieth  part  of  the  increafe  of  cattle,  gems, 
gold,  and  filver ;  of  grain,  a  fixth,  an  eighth,  or  a  twelfth  of 
the  increafe,  in  proportion  to  the  degree  of  exigency  ;  and  on 
other  articles  a  fixth  of  the  increafe,  or  profits,  l^he  facerdotal 
dafs  was  exempted  from  the  payment  of  taxes. 

Chap.  VIII.  On  judicature^  and  on  private  and  criminal  law. 
The  contents  of  this  chapter  are  fo  multifarious,  that  we  can 
only  point  out  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  jurifpruden* 
tial  fyftem.— The  age  of  majority  is  fixed  at  Hxtc^n  for  the 

Pp  2  male 


548  Jones'/  Infiitutes  of  Hindu  Lauu 

male  fcx^  women  always  remaining  under  tutelage.  .  In  civil 
cafes,  three  witnefles  were  required :  but  in  certain  circimH 
fiances,  where  the  deponent  conceives  that  truth  might  lead  lo 
bad  confequences,  he  is  permitted  to  Aibftitute  fAlfehood ;  on 
AefcSt  of  proof,  recourfe  muft  be  had  to  trial  by  ordeal.  Tbc 
metallic  figns  feem  to  have  borne  no  public  imprfrflion:  bst 
even  in  this  early  age,  we  find  the  queDionable  expedtenc 
adopted,  of  limiting  by  law  the  rate  of  intereft,  which  is  fixed 
at  2  per  cent,  per  month  from  a  prieft,  3  from  a  foldicr,  4froa 
a  merchant,  and  5  from  a  fervant ;  with  a  very  curious  ex* 
ception  in  favour  of  money  lent  on  fca  adventures  ;  an  exctp* 
tion  which  befpeaks  a  nation  long  inured  to  commercial  habin, 
and  accuftomed  to  foreign  traffic.  The  criminal  code  is  difiio* 
guifbed  by  the  lenity  of  its  enactments  ;  and,  in  contradiiliiic* 
tion  to  other  offences,  we  find  the  crime  of  theft  puatfbediiiofc 
fevercly  in  the  higher  clafles  than  in  the  lower. 

Chap.  IX.  On  judicature^  and  on  tie  commercial  and  ciml 
chjfes.  In  the  law  of  inheritance,  the  right  of  primogeniture  il 
only  acknowleged  by  a  flcndcr  addition  to  the  portion  of  tk 
cideft  fon.  Oii  failure  of  heirs,  the  property  of  the  deceafed 
(unlefs  a  Brahmen)  efcheats  to  the  foveretgn.  Games  of 
chance  are  profcribed  and  puniflied  by  fine. 

Wc  proceed  to  the  duties  prefcribed  for  the  performance  of 
the  commercial  and  fervile  clafTes  ;  and,  as  thofe  duties  occupy 
a  fpace  proportioned  to  the  infignificance  of  thefe  men  in  t^ 
fcale  of  creation,  we  prefent  our  readers  with  the  whole : 

*  326.  Let  the  Vaifya,  having  been  girt  with  his  proper  facri- 
ficial  thread,  and  having  married  an  equal  wife*  be  a!«vava  attentive 
to  his  buiinefs  of  agricukure  and  trade,  and  to  that  of  keeping  caide. 

*  327.  Since  the  lord  of  created  beings,  having  formed  herds  tri 
flocks,  intrafted  them  to  the  care  of  the  Vaifya,  while  he  inrmfteddie 
whole  human  fpecies  to' the  Brahmen  and  Cikatrya  : 

<  328.  Never  muft  a  Vaifya  be  difpol'ed  to  fay,  I  keep  no  cattle; 
nor,  he  being  willing  to  keep  them,  muft  they  by  any  means  be  kept 
by  men  of  another  ciafs. 

'  329.  Of  gems,  pearls,  and  coral,  of  iron,  of  woven  cloth,  cf 
perfumes,  and  of  liquids,  lee  him  well  know  the  prices  both  iii^^ 
and  low. 

«  330.  Let  him  he  (killed  likevvife  in  the  time  and  manner  of  faw;a? 
feeds,  and  in  the  bad  or  good  qualities  of  land  :  let  him  alfo  pcrfccty 
know  the  corrc^  modes  of  meafuring  and  weighing. 

*  3^1.  The  excellence  or  delefts  of  comojodities,  the  advantsge^ 
and  difadvaniages  of  different  regions,  the  probable  gain  or  lob  on 
vendible  goods,  and  the  means  of  breeding  cattle  with  lafgc  aa|' 
mentation. 

*  332.  Let  him  know  the  just  wages  of  fervants.  the  varioui  dia- 
lers of  men,  the  bed  way  of  keeping  goods,  and  whatever  clfe  be- 
longs to  purchdfc  and  lale. 

4  •  353-  L« 


Jones'i  Inftitutis  of  Hindu  Law»  549 

*  333.  Let  him  apply  the  moft  vigilant  care  to  augment  his  wealth 
by  performing  bis  duty ;  and  with  great  folicitude,  let  him  give  nou^ 
rilhment  to  all  fentient  creatures. 

*  334.  Servile  attendance  on  Brahmens  learned  in  the  Veda, 
chiefly  on  fuch  as  keep  houfe,  and  are  famed  for  virtue,  is  of  itfelf  the 
higheHduty  of  a  Sudra,  and  leads  him  to  future  beatitude. 

«  335.  Pure  in  body  and  in  mind,  humbly  ferving  the  three  higher 
claiTes,  mild  in  fpeech,  never  arrogant,  ever  feeking  refuge  in  Brah- 
mens principally,  he  may  attain  the  molt  eminent  dafs,  in  another 
tranfqiigratioa.' 

•  Chap*  X.  On  the  mixed  CLiJeSy  znd  en  Times  of  Dijirefu  Our 
readers  will  anticipate  the  terrific  denunciations  of  temporal  and 
fpiritual  penalties,  that  guard  the  capricious  diftin^ions  on 
which  the  Indian  legiflator  has  founded  his  fyftem  of  govern- 
ment :  the  former  confiils  in  the  degradation  of  the  offspring 
produced  by  a  connexion  between  perfons  of  different  claffes, 
proportioned  to  the  difparity  between  their  progenitors  \  and  to 
each  of  the  mixed  tribes  a  particular  occupation  is  afligned* 
Public  executioners,  thofe  who  burn  the  dead,  and  thofe  who 
perform  the  meaneft  and  moft  difgufting  offices  for  hire,  are 
found  in  the  mixed  claffes.  The  twice-born  claffes  mayahb  be 
degraded  by  neglefling  their  prefcribcd  duties  ;  for  we  find  fe- 
veral  races  of  the  military  clafs  enumerated,  who,  by  their  omif- 
fion  of  holy  rites,  and  by  feeing  no  Brahmens,  have  gradually 
funken  to  the  lowed  of  the  four  claffes  ;  among  thefe,  our  at- 
tention was  arretted  by  perceiving  the  Pehlevas,  or  antient  Pcr- 
fitns,  and  the  Chinas.  In  times  of  diflrefs,  the  neceiEty  of 
procuring  fubfiflence  juftifies  a  greater  latitude  of  employment 
for  each  clafs  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  it  is  in  confe* 
quence  of  this  indulgence  that  we  find  the  Brahmens  in  poffeC- 
ilon  of  a  confiderable  portion  of  the  commerce  of  Bengal,  at 
this  day. 

Chap.  XI.  On  Penance  and  Expiation.  Thefe  rigid  obferv- 
ances  were  probably  confidered  by  Menu  as  fupplementary  to 
.the  criminal  code,  by  extending  to  offences  which  the  law  could 
not  reach  :  but  where  confcienco  wants  power  to  check  moral 
depravity  before  it  proceeds  to  flagitious  deeds,  will  it  not  alfo 
difpenfe  with  the  expiations  prefcribed  for  the  offence  ?  We  do 
not  prefurac  to  decide  on  this  important  quef^ion  ;  for  the  mind 
of  man  is  formed  to  reconcile  contradi&i6ns.  Does  fuperfti- 
tion  prevent  the  commiflion  of  crimes  ?  Does  guilt  apnihilate 
fuperftition  ? 

Chap.  XII.  and  laft.  On  Tranfm'gration  and  fnal  Beatitude. 
In  this  chapter,  we  have,  in  all  probability,  the  original  dogma 
of  the  Metempfychofis  *,  which,  in  the  primeval  ages,  was  fo 
csfteofively  diffufed  over  the  world,  and  adopted  by  three  of  the 

P  P  3  moft 


550  Joncs'y  InftituUs  of  Hindu  Law. 

moft  celebrated  philofophers  among  the  antients,  PjthagoraS| 

Kmpedocles,  and  Piato. 

*'  Has  omnes  uhi  mille  rot  am  'vol'vere  per  anno  s  9 
Leihttum  adflu^ium  Deus  enjocat  agmine  magno  : 
Scilicet  immemores  fupera  ut  convexa  renjt/ant^ 
Rur/us  et  incipiant  in  corpora  'velle  reverti.** 

After  a  claffiiication  of  adls  into  mental^  verbal^  and  corpiresl^ 
and  a  fummary  of  the  virtues  and  crimes  refulting  from  the 
proper  or  improper  application  of  thefe  faculties,  we  find  a  di- 
vifion  of  moral  qualities  into  goodnefsy  pajjion^  and  darkmfi. 

*  37.  To  the  quality  of  goodoels  belongs  every  a^,  by  which  be 
hopes  to  acquire  divine  knowledge,  which  he  is  never  afhamed  0/  do- 
ingy  and  which  brings  placid  joy  to  his  confcieoce. 

«  38.  Of  the  dark  quality^  as  defcribed,  the  principal  objed  is 
pleafure;  of  the  pailionatey  worldly  profperity  :  but  of  tbe  good  qua- 
lity the  chief  obje6t  is  virtue  :  the  lad  mentioned  obje^  arc  fupcrior 
in  dignity.' 

'  40.  Souls,  endued  with  goodnefs,  attain  always  the  flat;  of 
deities;  thofe  filled  with  ambitious  prions,  the  condition  of  bcb; 
thofe  immerfed  in  darknefs,  the  nature  of  beafb  :  this  is  the  triple  or- 
der of  tranfmigration/ 

We  (hould  in  vain  attempt  to  convey  our  ideas  of  this  work 
in  terms  more  elegant,  more  energetic,  or  more  juft,  than  tholi; 
in  which  we  find  them  exprefTed  by  the  learned  tranflator  in  his 
preface : 

*  The  work,  now  prefented  to  the  European  world*  contains  abood- 
ance  of  curious  matter  extremely  interelling  both  to  fpccuJatiic 
lawyers  and  antiquaries,  with  many  beauties  which  need  not  be  poict- 
ed  out,  and  with  many  blemifhes  which  cannot  be  jullified  or  palliated. 
It  is  a  fydem  of  defpotifm  and  prieftcraft,  both  indeed  limited  by  Uw, 
but  artfully  confpiring  to  give  mutual  fupport,  though  with  motul 
checks  ;  it  is  filled  with  flrange  conceits  in  metaphyfics  and  natonl 
philofophy,  with  idle  fuperditions,  and  with  a  fctieme  of  theology 
moft  obfcurely  figurative,  and  confequently  liable  to  dangerous  nm- 
conception  ;  it  abounds  with  minute  and  childifh  formalities,  widi 
ceremonies  generally  abfurd  and  often  ridiculous ;  the  puniihmentsare 
partial  and  fanciful;  forforae  crimes,  dreadfully  cruel,  for  others, re- 
prchenfibly  flight;  and  the  v^xy  morals,  though  rigid  enough  on  (iie 
whole,  are  in  one  or  two  inftances  (as  in  the  cafe  of  light  oaths  and 
of  pious  perjury)  unaccountably  relaxed  :  nevertheleis,  a  fpirit  cf 
fablime  devotion,  of  benevolence  to  mankind,  and  of  amiable  teeder- 
nefs  to  all  lentient  creatures,  pervades  the  whole  work  ;  the  ftylc  of 
it  has  a  certain  auftere  majefty,  that  founds  like  the  language  of  le- 
giflation,  and  extorts  a  refpeftful  awe;  the  fentiments  of  independ- 
ence on  all  beings  but  God,  and  the  harfh  admonitions,  even  tokiogn 
are  truly  noble  ;  and  the  many  panegyrics  on  the  Gayatri,  the  mother, 
as  it  is  called,  of  the  Veda,  prove  the  author  to  have  adored  (not  the 
vifible  material  fun,  but)  that  divine  and  incomparably  greater  light, 
to  ufe  the  words  of  the  moft  venerable  text  in  the  Indian  fcripcure, 

8  which 


'ShscqwCs  latiji  Travils  tn  Dacia  and  Sarmatta*       SS^ 

which  illumines  allf  delights  all,  from  which  all  proceed,  to  which  all 
jDiiil  return,  and  which  alone  can  irradiate  (not  oar  vifual  organs 
merely,  but  our  fouls  and)  our  inte]Ie6ls.' 

In  this  eloquent  piece  of  criticifm,  the  defe£^s  of  the  Indian 
legiflation  are  pointed  out  with  equal  penetration  and  candour: 
but  we  mud  fubtradl  fomething  from  the  praife  which  it  be* 
ftows ;  nor,  to  a  fyftem  which  condemns  a  fourth  part  of  the 
human  fpecies  to  a  ftate  of  hereditary  and  irredeemable  flavery, 
ihall  we  cafily  concede  the  epithet  of  benevolent. — 1  he  in- 
quifitive  fpirit  of  an  enlightened  age  has  never,  perhaps,  pro- 
duced a  more  genuine,  or  a  more  curious,  monument  of  re<» 
mote  antiquity ;  yet,  were  not  its  claim  to  this  appellation  in« 
difputably  proved  by  extrinfic  evidence,  we  (hould  have  imagin- 
ed that  a  long  progreflion  ot  ages  muft  have  preceded  a  date  of 
fociety  fo  widely  divergent  from  that  fimplicity  of  dogma,  that 
equality  of  condition,  and  that  independence  of  manners,  whicb 
mud  have  preceded  all  religious  and  civil  inftitutions. 

Of  the  ftyle,  fufiice  it  to  fay  that  it  has  attained  a  degree  of 
excellence  which  we  have  feldom  wicncfled,  in  tranflations  pro^ 
feflcdiy  verbal. 

Art.  XXII,  HacquetV  neuefle  Phyjskali/cb  politij'cbe  rtifen^  8cc» 
i.e.  Hacqubt's  laceft  Phyfical  and  Political  Travels  through 
Dacia  and  barmatia,  from  1789  to  1795.  4  Vols.  8 vo.  Nurem- 
berg.    1790— -1796. 

Xif  UCH  infight  into  the  chara,£ter  of  an  author,  and  the  na* 
^^  ture  of  his  work,  may  fometimes  be  gained  from  a  few 
of  his  introdu£lory  obf'ervations  and  remarks ;  and  we  think 
that  this  is  the  cafe  in  the  prefent  inftance.  In  the  preface  to 
cue  of  the  volumes,  the  author  obferves  that 

'  It  is  needlefs  to  defcribe  minutely  what  muft  be  endured  by  him 
whoy  for  the  fake  of  obfervaiion  in  natural  hiilory,  traverfes  the  bor- 
ders of  different  countries,  tWe  natives  of  which  are  panly  or  altoge* 
ther  barbarous.  How  often  have  I  been  interrupted  in  my  refearchet 
by  dangers  that  threatened  my  life  !  It  is  but  juft  to  avow  that,  in 
every  critical  fituation,  I  have  been  more  obliged  to  the  female  thaa 
the  male  (ex  ;  and  this  readinefs  to  ailift  the  diflrefled  does  honour  to 
their  maternal  tendernefs  of  heart.  From  experience,  both  during 
my  travels  and  when  I  have  been  (lationaxy,  I  have  been  made  fenfi- 
ble  of  the  wifdom  of  the  Chinefe  precept:  "  If  it  be  faid  that  two 
mounuins  have  come  together,  thou  mayeft  believe  it :  but  if  thoa 
ihouidd  be  told  that  the  charader  of  individuals  has  changed,  then 
withhold  thy  faith."  As  e}^ery  country  affords  proof  of  thb  grcac 
truth,  and  yet  perions  of  all  degrees,  from  the  greateft  monarch  to 
the  meaneft  fubjefl,  fuflTer  from  inattention  to  it,  can  we  wonder  that 
{o  many  minji  are  foured  towards  their  own  fpecies  by  fucceffive  im« 
pofitioiu  !  I  have  met  with  many  fuch  charaAcrsj  but  could  never  re. 

f  p  4  move 


552      Hacquef  1  hiifl  Travih  in  Doiia  and  S^mmHuu 

move  the  diftraft  which  they  harboared.  A  miianthrope  of  this  da& 
faid  to  me  one  day,  '<  if  thou  couldft  prove  to  me  that  tboa  art  ado^ 
inftead  of  a  man,  I  would  place  confidence  in  thy  fidelity  ;  odiennfe 
cxcufe  me." 

Dr.HACQUET  then  proceeds  to  inform  us  that  he  ferved  in  the 
feven  years'  war  as  *  foldier  and  phyfician,'  and  that  he  fpcot 
twenty  years  in  the  Ukraine,  <  for  the  fake  of  natural  hiftory/ 

Thefe  circumftances,  as  ue  have  already  obferved,  illuftrite 
the  feelings  and  charadter  of  the  writer,  which  have  not  beea 
ivithout  their  influence  on  his  work.  In  the  fentinnents,  we 
frequently  remark  a  degree  of  caufticity  :  but  ftill  it  is  widi 
pity  rather  than  with  hatred  that  his  farcaf^ic  vein  appears  to 
flow  ;  and,  as  might  be  expe£led  fr^m  a  wandering  humourifi, 
he  declares  himfelf  a  great  enemy  of  fyftems.  His  book  be- 
ipeaks  uncommon  aftivity  both  of  body  and  mind. 

The  Dr.  feems  to  have  furveyed  the  wild  confines  of  Poland, 
Hungary,  and  the  1  urkifh  kmpire,  by  appointment  of  ttte 
Auilrian  government.  His  obfervations  take  a  very  wide 
range  ;  extending  to  botany,  chemiftry,  mineralogy,  oecono- 
mics,  and  Jlatijiics.  He  reports  with  efpecial  care  the  nature 
of  the  foil ;  and,  indeed,  no  iuconfiderable  part  of  his  volvipcs 
is  occupied  by  information  on  this  head.  The  particulars 
ihould  come  under  the  confideration  of  the  jtgricuUurat  B§ard^ 
Vienna,  if  fuch  an  inflitution  exift  :-*but  the  foreign  reackr 
will  only  regret  that  di(lri«Sls  of  fuch  di(lingui(hed  beauty  ind 
fertility*  fhould  have  been  allotted  to  fo  ferocious  and  depra^ 
a  race  as  their  prefent  occupiers. 

ni'hefe  volumes  would  have  been  found  more  agreeable,  if, 
inflead  of  printing  them  at  four  different  periods,  the  author 
had  referved  his  notes  till  the  conclufion  of  his  travels,  and  had 
given  the  whole  in  a  continued  narrative.  His  informatioa 
concerning  the  fame  place  is  now  difperfed  in  different  volumes; 
an  inconvenience  occafioncd  by  his  having  repeatedly  traverfed 
the  fame  ground.  On  this  account,  without  obferving  the 
fucceflion  of  his  pages  and  volumes,  we  (ball  feledi  iioiR  the 
narrative  fuch  pail'ages  as  we  deem  mo(^  acceptable  to  the  in- 
telligent Lnglifh  reader.  It  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  in  this 
place,  that  the  fcene  of  our  traveller's  obiervations  will  he  found 
on  or  near  that  branch  of  the  Carpathian  mountains  which  di- 
vides Poland,  Gallicia,  and  Moldavia,  from  Hungary  and 
Siebenburgen. 

For  our  firft  extrafl,  we  fliall  take  part  of  his  account  of  i 
tribe  of  (laliician  mountaineers: 


•  Near  Caiufchary,  for  exainple,  on  the  Pruili,  the  Coniatm  iJ/j*-a- 
iiUum  L  grew  to  the  height  of  12  feet  and  above.  In  other  pans  of 
Moldavia,  J)r,  H.  obferved  vegetable  prcduCiUoos  equally  Inxoriatc 

•  la 


Hacquet'i  lateft  Travels  In  Dflcia  and  Sarmatia*       553 

*  In  the  little  mountainous  village  Chorofzowa,  (fays  he,)  we  &t^ 
fell  in  with  the  mountain  Ruffians  or  true  Pocutians.  Thefe  people 
and  their  neighbours  wear  a  round  pendant  cap  of  black  lamb-ikin. 
About  the  neck  they  have  a  leather  thong,  blackened  with  greafe* 
on  which  is  ftrung  a  number  of  brafs  crofles,  of  different  fizcs,  witk 
other  pieces  of  the  fame  material,  and  of  equal  value.  The  more  a 
youth  is  harnefled  wi:h  ihefe  toys,  the  more  is  he  in  favour  with  his 
miltrefs.  The  married  men  have  fewer,  or  perhaps  but  one  each  i 
but  frequently  this  necklace  covers  the  whole  ched  of  the  former,  and 
weighs  leveral  pounds.  Ac  firfl  fight  1  was  reminded  of  the  favaget 
of  the  South  Sea  iflands.  No  Pocucian  is  ever  without  his  axe,  and 
it  is  kept  remarkably  keen.  He  lleeps  with  it  under  his  head;  at 
church,  and  in  all  his  diveriions,  he  bears  it  in  his  hand;  that  he 
may  always  (land  prepared  to  give  an  adverfary  his  quietus. 

'  In  their  dances,  five  or  (ix  pairs  dance  in  a  circle  round  the  bag* 
pipe  player,  each  man  holding  his  partner  by  the  hand.  At  timet 
they  take  the  girls  round  the  waill  with  the  left  hand,  and  with  tlie 
other  tofs  the  axe  aloft  over  her  head.  Meanwhile,  both  of  then 
bound  to  a  wonderful  height,  and  the  man  catches  the  falling  axe. 
1  hey  occaiionally  mix  a  fpecies  of  leap-frog  with  the  dance;  and  the 
man  then  alfo  flings  his  axe  fathoms  high  in  the  air.  in  cafe  of  awk« 
wardnefs,  the  weapon,  by  its  weight  and  fharpnefs,  is  well  calculated 
to  cleave  any  head  on  which  it  may  chance  to  aiight»  but  this  feldom 
happens ;  at  lead  while  the  company  is  fober.' 

A  dancing  party  is  exhibited,  with  the  accompaniment  of 
llying  axes,  in  a  vignette  in  the  third  volume.— Our  author^ 
i^ho  was  prefent  at  the  ferocious  feflivities  of  a  wedding-day, 
relates  an  anecdote,  illudrative  of  the  manner  in    which  the 
marriage  contra£l  is  obferved  among  this  people.     The  wed* 
ding  dmner,  he  fays,  is   always  highly  frugal.     A  morfel  of 
meat,  bread,  butter,  and  cheefe,  with  brandy,  make  the  whole 
bill  of  fare.    The  dancing  was  kept  up  all  day  in  the  open  air* 
'  '  I  was  at  firfl  not  a  licde  alarmed  at  the  danger  which  attended  it. 
J  had  never  yet  feen  an  indance  of  men  bearing  arms,  on  an  occafioa 
from  which  one  might  expe<ft  all  fufpicion  would  be  banifhed.     Widi 
my  companion,  a  ludy  young  warden  of  the  fored,  I  continued  to 
look  on   till  dufk.     I  was  mod  pleafed  with  a  young  woman,   who 
bounded  with  adoniihing  agiJity.     A  peafant  obfcrving  this,  flyly 
afkcd  me  which  of  the  women  dancers  I  liked  bed.   I  pointed  her  oat» 
•*  Good,    (relumed  he,)   thou  Ihalt  have  her  home  with  thee.**— 
*'  What  will  her  hufl)and  fay  to  thatT'— •*  Nothing,  for  I  am  her 
hufband."     He  then  took  her  out  of  the  circle,  and  gave  her  into 
my  hand ;  by  which  die  feemed  much  gratified.     I  afked  my  guide* 
in   German,    what  this   meant;    whether  it  were  jed  or   earnefU 
"  Downright  earned:  you  mud  not  Hight  the oBTer.     They  would 
take  it  extremely  ill ;  and  you  fee  that  they  are  much  in  liquor."     I 
then  departed  with  my  lady  for  her  cabin  ;  the  hufband  politely  re- 
maining where  he  was ;  and  indeed  he  probably  had  another  engage- 
ment.     Feigning  ignorance,  1  made  the  lady  a  prefent,  adding,  with 
all  the  civility  ot  which  I  was  mader,  that  I  mud  then  take  my  leave* 

at 


554       IJ^uet*/  Utifi'  Travils  in  Dacia  ami  SamuuU* 

as  I  was  .weary  with  my  journey,  but  would  viiit  her  again  on  tlte 
next  day  ;  and  with  this  excufe  I  came  off  pretty  well.  My  conpa. 
nions  rambled  all  night  with  the  women,  about  the  Mocds,  and  through 
the  hamlets.' 

A  fa<5t  contained  in  the  following  paragraph  is  more  io* 
tereftingy  and,  as  related  by  a  phyfician^  appears  to  deferve 
credit.     It  rcfpcfls  the  fame  tribe  ; 

•  They  do  not  tolerate  any  Jew  in  the  mountain.  A  bloodfocker 
of  this  denomination  once  fettled  among  them  :  but  they  foon  got  rid 
of  him ;  and  no  other  has  fmcc  ventured  on  the  experiment.  1  found 
thefe  poor  peopie  hofpitable  with  what  little  they  have.  They  will 
liave  nothing  to  do  with  cither  phyficians  or  lawyers.  Diet  is  their 
cure,  and  the  tongue  or  the  fift  fettles  their  difputes.  Were  the?  not 
fo  immoderate  in  their  amours,  they  would  know  little  or  nothing  of 
difeafe,  but  commonly  clofe  their  days  by  a  natural  death.  Ihe  ao- 
men  want  no  afliHancc  in  their  labour.  1  have  been  in  one  of  their 
cabins  when  the  pains  have  come  on,  and  I  have  waited  purpofely  liJ 
after  delivery.  On  aflcing  one  woman  whether  (lie  wanted  no  female 
to  affift  her,  "  oh  no,"  was  the  anfwer ;  "  that  is  quite  necdlcfs." 
The  whole,  in  faft,  was  over  in  half  an  hour.  The  woman  was  deli- 
vered in  a  corner  of  the  cabin,  (landing ;  and  the  child  fell  to  the 
ground  on  a  little  hay.' 

However  flrong  and  violent  may  be  the  author's  prejudices 
againft  the  Jews  in  Gallicia,  his  information  deferves  ihe  at- 
tention as  well  of  the  moralift  as  of  the  politician.  In  number, 
if  they  do  not  ftand  to  the  other  inhabitants  in  the  fame  relatioa 
as  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland,  their  proportion  is  exceed- 
ingly large.  In  Lcmberg,  the  capital,  among  40,000  fouls, 
they  number  15,000  Jews;  and  in  the  whole  country  above 
200,000  cut  of  fomewhat  more  than  two  millions.  As  if  to 
averg^  the  wrongs  which  their  anceftors  fufFercd  in  the  dark 
ages,  they  tyrannize  over  their  fellow-citizens  as  the  patriciaos 
tyrannized  over  the  plebeians  of  Rome,  witb^  a  rod  of  gold ; 
and — which  is  fingular — they  compofe  the  privileged  orJer  ia 
Gallicia.  *  Once,'  (fays  the  author,)  *  as  Jofeph  11.  was  look- 
ing  out  from  a  window  on  the  public  place  at  Lemberg,  he 
afked  a  member  of  the  adminiftration,  what  was  to  be  done  vi:b 
tbife  ragamuffins?  **  Lcflcn  their  number."  '*  That  wili'tn* 
jure  the  revenue.** 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  moft  flriking  particulars,  by 
which  Dr.  H.  illullrates  the  craft,  the  infolence,  and  the  un- 
merciful dealings  of  this  divifion  of  the  Hebrew  race.  In  1 793, 
when  by  the  conditions  of  peace  fome  territory  was  to  be  ccced 
by  Auftria  to  the  Porte,  the  Jews  farmed  the  revenue.  Wuh 
the  afliflance  of  the  troops,  they  gathered  the  taxes :  but  for 
every  (hilling  that  was  due,  they  extorted  a  crown.  The 
grievances  which  they  created  were  fo  enormous^  that  the  ad  • 

mioiiciauoa 


Hacquct*j  lot  eft  Travels  in  Dacia  andSarmatios       555 

miniftration  at  Vienna  was  at  length  obliged  to  interfere;  and 
the  extortioners  were  brought  to  make  fome  reftitution  :  but 
they  contrived  to  reimburfe  themfelves  by  profecuting  the 
Auftrian  treafury  ;  which,  as  our  author  aflures  us,  gains 
fcarcely  two  law-fuits  in  100.  The  Jews,  it  feems,  hoped 
that  change  of  mafters  would  deprive  the  people  of  redrefs,  for 
grievances  experienced  jull  before  that  event  happened.  In  the 
towns, religious  animofity  gives  occafion  to  extraordinary  fcene^. 
The  Jew  is  at  perfe£l  liberty  to  pradlifehis  rites  in  the  ftreet  as 
well  as  in  the  fynagogue.  When  it  happens  that  their  carnival 
(pafibver  ?)  coincides  with  Gooc?-Friday,  they  are  feen  running 
mafked  through  the  ftreets,  and  mocking  the  Catholics,  who 
are  going  in  folemn  devotion  to  church  ;  and  on  £a(ler-Sun- 
day,  to  taunt  the  Chriftians,  the  women  place  themfelves  at  the 
door  with  their  work,  though  they  feldom  take  it  in  hand  on 
other  dayf.  The  Chriftian  is  thus  brow-beaten,  becomes 
lukewarm,  and  at  length  negle£ls  his  religious  obfervances« 
Even  the  pritft  prefers  going  privately  to  adminifier  extreme 
unSion,  in  order  that  be  may  not  fufFer  infult.  It  is  often, 
however,  impoflible  to  get  rid  of  the  intruder.  The  Chrif* 
tian's  poverty  compels  him  to  lodge  with  the  Jew ;  and  the 
prieft  not  lefs  than  the  patient  is  his  debtor.  Dr.  H.  aflures 
us  that  it  is  a  prad^ice  among  the  Jews  to  watch  the  labourers, 
as  they  come  from  church,  in  order  to  entice  them  to  their 
gin*fliops  :  in  confequence  of  which,  an  ordinance  was  iflued 
that  no  ftrong  liquors  ihould  be  fold  in  trulV,  and  then  that 
no  Jew  fhould  keep  a  public- houfe.  The  latter  regulation 
occafioned  the  emigration  of  10,000  perfons  in  a  fingle  year. 
How  thofe,  who  remained,  yielded  obedience  to  the  law,  ap- 
pears from  the  following  anecdote : 

•  In  all  Gallicia,  fince  the  r/-wW/Vtf//«;i of  property*,  there 
have  fettled  only  three  Germans,  proprietors  of  land.  One  ^f 
thefe,  on  taking  pofl*eflion,  tried  to  prevent  a  Jew  from  felling 
liquors  on  his  eftate.  The  Jew  refifted,  faying,  **  By  the 
beard  of  Aaron  !  I  can  count  down  1000  good  dollars;  what 
Chriftian  can  do  as  much  ?'*  The  German  replied,  "  I  (hall 
be  fined  if  I  let  you  go  on  here.**  The  Jew  laughed  ;  and  the 
conference  ended  by  his  entering  into  an  indemnifying  bond  to 
the  amount  of  300  ducats.' 

The  author  has  annexed  a  curious  table  of  the  Jewifli  popu- 
lation, which  progreflively  increafed  till 

1786,  when  it  amounted  to  -         -         •         215,487. 

It  now  for  fome  time  decreafed,  becaufe  a  tax 
was  laid  on  Jewifti  marriages :  but  this  being 

♦  In  confequence/  wc  foppofc,  of  the  Turks  being  difpoflcflcd  of 
^  territory.    Rgv. 

taken 


55^       Hacquet*/  latefl  Travels  in  Dacia  and  Sarmatlm* 

taken  off,  many  returned,  and  fometime  in 

1787,  they  were  -----        210,89s. 

Jofcph  II.  now  ordered  them  to  be  enrolled 
for  military  fervice,  when  they  emigrated  in 
numbers,  and  in 

1788,  were  reduced  to  .         -         -  .         I99»735- 
1790,            -            -            -            -           -  i88,0C2. 

Leopold  reflored  their  exemption,  and  in 
1793  they  incrcafed  to  -         200,000,  if  not  to  210,000. 

*  Often,  (fays  Dr.  H.)  did  the  peafanrs  fjy  to  me  with  a 
figh,  •*  Ah!  how  happy  is  Meinherr  Jew!  whofe  fens  cannot  he 
torn  from  him  to  bijhot  ?" — The  philofophy  of  the  whole  hiftorf 
of  the  Gallician  Jews  feems  to  be  this.  Antiently,  they  found 
it  cffcntial  to  their  cxiftence  to  oppofe  oppreCion  by  fraud. 
The  acquired  habits  were  continued  from  generation  to  gene- 
ration ;  and  now  individuals,  being  fupported  by  the  general 
mafs,  (for  we  are  informed  that  they  are  actuated  by  a  firong 
fpirit  of  clanOiip,)  and  their  wealth  being  a  convenience  at 
once  to  prince  and  people,  have  an  ample  field  for  prac* 
fifing  the  arts  which  they  learned  in  the  fchool  of  perfecution. 
The  follQwing  fad  will  corroborate  this  theory,  if  to  any  ooe 
it  Ihall  appear  queftionable.     P.  227. 

•  Some  Jews  propofed  to  Jofeph  II.  to  cftabliih  a  company  wth  a 
royal  charter  for  the  fale  of  ialt,  on  condition  that  a  certain  (hare  of 
the  furplus  profits  (hould  go  to  the  contra6tors.  Jofcph,  ^wbo  thought 
np  harm,  confented  ;  efpecially  as  it  lay  much  at  heart  with  h^ia  to  i*)- 
creafe  his  revenue  by  foreign  gold.  What  now  do  the  Jews?  To 
increafe  the  demand,  it  was  neccflary  either  to  make  an  alteration  la 
the  prke  of  the  article,  or  to  furnifh  a  Better  commodity.  The  firtl 
was  difficult :  the  latter  a  furer  n>eafure.  While  the  falc  cor.tinord 
oj)cn,  the  impure  fait  had  been  exported,  mixi-d  in  a  certain  propor- 
tion with  the  pure  or  Zibic  fait.  As  foon  as  the  Jews  got  the  bafi- 
neia  into  their  own  hands,  they  prohibited  the  exportation  of  rheio- 
pure  fait:  but  what  was  to  be  done  with  the  quantity,  neceflahlf 
raifed  every  year  out  of  the  mines  at  Wielicza  and  Bochnia?  An  ordi- 
nance was  iilucd,  fcrbidding  the  people  of  the  furrounding  dijiri^tsio 
CJallicia  to  buy  any  but  the  impure  fait.  I'bus  the  poor  peataotry 
were  obliged  to  eat  a  quantity  of  fand  with  their  food^  which  brought 
many  a  iine  fellow  to  his  grave  by  an  atrophy.* 

PafBng  over  the  various  analyfes  of  mineral  fprings  which 
the  author  finds  on  his  route,  his  noiices  of  fait- works,  and  cf 
obje^ls  lefs  interetting  at  a  diftance,  we  (ball  proceed  to  extnd 
a  few  more  fuch  fa£ls  as,  if  authentic,  may  be  deemed  worthy 
of  general  curiofity. 

At  Sireth  or  Serct,  a  town  in  Bucowiva,  or  Imperial  Molda- 
vl»y  the  author  remarked,  in  a  family  belonging  to  the  ooblcfle 


Hacquet^j  latejt  Travels  in  Dtacia  and  Sarmatia^         557 

of  the  province,  that  all  the  children  had  a  dark  gipfey  com- 
plexion, though  the  parents  were  themfelves  perfeflly  fair:' 

'  On  afliing  the  mother  how  (he  came  to  bear  fuch  Avarthy  child* 
ren»  (he  told  me  that  they  all  came  fair  ioto  the  world,  bat  were  fuckled 
by  a  gipfey  narfe,  from  whom  they  had  their  prefent  coloor.  This 
woman  had  adlually  the  youngell  of  (ix  children  at  the  bread ;  and  k 
was  not  yet  fo  dark  as  it  would  be  after  fome  time.  In  aboat  20 
years t  this  hue  gets  coniiderably  lighter,  though  it  never  quite  difap- 
pears.  In  fa£t,  a  difference  of  (hade  was  obfervable  on  the  different 
children,  tlie  elder  beiDg  fairer.' 

Could  thenurfe  have  tinged  the  (kin  by  any  external  applica* 
tion  ?  This  is  not  likely,  becaufe  the  ^dden  change  would  have 
excited  fufpicion.  We  have  been  a(rured  that  the  milk  of  ne- 
groe  nurfes  produces  no  fuch  tSc&y  in  the  Weft  Indies,  on  the 
progeny  of  whites. — Should  this  effc<5l  of  gipfeys'  milk  prove 
puzzling  to  the  anthropolopjls^  the  following  particular  will 
perhaps  be  equally  fo  to  the  veterinarians. 

*  At  Roman  in  Moldavia,  a  town  confiding  of  fome  hundreds  of 
hoafes,  I  learned  (fays  Dr.  H.)  a  new  method  of  treating  jaded 
horfes.  It  was  a  hot  day,  and  we  had  performed  a  long  journey. 
One  of  our  bed  horfes  fell,  and,  as  we  could  not  wait,  we  gave  him  up 
for  loft.  The  blackfmith,— -who,  as  is  univerfally  the  cafe  in  Mol- 
davia, was  a  gipfey,— gave  us  confolation  by  promi(iDg  to  fct  the  ani- 
mal perfedlly  up  \n  a  quarter  of  an  hour ;  and  he  adually  performed 
his  promife.  He  merely  fcooped  out  from  each  upper  eye- lid  a  gland, 
the  (ize  of  a  hazlcnut.  The  hoffe  was  not  bled  ;  nor  were  any  other 
means  whatever  employed,  whence  a  doubt  might  arife  as  to  the  ei&- 
cacy  of  the  praf^ice  :  Yet  whatphyfician  will  condderit  as  adequate  i* 

During  30  years  of  travels  among  high  mountains,  our  a^ithor 
had  frequent  opportunities  of  obferving  the  deformity  termed 
bronchocele,  Dcrbyfliirc  neck,  or  (in  the  languageof  the  (how- 
bills)  the  monjirous  craw.  Accordingly  (vol.  iv.  p.  125.)  it  fur- 
nifhes  a  fubjeft  for  20  pages  of  letter-prefs :  in  which  it  is  af- 
fertcd  that  me  difeafe  is  only  found  on  mountains  of  a  particu- 
lar fpccic?.  •  At  prefent,  (continues  our  traveller,)  when  I  ar- 
rive at  an  elevated  country,  I  can  fay  beforehand— /A^  inhabit" 
ants  will  [or  will  not'\  be  infejied  with  this  malady — and  this 
without  paying  any  regard  to  their  mode  of  lite/— M.  de 
Saujfure'%  obfcfvation,  that  thofe  who  have  no  CitAW  at  10  yeart 
of  age  efcapefor  life^  is  contradicted. 

•  In  certain  kinds  of  mountains,  (fays  Dr.  H.)  neither  age  nor  fex 
is  fpareJ.  I  have  feen  children  afFeded  in  their  eariielV  infancy,  and 
perfons  50  years  old,  who  had  nothing  of  this  tumour,  acquire  it,  by 
removing  to  a  fituation  in  which  it  is  endemic.  I  have  alfo  fcen-the 
bronchoceie  propagated,  after  the  parents  had  migrated  to  a  country 
in  which  it  is  not  known.  The  children,  however,  in  this  cafe,  had 
net  fo  large  a  tumour.     In  under.^anding  they  had  improved :  thev 

loft 


558        ETacquet'/  latifl  Travels  in  Daaa  and  Sdrmatta. 

loft  the  idiotic  involuntary  laugh ;  and,  in  the  fecood  generitionB  the 
affedlion  had  altogether  difappeared.'— -'  The  caafe  of  the  fwelliBg 
and  induration 9  not  only  of  the  thyroid  bnt  of  other  gUnds  in  tbe 
iaecb:»  lies  in  the  water  of  which  the  people,  who  are  liable  to  the  coa- 
plaint,  daily  drink  *.  If  the  mountains  or  the  foil  coaimoDicate  to  the 
waters  fuch  earthy  particles  as  can  neither  be  diflblved  nor  decom- 
pounded in  the  body,  the  confequence  is,  that  thefe  particles  ftop  a 
chofe  organs  of  which  the  vefliels  are  deficient  in  tone«  i .  / .  in  the 
glands*' 

This  is  forry  pathology  ;  and  the  hypothefis  is  the  more  to 
be  fufpeded,  as  it  feems  to  have  been  fuggeftcd  by  the  patho- 
logy. A  fad  refpeding  the  village  of  Netfch  is  more  to  tbe 
purpofe.  ^  All  the  furrounding  high  hills  are  calcareous:  but 
lower  down  is  a  fmall  elevation  of  trapp,  whence  i/Tues  a  dear 
fpring,  that  produces  the  bromhocele  in  man  and  beaft.* — The 
author  obferves  farther,  that  the  cretins  are  not  univerfaDj 
idiots ;  and  that  in  Gratz,  and  other  places  of  Stiria,  idiotcy  is 
generally  independent  of  this  deformity.  In  the  Sketch  $f 
GratZy  it  is  aflertcd  that  there  is  fcarcely  a  houfe  in  that  city, 
in  which  one  at  leaji  of  thc^  children  is  not  an  idiot.  ^  Now, 
though  they  have  no  y\fi\At  goitre^  we  may  be  Aire  that  many  of 
their  glands,  particularly  thofe  of  the  neck,  are  obf^rufied.  I 
have  had  many  opportunities  of  examining  fubje<^s  of  this  litter 
kind  in  the  Alps,  and  have  frequently  found  the  vei&ls  of  tbe 
brain  and  the  upper  part  of  the  jugular  veins  enlarged,  the  ven- 
tricles of  the  brain  more  than  ufually  filled  with  water,  tbe 
tongue  thick,  and  the  mufcles  flabby.  I  am  forry  that  I  could 
not  make  analytical  experiments  on  the  hardened  glands  of  tbe 
neck.' — It  alfo  refults  from  the  ftatement  before  us,  that  vaft 
calcareous  trades,  mountainous  and  plain,  are  without  this  de- 
plorable and  unfightly  malady  ;  and  that  its  remote  caufe  isiliO 
problematical :  though  it  would  every  where  appear  to  have  a 
local  caufe. 

Of  the  many  ceconomical  obfervations  that  occur  in  this 
work,  which  perhaps  conOitute  its  chief  value,  we  will  prefeot 
our  readers  with  a  fpecimen.  Speaking  of  the  domeftic  ani- 
mals  of  Moldavia,  Dr.  H.  obferves : 

'  Befides  the  wool,  a  confiderable  advantage  from  the  fheep  coo- 
iids  in  the  cheefe  furniihed  by  their  milk,  and  in  the  fkins  as  well  of 
the  young  as  of  the  old.  Thefe  animals  are  ufed  for  Tartarian  and 
Polilh  caps>  and  are  much  valued.  They  are  taken  from  the  ewes 
juft  before  yeaning  time.  The  unborn  lamb  is  beautifully  variegated 
with  pink  or  rofe  colours.  A  rich  Polander  will  pay  20  ducau,ornK>re, 
for  a  fmall  ikin  of  this  kind.  Moil  of  them,  however,  are  feni  to  Af- 
tracan,  into  Turkey,  or  to  Perfia.     In  general,  they  are  black  or  lib- 

*  So  far  preceding  writers  have  gone  in  their  bypothefes* 


HacquetV  hteft  Travits  in  t>cda  and  Sarm'atla.        559 

grey.  It  is  certain  that  the  Tartarian  and  Moldavian  onyearied 
lambs  yield  the  finefl  fkins  for  lining  or  edging  garments.  Such  (ktn» 
arc  not  only  vtry  agreeable  on  account  of  their  light,  fine,  (hort,  corU 
ine  wool,  but  are  alfo  much  admired  for  their  glofs.  Why  do  the 
hairy  pares  of  animals  appear  more  glofTy  and  beautiful  when  takni 
from  an  animal  thus  prematurely  brought  into  the  world  ? 

'  Sheep's  milk  affords  the  Moldavians  and  Wallachians  a  principal 
part  of  their  fullenance.  The  Kafchkawal  de  muntie,  or  mountain  . 
cheefe,  is  the  beft,  mod  nutritive,  and  mo(l  unalterable  kind.  It  will 
fupport  a  man  well  for  a  long  time  without  bread,  as  we  perfbnaUy 
experienced.  To  make  the  befl  fort,  the  morning's  and  evening'^ 
inilk  is  put  over  the  fire  in  a  copper  kettle.  As  foon  as  it  is  heated 
to  about  145^  of  Fahr.  the  (jze  of  a  hazel  nut  of  the  country  rennet^ 
AfTolved  in  water,  is  poured  in.  The  milk  is  then  kept  conflantly 
fttrring  till  the  curd  comes :  when  the  kettle  is  removed  from  the  fire, 
and  covered  with  a  board  that  it  may  cool  flowly.  The  rennet  is  the 
ftomach  of  thofe  young  lambs,  which,  when  ilaughtered,  have  the 
ftomach  full  of  milk.  Jt  is  faked  and  dried.'  (The  reft  of  the  prc- 
cefs  is  very  common.)  *  This  ufeful  animal,  the  (heep,  is  particu* 
larly  liable  to  difeafes  in  Moldavia.  Befides  the  rot,  they  are  fre* 
quently  attacked  by  a  fatal  jaundice;  and  this  the  natives  impute  to 
the  Caltha  Paluftris^  which  fheep  greedily  devour.' 

Our  author,  however,  conje£):ures  that  this  diforder  may  arife 
from  an  undifcovered  worm,  analogous  to  the  fmjtiola  hipatica 

LiNNAI. 

Dr.  H.  fpeaks  at  fome  length  of  the  beaver  of  Gallicia; 
whofe  quarters  are  much  more  (Iraitened  than  in  fome  farther 
diftant  regions,  by  the  intrufion  of  the  human  race  on  his  folt- 
tudes.  He  alfo  attempts  to  decide  fome  difputed  mineralogtcal 
queftions,  as  the  origin  of  amber  and  of  the  flint  of  chalk-beds* 
The  former,  bethinks,  is' produced  by  coagulation  of  native 
liquid  bitumens  :  concerning  the  latter,  he  takes  up  the  unau« 
thorifed  fuppofition  of  the  change  of  chalk  into  flint !  His  re* 
marks  on  mineralogy  are  in  general  little  fatisfa^ory.  We 
prefer,  infinitely,  M.FJchtel^;  though  the  two  obfervcrs  did 
not  tread  the  fame  ground,  and  though  our  author  accufes  his 
countryman  of  writing  much  of  his  work  from  fpecimens  fent  to 
Vienna  by  M.  Obeli.  Dr.  Townfin^  who  occaGonally  fell  in  witii 
our  author,  and  who  muft  alfo  have  examined  many  of  the  ob- 
jcdis  defcribed  by  M.  Fichtel^  will  probably  throw  light  on  their 
refpe£tive  merits,  in  his  announced  travels  through  Hungary. 

To  the  people  of  this  laft-named  country.  Dr.  HACCiyETim- 
putes  exceifive  ignorance,  pride,  and  indocility.  if  \ye  may 
give  entire  credit  to  him,  they  regard  curious  travellers,  ia 
nearly  the  fame  light  in  which  the  Mohammedans  view  them. 

*  The  author  of  Mineralogical  Obfervations  on  the  Carpathiaa 
Mountains,  in  two  parts.     Svo.     Vienna.     1791. 

He 


560       Scarpa*!  Plans  of  the  Nifvis  of  the  Hearty  &c. 

Hebimfeir,  Hx^Townfon^  zxA  another  Englifli  gentleman, 
leverallj  arretted  ;  and  the  latter  received  much  ill  treatmeot. 

*  Qne  day,  (fays  Dr.  H.)  I  had  with  me  in  my  flody  one  of  the 
firtt  of  the  Hungarian  princes.  Obferving  fome  copper  of  cementi* 
turn*  he  tamed  round  and  faid  to  the  per  Tons  prefenc :  Aye^  'weH^a^a* 
riant  alone  ha^ue  to  boafi  of  a  nuater^  by  njobich  iron  is  turntd  into  C9pptr» 
1  replied,  that  the  very  ipecinoen  before  him  came  from  anoiber  cu-jq. 
try.  He  was  piqued  at  this,  and  declared  that  I  onl)  faid  fo  to  de- 
pnve  Hungary  of  the  honour  of  a  pbaenomenonj  that  was  altt>getuer 
ttiiiqui  in  its  kind.' 

We  muft  now  clofe  our  extrads  from  this  work*  It  feeoii 
to  prefent  a  tolerably  natural  pidure  of  the  rude  nations  that 
inhabit  the  regions  fituated  between  Poland  and  the  Black  bea, 
and  fupplies  fome  remarkable  fadis  concerning  their  produc- 
tions. The  fagacious  reader  will  have  perceived  that  the  autbor 
is  prejudiced  ;  and  he  is  probably  a  little  credulous  alfo.  He 
difcufies  more  points  than  he  illuftrates,  and  perhaps  illuftratei 
more  than  he  fettles;  and  his  ftyle  appears  to  us  embarrailcd  and 
vulgar*.  He  has  added  a  coniiderable  number  of  geographical 
and  other  vignettes,  befides  30  plates ;  of  which  the  greater 
part  exhibit  the  drefles  of  the  tribes  that  he  vifited.  Tbey 
flrike  us  as  fufficiently  uncouth  and  barbarous  :  but  we  are  by 
no  means  fure  that  our  inventoi-s  of  faihions  may  not  borroir 
hints  from  Dr.  H.'s  reprefentation  of  them,  if  it  ihould  hW  in 
their  way. 

Art.  XXIII.  Tahul/g  Neurohgic^ty  &c.  /.  e.  Plates  iJIuflr^tire  of 
the  Anatomy  of  the  Nerves  oK  the  Heart,  of  the  ninth  Pair  of 
cerebral  Nerves  of  the  Brain,  and  of  the  GiofTo.pharyngxjs  and 
Pharyngseus.  By  A.  Scarpa,  ProfcfTv  of  Aratomy  ai  Pavia. 
Large  Folio,  pp.  44.  with  7  fhaded  and  7  linear  Plates.  Paria. 
1794. 

THE  celebrated anatomift  of  Pavia  has  heredcli vered  tothc  world 
a  work  which  will  probably  be  thought,  by  good  judges,  to 
bear  away  the  palm  from  the  moft  fplendid  and  accurate  pub- 
lications of  Walther^  Camper^  and  the  Hunters,  Careful  direc- 
tion, and  fuperior  engraving,  conferred  an  unrivalled  value  00 
the  anatomical  productions  of  the  London  prefs.  Camper  ^^^t^ 
to  the  qualifications  of  an  excellent  anatorr.ilt  the  talents  of  a 
capital  draftfman.  This  power  muft  always  confer  the  fupc- 
riority,  where  other  circumfiances  are  equal  ;  and  the  plates, 
with  which  the  prefent  work  is  enriched,  (hew  Profeflbr 
Scarpa  to  be  alfo  a  mafier  of  the  pencil  \  and  it  is  a  great 

♦  Thefe  qaalities  will  be  vifible  even  in  our  extradls,  which  are  by 
no  means  literally  tranilated.     R{v. 

advanuge 


Scarpa^  Plates  of  the  Nerves  of  the  Hearty  Scd       561 

advantage  that  they  have  all  been  executed  by  an  engraver  of 
fuch  merit  as  AnderlonL 

We  perceive  thai  our  author  has  not  confined  his  laborious 
diflcAions  of  the  nerves  to  a  fingic  fpecies.  The  7th  plate 
belongs  to  comparative  anatomy.  It  exhibits  the  two  furfaces 
of  the  heart,  together  with  their  nerves,  in  the  horfe  and  the 
new-bDrn  calf.  Plate  vi.  exhibits  the  fame  objcfls  in  the  hu- 
man fubje£}.  Plate  i.  (hews  the  ninth  nerve  of  the  brain  J 
Plate  ii.  the  glojfopharyngaus  and  the  pbaryngaus  of  the  8th 
pair.  Plate  iii.  the  cardiac  nerves,  with  their  diftribution  on 
the  ri^ht  fide.  Plate  iv.  the  fame  on  the  left  fide.  Plate  v.  the 
gre<tt  pulmonary  plexus  of  the  8th  pair.  The  adjacent  partf^ 
it  is  to  be  oblerved,  are  reprefented  at  the  fame  time  in  thefe 
fcveral  plates.  /      » 

In  the  introdu<Hion,  and  in  the  explanation,  fome  h&s  and 
opinions,  refpedting  the  animal  ceconomy  in  health  and  in  dif- 
cafe,  are  2:iven.  The  principal  relate  to  the  fenfibility  of  the 
heart.  Various  opinions  are  known  to  have  prevailed  on  this 
fubjedV.  Thus  IFaltber  maintained  the  heart  to  be  the  mOft 
fenfible  of  all  the  mufcics  :  Haller  aOigned  a  blunt  power  >>JiV|f 
of  fcnfation  to  it :  and  Behrtnds  more  recently  denied  it  both 
nerves  and  fenfibility.  The  nerves  he  afcribed  to  the  veifelt 
only,  not  to  the  fubftance  of  this  organ.  To  this  opinion,  after 
feme  remarks  on  the  difference  of  dilhibution  in  man  and  in 
brutes,  Profeflbr  Scarpa  oppofes  the  following fafts.  The  nerves 
of  the  voluntary  mufcles  are  fimilar,  in  all  eUential  qualities,  to 
thofc  of  the  heart.  They  are,  as  in  the  latter  inftajice,  pro- 
portional to  che/ize  of  the  vefitls,  and  accompany  them  ;  they 
finally  ramify  into  a  foft  and  almoft  mucous  fubftance,  and  are 
then  loil.  They  are  indeed  thicker  and  harder  than  the  cardiac 
nerves ;  they  he  loofer  befide  the  arteries,  and  do  not  encircle 
them.  The  cardiac  nerves,  however,  onjy  furround  the  larger 
arterial  branches.  In  trutes,  they  do  not  accompany  the 
fmaller  veflel«,  till  thefe  penetrate  the  fubftance  of  the  heart  it- 
fclf.  The  mufcles  of  the  arm  have  nerves  fo  fmaJI,  that,  at  firft 
fight,  they  would  appear  infufHcient  to  fupply  the  whole  ;  and^ 
vrben  wcdeduit  from  the  nerves  of  the  mufcles  their  hard  and 
thick  coats,  it  becomes  doubtful  whether  the  heart  be  not  in 
hSt  more  plentrfully  fupplicd  than  they  are.  Haller  cnontouQf 
made  an  entire  diftindtion  between  irritability  and  fenfibility^ 
two  properties  clofcly  connected  ;  and  hence  he  reprefented  the 
lieart,  the  mod  irritable  of  the  mufcles,  as  little  fenfible: 
whereas  anatomy  demonllrates  that  the  heart  mud  be  at  leaft 
as  fenfible  as  the  vifcera,  which  are  furniflied  with  nerves  from 
the  felf-fame  fources.  Of  the  heart  it  is  probable  that  it  hat 
exqoifite  feeling,  fincc  its  nerves  are  fo  foft  j  this  at  leaft  muft 

Ap?.  IUv,  Vol.  xxu  Q^q  bm 


56i        Scarpa*!  Plaus  of  the  Nerves  of  the  Hearty  fcc' 

be  true  of  its  interior  fuperficics  where  the  nerves  are  moft 
pulpy,  as  is  likcwife  obfervcd  in  the  ftomach  and  bowAs.  Why 
Ihould  the  heart  be  lefs  fenfible  than  the  kidneys  and  liver,  as  it 
receives  more  nerves  than  thofe  parts?  The  fenfibtlity  of  the 
heart  is  palpable  in  various  difeafcs. 

The  cardiac  nerves  a  A  by  a  power  refident  in   themfeWes. 
They  are  incapable  of  propagating  the  irritation  excited  in  the 
fenforium,  whence  the  heart  does  not  contrafl  when  they  are  fti« 
mulated.      Simple  feeling  (fimplex  fenfatio)  belongs  alfo  to  the 
nerves  of  the  involuntary  mufcles,  and  is  infeparable  from  irri- 
tability  ;  that  which  heightens  this  exalts  Mo  the  former.   The 
nerves  have  an  energy  independent  of  that  of  the  brain.    Hence 
divided  portions  of  mufcle  are  irritable,  and  monflers  without! 
brain  give  fignsof  life,      l^he  voluntary  mufcles  arc  ftimulatd 
to  contraftion  in  a  different  manner  from  the  involuntary.  The 
flimulus  arrives  at  (he  voluntary  from  the  fenforium  by  way  of 
the  nerves  ;  the  others  are  excited  in  a  mechanical  way,  as  hy 
the  blof  d,  &c.     As  the  heart  has  fuch  nerves  only  as  fupport 
its  feeling,  life,  and  flrength,  and  are  befides  independent  of  the 
fenforium,  but  can  act  for  a  time  by  their  own  power,  it  maybe 
underflood  why  this  mufcle  is  not  affe^led  by  a  ftimuius  applied 
to  the  nerves ;  and  why  it  is  capable  of  contraAing  when  the 
nerves  are  tied  cr  cur.     Voluntary  mufcles  are  paralyfed  by 
being  bound  :  yet  the  proper  energy  of  the  nerves  pcoduccs 
motion  when  the  ftimulus  is  applied  below  the  ligature. — The 
increafed  energy  of  the  brain,  however,  in  ftrong  afFe(Elions  of 
the  mind,   produces  eft'edls  on  the  heart,  to  which  no  artificial 
ftimulus  is  e^ual,  and  which  demonftratc  the  ccjinexion  of  this 
vifcus  with  the  fenforium.     The  difference,  therefore,  betweeo 
the  voluntary  and  involuntary  mufclts  is  not  to  be  fought  either 
in  an  abundance,  or  in  a  defed,  of  nervous  fubflance.     The 
nervous  power  extends  over  the  whole  body  :  but  the  influence 
of  the  fenforium  on  the  nerves  is  of  a  triple  kind  :    It  is  abfolute 
and  dirciSl  on  the  voluntary  mufcles,  limited  on  the  organs  of 
rcfpiration,  and  indirect  on  ihe  involuntary  mufcles. 

In  the  explanation,  aiUiCxed  to  thefe  fuperb  plates,  martj 
phyfiological  obfcrvations  occur.  Under  the  firft,  two  medical 
hiilories  are  related,  in  which  the  patients  retained  tbe  tafle, 
though  they  lofl  the  power  of  moving  the  tongue*  Thefe 
cafes  are  cited,  to  confirm  the  opinion  that  the  ninth  pair  of 
nerves  gives  7notion  and  that  the  fifth  gives  tajfe  to  this  organ. 
In  explaining  the  fifth  plate,  the  author  contends,  in  oppofitioo 
to  HalUr  and  others,  that  the  lungs  have  fenfibility.  IJIcersof 
the  bronchia,  pneumonia,  a«d  phthifis  caUulofoy  are  quoted  io 
proof  of  this  opinion  : — but  thefe  inftances  Icem  so  fuggeft  t 
plain  diftin^ion^  by  which  much  Of  the  coatroveiiy  refpediiig 

feofibiiit/ 


V/olPs  Edition  of  Homer.  563 

fenfibility.  and  infcr.fibility  may  be  fettled.  It  is  furely  one 
queftion,  whether  a  part  in  its  ordinary  ftate  have  fenfibiliry;  and 
another,  whether  it  be  capable,  in  the  poffible  changes  of  iti 
condition,  of  acquiring  that  property. 


Akt.  XXIV.  Homeri  Opera  omnia,  ex  nfeterum  CrtiicQrum  Nota* 
tionihuSf  optimorumjue  Exemplariumfde  recenjita.  i^Frid.  Auo. 
WoLFio.     Vol.  1.  II.     8vo.    Halis.     i794>  I79S- 

^V^B  have  already  announced  this  important  publication  to 
^^  the  claffical  reader  ♦  :  the  whole  text  of  the  Iliad  is  now 
before  us,  as  well  as  the  Prolegomena  ;  and  we  can  therefore 
fpeak  with  more  confidence  of  the  merit  of  the  work. 

It  is  now  generally  allowed  that  the  firft  editions  of  antient 
books,  though  often  given  by  men  of  genius  and  learning,  are 
far  from  being  fo  correft  as  they  might  have  been,  had  the 
editors  taken  more  pains  to  difcover  the  various  fources  of 
-emendation  that  flill  exifted  ;  and  had  they  availed  themfelves 
of  fucK  materials,  with  critical  (kill,  to  purify  their  text  from 
the  drofs  and  corruption  which,  in  the  ftream  of  time,  and 
through  the  careleflhefs  of  tranfcribers,  have  neceflarily  conta« 
oiinated  every  work  of  antiquity. 

They  not  unfrequently  gave  their  favourite  author  from  the 
firft  undefcribed  manufcript,  or  manufcripts,  that  fell  into  their 
hands ;  and,  where  they  found  them  manifeftly  vitiated,  they 
•orreded  them  by  grammatical  or  metrical  analogy.  By  pofte- 
rior  editors,  efforts  were  fometimes  made  to  remove  the  errors 
of  the  former,  either  by  the  collation  of  a  greater  number  of 
MSS.,  or  by  more  ingenious  conje£lures:  but,  in  general,  the 
text  remained  the  fame ;  and  even  the  bed  various  readings 
were  rarely  admitted  into  it.  Thus  edition  followed  edition 
with  all  the  faults  of  its  predeceflbrs  on  its  head ;  and,  not 
feldom,  with  an  additional  burden  of  new  errors.  The  fweef 
fongs  of  Zion  have  not,  any  more  than  the  heroic  fongs  of 
Homer,  been  cxen^pted  from  this  misfortune  ;  and,  although 
the  means  of  corre£ling  them  are  many  and  obvious,  no  one 
has  yet  attempted  to  make  the  proper  ufe  of  them,  by  giving  a 
good  edition  of  the  text. 

The  firft  editors  of  Homer  had  few  MSS.  to  furnifli  thenl 
with  authorities,  and  thofe  which  they  had  were  not  of  great 
antiquity :  nor  were  they  folicitoufly  careful  in  making  an  ac* 
curate  and  complete  collation.  The  other  fources  of  emenda- 
tion were  ftill  more  ^eglefied :  even  the  comments  of  iiufta- 
thius  were  not  fufficiently  regarded  ^  much  kfs  fuch  writers  ad 
Apollonius  Dyfcolus,  Hefychius,  and  other  antient  glofTarifls 

•  See  our  laft  Appendix  (Rev.  N,  S.  xx.)  p.  57s. 

Qj\  at       '  ^  and 


564  Wolfi  EJithn  tf/Homcr: 

and  grammarians.  Our  Englifh  Barnes  was  the  firft  wto 
drew  emendations  from  thefe  fprings ;  and  this  is  the  ooly 
merit  which  M.  Wolf  allows  him*.  Clarke,  a  much  better 
grammarian,  was  too  idle  to  fearch  for  corredions  in  old  parch- 
ments,  and  rarely  confulted  even  Euftathius  or  the  ScUtc 
Emefti  did  much  ;  yet  not  io  much  as  he  could  have  done,  i£ 
the  ftores  which  have  fmce  been  difcovetipd  had  lain  before 
him.  The  chief  of  thefe  is  Filloifon's  edition  of  the  Iliad  inm 
two  Venetian  MSS. :  which  work  alone,  in  the  cftimation  of 
the  prefent  editor,  fupplies  a  greater  wzfs  of  ufeful  BMtcriall 
than  all  the  codias  that  have  yet  been  collated.  Since  the  pub- 
lication of  that  work,  five  Vienna  MSS.  have  been  collated  by 
Jltij'  I  and  the  Paullinian  Leipfic  MS.  ufed  by  Ertufii  bas 
been  again  infpecSed,  when  a  confiderable  number  of  varioiit 
readings  were  found  in  k,  which  had  been  unnoticed  by  tbat 
editor. 

From  all  thefe  and  the  more  early  editions,  as  well  as  from 
all  the  fcholiads,  glofiarids,  grammarians,  poets,  and  bifto- 
rians ;  in  fhort,  from  every  mine  which  promifed  the  fmaikft 
particle  of  Homeric  ore  ^  has  the  prefent  edition  of  the  firft  cf 
poets  been  compiled,  with  a  perfevering  labour  that  has  001 
•been  equalled,  perhaps,  fince  books  were  edited.— AL 
Wolf's  defrgn  will  be  bell  exprefled  in  his  own  words  : 

*  Etenim  ilhtd  mi  hi  unuin  propofitum  fitit  pracipu},  ut  text  mm  &mm 
ad  n^rmum  erudita  antiquitutis  emendarem,  alque  eum  verhist  itue^ 
funiiione^  accentibusy  prope  talem  exbiheremy  qualis  ex  recenficwihm  tlx 
probatijjimis  refi^us,  Ji  tun  turn  /per art  fas  ejf,  Lcngino  alicui  feu  sic 
njeteri  Criiico,  qui  copiis  Jlexandrinerum  periu  mcderateque  uti  fdritt 
/atisplacfturusfuijfe*videre:ur,^     P.  xxi. 

The  editor  divides  his  preface  into  two  parts.  In  Part  I.  be 
gives  a  criiiciil  hiftory  of  the  Poems  of  Homer,  from  their  firt 
appearance  to  the  prefent  time.  The  firft  period  of  this  hiftorj 
he  reckons  from  their  origin  (about  950  years  before  Chrift)to 
Pifijlratus,  The  fccond,  from  PifiHratus  to  Zenodoius*  Tbc 
third,  from  Zenodotus  to  Apion,  The  fourth,  from  Apioa  to 
Longinus  and  Porphyry.  The  fifth,  from  Porphyry  to  the  firft 
editor  Demetrius  Chalcondyles,  The  Gxth,  from  that  period  to 
the  time  prefenc.  Before  he  enters  into  this  detail,  however, 
he  takes  notice  of  an  objection  that  may  be  urged  againft  tbc 
uece/Hty  of  ufing  fo  much  pains  in  the  corre£lion  of  a  work, 
.  which  is  {o  rarely  vitiated,  as  the  Poems  of  Homer.  His  an* 
fwer  is  that,  granting  the  common  editions  of  Homer  to  be 

•  *  Ncq^e  iuricn  Barncfius,  catera  iueptits  honiOy  et  parum  eLCCzrctt 
do^lus,  hue  laude  jraudunum    eji,  euin  fuiffe  primum^  qui  ex  mmttqitJ 

fcriptoriLu  aii({:ad  ad  infcqucitium  ujum  expromtret  i  aliqkid  ippL  inen 
ix  bis  fontiiiis  6:z:  :uri^crst,^     F.  x. 

fiifficieody 


WolPj  Edition  of  Homer,  56$ 

fiifficiently  inofftn/tvi^  perfpicuous,  and  elegant,  the  text  is  not 
firom  that  circumftancdalone  to  be  deemed  pur«  and  genuine : 
for  it  is  not  by  elegant  conje£!ures  that  a  genuine  text  is  to  be 
procured,  but  by  the  hiftorical  evidence  of  the  mod  antient 
exeioplars.  If  this  rule  be  once  laid  afide,  there  is  fcarcely  any 
author  who  may  not  with  probability  and  elegance  be  altered 
and  interpolated.  M.  Wolf  gives  four  fpecimens  of  fuch 
interpolation,  namely,  II.  a.  265.  0.  168.  ^.  480.  and 
Odyf.  (L  191.  *  The  firft  twp  (he  fays,)  appear  to  be  good 
and  appofite;  the  third  is  fo  Homerical  and  aptly  coherent,  that 
we  feel  loth  to  pare  with  it ;  and  the  fourth,  with  Clarke's » 
emendation,  is  not  deficient  either  in  harmony  or  fenfe :  yet 
no  one  of  them  is  the  reading  of  Homer.'  *  Hos  igitur  et  ali^ 
guot  alios  verfus^  etfi  minimi  ineptosj  nemo  profe^o  non  rejiculos 
putety  ft  ios  nuper  Khodomannus  fecerit  aut  oarnejius :  at  aftpuU  . 
tts  ingeniis  abhtnc  plura  facufa  profi£fos  non  iicebit  rejicert  P 
Difcen  velim^  quo  jun  nobis  aeteri  retinendi  ftnt  ?*     P.  xxvii. 

There  are  other  vulgar  lc£lions  that  have  indeed  the  autho- 
rity of  the  antients  ;  yet,  as  they  have  not  an  Homerical  com- 
plexion, or  are  incoherent  with  the  context,  or,  in  line,  accord 
not  with  better  copies,  they  may  be  lawfully  reje6l€d.  Such  are 
TiV^ani  ^tXw,  ra  }*  awoiya  Jf%£T;^8e,  II.  a.  20.  changed  into 
hutrou  n  (piX>iv,  ra  r*  ot^rotya  JfXfcrxai;  *:w  into  ov,  II.  ^.  2Q3  ; 
iwo^iov  into  v7rovJ/«ov,  II.  y.  42.  &c. — Nay,  there  are  fome  whole 
Verfcs  fupported  by  the  general  confent  of  exemplars,  which 
found  criticifm  may  fufpedt  of  interpolation.  One  of  thefe  is 
II.  V.  731.  which, — although  it  be  found  in  all  the  collated 
MSS.  (except  one  of  Vienna,)  and,  which  is  remarkable,  even 
in  that  of  Villoifony — yet  feems  incoherent,  and  unworthy  of 
Homer:  accordingly,  Eudathius  telis  us  that  it  was  fabricated 
by  Zenodotus  Mallotes  :  *  Cur  ergo  huic  verfui  plus  auSforitatii 
iribuamuSf  quam  illi  Diofcoridis  Ijocraticiy  quern  Athemeus  affert^ 
poji  \\»  I.  119.  H  oivy  ,a£9i/ajp,  'n  ju'  fjS^axJ/ay  3^60*  a,JTol;..aut 
ftmilibus  apud  alios  confervatis  ?'  P.  xxx — i. 

Here  a  preliminary  queltron  occurs  to  the  editor;  namely, 
whether  the  ufe  of  writing  was  general  in  Greece  in  the  days  of 
Homer  ?  He  fides  with  Wood  and  Meiran,  againlt  the  parti- 
fans  of  Scaliger  and  Salmafius ;  he  explodes  the  ftory  of  the 
Cadmean  alphabet ;  a  fable  clumfily  invented,  and  defended 
with  more  ingenuity  than  force  of  argument ;  and  he  is  of  opi- 
nion that,  although  letters  may  have  been  introduced  into  Ionia 
before  the  days  of  Homer,  they  were  not  in  general  ufe  until 
the  Olympiads. 

Another  queftion  is :  Did  Homer  repeat  his  poems  from 
memory,  or  read  them  from  a  book?  From  memory  alone, 
M.  Wolf  thinks^  and  we  are  inclined  to  his opiiyon.     Indeed 


S66  Wolfj  Edition  of  Homer, 

it  does  not  appear  that  Homer  had  any  knowlege  of  boob  of 
any  kind.  The  two  paflages  that  have  been  fo  often  quocd 
from  his  works,  in  fupport  of  the  oppofite  fentimeot,  are  ckarlj 
ihewn  by  the  prefent  editor  to  be  altogether  irrelevant— 
Homer,  then,  was  a  genuine  minftrel ;  who  compofed  kii 
rbapfodies  like  the  Spanifli  and  Italian  Improvifkiori^  and  fing 
them  to  an  admiring  multitude,  with  the  fame  energy  and  cb- 
thufiafm.  It  is  not  neceflary  to  fuppofe  that  he  repeated  tbe 
vhole  Iliad  together.  Each  rbapfody  was.  of  itfelf  a  complete 
fong,  though  forming  only  a  part  of  the  whole  feriet.  It  is 
lilfo  natural  enough  to  imagine  that  the  bard  himfelf,  inafe- 
frond  or  third  repetition,  might  alter,  enlarge,  or  fubtrafi,  ac« 
cording  to  his  fancy  or  fire  at  that  particular  time;  and  perhapi 
it  is  here  that  we  are  to  fix  the  origin  of  various  readings,  or 
rather  various  fpeakings.  In  the  mouth  of  a  pofterior  mioftrel, 
they  would  probably  undergo  new  changes,  not  always  for  tbe 
better  j^  and  thefe  would  continue  to  multiply,  until  the  rhap* 
fodies  were  committed  to  writing.  The  editor  diftinguifliesa 
firanger's  voice,  for  example,  in  II.  er.  v.  356^368.  This 
whole  pafTage,  he  thinks,  is  frigid,  and  ineptly  placed :  jct  it 
appears  to  be  the  interpolation  of  a  rh^fodift,  and  not  cii 
grammarian. 

Hitherto  all  is  but  ingenious  conjedure:  but  we  now  come  U) 
the  hiflory  of  Homer's  poems,  according  to  the  general  confcn: 
pf  the  Greek  writers.  Lycurgus  is  faid  to  have  firft  brought 
from  Ionia  to  Lacedcmon  the  poems  of  Homer  :  but  M.  WoiF 
doubts  very  much  whether  the  iliad  and  Odyfley,  in  the  fiat: 
in  which  we  have  them,  were  known  to  Lycurgus.  He 
fnight,  however,  have  colle£led  forne  particular  rhapfodirs^  and 
might  have  made  the  Spartans  acquainted  with  them  : — but  ali 
antiquity  tcHifies  that  Pisistratus  was  the  fiift  who  c^n- 
ligned  to  writing  the  poems  of  Homer,  and  arranged  them  in 
the  order  in  which  we  now  read  them.  Subtracting  what  is 
fabulous  in  this  (lory,  which  much  fefemhles  the  fable  ci 
Ariflacus  concerning  the  tranflation  of  the  Bible  into  Greek, 
we  may  join  the  learned  editor  in  afHrming  that,  in  the  reigu 
pf  Pififtratus,  the  poems  of  Homer  were  collected  into  a  b^dy  ; 
though,  perhaps,  neiihcr  accurately  nor  completely,  and 
clout)tlers  with  forne  bafe  alloy  that  was  not  origin^^ily  fouxul 
in  them. 

The  next  period,  from  Pififtratus  to  Zenodotus,  :s  not  iruch 
clearer  than  the  former.  It  was  an  age  of  philolopheis  or  fo- 
phifts  ;  who  either  little  regarded  Homer's  poems,  or  explainei 
them  by  far-fetched  allegories.  Better  treatment  was  in  ft^re 
for  this  divine  bard  in  the  age  of  Pericles.  The  germs  cf  good 
fridcifm  then  began  to  appear,  in  the  waitings  of  Pjodtcu<, 


WolPs  Edition  of  Homer*  5^7 

Eleus  Htppias,  Protagoras,  and  others:  hut,  if  we  may  judge 
from  an  example  of  emendation  made  by  one  of  them,  their 
honefty  was  not  equal  to  their  ability.  Hippias,  the  Thafian, 
changed  a  Woid  in  II.  (3.  i  5.  that  Jupiter  might  not  appear  to 
foretel  a  circumftance  which  was  not  to  happen:  ^  quafi  in 
ceteris  Jupiter  [ecus  ageret  cum  Agamemnone^  quam  Jehovah  cum 
Achabo :  fed  Hippiasj  acumine  artihus  Loyola  dignoy  verbum 
iio/Msv  mutavit  in  oi^ofjiev^  infinitivum  pro  imperativo  accipiendum^ 
at  tranfpofUus  accentus  cuipamfraudis  a  Jove  rejicent  in  Somnium. 
P.  clxviii. 

By  this  time,  the  exemplars  of  Homer  had  begun  to  be  pro« 
pagated  among  men  of  letters.  .  Hence  the  wrath  of  Alcibiades 
againft  a  fchooUmafter,  who  was  found  not  to  be  poiTefTed  of  a 
Angle  rhapfody*,  and  his  admiration  of  another,  who  afTured 
him  that  he  had  Homer  entire.^  and  corrected  by  himfelf^^xxp* 
pofe,  fays  the  editor,  that  there  now  txifted  a  fcore  or  half  a 
fcore  of  fuch  copies,  thefe  muft  neceflarily  have  contained  a  va- 
riety of  leflions;  whether  they  were  taken  from  the  mouths  of 
the  rhapfodifts  or  from  written  copies  ;  and  the  more  the  copies 
were  multiplied,  the  more  numerous  would  the  various  readings 
become  :  nor  need  we  wonder  at  this,  fince  the  facred  books 
of  the  Jews  have  had  a  fimiiar  fate.  If  the  tranfcribcr  were 
bimfelf  a  poet,  he  would  probably  corred  what  he  deen^ed  in^ 
compatible  with  the  rules  of  poetry,  without  being  at  much 
trouble  to  collate  many  exemplars,  even  if  they  had  been  plen- 
teoufly  acceffible.  We  are  by  no  means  to  judge  of  the  critics 
of  thofe  days  by  our  modern  rules :  theirs  was  a  poetical^  ours 
a  fort  o{ diplomatical  critic^e.  Even  Ariftarchus  himfelf  is 
not  amenable  to  thefe  laws. 

It  is  tolerably  certain  that,  before  Zenodotus,  there  were 
eight  different  correSforia  of  the  works  of  Homer:  but  whether 
thefe  were  done  by  any  public  authority,  or  to  gratify  private 
individuals,  or  by  whom  or  in  what  precife  period  they  were 
compiled,  it  is  altogether  uncertain.  The  learned  editor's 
conje6lure  is  extremely  plaufible;  that  they  were  brought  to 
\he  great  library  of  Alexandria,  at  the  expence  of  the  Ptole- 
mies, and  marked  with  the  names  of  the  towns  from  which 
they  canje,  Majftliotica^  Chia,  Jrgiva^  Sinopica^  Sec. — There 
are,  indeed,  two  of  thofe  corre£1oria  itopiuxrtig  afcribed,  one  to 
Antimachus  of  Colophon,  and  the  other  to  Ariftotle.  One  or 
both  of  thefe  may  have  alfo  found  the  way  to  the  Pcolemaean 
library. 

The  boldeft  of  all  Homer's  correfiors  was  Zbnodotus  : 
*  jft  fane  plurima  le^iones  ejus  tamfunt  improbabiles  et  a  tantu 

^  Flut.  in  Alcibia4.  p.  194. 

Q^q  4  tmmiati 


56S  WolPx  Ediiim  of  Homer* 

iemeritate  judicil  profecia^  ut  ita  enundare  vel  tironem  b»d!i  ;»<- 
dfat.'  Great  Indeed  feem  to  have  been  the  licences  which  ihis 
emendator  allowed  bimfelf.  He  often  -expunged  fonac  of  the 
bed  lines,  or  added,  contrafled,  and  contaminated,  at  p:c2- 
fure  :  fuppofing,  however,  that  all  the  faults  imputed  to  him  are 
his  own,  and  not  (at  leaft  fome  of  them)  derived  from  his  pre- 
dcceflbrs;  or  falfeJy  afcribed  to  him  by  the  fchoJiaflf. 

The  next  corrector  of  Homer  was  Aristophanes  of  Br- 
zantium,  the  difciple  of.2^nodotus:  but  he  feems  to  have  la« 
boured  more  in  fixing  what  is  called  grammatical  an^ogy,  and 
in  the  invention  of  points  and  accents,  than  in  ;!mc:nding  ibe 
text. 

The  moft  celebrated  of  all  the  emendators  of  Homer  W2$ 
Aristarchus,  whofe  very  name  became  proverbia!,  as  ih; 
prince  of  critics. 

Arguet  ambigue  diSum,  mutanda  mutahit^ 

Fiet  Ariftarchus.  Hor. 

Whatever  he  deemed  fpurious  in  Homer  wis  reje£led  as  {\izn 
by  fubfequent  editors.  We  are  not,  however,  to  im^t^^inc  that 
his  corrections  were  always  made  on  the  authority  of  exem- 
plars: it  IS  more  probable  that  he  changed,  or  expunged,  tbat 
which  he  himfelf  deemed  unworthy  of  ff omer,  in  the  cop«$ 
that  he  had  before  him  :  hence  Cicero  fays,  jfrijiarchus  H:men 
vtrfum  negate  qutm  non  probat. f^Hcre  the  editor  again  jjftl/ 
remarks  that  the  critical  art,  in  thofe  days,  was  very  ditfrrcnt 
from  what  it  has  been  fince  the  revival  of  letters.  To  give 
our  readcps  his  ideas  on  this  fubjc6^,  wc  will  trai.fcribc  hi$o*n 
words,  as  a  fpecimen  at  once  of  his  ftylc  and  of  his  moJe  of 
reafoning  :  p.  ccxxxiii. 

*  ^*PP^  '^^^  Gragcorum  ncvo,  quamvis  in  minutiis  graniir.a:ld  g:-  ^'J 
cccupatijjimo^  non  potuit  non  viiis  et  trutiiti  honiinis  acuminf  paT'um  J?nj 
babcri  bate  cur  a  libros  di^vidtnd't  in  partes^  praepcntHai  fmnmariat  c^cun 
inter  fe  cemparandi,  iibrnriorum  Mdnd.i  /oi/endi,  'Locubuia  Jign,.  c^^i.s:- 
tioiium  et  accentuum  notandi,  et  Ji  qua  alia  fv.nl  ^  quae  purtim  cji  ntiT.tuT 
Grammatillis.  Ab  bis  diuerjos  conjiat  fu:jje  Graa)ai>iici?>,  ■i^tlx-.m 
it fententiarum  interpretes,  ac  multo  magis  tss,  qui  a  tiCMf:u!Ls  ::J:.  -r.^ 
it  iiohiliorei  Grammatici  vocantur,  Criiicos,  qucrurt  munus  erat ,  ,::.r.  n- 
fatem  et  'pria-ioTrtra,  *veterum/crtptorum  exquirerct  et  Juu  c:.iq::f  v;-.....\*.  /, 
tnaxime  *vero  ^irtutes  illc^um  et  vltia  pcrcenjire^  ut  ^ijccrcnt  u^,c\ ::>::, 
quid  in  i  is  imitoftdam,  quid  *ijeri  5  Jcribenai  Icgih  us  contra-,  i:ifn  cT..:,  J.*: 
ift  *>  tbit  >Jsytii%  «f»cri?»   TToAAij?  irtyortc,  TiXsvTaKir  ir;-,  rrr^a,    ut    cTit  L.itZ'^'* 

non  baec  in  reft  it  uindo  genuine  babitu  librorum  et  in  attcupiis  !;::.■>  utar..}^ 
pccupata  doShina,  Ex  ilia  qui  K^iTJxct  Graccis^  iidem  Latin  is  juJi'f* 
fcriptorum  u/urpantur,  habenturque  in  hoc  numero  *vel  im  priiriis  li,  c-^* 
nemo  dixerit  laborajfe  illudt  ut  manus  auciorum  coUatis  C04inibifs  j4u  re:;  > 
twra  indagarent^  Jicut  Maecius  Tarpa,fabularum  Rotnoi  in  commuJiiMi:^ 
praduftarum  auditor  (jejlimaiorqut. 


WoIPj  ESiion  of  Homer.  560 

*  Tah  igitur  emendatione  'wel  fotius  cen/ura  certarunt  dim  in  Hemero  ft 
quafi  cum  Homero  Critici  omnes,  impellente  ip/a  fraefiantia  Carminum,  ut 
nihil  omittennt,  quo  auger i  ea  pojjet,  et  perftciijjimus  fermonis  et  potticae 
artis  niter  induct,  ^a  in  re,  quo  qui/que  ingenicfior  erat^  eo  pterumqut 
immodeftius  *videtur  nj  erf  at  us  ejje^  textumque  Jaepe  depravajje  corrigcndo. 
Scilicet  is  critico  judicio  maxime  poller  e  putabatur,  qui  opti?num  poet  am 
propria  ingenio  emendare  poterat.  Alii  autem  emcndaticnes  tales  I'd  in 
Comtnentariis  fuis  proponebant  t  'vcl  in  Jcholisy  ex  quibus  mox  ab  auditor ibu$ 
colligebantur.  Tot  am  autem  rem  primo  non  aijplicui£e,  ojiendit  memcratus 
patdlo  ante  litter ator  Atbenienjis,  qui  emtndandi  Homer i  JacuUatem  et  fiu" 
diumfuum  Alcibiadi  *venditabatt  minime,  Ji  quid  'video^  di<ver/um  ab  eo^ 
quod  hie  defcrihimus.  Poft  aliquant 0  quam  Zinodcti  et  aliorum,  in  optimos 
njerfus  et  uni*ver/a  Carmina  grajfantium,  libidinem  uimium  jenjijjent  vetufla 
monument  a, .  ars  ifta  jure  coepit  in  crimen  et  reprehetifionem  modejlorum  et 
prudentium  incurrere,  notarique  a  mult  is  cenforia  intolcntia  et  acerbitas 
et  frigida  cura  rerum  minutijjimarum,  fed  nufquam  hoe  genus  levitatis  et 
audaciae,  quod  hodie  Criticis  objici/olet.  Neque  tamen  ullus  illorum  Crim 
ticoruMt  quod  quidem  conftet^  unquam  ita  *verfatus  ejl  in  textu  tragicorum 
aut  aliorum  recentiorum  poetarum  :  foli  ^ctujliores  urj.d^i  petebantur  omni 
licentia  muiaiionum^  corre^ionum^  interpolationum^  literarum\  ex  quo 
plane  apparet,  earn  licentiam  turn  temporis  non  novamfuij/e^  atque  adeo  ex 
not  a  fortunes  a^ilm  audoritalem  quandam  et  fpecitm  rationts  traxiJfeJ* 

With  one  other  and  fborter  extraft,  wc  (ball  conclude  this 
article  :  p.  ccxliv. 

*  In  tanta  igitur  obfcuritate  iextus  Arifiarcho  antiquioris  valde  efl  ad^ 
tnirandum^  vel  tantillum  adhuc  reperiri  in  Scbo/iis,  ex  quo  de  virtutibus  et 
fvitiis  principis  Criiicorum  judicarc  pofjimus.  In  *virtutibus  ejus  primM 
fuit  acumen  eximium,  quo  grammaticam  rationem  omttcm,  doQrinam  aC' 
centuum  et  reliquam  orthograpbiam  ad  leges  conjlaniis  anaUgiae  con/lit uit, 
Quod  quale  meritum  fuerit  ^  illam,  quam  modo  dixi,  act  at  em  linguae  et 
Zenodoteos  err  ores  recogitanti  clarij/ime  apparebit,  ^id  queer  is  ?  Ah 
Arifiarcho  maxime  repetcnda  funt  initia  omnis  fubtilitatis  grammaticae, 
incognitae  antea  optimis  fcriptoribus,  nee  ah  ipfo  Arijiophanefatis  ac  cur  cite 
invejiigatae,  Neque  'vero  in  gravioribus  tantum  partibus  Grammatices 
aliquid  reliSum  erat  Arifiarcho,  fed  etiam  in  U*viJ/imis  quihufdam,  ut  in 
formarum  difcriminibus  ad  certam  regulam  re-vocandis :  quae  quum  poft 
ilium  ita  per'uulgata  faSlafint,  ut  cum  ipfo  Gracco  fermcfie  nata  ijiacan- 
tur,  fuppares  et  pofiericres  poetae  arguunt,  'vulgo  non  ohfcr^'ata  neque  in 
£cnftanti  ufufuiffe.  Ac  fue runt  dim  hand  dubie,  qui  putarent,  in  prifco 
poet  a  anomala  quaedam  ifiiufmodi  ferenda  effe,  nee  indigna  repetitu,  quat 
ille  ad  praecepta  fua  rigide  mutauerat.  Sed  obfcurius  eft  hoc  totum  genus 
rerum,  quam  ut  hoc  loco  illujirari  que  at,* 

In  our  next  article  on  this  fubjcif},  we  propofe  to  follow  M. 
Wolf  through  his  edition  of  the  Divine  Iliad  :  but  we  cannot 
clofe  thefe  pages  without  remarking,  with  refpeft  to  the  learned 
editor  himfelf,  that  he  writes  without  ftri£l  method,  that  he  is 
often  diffufe,  and  that  he  is  fometimts  obfcure: — but  thefe,  wc 
fear,  are  the  general  faults  of  erudite  critics,  who  feldom  know 
how  to  confine  their  iromenfc  ocean  of  learning  Wijhin  its  pro- 
per boundaries. 

Art. 


(    570    3 

Art.  XXV.  Tables  Portati'ves  ^e  Logarifhmcs,  centnrant  le*.  Lt^^orzih" 
mes  dei  h'cmbres  depuis  \  jysqu^a  108000,  ///  Logariibmts  /rV/  h.^ki 
itTangentes  de ficcnde  en  feconde  pour  Us  cinq  premiers  Drgres^  at  ax  u 
dix/econdes  pour  tous  les  Degres  du  quart  dt  cercU  ;  et  fui'vant  la  w.. 
njelle  Di-vifian  CenteJrmaUt  de  dix  miUieme  tn  diX'tniUieme,  Prsce- 
dees  d^un  DifcQurs  preliminaire  fur  PExplicaiion»  i^V/agey  e:  h  S'.m» 
mat  ion  des  Logarithmes,  et  fur  leur  Application  a  PAfironcmie,  a  U 
Navigation,  a  la  Geometrie — Pratique,  et  aux  CeJcuh  d^Interiu, 
Sui'vies  de  nou*velles  Tables  plus  approachees,  et  de  plujiean  aztra 
utiles  a  la  Recherche  des  Longitudes  en  Mer,  ^c.  Par  F 11  a  k 901$ 
C  A  L  L  E  T .  —  Edition  Stereotype,  grai'ee, /endue,  et  imprimee,  parFirmin 
Didot.  2  Veil,  large  8vo.,  pp.416  in  each.  Paxis.  1795. 
Imported  by  Molioi>  London. 

^^EVER  are  the  human  faculties  fo  fully  difplayed  as  during 
«^^    popular  revolutions,    and   amid  the   turbid    and    flormy 
fcenes  of  civil  commotion.     The  remote   fpeiSator  is  ofica 
appalled  with  horror :    but  thofe  who  waraiiy  engage  in  the 
ftrenuoiis  contefts,  feeling  all  their  latent  energies  Simulated 
and  thrown  into  vehement  aAion,  conceive  intoxicating  in- 
tereft  in  the  progrefs  of  events,  and  inhale   the  moft  intenfe 
though  feverifh  enjoyment.     Each  individual  is  then  called  to 
perform  his  part ;  talents  are  invited  from  every  quarter,  and 
command  refped;  and  the  public  mind,  unfettered  by  artifi* 
cial  inftitutions,  and  nurfed   by  afpiring  hopes,    rapidly  gains 
force  and  magnitude.     After  the  tempeft  of  the  paffions  has 
begun  to  fubfide,  the  impetus  now  acquired  flows  undiminifli- 
ed  into  finoother  channels,  and  every  art  is  eagerly  cultivated 
that  can  improve  or  embeilifli  life.     Did  human   nature  ever 
bear  a  fublimer  afpedt  than  in  the  narrow  and  turbulent  repub« 
}ics  of  antient  Greece  ?    What  a  conflellation  of  genius  arofe 
near  the  conclufion  of  the  Peloponncfian  war  ?    The  moft  il- 
luftrious  charaders  of  prolific  Rome  were  formed  during  the 
fanguinary  contefts  of  parties,  which  preceded  the  downfall  of 
(hat  mighty  republic.     It  was  tnodern  Italy,  roufed  by  her  tu- 
multuary governments,  that  extended  the  torch   of  literature 
and  philofophy  to  the  benighted  nations  of  Europe. 

The  petty  ftate  of  Florence  alone,  amid  the  continual  agita- 
tions of  a  licentious  democracy,  made  fuch  wonderful  advances 
in  commerce,  in  arts,  and  in  fcience,  as  to  deferve  eternal  gra* 
titude.  The  hidory  of  our  own  ifland  affords  (imilar  examples; 
and  even  Hume  is  willing  to  confefs  that  the  famous  civil  wa^ 
proved  a  nurfcry  of  talents,  and  that  the  grcateft  charafiers  in- 
variably rofe  on  the  popular  fide.  The  ferment  of  that  event- 
ful period  fixed  the  feat  of  philofophy  in  England. — Men  finic 
into  torpor  without  the  repeated  application  of  vicJent  Simu- 
lants : — but  eafe,  concord,  and  affluence,  are  rarely  the  lot  of 
humanity  :^r2rri;  acuens  mortalia  t^rda -^   and  melancholy  is  the 

reflcdioPi 


Callet'j  Tables  ofL»garhbms.  571 

Tcfleftion,  fcvere  the  convidVion,  that  accumulated  happiaeft 
iDuft  owe  iti  birth  to  accumulated  mifcry,  and  that  the  melio- 
ration of  pofteriiy  muft  take  its  rife  from  the  de(tru£live 
ftruggles  of  their  progenitors  !  Yet  is  not  fuch  the  fate  of 
mortals  ?  Who  feels  happinefs  like  him  who  has  long  knowa 
mifery  ?  Who  enjoys  health  like  him  who  has  long  lingered  in 
ficknefs  and  in  pain  ?  Who  taftes  the  delights  of  profperity,  like 
him  who  has  long  pined  under  the  corrodmg  pangs  of  penury? 

S.cicncc  turns  for  a  while  from  the  cultivation  of  the  oH 
fields,  to  attend  the  vigorous  cfForis  of  a  renovated  land.  From 
the  a(hes  of  departed  defpotifm,  and  (we  hope)  of  departed 
anarchy,  a  new  foil  has  been  formed,  which  will  conduce  to 
the  exertions  and  the  expanfion  of  the  mental  powers.  The 
world  has  witneffcd  in  France  ftorms  the  moft  tempeftuou^ 
and  meafures  the  moft  ferocious  ;— apparently,  it  is  about  t^ 
behold  the  energies  of  that  nation  beneficially  transferred  into 
the  various  departments  of  peaceful  fociety.  The  dawn  of  this 
morning  of  vigour  was  diftinvuiflied  by  the  creation  of  philo- 
fophical  chemiftry,  and  by  the  bold  inveftigation  of  the  true 
principles  of  policical  ceconomy.  As  citizens  of  the  world,  as 
members  of  the  commonwealth  of  letters,  we  hail  ihe  prcfcnc 
aufpicious  aera  of  fcience  ;  happy  if,  by  our  exhortations,  wt 
at  all  contribute  to  rekindle  animation  among  thofe  with  whooi 
birth,  and  habits,  and  fympathy,  more  dearly  connect  us ;  happ|f 
if,  by  frequent  appeals  to  the  ftate  of  learning  on  the  conti« 
ncnt,  \Ve  can  aroufe  our  countrymen  from  the  chilling  infl*v- 
ence  of  inacElion,  and  incite  them  to  emulate  the  great  names 
that  once  adorned  this  ifland,  in  aflerting  fimilar  independence 
of  fentiment,  and  in  foftering  fimilar  originality  of  conception. 

We  are  tempted  to  make  this  digrefTive  preamble  to  the  rc%- 
view  of  fome  valuable  philofophical  works  which  have  late!/ 
sirucd  from  the  Parifian  prefs«  The  love  of  fpecplation  burns 
intenfely  throughout  the  new  republic,  arid  promifes  the  fimda* 
mental  reform  and  rapid  advancement  of  all  the  fciences.  Wq 
have  chofen  to  begin  with  a  production  of  general  utility  and 
of  unrivalled  elegance.  Senfible  that  originality  is  fcarcely  to 
be  cxpecSled  in  a  compilation  of  this  fort,  wt  are  agree- 
ably furprifed  to  meet  with  additions  equally  curious  and 
important;  and  while  we  value  the  accuracy  and  affiduity  of 
the  editor,  we  admire  the  ingenuity,  the  tafte,  and  the  pcrfe- 
yerance,  which  accompliftied  fuch  exquifite  typography. 

A  neat  fmall  edition  of  thefe  tables,  printed  by  Didct  the 
elder,  was  publiflied  in  1783  by  Jombertn  On  the  death  of  the 
latter  in  1789,  his  property  devolved  to  his  brother-in-law,  the 
younger  Didot^  who  found  that  three-fourths  of  the  impreilion, 
confifting  of  fix  thouf<md  copi.cS)  ^cre  already  fold.  The  conftant 

ami 


j(j.t  Callct'i  Ta^/es  of  Logarithms. 

and  rapid  demand  urged  the  preparation  of  a  new  edition.    To 
|>rint  a  work  of  fuch  delicacy,  and  of  ftandard  utility,  required 
and  merited  the  mod  fcrupulous  attention.      Didat  conceived 
the  ineftimable  benefit  that  would  refult  from  foldering  the 
types  into  a  folid  mafs  :  but,   in  the  execution  of  that  happy 
thought,  he  encountered  many  unforefcen  difficulties.     By  un- 
wearied application,  however,  he  deteded  the  fources  of  th^  fc 
irregularities,  he  laboured  to  correal  them,  and  at  lad  he  fuc- 
ceeded  in  performing  a  taHc  which  dees  infinite  credit  to  his 
(kill  and  refolution.     The  epithet  Jlereotyptu  *,    which  he  has 
formed  from  the  Greek  words  rf^w;  and  rvsiof,  denotes  that,  in 
bis  procefs,  the  types  are  rendered  folid.   Ic  wili  not  detradi  from 
the  merit  of  DidoU  that  a  contrivance  apparently  fimilar  was  em- 
ployed half  a^entury  ago  in  our  own  country.     Wc  have  feent 
fmall  edition  of  Sallufi,  printed  with  foldered  types  at  Edinburgh 
in  1744,  by  one  Gedd,  a  goldfrnith.   The  produ£lion,  however, 
was  inferior,  and  fcems  never  to  have  attracted  notice ;    but, 
whether  that  ingenious  mode  of  printing  did  not  more  refemb.'e 
yifhsLi  Dtdet  czWs  poJyiypagey  and  which  he  admits  to  be  an  old 
invention,  we  will  not  pretend  to  decide,     in  the  French  plan, 
the  types  are  confolidaicd  as  they  come  from  the  hands  of  the 
founder.     A  notable  advantage  is  thus  obtained,  of  the  utmoS 
confequence  in   the  printing  of  numerical  tables,  fince  ail  the 
copies  of  the  fame  imprcfiion  muft  neccfl'arily  be  cxa£t!y  fimi- 
lar.    This  fpecies  of  typography   is  likewiie   fufceptible  of  a 
regular  progrefs  towards  pcTfcfl ion.      Each   fuccellivc  ediu.n 
will  be  rendered  more  correct,  till  error  is   finally  exclude^: ; 
and  Didot  invites  the  mathematicians  in  every  part  of  the  globe 
to  publifb,  in   the  journals,  the  mif!akes  which  they  may  de- 
teft,  notwithftanding  the  extremi:  folicitude  employed  in  re- 
vifing  the  proofs  ^  engaging  thankfully  to  avail  himfclf  of  their 
communications.    The  itcreotyptic  art  is  indeed  happily  calcu- 
lated for  works  of  permanent  demand. — DiJot  is  now  chargtJ 
by  the  State  to  print  in  folio  the  precious  tables  of  the  cente- 
simal divifion  of  the  quadrant ;  and  isftcr  the  diicharge  of  ihit 
important  truft,  he  propof^s  to  gratify  the  fcholar  with  ilereo- 
typtic  editions  of  Virgil,  Horace,  and  other  immortal  authors 
of  antiquity. 

The  introductory  difcoiirfe  by  the  editor  is  more  copious  and 
profound  than  is  ufual  in  hinilar  pub»icaii;;i^s.  Be  fides  dcfcrib- 
ing  the  origin,  ronihud^ion,  and  appl:cation  of  tegarithms  ro 
arithmetic,  to  plain  and  fpheticil  trigonometry,  &c.  it  treats  of 
continued  fractions,  of  the  nature  of  feriefes,  and  of  the  mc- 


•  We  have  already  the  acalogous  derivative:  Q^  fterccgrufhy^ pu'- 
mciry^  and  jUrcotomy^ 

10  thrJs 


Callet'j  Tables  of  Logarithms*  573 

thods  of  interpolation  ;  it  deduces  and  explains  the  calculation 
of  fines,  tangents,  and  their  logarithms;  it  inveft»gates  the 
properties  of  multiple  arcs  ;  and  it  teaches  the  ufeof  the  tables 
in  pradlical  aftrosomy  and  the  computation  of  longitude  by 
lunar  diftances.  Other  matters  it  contains,  equally  ingenious, 
but  o^  a  more  fpeculative  nature,  fuch  as  the  problem  of  the 
fummation  of  the  tabular  logarithnrs.  In  thefe  theoretical  ad- 
ditions, M.  Callet  acknowleges  his  obligations  to  £uUr*s 
admirable  IntroduSiio  in  Analyfm  Infinitorum, 

The  ordinary  table  of  logarithms,  with  feven  decimal  figures^ 
is  extended  to  108,000,  the  number  of  feconds  contained  in  30 
degrees;    and  twp  columns  are  annexed  for  the  ready  reduc- 
tion of  degrees  to  feconds  and  the  converfe  ;  tables,   with  a 
very  confiderable  range,  are  alfo  given  of  common  and  hyper- 
•  bolic  logarithms  to  20  places  of  figures  ;  and  others  of  a  fmaller 
compafs  exhibiting  the  former  true  to  61  places  and  the  ktter 
to  48.     The  logarithmic  fines  and  tangents  correfponding   to 
*^very  ten  feconds  in  the  quadrant,  and  to  each  fccond  of  the 
firft  five  degrees,   are  reprefented  wich  feven  decimal  figures. 
Many  ufeful  tables  of  inferior  note  are  fubjoined  ;  thofe  of  lo- 
giftic  logarithms,  of  proportional  part?,  and  for  the  converfion 
of  logarithms  and  of  circuUr  axes;  ihofe  of  reffadiions,  paral- 
laxes, &c.    It  would  be  tedious  to  menfion  the  various  arrange- 
ments adopted  for  the  neat  and  commodious  difpofition  of  the 
numbers  : — but  the  mofl  valuable  articles  ijiferted  are  the  na- 
tural and  logarithmic  fines  to  15  places  of  figures   of  every 
thoufandrh  part  of  the  quadrant,  and  the  logarithmic  fines  and 
tangents  to  feven   places  correfponding  to  each  minute  in  the 
new  centefimal  divifion.     Thefe  tables  are  cxtrafted  from  the 
manufcript  of  Borda,     Briggs  propofed,  for  the  convenience  of 
computation,  to  fubdivide  the  degrees  decimally.     The  French 
have  adopted  the  plan,  but  in  a  more  complete  form.     AfTum- 
ing  properly  the  right  angle  for  the  unit  of  angular  meafures^ 
they  divide  the  quadrant  into  1 00  degrees  ;  each  of  which  they 
fubdivide  into  100   minutes,    arid  thefe  again  each  into  ico 
feconds.     The  procedure  is  unifgrm,  fimple,  and  confiftent* 
In  the  bureau  du  Cadajire^  a  vail  and  laborious  undertaking  »s 
carried  forwards  under  the  dire£lion  of  Prony.y  and  is  probably 
now  finiflied,  of  the  mod  tffential  fervicc  to  aftronomicai  fci» 
tnce.  It  confiih,  i.  of  a  table  of  natural  fines  true  to 22  places 
of  decimals,  with  5  orders  of  differences  calculated  for  every 
tea  thoufandth  part  of  the  quadrant :  2.  of  a  table  of  oatural 
tangents  with  the  fame  number  of  decimal  places  for  each  thou« 
fandth  part  of  the  quadrant,  with  the  orders  fequifite  for  inter* 
polating :   3.  of  a  table  of  logarithmic  fines  and  tangents  for 
every  hundred  thoufandth  part  of  the  quadrunti  to  12  places  of 

figures, 


^fi4^  Schtller'i  Hiurs^ 

figures,  with  three  orders  of  differences  :  4.  of  a  tabic  of  the 
logarithms  of  the  ratios  between  the  arcs  and  the  fioei  and  tao- 
^ntSy  for  the  firft  five  degrees  of  the  quadrant,  with  the  (amc 
number  of  figures  and  two  orders  of  differences  :  5.  of  a  uble 
©f  the  logarithms  of  numbers  from  i  10  200,000,  true  to  12 
Aciroal  places,  with  three  orders  of  differences  ;  and  lafUy,  of 
a  colledion  of  agronomical  tables.  In  which  the  refults  ofob- 
ftrvation  and  theory  are  reduced  to  the  ceotefima]  graduation. 


Art.  XXVf.      Die  Horen;    i.e.    The  Hoars.       8vo.     Tobingea. 

1795'  »796- 

A  BTOKG  the  increafing  multitude  of  periodical  publications 
•*^  which  the  erofs  and  craving  appcrtite  of  German  readers 
demarnis,  we  think  it  right  to  diflinguifh  by  our  notice  a  coi* 
b£)ion  of  original  cffays,  edited  by  the  celebrated  author  of  the 
Sobbers-i  and  fupported  by  the  contributions  of  Goethi^  Hirder^ 
Vhs^  'Jaccbtj  jtrchcnholtZf  Garvi^  and  Engel \  hefides  other  au* 
thors,  of  no  mean  repute.  After  having  read  the  profpedus,  ve 
entered  on  the  work  itfeU,  with  no  lefs  approbation  of  its  general 
defign  than  rerpe6t  for  the  pcrfons  whom  that  defi^n  had  affo- 
ciated.  We,  too,  have  witmffrd  the  ban&ful  effects  oi  the 
wkiely  fpred  poifon  of  political  virulence:  nor  have  we  beci 
indifferent  fpeftaiors  cf  thofe  ev  Is  which  appear  to  have  fo 
deeply  impreifed  the  exalted  and  feeling  mind*of  M.  Schiller, 
and  to  have  roufed  him  to  oppofe  them  by  fuch  efforts  as  wtie 
within  the  fcope  of  a  private  man's  abilities  : 

*"  At  a  time,  (fays  he,  in  his  introdudlory  obfervations,)  at  ii4rick 
the  near  approacn  of  war  fills  the  country  with  anxiety — when  the 
contention  of  political  intcrells  and  opinions  rerews  the  connid  ia 
aJmod  every  circle,  and  fcares  away  the  niufes  and  the  graces— wbcs 
there  is  no  prote^ion  eiihcrin  the  publicatioDs  or  the  converfauons  of 
the  day,  againil  the  perfecuting  fpiri:  of  political  difputation— itis 
perhaps  equally  bold  and  meritorious  to  invite  the  dilUa£ied  reader  to 
an  entertainment  of  a  totally  ditferent  fort.  In  fad,  the  circumfrances 
of  the  prefent  mo.nent  proniifc  fniall  fucctfs  to  a  work  which  prcfclTcs 
a  drift  filence  on  the  univerfdl  icpic,  and  llrives  to  pleafe  by  fome- 
thinc:  different  from  that  by  whio  every  thing  pleafcs  at  this  period: 
but  the  more  the  narrow  intereil  of  the  moment  flrains,  cootrads,  ard 
lobjugates,  the  a'linds  of  men,  the  more  urgent  it  is  to  fct  thfia 
at  liherty  by  an  univerfal  and  more  elevated  interefl  in  that  which  is 
purely  bianan  [rein  menjchlichi)  and  far  above  all  inRuenceof  the  tiices; 
and  to  reunite  the  politically  divided  world  under  the  banners  of  troth 
and  beauty.* 

In  rtfcrrence  to'the  title,  the  following  explanation  occurs: 

•  Novelty  and  variety^  as  far  as  they  can  be  attained  without  facri- 

idng  any  nobler  objcd,  ihaii  be  our  aim  :  b«t  nothing  will  be  coo* 

\^  ceded 


Scfiiller'i  flours.  575 

ceded  to  that  frivolity  of  taftc,  which  fceks  tie  mtw  for  the  fake  of 
mere  novelty.  Every  freedom^  that  is  confident  with  good  and  re* 
fined  manners,  will  be  taken. 

*  Decorum  and  order,  peace  and  jaflice,  will  therefore  be  the  regulat- 
ing fpirit  of  this  produdion.  The  three /^tr-hours  Eunomia,  Dice, 
and  Irene,  will  prefide  over  it.  Under  thefe  celeftial  forms,  Greece 
revered  the  order  that  maintains  the  univerfe;  that  order  whence  all 
good  flows,  and  which  is  mod  aptly  exhibited  in  the  regular  courfe 
of  the  fun.  According  to  the  fable,  the  hours  arc  the  daughters  of 
Themif  and  Jopitcr,  of  Law  and  Power— the  fame  law  that,  in  the 
vifible  univerfe,  rules  over  the  interchange  of  the  fcafons,  and  main- 
tains harmony  in  the  fpiritual  world. 

*  The  hours  received  the  new-born  Venus  at  her  firft  manifeflation* 
They  drefled*  her  in  divine  habilements,  and  led  her,  attired  by  their 
iiands  into  the  circle  of  the  Immortals— an  agreeable  fiflion,  import- 
ing that  beauty  at  its  birth  mud  fubmit  to  rule,  and  only  by  this'fub- 
miilion  can  become  worthy  of  a  place  in  Olympus— only  thus  acquire 
immortality  and  moral  worth.  Thefc  divinities  encompafs  the  world 
with  fprightly  dances  ;  they  open  and  dofe  the  heavens,  and  harnefs 
the  horfes  of  the  fan  to  diftribute  vivifying  light  through  creation. 
They  arc  feen  in  the  train  of  the  Grace.*,  and  in  tile  fervice  of  the 
Goddefs  of  the  Skies,  becaufe  chearfulnefs  and  order,  decorum  and 
dignity,  are  infeparable.' 

Poetry,  critical  and  moral, — difquifitions,— hiftorical  trafls, 
—and  tales,— give  variety  to  the  numbers  of  this  agreeable 
mifcellany.  Vcrfe  and  Profe,  by  M.  Schiller  himfelf,  con- 
ftituie  no  inconfiderable  portion  of  the  firft  year's  papers.  The 
former  is  in  unrhymed  metre,  frequently  in  hexameters  arid 
pentameters;  and  the  author  appears  to  us  to  have  rivalled  the 
Grecian  epigram  in  elegant  Gmplicity.  His  critical  inquiries 
proceed  on  the  fyficm  of  M.  Kant  y  and  though  this  circum- 
ftance  does  not  recommend  them  to  us,  w^  failed  not  to  re* 
cognize,  in  many  of  his  remarks,  refined  tafte,  acutenefs  of  dif- 
crimination,  and  comprchenlion  of  inteileft.  Of  the  narra- 
tives, feveral  have  uncommon  merit,  that  of  originality.  In 
fome,  there  is  a  gay  and  romantic  wildnefs  of  fancy,  which  re- 
minds us  of  the  Midfummer^ s  Night^s  Dream^  and  As  you  like  it. 
We  doubt  whether  the  laft  tale  in  the  converfations  of  German 
emigrants  could  have  been  invented  by  a  mind  that,  from  its 
powers,  had  not  a  right  to  claim  fome  affinity  to  the  mind  of 
Shakfpcarc.  The  name  of  the  writer  is  not  given.  Had  they 
been  of  a  tragic  inflead  of  a  comic  caft,  we  fliould  have  gueflt 
ed  that  the  editor,  wbufe  other  pieces  are  afcribcd  to  him  in 
the  laft  number  of  the  year,  had  chofen  to  take  the  fenfe  of  the 
public  on  effays  in  a  trcw  line.— -In  M.EngePs  charefffer-portraits^ 
much  exquifice  painting  is  difplayed.  In  fliort,  the  firll  twelve 
numbers  are  replete  with  ingenious,  original,  and  pleafingmat- 
Ur  :  nor  could  they  fail  to  iatisfy  the  higheft  cxpedations. 

Of 


A 


5)6  SacombeV  Ltuiniad^  a  Foitn. 

Of  the  produ<aions  of  the  fecond  year  we  cannot  report  fo 
favourably.  That  has  happened  to  this  undertaking,  which  is 
faid  to  threaten  more  than  one  great  ftate  in  Chriftendom.  We 
mean  a  failure  o\  fupplies.  Hence  recourfc  has  been  had  to 
franflation,  and  tranflations  from  Propertius  and  ^hak^peare 
might  have  been  tolerated  :  but  what  can  the  German  pur- 
chafer  have  faid  to  excerpts,  50  pages  long,  from  fo  hackneyed 
a  book  as  the  Life  of  Bmvenuto  Cellini  *  ? 

it  will  be  concluded,  from  this  general  account,  that  an  en- 
tertaining volume  might  be  felc£led  from  the  work  before  us; 
and  wc  will  venture  to  fay  that,  if  wtll  executed,  fuch  a  felcc- 
tion  would  a  fiord  great  fatisf^6)ion  to  perfons  of  taftc  in  this 
country,  and  exhibit  a  very  juft  idea  of  the  var  etiis  ofGermsi 
literature. 

• —  ^  ^ — ' 

Art.  XXVI I.  La  LuciniaJe,  &c.  /  e.  The  J.uciniad,  or  the  An 
of  Midwifery.  A  D.dadic  Poem.  By  M.  ^a combe,  ^w, 
pp.  240.     Paris.     1794. 

LTHOL/CH  Lucinamny  be  regarded  as  a  welcome  attendant 
in  the  tiain  of  Cupid  and  Hvmen,  vet  the  viodJcfs  b2S 
not,  wc  Ulievc,  heretofore  received  any  of  that  homage  wbidi 
the  poets  have  at  all  times  lavifhed  on  thofe  othe>  divinities. 
Her  aid  may  indeed  have  been  invoked  :  but  to  exhibit  her 
rites  and  myAeries  to  the  imagination  formed  a  tafk  which  no 
votary  of  the  Miifehad  ventured  to  undertake;  and  we  (bould, 
in  fooih,  as  foon  have  expeftcd  a  ferious  dida<5^ic  poem  on  the 
bufiiiers  of  the  fcavcnger,  as  on  the  art  of  the  accoucheur.  Here, 
however,  is  a  poetical  produdl^on,  containing  not  much  fewer 
than  occo  lines,  on  midwifery  ;  and  o:!etiX>  which,  wc  under* 
fiand,  has  been  well  received  by  the  people  in  whofe  language 
it  is  compoftd. 

The  poetry  of  the  French  has  often  been  cenfured  for  its 
tamenefs  ;  it  feems  fuflicient  if  pUin  fenfc  be  exprefied  ia 
ihyme.  In  countries  in  which  fuch  a  tafte  prevails,  it  is  to  be 
expected  that  dida^^lic  poetry  in  general  will  be  better  relifhed; 
and  in  fuch  only  c»n  u  pru(iudiv}n  lilce  this  meet  with  fuccel's. 
It  muft  be  acknowlcged  i\\hi  our  author  has  dexteroufly  intro- 
duced many  topics  connCiSicd  with  the  main  fubjeA,  and  widi 
ihe  treatment  of  ntwly-burn  children;  and  they  are  handled 
with  no  mean  addrtfs.  Thcic  digrcffions  have  fometimes  truly 
poetical  Rrokes  ;  and  in  the  didadic  clafs,  what  has  ever  bcea 
poetical  but  digrelTior.s: — We  add  a  fliort.  medium  fpecimen  of 
the  ityle  and  maniRr  ot  the  writer.  Speaking  of  a  fafiiionable 
4tc{0ucheuri  whom  the  pact  iuppofcs  to  have  interfered  too  muck 

•  bccKcv.  vol.xlv.  p.  148, 

Wttil 


Gmdin  ^Appar.  i//^/r*~SchIegcl V  Lieutaud V  Diffia.  577 

with  nature  in  her  procefs  of  parturition,  he  exultingly  ex- 
claims ; 

•  Le  grand  Lev  ret  rCtft  plus  :  exempti  de  rtmords 

PuiJ/lifon  ami  en  paix  repo/er  chez  Us  merts  ! 

Mais  parmi  Its  *uivans/on  now  toujours  finiftrc 

Dira  que  de  la  mart  Lcvret/ut  le  minifire, 

Cependant  ce  Levret»  cbarlatant  a*uer(^ 

Etmt  UH  Diev  puijfant  des  meriels  revere. 

La  Nature  aux  ahois  expiroit  fous  Ja  plume  : 

■  Noufveau  Vulcain  !  fin  brasfaifiit  gemir  Penclume* 

Des  Cyclopes  fims  nombre  allumoient  fes  fourneaux  : 

Deja  la  Lucine  en  France  a<voit  mille  arfinaux^ 

Enfifl  VArt  triomphoit — lor/qu*un  heureux  genie 

De  nos  injlrumenteurs  njint  guerir  la  manie  ; 

Petit  parle^^onfi  tait—  oracle  en  Medicine 9 

II  triompbe,  et/es  droits  fint  nndus  a  Lucine* 


Art.  XXVIII.     Apparatus  Midicaminum^  he.  i,e,  ProfeiTor  Gmb- 
lin's  Continaatioa   of  the  late  Dr.  Murray's  Mattria  Midica. 
Part  II.  containing  the  Mineral  Kingdom.     8vo.  2  Vols.     Goet* 
tingen.     1795>  '79^* 
'nPHis  work  is  intended  to  complete  the  well-known  learned 
'^     treatife  of  Dr.  Murray.     It  exhibits  much  erudition  alfo: 
but  we  do  not  think  the  articles  To  full  and  fo  well  digefted  as 
in  the  volumes  of  the  former  author*     Dr.  Gmelin  reprefents 
It  as  a  bookfeller's  jobb,  not  a  fpontaneous  undertaking ;  and 
probably  the  time  was  limited — a  fafliion  which  much  prevails 
in  the  book-manufa£luring  country  in  which  the  volumes  be- 
fore* us  were  wrought.     Dr.  Althoff\%  tranflating  and  means  to 
complete  Murray's  work. 


Art.  XXIX.  Jose  phi  Lieutaud  Hijloria  Anatomico-Midica,  &c. 
i.  i.  Lieutaud's  Compilation  of  DtiTeAions,  firft  correded  and 
enlarged  by  Dr.  Portal;  now  edited,  with  Alterations  and  Ad- 
ditions, by  J.  C.  F.  ScHLEGELy  M.  D.  8vo.  Vol.  I.  and  11. 
Gotha.     1796. 

iti.  ScHLEGBL  has  defervcd  well  of  medical  fludents  and 
praAitioners,  by  this  republication  of  a  work  which, 
with  all  its  faults,  ought  to  be  at  hand  for  reference.  The 
edition  is  to  be  completed  in  four  volumes,  of  which  the  laft  is 
to  be  wholly  fuppleroental  by  the  prefent  editor;  whopromifes 
to  be  more  minute  in  his  accounf  of  the  fymptoms  preceding 
death  than  the  French  compilers.  It  would  doubclefs  have  been 
much  more  convenient  to  have  both  colledions  incorporated  ; 
and  this  may  be  done  in  a  new  impreflion.  We  fiiould  not 
be  forry  to  fee  an  improved  edition  of  the  whole,  when  finilhed, 
undertaken  in  this  colinlry  :«-biit  wOuM  iht  file  pay  the  coft  ? 
'  App.  R£v«  Vol,  XXI.  Rr  Art. 


D' 


T- 


(    S7»    J 

Art.  XXX.     Jacques  U  Fatalifle,  Sec,  i.e.  Jimes  the  Patalift  ant 
his  Mailer.     By  Diderot.     8vo.  a  Vols.     Paris,     1796. 

^HE  Dutch  edition  of  this  novel  was  reviewed  in  our  »iith 
vol.  p.  5 1 8.  The  original  is  far  preferable  to  that  foggy 
verfioni  made  from  the  then  unpubliftied  manufcript.  This  is 
not  the  only  pofthumous  work  of  Diderot  which  may  be  ex- 
pected. Dialogues  on  tbi  Origin  of  Beif^s^  Semarh  om  Hehe* 
iius^  and  feveral  works  of  fancy,  are  announced  as  on  the  verge 
c»f  publication.  Of  the  writings  already  coIle£led,  (fee  Review, 
vol.  xix.  p.49 1  • )  the  Letter  on  the  Blind^  the  Deaf  and  tbi  Dumb-, 
the  Code  of  Nature ;  and  the  Effay  on  the  Reigns  of  Claudius 
mnd  Nero ;  are,  next  to  his  dramatic  pieces,  the  moft  efteemed. 

The  biographical  preface  to  thefe  volumes'  throws  an  imper- 
itOi  light  on  the  fingular  chara£):er  of  the  author.  He  cared 
but  little  for  reputation.  Prodigal  of  in(lru£lion  as  he  was  om- 
nifcient,  his  converfation  furniflied  to  many  authors  the  whole 
flock  of  idea  on  which  they  have  contrived  to  found  a  name. 
With  the  moft  felf-denying  liberality,  he  would  very  frequently 
toil  at  long  pafTages,  in  order  to  adorn  the  works  of  his  ac- 
quaintance. *^  It  matters  not  (he  was  wont  to  fay)  whether 
the  thing  originates  in  me  or  another,  fo  that  it  be  done  and 
well  done."  This  literary  benevolence  endeared  him  to  every 
fludent  in  philofophy :  his  profound  knowlege  of  the  fprings  of 
human  adion  fitted  him  for  the  office  of  diredor  of  a  party  t 
and  a  zealous  hoftility  to  all  religion,  natural  or  revealed,  baf 
in  him  attained  fo  nearly  to  the  nature  of  adifinterefted  paffioo, 
that  he  was  become  by  a  fort  of  common  confent  the  patriarch 
of  the  atheiftic  fathers.  The  late  Emprefs  of  RuflSa  purchafed 
the  reverflon  of  his  library  for  an  annuity,  which  met  the  wants 
of  his  declining  years.  The  attentions  of  a  beloved  daughter, 
perfeveringly  yielded  during  a  lingering  and  painful  difeafe,  of 
the  fatal  tendency  of  which  he  was  aware,  beftowed  on  his  lat- 
ter months  alJ  the  confolations  of  which  they  were  fufceptible. 
Ardent  as  was  his  imagination,  bold  as  were  his  opinions,  and 
glowing  as  was  his  eloquence,  he  had  much  pra£tical  timidity; 
and  he  conformed,  both  in  his  condu£l  and  in  his  earlier  ac- 
knowleged  works,  to  the  eftabliflied  notions  of  moral  and  re- 
ligious propriety.  His  ftyle  fcintillatcs  with  innovations :  but 
they  are  thofe  of  a  philofophic  grammarian ;  and  he  has  in  an 
efpecial  manner  contributed  to  prepare  the  new  dialed  of 
France. 

The  work  before  us  has  every  charafier  of  bis  pen'.  James 
the  Fatalift,  a  man  of  courage  and  fenfe,  is  valet  to  an  infig- 
niiicant  mailer,  whom  he  governs.  They  take  a  (hort  journey 
together  ;  in  the  courfe  of  which  James  narrates  to  bis  mailer 
the  biftory  of  his  early  Itft.    His  adventurss  arc  ^ftco  ioter- 

lupterf 


Malooet  0t  tJki  Rnncb  RiV.  with  njpea  t$  America.    SJ^ 

rupted  by  the  accidents  of  their  travels  ;  and  both  are  fludioufly 
cbofen  of  the  commoneft  and  leaft  marvellous  kind.  The  in- 
tereft  of  the  readeir  is  wholly  due  to  the  dramatic  vivacity  of 
dialogue,  to  the  pifiurefque  prefentation  of  circumftance,  to 
the  art  of  imitating  in  language  the  mod  defultory  procefles  of 
the  mind,  to  the  interfperfed  philofophy,  and  to  thofe  delicate 
and  indelicate  ethic  obfervations^  to  which  the  penetration  of 
Diderot  is  fo  prone. 

We  avoid  making  any  extra£ls  from  this  work,  as  an  Englifh 
tranflation  is  already  in  the  prefs.  Whether  the  public  ima-' 
gination  (bould  be  rendered  callous  to  obfcenity,  by  familiar- 
izing licentious  expreffions  and  defcriptions,  is  a  queftion  agi« 
tated  in  the  2d  volume,  p.  i88.  Diderot  fees  no  objedlion 
to  it,  and  has  fquared  his  pra£lice  by  his  opinion.  Another 
dangerous  notion,  fyftematically  inculcated  in  this  produAion, 
both  diredly  and  obliquely,  is  the  do£lrine  of  philofophical  ne* 
ceffity,  or  of  the  fatality  of  all  human  adions  and  events.  la 
the  hands  of  the  fupernaturalifts,  this  dodrine  does  not  appear 
fraught  with  any  immoral  tendency:  the  writings  of  David 
Hartley  and  Jonathan  Edwards  prove  the  reverfe  : — but,  in  the 
bands  of  the  difciples  of  Epicurus,  it  appears  to  ferve  as  an 
argument  againfV  prefent  remorfe.and  future  retribution,  and  to 
bring  on  a  moral  tolerance  fo  piteoufly  indulgent  towards  guilt, 
as  to  embolden  the  vicious  in  the  enterprife  of  crime.  Many 
eminent  hiftorians  have  been  addicted  to  this  theory ;  and  they 
iappear  to  view,  with  a  very  equal  eye,  the  different  lines  of 
human  purfuit,  and  to  place  merit  in  excellence  rather  than  in 
virtue. 


Art.  XXXI.  Examem  dt  cette  Queftion,  Sec,  i.e.  An  Examinatioa 
of  thii  QaeiHon  :— What*  with  refped  to  the  American  Colonies^ 
will  be  the  Refalt  of  the  French  Revoladon,  of  the  War  confeqaent 
upon  it»  and  of  the  Peace  which  muft  be  its  Termination  i  By 
M.  Maloubt>  Deputy  from  the  Colony  of  St.  Domingo.  8vo* 
IS.     London.    DebofFe  and  Dulau.     1797. 

*Y|7hile  the  firmly-bafed  governments  of  Europe  are  with 
^^  fo  much  energy  called,  as  a  meafure  necelfary  to  their 
prefervation,  to  abolifh  all  veftiges  of  the  French  revolution,  it 
is  no  wonder  that  a  Weft  India  agent  and  proprietor  fhould  ex- 
prefs  his  well-founded  fears  of  the  total  fubverfion  of  the  order 
of  things  in  that  part  of  the  world,  under  the  prevalence  of 
prLnciptes  of  freedom  and  equality.  We  by  no  means  intend 
to  uke  on  ourfelves  the  defence  of  that  extenfion  of  thofe  prin^ 
ciples  to  the  colonial  fyftem,  which  has  hitherto  produced  no- 
thing but  maflacre  and  ruin.  We  indeed  fbudder  at  the  idea  of 
tile  cfie^s  that  miifi  be  produced^  by  turning  loofe  500,000 

K.  r  2  exafperated 


580    Malouct  on  tbi  French  Rev.  with  refpea  /•  Anufiti. 

cxarperated  and  degraded  blacks  againft  4.0,000  whites :— bat, 
when  a  queftion  is  agitated  which  is  defigned  to  influence  tbe 
operation  of  European  politics,  we  can  conceive  that  higher, 
and,  we  will  fay,  purer  confiderations  thin  the  fupport  of  a 
fyftem  radically,  and  perhaps  irremediably,  ininnical  to  tbe 
happinefs  of  mankind,  ought  to  be  called  in  to  the  decifion. 

The  purpofe  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  fhew  the  intereft  tht 
England,  and  other  powers  which  poflefs  fugar  plantatioos, 
have  in  coercively  interfering  to  put  an  end  to  the  equaiitj 
eftablifhed  in  the  French  iflands.  The  author  ftates  the  out- 
ter  with  ability  ;  gives  a  view  of  the  horrors  that  have  alm^ 
Attended  the  revolutionary  meafures  ;  anticipates  the  formatiot 
of  focieties  of  pirates  and  robbers  in  thefe  iflands,  deftmfiife 
to  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  Europe  ;  and  annooncd 
*  that,  if  the  treaty  of  peace  fliall  dire£lly  or  indiredly  rad^ 
the  fyftem  of  democratical  equality  in  the  French  colonies,  die 
Europeans  muft  prepare  either  to  abandon  the  Gulpb  of 
Mexico,  or  to  live  there  in  a  perpetual  ftate  of  war.'  Whit, 
then,  is  to  be  done  ?  Why,  as  the  treaty  of  Weftphalia  fixed 
the  public  law  6f  Europe,  fo  the  treaty  which  is  to  terminaie 
this  war  muft  fix  the  public  law  of  the  European  colonies  both 
|)oritively  and  negatively;  and  this  itmay  juftly  do,  *  beaiife 
the  produds  of  thefe  colonies  being  now  articles  of  prime  oe- 
ceflity,  the  colonies  may  be  regarded  as  a  common  property  of 
the  European  republic'  Europe  may  therefore  extend  to  them 
the  political,  civil,  and  religious  laws,  necefTary  to  their  a* 
ternal  prefervation  : — but  the  rural  laws,  thofe  relative  to  die 
foil  and  climate,  are  foreign  to  fhe  jurifdiftion  and  intereflsof 
the  mother  countries.  The  fundamental  principle,  tbeicfert, 
to  be  laid  down  is  this, — The  American  cohnies^  fuhjeiteiutk 
proieSiive  fovereignty  of  the  different  mother  countries^  Jball  haw  a 
their  own  power  the  effeHive  difpojition  and  moral  refpwfikiUty  ef 
their  peculiar  and  interior  means  of  prefervation. 

We  confefs  that  this  is  an  admirable  principle  for  caufia{ 
things  to  revert  to  their  former  ftate,  and  keeping  them  fo— for 
the  perpetuation  of  codes  noirs^  and  all  the  other  means  bj 
which  500,000  men  may  be  kept  in  flavery  by  40,000.  No 
doubt,  it  would  fufficiently  fecure  that  *  great  circumfpedioo, 
which  ihould  be  obferved  in  tbe  reformation  of  even  tbe  worft 
inftitutions;'— but,  after  all,  what  price  is  it  worth  while  for 
Europe^  or  rather  England^  {iorjhe  is  the  great  obje£l  of  thii 
addrtfs,)  to  pay  for  bringing  matters  to  this  happy  iCRjuti 
'  We  have  only  to  add  that  the  pamphlet  is  fkilfully  writlei, 
and  fpeaks  many  home  truths  to  Uxofe  who  are  concerned  initi 
fubjcdt. 


MontefquIeuV  ^^^rij.— Racknitz  on  Arahefi(UiS.      581 

Art.  XXXII.  Precis  des  Proch-Ferhaux,  &c.  /.  e.  Abridgement 
of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Provincial  Adminiftrations  of  France^ 
from  1779  101788.     2  Vols.  8vo.     Stralburgh. 

'T'His  work  was  printed  off  in  1788,  but  its  publication  being 
^  prohibited  by  the  defpotifm  then  fubfifting,  it  was  advcr- 
tifed  for  fale  only  in  the  laft  year.  It  contains  very  valuable 
ftatiftical  notices  concerning  the  fl^ate  of  agriculture,  manufac* 
tures,  and  commerce,  in  the  feveral  provinces  of  France  at  that 
period  ;  and  it  propofes  a  multitude  of  projeds  for  local  im- 
,  provement,  towards  the  realization  of  which  the  new  govern- 
ment wifhes  to  turn  the  public  attention.  It  alfo  fupplies 
much  information  concerning  the  mod  expedient  methods  of 
diftributing  and  aflefling  the  national  taxes. 

Art.  XXXIII.  Oewvres  tie  Montesctuibu  ;  /.  e.  The  Works  of 
Montesquieu,     5  Vols.  8 vo.     Didol,  Paris,     1796. 

'T'HE  public  are  here  prefented  with  the  moft  complete  cdi- 
*  tion  extant  of  the  works  of  this  celebrated  writer.  All 
his  pofthumous  productions  are  comprifed  in  it,  except  an  addi- 
tion to  the  Effay  on  Tafte  lately  difcovered  at  Bourdeaux,  and 
of  little  importance.  The  value  of  this  edition  confifts  chiefly 
in  the  notes  which  it  comprifes,  by  Helvetius,  to  the  firft  eight 
books  of  the  Spirit  of  Laws  ;  and  in  the  eulogy  of  Montes- 
qyiEU  by  D^Alemhert^  which  is  prefixed.  The  neceffary  in- 
dexes are  fubjoined.  Two  impreiEons  are  taken  ofF^  one  on 
common,  the  other  on  fine  paper. 

Art.  XXXIV.  Darftdlung  und  Ge^chicbte  des  Ge/chmacks  an  Arabefi^ 
Aen,  &c.  J.  e,  Rcprcfentativc  Hiilory  of  the  Tafte  for  Arabcfqucs. 
By  J.F.  VON  Racknitz.     4to.     Leipzig.  .  1796. 

THIS  fplendid  publication,  adorned  with  two  coloured 
plates  of  Raphael's  Arabefques  in  the  Vatican  and  of  Ro- 
man furniture  of  analogous  tafte,  is  intended  as  a  fpecimen  of  a 
very  extenfive  work,  which  is  to  exemplify  in  engravings,  and 
to  illuftrate  with  learned  diflertations,  the  hiftory  of  the  tafte  of 
all  nations  in  matters  of  furniture  and  ornamental  archite£ture« 
To  the  artifts  employed  in  the  decoration  and  finifliing  of 
buildings  and  apartments,  it  will  form  an  ufeful  guide,  and  to 
the  opulent  and  luxurious  an  elegant  and  entertaining  prefent* 
The  eye  of  faftiion  will  acquire,  from  the  contemplation  of  it^ 
a  love  of  confiftency  in  adorning,  and  will  ceafe  to  combine  m 
one  apartment,  with  whimfical  anachronifm,  Greek  pilafters, 
Moorifh  arabefques,  Italian  pidures,  Etrurian  vafe$,  Indian 
chairs,  Turkey  carpets, .  French  mirrors,  Chinefe  fcreens, 
and  £ngli(h  ftoves. 

R  r  3  AjiT. 


582  Martens  on  Privateersy  ice. 

Art.  XXXV.  La  France  pendant  quatorxe  Sieclet,  Sec.  i.  f .  Tli 
State  of  France  during  Fourteen  Centuries  ;  or  Proofs  of  the  Cca- 
llitution  of  the  French  ^4onarchy  at  different  Periods.  By  M.  di 
Blaire.  8vo.  pp.  210.  38. 6d.  feivcd.  I>oUa  and  t«. 
London.     1 796, 

Hphe  objeft  of  this  learned  but  narrow- fpiri ted  work  differs 
^  not  widely  from  that  of  a  publication  which  was  re? iewed 
jn  our  xxth  vol.  p.  532.  It  aims  at  proving  that  the  andent 
conftitution  of  France  contains  nothing  inconfiftent  with  i 
higher  degree  of  civil  liberty  than  is  enjoyed  under  the  repub- 
lie  \  and  that  its  reftoration  is  defirable,  for  the  tranquillity  o( 
Frenchmen,  and  the  fccurity  of  Europe.  The  book  difpjays 
great  legal  knowlege,  and  is  more  learned  and  ingenfouf  tluB 
convincing  in  proving  the  pedigree  of  French  liberty. 

The  4th  chapter,  however,  contains  an  attempt  to  fiodi- 
cate  the  attribution  of  fovereign  legiflative  power  to  the  mo- 
narch  :  if  the  authorities  addujced  prove  this  to  be  a  conftitn* 
tional  prerogative  of  the  kings  of  France,  the  attempt  at  rt* 
volution  is  fufiiciently  juftified. 

The  notes  to  the  6th  chapter,  which  treats  of  the  three  or« 
ders,  fupply  fome  curious  particulars,  concerning  the  late  coo* 
vocation  of  the  States  General,  and  tend  (p.  110}  to  coofina 
Mr.  Burke's  account  of  the  compofition  of  the  Conftitueot 
Aflembly. 

Wc  have  not  met  with  any  paflTages  which  it  would  be  very 
]nftru£live  or  interefting  to  tranflate. 

Art.  XXXVI.  Effai  concernant  les  Armateursy  Us  Prijes,  IS Jwtm 
les  Repri/es,  &c.  i.  e.  KiTay  on  Priyateers,  Captures,  and  Recap- 
tures.   By  M.  DE  Martens.  8vo.    pp.212.    Gottingen.  ij^i> 

Tn  our  account  o( Reding' s  Marine  Didionary,  (vol.  xi.  P.56J, 
•*  and  vol.  xiii.  p.  550.)  vve  intimated  our  concern  thatnaoti- 
cal  literature  fhould  appear  to  have  made  more  progrefs  on  the 
continent  than  in  Great  Britain.  A  new  proof  of  this  opinioa 
is  furnilhed  by  the  work  before  us ;  which,  for  foundnefs  ci 
legal  erudition,  is  well  entitled  to  attention.  The  capture  of 
the  San  Jago  Spaniih  regiftcr-fhip  by  the  Dumourier  French 
privateer,  and  its  recapture  by  a  fquadron  of  Englifli  meoof 
war,  gave  occafion  to  this  learned  difquifition  on  the  laws  of 
privateering. 

Legalized  piracy  began  in  the  fifteenth  century ;  and  the 
hiflory  of  its  origin  and  progrefs  occupies  the  firfl  chapter  of 
this  work.  The  fecond  inquires  into  the  right  of  ifTuing  let- 
ters of  marque  :  which  is  attributed  jufHy  to  the  fovereign:— 
but,  where  the  fove/eignty  is  equivocal,  as  with  the  Prince  of 
^  Orange 


jD/  par  toutis  Us  Nations^  kc.  583 

Orange  before  1576,  with  James  II.  after  1688,  and  with  the 
N.  American  colonies  prior  to  the  recognition  of  their  inde- 
pendence by  G.  Britain,  doubts  have  arifen  about  the  right  of 
treating  the  crews  of  privateers  as  pirates.  In  thefe  cafes,  it 
feems  moft  humane  and  expedient  to  concede  a  right  of  recog- 
nition to  thofe  countries,  in  which  the  fovereign  by  aflumption 
refides ;  allowing,  for  inAance,  to  Irifli  free- hooters  the  pri- 
vileges of  privateers,  as  long  as  James  II.  retained  pofleffion 
of  Ireland,  and  confidering  them  as  pirates  after  his  retreat. 
The  third  chapter  treats  of  recapture,  and  is  fubdivided  into 
two  fe£lions. 

It  is  from  works  of  this  kind,  which  contain  large  collec- 
tions of  particular  cafes,  that  the  principles  of  the  law  of  na- 
tions m^y  beft  be  abftraded  :  for  it  is  with  cofmopolitical  ju« 
rifprudence  as  with  every  other  branch  of  phiIofophy«-we  muft 
be  contented  to  afcend  from  experience  to  theory,  from  parti* 
cular  fads  to  general  principles,  and  to  deduce  from  the  incon- 
veniences of  pradiice  the  univerfal  laws  of  truth  and  juftice, 
which  muft  be  afcertained  in  order  to  be  inforced. 


Art.  XXXVll.  De  Par  toutes  tes  Nations.  V Agent  General  de 
Correfpondance  four  les  Sciences  et  les  Jrts,  a  la  Nation  Anglaife  : 
Proclamation^  dans  PE/prit  des  Jeunes,  &c.  /.  e.  In  the  Name  of  all 
Nations.  The  Agent  General  of  Correfpondence  for  Arts  and 
Sciences  to  the  Bngliih  Nation  :  A  Proclamation,  in  the  Spirit  of 
the  Fails  ordered  by  the  King  in  the  Years  1794,  95,  and  96,  &c. 
&c.     4to.     I  OS.  6d.  fewed.     Elmfley,  &c.  London.     1796. 

THIS  curious  and  novel  but  long  and  tedious  homily  comes, 
apparently,  from  the  pen  of  fome  miffionary  of  the  new 
French  church,  who  is  deflrous  of  eftablifhing  their  idolatrous 
polytheiftical  hero-worfliip  alfo  in  this  country.  He  complains 
that  the  £ngli(h  appear  to  confider  their  duty  to  Great  Men  as 
fulfilled,  when  a  pompous  monument  h*as  been  erected  to  their 
memory  in  Weftminfter  or  St.  Paul's  :— but  he  advifes  us  to 
keep  alive,  by  frequent  commemorations  of  their  fervice<s,  the 
recolleftion  of  their  utility.  He  recalls  to  mind  the  jubilee  in- 
ftituted  in  honor  of  Shakfpeare,  and  beftows  on  it  juit  applaufe. 
He  holds  up  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  as  the  individual  moft  honour- 
able to  his  country,  becaufe  moft  important  to  mankind ; 
and  he  propofes  loinftitute,  by  voluntary  fubfcription,  a  mag- 
nificently ceremonious  celebration  of  this  deccafed  philofopher. 
He  informs  us,  (p.  13.)  that  there  is  not  yet  a  fuitable  edition 
of  Newton's  works.  The  labours  of  a  bifhop  have  probably 
no  value  in  the  eyes  of  a  French  philofopher  of  ihcfe  days ! 
He  pro^fes  that  parliament  fbould  order  a  national  edition  of 

K^  r  4  th» 


584  RifliOions  on  the  Fnneb  Rivoluiivn. 

the  works  of  Newton :  that  the  king,  with  great  loletoiijtji 
ihould  work  the  prefs  :  that  aftronomical  difcovertes  fliouM  be 
immortalized  in  appropriate  hymns ;  and  that  the  honor  o( 
knighthood  Oiould  he  conferred  on  M.  Girardot^  to  whom  tiie 
author  is  under  obligations  ! 

Mr,  Watt  of  Birmingham,  the  late  Mr.  Wedgcwood  of  Etni« 
rja,*and  other  perfons,  are  mentioned  a$  of  a  dafs  to  merit 
niches  in  the  temples  of  the  faints  of  philofophy.  FonteoeUeH 
eulogy  of  Nekton  is  repeatedly  quoted,  and  emuloufly  imitated: 
and  fome  intimations  are  given  that  contributions  from  (be 
converted  may,  without  ofFence,  be  fcnt  to  No.  49,  Rathbooe 
Place. 


AJtT.  XXXVIII,  Reflexions  fur  la  RevolutiM  de  France,  tec.  i  e, 
AefledHons  on  the  French  Revolution,  and  on  fbme  receif^d  Er* 
rors  relative  to  its  Conftitution.  By  A.  F.  B.  D.  M.  M.  D.  De 
£ofie,  London.     1796. 

^T*HE  diftinguifbed  perfon  to  whom  thefe  refledtons  are 
^  afcribed  was  a  provincial  intendant  before  the  revoiution 
of  France,  and  a  minifter  of  the  crown  during  the  nominal  ei* 
iflence  of  the  impradicable  conftitution  of  1 79 1  •  He  is  occu- 
pied  in  the  compofition  of  Memoirs  to  elucidate  the  Hiftorj  §ftbi 
latter  Tears  of  the  Re'gn  of  Louis  XVI.  which  arc  not  yet  ready 
for  publication  ;  and  he  detaches  from  his  work  this  condodig^ 
fragment,  partly  as  a  fpecimen,  partly  as  containing  fome  ideas 
of  immediate  practical  importance.  He  begins  by  obferving 
that  *  the  French  revolution  has  been  a  terrible  lefR>n  both  for 
nations  and  for  kings;  and  that  it  cannot  fail  to  teach  all  mo- 
narchs  that  goodnefs,  humanity,  piety,  and  the  feveral  miid 
and  amiable  virtues,  which  have  often  been  feen  to  embeliifl), 
are  never  thofe  which  fupport  a  throne.  Juftice  and  prudence 
in  command,  force  and  unrelenting  firmnefs  in  exading  obe- 
dience, are  the  only  virtues  with  which  a  king  can  hencefor- 
wards  fecurely  reign, and  have  no  revolutions  to  apprehend/  Itis 
a  deprefling  but  probably  a  true  remark^  that  the  perpetual  hypo* 
crify  of  fear,  and  the  cruel  precautions  of  miftruft,  are  to  rob 
the  royal  charader  of  its  moft  honourable  attributes,  and  of  its 
rood  ufeful  interpofitions.  A  deterioration  of  the  moral  cha. 
rader  oi  hereditary  fovereigns  is  inevitably  to  refult  from  tbe 
verv  war  waged  againft  their  prefcriptive  claims  to  authority. 

Our  author  appears  to  aiBgn  to  Louis  XVI.  a  weak  infincere 
charafier  j|  and  he  reprefents  him  as  giving  a  fort  of  preference 
tQ  miniilers  of  fecondary  capacity,  from  the  inftin£iive  fear  of 
being  over-reached.  The  Conftitution  of  England  is  here  de* 
fcribed  as  monarchical  only  in  name,  and  a^  rcallj  confiding 
•  7  ihc 


Thomas  on  Eng.  Pronundatton.-^Puas  from  Berquin.    58; 

the  executive  powers  to  a  direAory  of  minifters,  to  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer  and  his  colleagues.  <  Under  a  king  of 
the  weakeft  or  of  the  ftrongcft  mind,  (fays  our  author,  p.  4(6.) 
the  reins  of  the  ftate  are  alike  in  the  hands  of  the  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer/ 

Many  remarks  of  this  writer  well  defervc  notice,  both  on 
account  of  their  intrinfic  reafonablenefs,  and  of  the  favourable 
pofition  of  the  obfcrver,^who  has  been  much  behind  the 
fcenes. 


Art.  XXXIX.  Traite  compUt  de  Prononciation  Anglaife^  &c.  /.  r. 
A  complete  Treadfe  on  £ngli(h  Pronunciation :  10  which  almoft 
every  Exception  is  brought  under  general  Rules.  With  a  Treatife 
en  Accentuation.  For  the  Ufe  of  Frenchmen.  By  M.  E  Thomas, 
8vo.     pp.80.     23.     Dulau  and  Co.  London.     1796. 

i^OTHiNG  proves  more  ftrongly  the  imperfeaion  of  the 
-**^  modern  alphabet,  than  the  difficulty  of  expreffing  the 
founds  oi  a  foreign  language  by  any  one  of  the  received  fyf- 
tems  of  literal  notation.  M.  Thomas  has  accompliihed^ 
perhaps  better  than' moft  of  his  predeceflbrs,  a  difficult  ^(k; 
and  be  has  furniiKed  Frenchmen  with  an  ufeful  guide  to  Eng- 
IMh  pronunciation.  The  founds  of  words  are  continually 
fluctuating,  and  are  daily  approaching  nearer  to  their  habitual 
orthography.  In  all  equivocal  cafes,  Walker^s  Pronouncing 
Dictionary,  not  Nares's  Orthoepy,  has  been  the  guide  of  this 
writer.  His  work  deferves  approbation,  and  will  no  doubt 
be  frequently  confultcd  for  inftruAion. 

AnT.  XL.  Pieces  cboijies,  &c.  i.e.  Sclcft  Pieces  from  the  CbiUren*s 
friend f  by  M.  Berquin.  For  the  Ufe  of  Schools,  izmo. 
pp.  324.     Dulau  and  Co.  London.     1796. 

Ber<^in's  Ami  dis  Enfam  is  fo  well  known  as  the  beft 
work  of  the  French  in  that  line,  that  a  fele£lion  from  it 
cannot  but  have  its  value.  The  prefent  is  adapted  for  the  per- 
ufal  of  children  of  either  fex,  who  are  ftudying  the  French 
language,  by  purity  both  of  ftyle  and  of  idea. 


M. 


t^  In  p.  526  of  this  Appendix,  1.  14  and  I.  12  from  the  bottom, 
fome  words  of  importance  have  been  accidentally  omitted,  which  the 
reader  is  requeued  to  infert.  For  '  mere  irritability,'  r.  mere  !>• 
creafed  irritability ;  and  after  the  words  ^  the  plaftic  power  of  the 
bloodf*  add>  ii  idfo  heightened* 

INDEX 


INDEX 


To  the  RsMARKABLB  Passagbs  in  this  Volume* 


H.  B»    To  find  any  particular  Book,  tr  Pamphlet,  fa  tU 
Tabic  •£  Contents,  prefixed  U  the  V^lumt. 


jfGHABOEf  parifb  of,  in  Irelind» 
ilatiftical  accoiWit  of,  327. 

Jigriinlture,  boaro  of*  their  plan  for 
colleQiog  itCtt  relative  to  the  ftate  of 
inraleconomict  io  thii  kingdom,  «8i. 
Specfineo  of  their  fuccefa  in  purfuance 
•f  their  defign,  ih,  (See  alio  Lan» 
tmfttr.J     Report  of  the  Commitice, 

5»^      ..     . 

jKr^  ataofpheriCy  new  expenmcnft  re« 

lating  CO,  369.  Farther  esperimentt 
fdattng  to  the  genemtion  ofy  from  wa- 
ter, 372. 

^r-pumpi  Mr.  Cuthbertfon*s  improve- 
ment of,  recommended)  456.  Price  of 
hit  diflFercnt  forta,  457. 

JUbufsnarii,  a  Ger.i.aa  novel,  492. 

jImerUat  pubh'cations   relative  10,   327, 

341-  475-  579' 
jUims/sf  brute,  how  diftiaguiflied  from 

man,  51S.     Caurei  of  their  degeoe- 

ration,  519. 
Amttmj,  St.   the  patroo  of  horfes,  &c. 

Ceremony  of  the  reJigiout  fcftival  of, 

at  Rome,  5. 
Arabians,  patronizeri  of  fpecolative  phi- 

iofophy)  506*      Learoed  nien  among 

ih«m,  507. 
j§tiftsrchut,   the  moft  celebrared  of  ail 

(he  cmeadatort  of  Homer^  568» 


Mdrk,  yellow,  fcpnior  efficacy  cf,  92. 
Jtayne  C^flle,  aoo  F«rr/2,   XoiLt   account 


<34- 


Biddoa^  Dr.    hit  hintt  tdathe  to  chi 

practice  of  iiMKulatioo,  95.     Oa  ite 

ufe  of  mercury  in  ccrtaio  cafci  of  fe* 

vcr,  ik, 
SeOf  hinta  for  pffomotiof  a  fociry  fisr 

pobitc  advantage  frMB  the  laWon  of 

that  ioduilriout  infed,  a})* 
Binfen^  the  learned  Dr.  Geoig',  a  sa- 

tive  of  Cumberland,  |j.     Where  ece* 

catcd,  ik. 
B»/t$m,  Mr.  hit  patent  for  an  improved 

gun-lock,  82.      Hit  iovcntioo  crii* 

cifed,  84. 
Bowles,  Mr.  hit  financial  ideal,  933. 
Brhtubocelei    obfctvatione   on    that  £if< 

order    in    Gallicta,     Moldavia,    k^ 

5S7«  ^ 

BrctoH,  Dr.  John,  profteu  of  hit  medi* 

cai  fyftem  in  Gfrmany,  524* 
Burh,  Mr.  hit  celebrated  Icuert,  Ac 
on  a  regieldt  pf^*»  criticifcd,  }o6. 
High  complimcDtt  paid  to  hit  f'jpenor 
ftyle  in  writing,  311.  His  affecting 
piAure  of  the  fate  of  the  French  cmi- 
grami,  313.  Hit  notiooa  contro. 
verted  with  regard  to  the  late  iriali 
for  high  treafon,  &c.  320.  Corioat 
anecdotea  rrUtive  to,  407.  Mr.  0*» 
Br>en*i  notable  ai«imadverfi«ns  oa 
Mr.  B.*i  priociplea,  408.  Criticifira 
00  hit  famous  regicide  pamphlets,  kf 
the  M.  K.  433.  Hisfyflem  reped- 
ing  the  war  wi  h  France  eiploded, 
437*  Rcphei  to  his  **  Tvro  Letters,* 
47»- 


I    N    D    E    )f  . 


Csfet**  tablet  oF  logaritbm«y  570. 
CamtleoMf  peculiarity  of  character  in  that 

animaJ,  144. 
Csthcr'tne  11.    Emprefs  of  Ruffi*,    fome 

good  things  repotted  of  her  char»^er 

and  governmenc,  350.       Her  rapacity 

vrith    refpeA  tu   Poland  totally  con- 

demnedy  441. 
tbamfortf  M.  hi«  frin*rable  fate,  under 

the  tyranny  of  Robefpierre,  409.    His 

ingenious  '*  Thoughts  and  A4«xiis«," 

500*    Mirabeau'scoriefpopdence  «ith 

him,  50Z. 
Chrfu   curious  antiquarian  rbfervations 

on  that  celebrated  game,  154.    Roles 

for  learning,  347. 
Chimneys  confidered,  with  refpefi  to  the 

faving  of  fuel  and  the  pievention  oi 

fmolcr,  69.  so 5. 
Clergymen,  their  amuremeots,  moial  Aric* 

turrson,  301. 
Cold,  curious  obfervations  on  that  felt  on 

high  mountaioSj  and  at  great  depihs, 

166. 
Cendorfet,  M.  his  melancholy  end,  483. 

CoftRBSPONDINCK  tvith  ihtKE-V IIW' 

ZBS,  via.  JuTBMs,  on  Mr.  Shard's 
tranflation  of  Metaftafio's  ode  entitled 
«  The  IndiflFcrent,"  120.  A.  Z.  his 
anecdotes  declined,  as  wanting  autho- 
iity,f^,  CLcaicusyon  afcheme  for 
lending  fmall  (oms  to  the  poor  with- 
out intcreft,  138.  W.  R.  on  Pru- 
dtiue,  &c.  360.  RusTicus,  on. 
the  omiffion  of  the  prices  of  new 
bookiy  in  advertifemcnts  and  title- 
pages,  479.  Ignotvs,  expreffing 
his  wifli  that  authors  would,  for  the 
fake  of  their  mere  Englifli  readers, 
hare  the  goodnefs  tJ  add  tranflations 
of  the  pafTiges  which  they  occafionally 
quote  from  foreign  languages,  480. 

Cruelty ^  to  animals,  fatiric«liy  expofed, 
400. 

CnmberUnJ,  brief  view  of  the  county  of, 
31.  Of  hton  pari/h,  extraordinary 
le^nale  character  in,  3s. 

Cutbbertfon^  Mr.  his  improtementt  on 
the  air-pump,  456. 


Drntby,  parifli  of^  in  Le  ice  (let  (hire,  not 
one  Papift  nor  DiHcnter  in,  15. 

Dandnf^,  extraordinary  modes  ot,  among 
the  Galljcian  mountaineers,  553. 

|>«viV,  Kingof  liracl,  Nathan's  accufa- 


tion  of,  in  the  beavtiful  parable  of  t|)tf 
poor  man  aod  bis  lamb,  poetically  auk* 
pliiied,  45. 

David,  the  celebrated  French  artift,ance « 
d.)tes  relative  co,  485.  489. 

Da  yiuci,  Leonardo,  brief  account  of, 
and  of  hia  valuable  wurict,  346. 

Denne,  Mr.  hii  brief  futvey  of  a  part  of 
Canterbury  ca; hedr al,  1  ^ '^, 

DetfOf/bire^  included  in  Mr.  Matfhatra 
'*  Rural  Economy  of  the  Weft  of  Enf* 
land,'*  362.  His  account  uf  the 
•*  Dcvonfhire  Colic,'*  363.  Other 
particulars  relative  to  that  county,  iK 

Dideroff  M.  anecdote*  of,  578. 

Didot,  his  tables  of  logarithijia,  570. 

Dvwnihg,  Capt.   h^s  pitiabl.;  cafe,  457. 

Droumit,  an  ingenious  French  pamier, 
anecdotes  of,  4II5, 

Dry-rot^  in  timber,  obferTationt  ofl, 
Jl6. 

Dumouriex,  General,  his  political  fug- 
gelHons  with  rcfpea  to  the  futnre  Aat« 
of  France,  476,  His  hypoihefu  in 
regard  to  the  ftability  of  the  preicag 
French  conflitution,  478. 


Falfiaff,  Sir  John,  •«  Original  Letter^' 
written  under  that  celebrated  charjc- 
ter,  as  d>awn  by  Shakfpeare,  35^. 

Fever^  tertian  intermittent,  curious  re- 
marks on  the  times  of  the  recorrenc« 
of  paroxyfms,  91.  Treatment  of 
tertians  luggeft^d,  ib, 

Fitzfimmons,  Mr.  his  fpeech  in  the  Ame- 
rican  Congrcfs,  »$zlni\  feff'^ctested  fo. 
cieties,  341 .  The  focieties  vindicated, 
with  regard  to  the  freedom  of  their 
political  difcuffions,  ib, 

FiamiegOf  defcription  of  that  beastifil 
bird,  243. 

Fox,  Mr.  liberal  conpYtoeot  to,  451. 

France,  trads  relative  to  the  prefent  wtt 
between  Great  Britain  and  FtMnf^ 
98.  jc*.  315.  403.   430.  47a.  47^. 

,481.  537-.  579- 

FranUaad,  Sir  1  nomas,  oa  welding  eaft 
fteel,  30a. 

French  republie,  their  incapacity  of  con. 
tinuing  the  war,  inferred  from  th« 
ruinous  ftate  of  their  financet,  cm. 
Account  of  their  conftituied  goveto* 
ment,  540.     Seall'o  p.  584, 


OtrmMh  their  writers  commendedt  egt* 

The 


INDEX. 


The  tnprayeinent  of  tbt  language  of 
their  country  recommended,  ih, 

C'tbhon^  Mr.  the  Grand  Mcnar^ue  of  Li- 
terature, 4.  Hit  corred  mode  ef  coo- 
▼erfation,  i^. 

CHetf  Mr.  bis  excellent  foeech  in  the 
Americm  congreCi,  in  defence  of  the 
freedom  of  fpeech  in  debating  focie- 
tie.,  341—342- 

Cwi/ Friday,  finguhr  method  of  celebrat- 
ing at  BrufTeli,  i. 

Creemf  Matthew,  (of  the  Cuftom  Hou'ie,) 
bis  poetry  chara^erixed^  109. 

GroJU'tteflt^  Bt(hop,  biographical  anecdotes 
coocerntngy  76.  Hii  literary  produc- 
tions, 78.  Stri£iure8  00  bit  charadery 
Si. 

H 

Batfuety  Dr.  bis  travels  in  Dacia,  &c. 
551.  His  account  of  the  Gailician 
Mountaineers,  553.  Of  the  Jews  in 
Gallicis,  5^4.  Sngular  method  of 
reftoring  jaded  horfes  in  Moldavia,  557, 
Of-  the  human  diforder  termed  Bron- 
choccls,  ib.  Account  of  animals  in 
that  country,  559. 

JJa/Ier,  miftaken  in  his  dtftln^ion  be- 
tween the  iriitability  and  fenfibility  of 
the  heart,  561,  ^       ' 

HamVtin^  Ur.  his  obfer rations  on  dif- 
cafes,  illul)r&ted  by  Morgagni^s  oif- 
fe^ions,  70. 

Babpimfi,  human,  contrafled  with  our 
fufferiogs,  11. 

Eafthgtt^U»  coroprehenfivebiftory  of  the 
whole  proceedings  on  his  memorable 
trial,  349. 

Heart,  the  nerves  of,  opinions  relative 
to,  561. 

Veraldry,     See  Rank, 

Hernia,  femoral,  new  method  of  ope* 
rating  on,  195. 

Herfcbef,  Dr.  del'cript'on  of  his  great  re- 
ceding relefcope,  394. 

Hindu  Law,  inflitutes  of,  541.  Sir  W. 
Jones  concerned  in  the  l.!te  publication 
of,  iS,  The  fame  wirh  the  •<  Ordi- 
nances of  Menu,"  54^  This  legif- 
lator  fuppofed  to  be  the  fame  with  the 
Mncvis  of  the  Egyptians,  and  the 
Minos  of  the  Gieeks,  ih. 

Hcmer,  obfervations  on  the  various  edi- 
tors of  bis  works,  563.  Repeated 
them  from  memory  only,  565.  His- 
tory of  bb  poems,  566. 

Hcr/e,  remarkable  method  of  recovering, 
when  jaded,  as  pradifed  by  the  Gjffey 
farriers  in  Dacia,  Sec*  557. 

j^amtf^ffpecirs,  varieties  of,  515.  Ana- 
tomical difference  betweea  the  ]^u. 


ropean  and  the  Negroe^  ik    S«aU» 
Hifan, 
Hutting,  of  the  hare  and  the  fcx,  M^ 
Beckford^s  lively  and  inllmdite  txo- 
tiie  00,  350. 


land  J 

Jamai  a,  account  of  the  Marooot,  er 
free  Negroes  th' re,  414.  Tbeir«as 
with  the  white  inhabirao^t,  41  i. 
Their  treachery,  417.  Thnr  appre- 
henfion  cf  being  hunted  by  tb«  <ogf 
intended  to  be  employed  by  the  p>^tTw 
mcnt  forces,  420.  Their  fiaA  fob- 
minion  and  total  redoAion,  ib.  Lan^ 
puTchafcd  for  their  lettiexcA!  in  Ca- 
nada, 16, 

Jmbs,  iheir  great  popolition  and  irJa- 
^nce  in  Gallicia,  Moldavia,  &c.  554. 
Tyrannise  over  the  Chrifttaos^  555. 

iKCicfwex  of  common  field  lands,  objec 
tiont  to,  ftaited,  S5.  Aoimadveited 
on.  86. 

In r lis,  Eafl,  publications  relative  to, 
73.  176.256  339. 

-  Wert.     Sec  Jamslcs^  Marun, 

JiHulaiioM,  for  the  fm^ll-pos,  how  intio- 
*  duced  into  England,  4aS.      Piogrrft 
and  gre<(t  fuccefs  ol,  4&9. 

Injantty^  obfervations  on  the  a>edicai 
treaimtnis  of  patients  UbAuriog  uader 
that  calamity,  519.  Inftan<ed  io  ic. 
gsrd  to  the  hofpi:«l  of  St.  Boniface  at 
Florence,  ih, 

hjlinf},  in  animah,  peculiar  inAances  0^, 
244. 

Jibn  V.  7,  Controverfy  relative  to  that 
celebrated  and  qur  iliooable  paflaf e,  171. 
Not  to  be  found  in  any  aoticnt  Greek 
MS.  lb,  Difpute  between  Mr.  Arch- 
deacon Travis  and  Mr.  Marfli  on  thii 
fubjs^,  ib   ttfij. 

J'jitts,  Sir  W.  hts  defign  of  a  coi^toui  di« 
gefV  cf  the  Hindu  law,  541.  Hu« 
defeated.  ib»  H;s  tr<ir)llatitto  of  Me- 
ru's  inflitutes,  ib.  His  learned  pic 
face  to  that  work,   543, 

ha'y,  confufed  fituarioo  of,  when  Lo- 
renzo de'  Medici  b-gan  bii  career  of 
reform,  191.  Circumilances  favorable 
to  the  proo'otion  of  literature,  197. 
State  of  the  arU  in  that  celebrated 
epoch,  101. 

R 

ATffMr,  Robert,  his  hiflory  of  Ceyfco  wcJI 

fpoken  of,  146. 
Ktxkax  and  fdltcfueixe,  t  Mexican  ftory, 

49'. 

Umk!b, 


INDEX. 


Ldmhetb,  parifh  and  palace,  hiftorical 
particuUri  relative  to,  353. 

Lsncafifr,  view  of  iheftate  ot  aj>»icu1ture, 
Ac.  in  ihat  county,  180.  Culture  of 
the  potatoe,  18  5  Praaice  of  marling, 
289.     Improvement  of  moffe$,  290. 

Law  tfnatiofts,  meaning  of  the  expref- 
fion,  375.  How  underftood  by  various 
nations,  and  in  the  leveral  ages  of  the 
world,  376.  How  far  influenced  by 
thr  Chriftian  religion,  378. 

Legijlanon,  principles  of,  inveftigated. 
III.  Our  conftituiion  of  government 
(with  all  its  exc?llencie>)  chargeable 
vihh  many  defeat,  it},  ^  F«ench 
maxims  of  legiflacion  examined  and 
condemned,  124.  Freedom  of  the 
ffcfs  with  regard  to  government  con- 
lidered,  130.  Luxury  produflive  of 
national  advaniaje,  381.  Law  of 
primogeniture confiderwl,  38a.  Game- 
laws,  383,  Tiihe.laws,  3S4.  The 
age  a(  which  ihe  deputies  of  the  peo- 
ple ihoald  be  allowed  to  fit  in  parlia- 
ment, 385.  The  qualifications  of 
elc£tori»  386.  Forms  of  government, 
it* 

Leictftert  and  Leicefler(hire,  fome  account 
of,  13. 

Lettfom,  Dr.  bis  curious  and  valuable  re- 
marki  on  bees,  and  the  cohore  of  ho- 
ney, for  the  profit  of  the  public,  J135, 

I^z^ritbmt,    See  Caihu  Did$t. 

I.9r«;;2«  de*  Medici,  his  remarkable  ef- 
fcria  to  reform  the  confufed  ftaie  of  the 
powers  of  Italy,  19s.  Encomium  on 
bis  public  condua.  193.  Remarkable 
circomftaoces  in  the  fpitit  of  the  limes, 
195. 

LuxMry  a  vi«,  proved  by-arguments  mo^ 
ral  and  political,  352.  Produaive  of 
no  real  national  advantage,  381. 

Lynx,  of  Abrozzo,  curious  account  of, 
56.    Aftooi(hing  ftrocitj  of,  57* 


M 

Iftfjs,  varieties  in  bis  fpecies,  anatomi- 
cally  difcuflcd,  515.  How  diftin- 
goifhed  from  other  animal*,  517. 
Kinds  and  caufe  a  of  degeneracy  in  inan 
and  the  biutc  etcnion,  519— 5«0. 
Five  principal  varieties  of  colour  is 
mankind,  ih.  The  fame  number  of 
diverfifies  in  national  pbyOognony, 
5tf.  Hypothefis  refpeaiiii  the  vital 
f  riaciple  ia  many  5x6» 


JIlif 'seiit,  war  w'th  thofe  of  Jamaica,  414. 

Their  total  fubjeAion,  410* 
Martiitif  a  Neapolitan  Duke,  htseountry 

ho^fe  and  rural  economy  d£fcribed,54. 

His  admirable    management  of   his 

{heep,  it, 
MemUf  the   Hindu  Ifgifluor,  the  fame 

with  Minos,  543.     His  fyilem,  ih» 
Mexican  tah^  from  Wieland,  491. 
Miihvifcrj,  poem  on  the  art  of,  576. 
BtSimftry,  the  prefent  Britiflii  fetere  ani« 

madverfinns  on,  410.     Remarks  on 

their  coodud  of  the  war  with  France, 

MiraheaUf  his  let'ers  to  M.  Chamfort, 

503- 

Mo/e^tricket,  account  of  that  carious  in* 
feft.  115. 

MorgMgniy  Profelfor,  propofil  for  render- 
ing his  famous  medical  work  more 
ufeful,  70.     See  alfo  HamUt§n» 

Muniibf  curious  particolars  relating  f 
Count  Rumford*s  plan  of  provifion  for 
the  poor  there,  67. 

Mufu,  fcientific  arrangement  of  the  ■«• 
ttrim  mufics^  %%• 

Mythology  compared  with  hiflory,  53», 
Illuftrations  of,  for  the  ioftruftion  of 
youth,  534. 

N 

Naples,  travels  in,  with  judicious  oh- 

fervations,  54. 
Nathan,  the  prophet,  his  parable  in  aeeu- 
*    fation  of  David   poetically  amplified, 

Naticnr,  law  of.     See  Lavt, 

Negroes,  anatomical  difference  bet¥reen 
them  and  Europeans,  Arc.  ^15*  Ex- 
cellent treatife  on  that  fubjeA  by 
Soemmerriog,  i^*     See  alfo  Jamaica. 

Nerves,  anatomical  obfenrations  concern- 
ing, 56  !• 


Odtf  Egyptian,  108. 

Oraory,  of  the  pulpit,  general  ohierra- 
tioos  on,  9« 

Oude,  &:c.  io  the  Baft  ladlei,  the  pollttcal 
imporunce  of  that  province,  73.  lu 
former  fplendorand  opulence  contra  Aed 
with  its  decline  fince  its  eonnexwn 
'with  Great  Biiub,  75.  Remediea 
propofed,  ih. 


paine,  Thomas,  hit  ftatcment  of  the  de- 
cline of  the  BbgliAi  fyftcm  of  finaA;e 

Pahurtg 


INDEX. 


OanHd     Sre  Dratah, 

fs^f  Archdctcooy  hli  polktcal  notioai 
controve? red,  58.  His  idM  that  Cbrif- 
timo  morality  ts'not  fufceptible  ot  im- 
provement  oppugned,  115. 

Fs»tfm»w,  hit  account  of  the  oti^o,  ftc. 
•f  Lacedemon^  iSi.  Of  the  MefTe- 
Diin**  18ft.  of  the  trmplc  of  Jupiter 
Olymputi  f^.  Of  the  Olympic  gamea, 
184.  Ot  the  wonderful  ftrength  of 
iMilOy  iK  OF  the  wars  of  the  Achai* 
■OS,  185.    Of  the  Arcadians,  585. 

Feati  with  Prance  reccirmfrdcd.  47a. 
Sec  alfo  the  articles  uoder  ffar,  DhmoU" 
rimy  and  Burkt, 

pM«/^)  Dr.  Oeorge,  hie  experimcnti,  &c. 
relative  to  a  kind  of  Baft  India  ftcei 
called  wootc,  300f 
Fi/ican^  peculiarity  in  the  roaaoera  of, 

FbUtJspbff  fpecolative  fpirit  of.  among 
the  aotientt  of  all  nation*,  hiftorical 
notices  relative  to,  508*     Inqairy  cor.- 

.  tinued  to  the  middle  agea,  509.  Fiither 
continued »  510. 

Fh§pbvuty  eaprriments  on,  5|o* 

FUajurey  vicious,  frightful  but  juft  ?iew 
or,  10. 

FUtimui^  an  account  of  that  philofopher 
and  his  writings,  505. 

Poetic  Bxtrafft  in  t bit  Volume,  vr». 
Korgsu*t£^^«,  &c.  19.  Fope*s  ^fay 
on  Man,  E0.  iv.  43<  Buyd*s  Pom$,  45. 
JJoyd*t  Poemit  106.  Skttcbit  in  verfi, 
io8«  Cook's  C^nvtrjatitm^  a  pocm» 
Sii*  /«#«»  a  tragedy,  131.  Merry *t 
Fain'  of  Memory^  a  poem^  149.  Irwin's 
triumph  oflnmocenc*%  an  ooe,  itft.  Slste 
•f  tht  PeiJt  a  poem,  sot.  Poet'uai 
iU9U9r,  s^.  laflier*s  jirwraguu  a 
ntgcdy,  ai4.  Wainhonfe*s  Poetic 
Efftytt  215.  Williams^a  l{<ir«i^/f0a,  a 
faaed  poem,  ift6.  The  FUader*t 
Cktde,  a  poeiP,  228.  Landor*a  Pmm^ 
254.  Mifs  Lee*t  Ahmtyda^  a  traRCity, 
s6o.  Thomfon's  Paradijt  of  ^afte, 
S75.  PMrft,itsofLiierMtiire,^trtllU 
334*  Rowc*s  Poems,  414.  Poetk 
I'rifUi^  463.     Minot's  Potmsf  464. 

Ftmptimt  prelent  general  appearance  oi 
theruioi  tbeie,6. 

Foor,  ufefnl  pitblicatiooa  relative  to  the 

^ate  r*f«66«  145    Scheme  for  relieving 

them  by  the  loan  of  fmali  lumi ^  ror  a 

Ihort  tine,  without  intere^,  938, 

Poor^lavfs,  Hiftoryof.     Sec  RuggUs, 

Fope,  Mr.  oblervatioot  on  fome  padaget 

m  his  Effmy  on  Mstt^  43. 
F^tAtot,  method  of  cnltivating  it  in  Lan- 
caihlrty  285,  394.    In  other  paru  of 
iSrcat  fiutaiAf  f#,    EipcMi&tata  m 


the  comparative  ptoduAioaof  drffincrt 

fortfy   39  f.       ObfevvatSont  oo,  3^7. 

Dr.  Pearfofl't   exprrinneoct  and  aMef^ 

vttiens  oa  the  conftitociit  pam  of  iJut 

root,  ih, 
F^ieftiey,  Dr.  bit  mew  csperimcats  aad 

obfervations  rclaiiog  to  the  anal|6s  of 

armofpherical  air,  367. 
Frevi^ttfce,  divioe,  with  regard  to £«»?«/ 

/av,    or  their   occafioaal  fmipew^ 

137. 
FulmoMMry  fytttm,  obiiervatioM  «%  9s. 

Caies,  93. 


^Mgktrst  confined  in  York  Caftlc  lar  tU 
non-pay ment  of  titlua^  aij. 


Rstik,  diflindiont  of,  ia  haaua  Ibcktv 

beraldically  difcuOed,  49.  ^^' 

J{«i;p/Va/f0«,  eiperimcatt  reladvc  to  that 

important  fubj^a*  ao8. 
Rohortfom,  Rev.  Abram.  hit  dcoMaftratiaa 
of  the  Binoaiiai  theorem  by  the  pria- 
cipleiof  mttliipliratioo,  S95. 
RtmsMs,  obfervationa  00  their  rcpobliraa 
goveromcoty  493.     Chroaological  m 
of  famoot  anbeat  Roiaaa  aatbon  aa4 
artift#,  497. 
Rme,  defcripiion  of  the  ceremooy  of  per- 
formiag  thh  msfs  ia  Chri«faus  time, 
at  St.  Peter's,  4.     Oiber  RoaiiA  fa. 
perftitions,  5.     AiTaAoatMw  Aill  frc- 
queot  there,  iS.    Low  ftate  of  amal 
cducatioo  in  Rome,  6.     Ceoeral  re. 
mark!  oa  the  aotient  buildings  of,  40. 
Commeadatioa  of  the  accoont  of  by 
M.  Defgoders,  41-42. 
JUiichtr,  M.  aDcding  acroaat  cf  bis  oi^ 
happy   fate,    under    the   naoghicriag 
diaatorfliip  of  Robefpierrt,  514. 
Rowet  Rev.  Mr.  bis  ^thetic  %erfes  ia- 
titled  <  the  Poet's  Umcaution,*  414. 
RuMmMM^Thomu,  biographical  aceoajit 

of,  262. 
^"a^fh  Mr.  fecood  vol.  of  bis  Hidorjtd 
the  Poor  Laws,  145.  Hit  notion  rclprdU 
ing  the  tithe-la  At,  aad  the  aoproprt» 
tioo  of  ecclefiaflic«l  enatea,  146.  Oa 
the  abolition  of  fettleiaenu,  li.  Oa 
the  qoeftioa  whether  the  price  of  ta« 
boor  hat  increafed  equally  with  te 
price  of  provifions,  iK 
Ramfordf  Counr,  hit  very  ufeful  EAiyt, 
67.  On  eftabliftmenti  for  the  poor, 
M.   Oatheirfood»(9,    Omboir  ira- 


INDEX. 


J(t^«,  in  •  proffffTive  ftate  of  improire- 
meoty  249  Peaf-^ntry  of  that  coaotry, 
their  wretched  ftate  preferred  to  that 
•f  the  hbourios  poor  in  Eoglaad,  i^. 


9avagi,  Dr  biographical  memmn  of, 
2^0.  Hit  religioua  principlea,  *^* 
Hi<  character  as  a  turor^  iS,  Hit  ler* 
mona  charaderized,  253. 

Ssvonarcla,  Girolamr^  t>i«  eatraordintry 
charaAer  and  eventful  hiftory^  200* 
203.     His  tragical  end»  ft04* 

Saracens^  how  far,  and  00  what  accoanty 
encouragert  of  Icience  y  506* 

Schiiier^  M  hia  De  Horen,  574. 

Scot  far  J,  remarkable  ruiai,  and  ancient 
buildings  m.  53.  Romantic  profpcAt 
in,  35*     Monoments,  i6. 

Scurvy,  ufeful  remarka  0O9  209. 

Se//.Jufiij!(atieiiftonA6crtd  as  a  lcieo€eyS5* 

aSeep,  in  Moldavia,  See,  remarkable  ac- 
count of  thei(  wool,  558.    DUirafca  of, 

,^59.  ■ 

SmaU-pcx,  enquiry  into  ita  orig«n  and 
cauf-,  523,  Probable  extirpat<on  of, 
r  ggefted,  iK    See  alf>  laocmlaiwm, 

£0f/«//ej  *Sclf*created/  debate  concerniag, 
in  the  American  Congrcfs,  341. 

Simmer Sf  Lord,  colleAion  of  his  fcarce 
and  cu/ious  Trads,  political  and  mii- 
celUneous.  354. 

»^fee/.   See  FrMnkland.     See  Pearfm, 

Stones,  faid  to  have  fallen  from  the  cloiidt, 
defcripttoii  of,  426.  Attempt  to  ac* 
c<»i>nt  ior  this  phenumenon,  427. 

Syrvrf,  trigonometrical,  catricd  on  lA 
'79»»  *79*»  '793>>n<l  1794,  by  order 
of  itie  Duke  of  Richmond, todetermine 
the  dif^anre  between  Greenwich  and 
Palis.  296. 


7tiyJor,  Mr.  (.the  tranflitor  of  Paafantat) 
his  n§f€t  charaQerited,  iSy. 

Telfgrafibj  by  whom  invented,  487. 

%hf/wali,  Mr.  his  injurious  tie«tment  by 
riotersai  Y4rmoutb,S35.  Theillibe* 
fjliry  of  his  language  in  anfwering  Mr. 
fiurkr,  cenfared,  468.  His  unfair 
treatment  of  the  Chriftian  religion 
reprehended,  469* 
"^iedomaiin^  Spirit  of  Speculative  Philo- 
iophy,  eoDtinued  from  the  laft  AppCA* 
«c  (•  Che  M.  R.  504. 


7rMf,c«ampinf ,  the  praAice  of,dlfJppre1^- 
ed,  as  depriving  them  of  their  natiiftai 
motion,  140. 

UaadT 

rerStp  Greek,  controveHy  reUtifeCo,  i6#« 
Vunmm,  enieitainiag  account  of  theeac- 

iog-Uouiies  there,  7.  Great  freedMB  of 

converlation  there,  8t 
VtiKu  See  Da  Vincu 
Vital  urinciple  in  mio,  &«.  bypothdi 

concanuof,  5»6« 


H^aiker,  Mr.  hta  experiments  on  the  pi«« 
doAH*n  of  artificial  coidy  299. 

fVar,  the  prefent,  ttfCt  relating  to,  9S— « 
104.  3c6.  430.  [the  war  toully  con* 
demned].  War,  in  general,  feldom  li 
ever  juftifiablt,  441.  That  propofe4  hj 
Mr  Burke«ii/ir/,442,NcG0ciATioir 
ever  preferable,  443.  Replies  to  Mr« 
Burkt,  refpeaing  his  fyftem  of  laar 
with  France,  47*.  477, 

fVa&imgtomf  Piefident  of  the  Unite4 
Mates,  letters  and  public  f%f9n forged 
in  bis  name,  473, 

fPelh^  Dr.  on  the  esciration  of  the  OMirclee 
of  aaimala  to  contraA,  in  M«  Gal» 
vani's  experiments,  398. 

W'u!and,  contents  of  tne  new  repnbltca* 
tion  of  his  works,  Vol.  XI— XV.  490. 

fVigbf^  hiftory  of  the  Ip «/,  by  Warner^ 
fuperior  to  othera  in  regard  to  natural 
hiAory,  1 15.  Account  of  the  MoU" 
Cricket,  ib, 

"  t4t,  Tomkins*s  tour  toy  remark* 

kble  for  the  elegance  of  the  impieffion^ 

15»- 
fVi  lets,  Mr.  his  memoir  on  Eritifli  naval 

archiieaure,  151.     On  the  origin  of 

printing,  153. 
IVeif,  Mr.  the  lateft  editor  of  Hontf« 

account  of  hit  edition,  c6(^. 
Wocl,  of  unborn  lambr,  nigh  value  e^ 

among  the  T«rt/rs,  &c.  558. 
WottTt^  a  kind  of  fleel  minutaMrf^l  at 

Bombay,  invcAigated  by  Dr.  PcalttfOy 

300. 


Xemodormtf   hU  corrc^ODt    of  ffoMW, 
567. 


END   OF  TOI*.  XXI.    OF   TH£    KEW  SSRIfSe 


ERRATA  itt  Vol.  KXL 

f,  49  1*  t7*  pvt  1  Semicolon  ato  the  word  *  piec«^in|.* 
5j.  L  J  I, /or  •  O*for^,*  r»  Cimhtid§€* 
139, 1.  17.  from  bottonrjf  Ar  •  8rowfl,'  r.  Wird. 
177.  I.  6.  from  l>ottom,^  *  Gnteri/  r,  Gjiuri. 
17^.  t.  1,/er  *■  A  pitHetic  todWerence,*  r,  Apoihctkmdii 
179,  L  4,  from  bottom,  fir  •  CalcoYU,*  r,  London* 
*I7.  (Notcy/flr  p.  166  r  »i6. 
^41,  ObJitrrate  the  afcHption  of  ibc  work  Iftritled  *  t^Fi^t^ 

Pitm,     If  wif  written  hv  F^rd,  Olitr.  Petit^trrt, 
^S%At  10*  from  htitXam^fir  *  tnmali/  r.  fpaoieU* 
464*  1    \%*  ftr  *  r«gtjlar)t]f  jnd  fornix"  r*  and  reguUrfty^  fofm,  ^ 
*99*  1. 9   befii>re  39*  p^ace  1  •— 
39S«  the  louf  linct  of  poctf  j  ulciibcd  XoPtf*  irt  fi«D  G«^ii}V^*f] 


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